History of Psychology and Research Methods

In the Beginning

Who you lookin’ at?(Not multiple choice:

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Correlation

Experiment

Who the Heck are you?

Terminology (Not always multiple choice, but worth more)

Occupied by Psychology

UnEthical ME

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In the Beginning 600

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Occupied by Psychology

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Terminology

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Experiment

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Who the Heck are you?

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What do you Mean?

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Unethical ME

1. 1st American psychologist and functionalist rote the first general text book on psychology called Principles of Psychology (1890)A. Sigmund FreudB. Wilhelm WundtC. John WatsonD. William JamesE. Carl Rodgers

2. __________________ said our personality is based on three structures, id, ego, and superego..• A) Carl Rodgers• B) Sigmund Freud• C) Abraham Maslow• D) B.F. Skinner• E) William James

3. This behavioral researcher used classical conditioning to change behaviors.He is well known for his Little Albert experiment.A. Sigmund FreudB. Wilhelm WundtC. John WatsonD. William JamesE. Carl Rodgers

4. This researcher was considered the Mac Daddy of Operant Conditioning. He was a nurture guy through and through.

• A) Carl Rodgers• B) John Watson• C) Wilhelm Wundt• D) B.F. Skinner• E) William James

5. This psychologist stated that as humans we need genuineness, acceptance and empathy for us to grow.

A. Sigmund FreudB. Wilhelm WundtC. John WatsonD. William JamesE. Carl Rodgers

6. This psychologist used the method of introspection in his “research” to describe conscious experiences.

A. Sigmund FreudB. Wilhelm WundtC. John WatsonD. William JamesE. Carl Rodgers

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7. diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances

A.Developmental PsychologistB.Clinical PsychologistC.Forensic PsychologistD.Health PsychologistE. Counseling Psychologist.

• 8. This occupation in psychology studies physical, cognitive and social changes throughout the lifespan.

A.Developmental PsychologistB.Clinical PsychologistC.Forensic PsychologistD.Health PsychologistE. Counseling Psychologist.

• 9. This psychologist focuses on how the physical body and brain creates our emotions, memories and sensory experiences.

A.Evolutionary PsychologistB.Clinical PsychologistC.Forensic PsychologistD.Health PsychologistE. Neuropsychologist.

• 10. This psychologist states we behave the way we do because we inherited those behaviors.

A.Evolutionary PsychologistB.Developmental PsychologistC.Forensic PsychologistD.Health PsychologistE.Neuropsychologist.

11. This psychologist researches and examines the interaction of human behavior, criminology, and the legal system.

A.Evolutionary PsychologistB.Developmental PsychologistC.Forensic PsychologistD.Health PsychologistE.Neuropsychologist.

12. An explanation (why) using an integrated (combined) set of principles (beliefs) that organizes and predicts observations

Theory

13. Observing subjects in their natural setting without getting involved is called.

Naturalistic observation

14. An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles for all people, such as families are Jon and Kate plus 8.

Case Study

15. Let’s say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior. What should you do first clear up any questions about your hypothesis so others know what you are trying to research?

a. Create an independent variableb. Create an dependent variablec. Identify any confounding variabled. Operationally define these termse. Randomly assign your subjects

16. The following is an example of an operational definition:

• A) he is stressed and doesn’t adjust to his environment.

• B) she has a personality that won’t allow to relate to others well.

• C) she shows empathy and can understand the other person’s feelings.

• D) all of the above.• E) none of the above.

17. Seeing what one expects to see, such as “Students at Coastal Academy are “bad”. I knew it would be that way”. This is called:

Observer Bias

18. The mere presence of an observer can alter the situation—people behave differently is called _______________ .

• Reactivity

19. Attributing one’s own mental states to those studied—including non-human organisms and artifacts is called ___________________.

• Anthropomorphizing

20. Joan had not been able to get pregnant for years so she and her husband decided to adopt. Six months after the adoption, Joan became pregnant. This proves:

• A) the belief that infertile couples are more likely to have a child after adoption.

• B) if you try hard to have a child, you are less likely to due to stress.

• C) she must have become remarried. • D) coincidences which confirm a

belief are believed to be meaningful.

21. Which of the following correlation coefficients reflects the strongest correlation?• A) +1.10• B) -.64• C) +.35• D) -.10• E) +.63

22. A mistaken belief that two factors or events are related when they are not is called: • A) hindsight bias.• B) false consensus effect.• C) an illusory correlation.• D) overconfidence.• E) correlation coefficient.

23. Consistently, we find low self-esteem is often related with high levels of depression. This means:• A) low self-esteem causes depression.• B) depression causes low self-esteem.• C) low self-esteem and depression are

caused by a third factor.• D) they are correlated but this does

not prove causation.• E) they prove causation due to their

strength of relationship.

24. “The more you smile the happier you are” is an example of:

Positive Correlation

25. In order to prove a cause-and-effect relationship, we must use:

• A) naturalistic observation.• B) the experimental method.• C) surveys.• D) correlation coefficients. • E) longitudinal studies

26. Neither the researcher nor the subjects knew whether or not they received the drug studied or a placebo. This is an example of:

• A) independent variables.• B) placebo effects.• C) a double-blind study.• D) a single blind study.• E) dependent variables

27. Dr. Kno’ wants to investigate if aggressive behavior in children is increased if they view an adult hit a doll. In this instance, the independent variable is:• A) aggressive behavior.• B) the presence of an adult• C) adult hitting doll.• D) viewing the adult hitting the

doll.• E) the doll

28. A substance or condition that may be administered instead of a presumed active agent, such as a drug, to see if it triggers the same effects of the drug is called a

Placebo

29. This is whatever is being measured in the experiment.is called

Dependent variable

30. __________________ said our personality has three distinct structures, such as the id.• A) Carl Rodgers• B) Sigmund Freud• C) Abraham Maslow• D) B.F. Skinner• E) William James

31. __________________ was the leader in the structuralist movement..• A) B.F. Skinner• B) William James• C) Sigmund Freud • D) Wilhelm Wundt• E) Carl Rodgers

32: __________________ was the leader in the functionalist movement.

• A) Wilhelm Wundt• B) Jean Piaget• C) Sir Francis Galton• D) William James• E) Carl Rodgers

33. __________________ was a leader in the humanist movement:

• A) Noam Chomsky.• B) Mary Calkins.• C) Carl Rodgers.• D) Sigmund Freud.• E) B. F. Skinner

34. __________________ was a leader in behaviorist movement.

• A) B.F. SKinner• B) H. Ebbinghaus• C) Jean Piaget• D) Carl Rodgers• E) Socrates

35. Let’s look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton:

$25,000-Pam $25,000- Kevin$25,000- Angela$90,000 - Peter$100,000- Andy$100,000- Dwight$200,000- Jim$300,000- Michael

• What is the median salary is: • $95,000.

36. Again, let’s look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton:

$25,000-Pam $25,000- Kevin$25,000- Angela$90,000 - Peter$100,000- Andy$100,000- Dwight$200,000- Jim$300,000- Michael

• The mean salary is about• $108,000

37. Finally for the last time, let’s look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton:

$25,000-Pam $25,000- Kevin$25,000- Angela$ 90,000 - Peter$100,000- Andy$100,000- Dwight$100,000- Jim$100,000- Michael

• The mode salary is • $100,000.

38. This type of statistics reduces lots of data into a simpler summary.

–Examples: •Batting Average

1. Descriptive Statistics

39. Of 350 randomly selected people in the town of Brunswick, Ga 175 people had the last name Knowles.• We could say “50% of all people living

in Georgia have the last name Knowles.“

• What type of statistics would this representInferential Statistics

40. These unethical experiments included High Altitude Test Chamber at Dachau, Twin Studies in Auschwitz and Deliberate Phosphorous Burn to Test Medications at Buchenwald

a. Nazi Experimentsb. Willowbrook State School

Staten Island, 1956-1963c. Obedience to Authority (Stanley Milgram)d.Monster Studye.TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDY (1933—1972)f. Stanford Prison Experiment (Zimbardo)

41. Six children who were normal speakers and trained them to stutter

a. Nazi Experimentsb. Willowbrook State School

Staten Island, 1956-1963c. Obedience to Authority (Stanley Milgram)d.Monster Studye.TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDY (1933—

1972)f. Stanford Prison Experiment (Zimbardo)

42. Let’s see what happens to syphilis when you don’t treat it?

a. Nazi Experimentsb. Willowbrook State School

Staten Island, 1956-1963c. Obedience to Authority (Stanley Milgram)d.Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital

Brooklyn, 1963e.TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDY (1933—

1972)f. Stanford Prison Experiment (Zimbardo)

43. Name the four simple rules for ethics.1. NO harm2. Full Disclosure3. Confidentiality4. Debriefing