3/9/2004 COMPSCI 111 - Lecture 1 1

History of Computers

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What is a Computer?

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Prehistory of ComputersPrehistory of Computers

Abacus• 1000-500 BC

Arabic numerals:• Europe 800-1000AD• Includes a number for zero

Wilhelm Schickard (1592 – 1635)• Prototype for a mechanical calculating clock• Addition/subtraction

Blaise Pascal (1623 – 1662)• Mechanical calculator (Pascaline)• 8 digit capacity• Gear driven• Addition/subtraction

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Prehistory of ComputersPrehistory of Computers

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646 – 1716)• Digital calculating machine.• Gears and levers• Addition/subtraction/multiplication/division

Joseph Jacquard (1752 – 1872)• Weaving loom used punch cards for control

Charles Babbage (1792 – 1872)• Mathematics professor at Cambridge• Designed automated calculating machine: difference engine

– Working model: steam powered• Designed more general machine:

– Analytic Engine– Used punch cards– First true general computing machine, but never realized

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Prehistory of ComputersPrehistory of Computers

Ada Augusta (Countess of Lovelace) (1816-1852)• Daughter of Lord Byron• She was a mathematician• She wrote documentation for how the Analytical Engine would• work• She is credited with being the first computer programmer!

See : http://www.awc-hq.org/lovelace/whowas.htm

Dr. Herman Holerith (1860 – 1929)• United States 1880 census took 7 years to complete• The estimate for the 1890 census was longer than 10 years• Completed 1890 census in 3 years• He named this company the Tabulating Machine Company.• In 1924 became International Business Machines (IBM).

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1st Gen Computers1st Gen Computers

First Generation Computers – The Tube Era• 1946 - 1959• Used vacuum tubes and were very large/expensive• ENIAC weighed 30 tons• Tubes had to be replaced often• e.g. UNIVAC, ENIAC• Too expensive for common use• Limited functionality

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First Generation ComputersFirst Generation Computers

ENIAC – 1945 Colossus – 1943 British code breaker

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2nd Gen. Computers2nd Gen. Computers

Second Generation Computers - 1959 – 1964

• First transistor developed in 1947• Transistors made computers much smaller and faster, still

expensive however• FORTRAN, ALGOL and COBOL programming languages

invented• First operating systems developed• Allowed more functionality• e.g. IBM 7030 (“Stretch”)

• Tendency to get too hot and fry internal components

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Second Generation ComputersSecond Generation Computers

Worlds First Transistor - 1947

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Second Generation ComputerSecond Generation Computer

IBM 7030 (Stretch) – 1955First Super Computer

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3rd Gen. Computers3rd Gen. Computers

Third Generation Computers – 1965 - 1971

• First use of Integrated circuits• Circuits on Silicon chips – 1000+ transistors• More and more components squeezed into a smaller area• Some had operating systems that could run more than one

program at a time, share resources• Did not heat up like transistors• e.g. CDC 7600

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3rd Generation Computers3rd Generation Computers

World’s First Integrated Circuit

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4th Gen. Computers4th Gen. Computers

Fourth Generation Computers – 1970 - Present• 1970’s – Present• Large Scale Integrated Circuits (microchips)• Entire Computer systems on one chip• Pac Man and personal computers now possible• Microwaves and videos have computer chips

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Third and Fourth Generation ComputersThird and Fourth Generation Computers

CDC 7600 – Just the CPU!Third Generation

Cray 2 – A super computerFourth Generation

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Fourth Generation ComputerFourth Generation Computer

Inside the 4004 Chip – 2225 TransistorsMore powerful than ENIAC

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Fourth Generation ComputerFourth Generation Computer

Various PCsFourth Gen.

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PCsPCs

IBM• Tabulating Machine Company formed 1896• Renamed International Business Machines 1924• Over 270,000 employees by 1971• 8 Billion dollar turnover

During early 1970's• Computers were leased• Only large corporations owned them• Computer time was expensive• Difficult to get access

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The first microprocessorThe first microprocessor

Intel • Formed 1968• Gorden Moore• 4004 released in 1971• First micro processor• Entire CPU in a single chip• 1974 developed the 8080• Capable of powering a PC

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The first personal computerThe first personal computer

Ed Roberts• MITS in financial trouble• Altair released as kitset• January 1975

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Micro-softMicro-soft

Microsoft• Formed by Bill Gates and Paul Allen• BASIC written for Altair• Wrote compilers for microcomputers

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AppleApple

Apple• Formed by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs• Wozniak created Apple I• Wozniak created Apple II. Steve Jobs designed its case.• Apple II released 1977/ 1978

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VisiCalcVisiCalc

VISICALC

• Dan Bricklin, Bob Frankston• Killer application• Spreadsheet• Proved necessity of owning Apple• Apple captured 50% of market by 1980

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IBM enters the marketIBM enters the market

IBM• Too slow to compete with Apple• Forced to use open architecture• Needed software

Microsoft DOS• Only sold languages• Wanted IBM contract• Bought DOS from Seattle Computer Products• Sold DOS to IBM

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Enter the ClonesEnter the Clones

Clones• IBM had buying power• Compaq created IBM compatible PC• DOS licensed to Clones• Lotus capture spreadsheet market

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AppleApple

Macintosh• PARC developed GUI• Steve Jobs given tour in 1979• Led the Macintosh project• Macintosh released 1984

Adobe• John Warnock• Macintosh failed to overtake IBM PC• PARC developed laser printer technology• Adobe started based upon postscript• Macintosh as Desktop Publishing system (1985)

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IBM compatible PC'sIBM compatible PC's

Compaq's 386• In 1986 Compaq beat IBM to release new computer• Others followed• IBM lost billions, withdrew from market

Windows• Version 3.0 of windows released in 1990• Good enough to compete with Macintosh• Release of Window 95, and Windows 98, Window 2000

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TodayToday

Windows• Microsoft sold Internet Explorer bundled with Windows• US Courts suggest breaking MS into 2 companies• Applications & Operating System

Apple• Steve Jobs fired in 1985• Apple share values dropped steadily• Steve Jobs re-hired 1998, settles legal action vs. Microsoft• Apple makes comeback

Linux• Based on Unix• Mostly seen as the “geeks choice” in OS• Many flavours now tailored to the common user• Contender for the MS throne

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5th Gen. Computers5th Gen. Computers

Fifth Generation Computers• AI?• Quantum Computing?• Distributed Computing?• The Internet/peer to peer?

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The Future....The Future....