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history of Pencil manufacturing
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• In ancient Rome, scribes wrote on papyrus (an early form of paper) with a thin metal rod called a stylus, which left a light but readable mark.
• The word pencil comes from the Latin word pencillus which means "little tail".
HISTORY OF PENCIL
• First , sticks of graphite were wrapped in string.
• Later, the graphite was inserted into wooden sticks that had been hollowed-out by hand.
• The wood-cased pencil was born.
• An Italian couple, named Simonio and Lyndiana Bernacotti, create the first blueprints for the modern carpentry pencil for the purpose of marking their carpentry pieces
• In the late sixteenth century, a method for attaching strips of wood around graphite was discovered in Germany, and the modern pencil began to take form.
• In 1662 the first attempt to manufacture graphite sticks from powdered graphite was in Nuremberg (Germany)
• It used a mixture of graphite, sulphur, and antimony.
• In 1795, Nicholas Jacques Conte discovered a method of mixing powdered graphite with clay.
• Forming the mixture into rods that were then fired in a kiln.
• By varying the ratio of graphite to clay, the hardness of the graphite rod could also be varied.
• More graphite - blacker and softer the pencil
• In 1839, Lothar von Faber of Germany developed a method of making graphite paste into rods.
• He later invented a machine to cut and groove the pencil wood.
• The early 20 th century - development of colored pencils - graphite core was replaced by a pigments or dyes and a binder.
• Today, colored pencils are available in more than 70 colors