History of Oceanography

•http://www.oceansonline.com/challenger_ex.htm

Micronesian - Polynesian colonization of Pacific Ocean Islands

• 5000 – 1000 BP Micronesian & Polynesian colonized Pacific Islands

• Advanced Open Ocean Navigation• Double Hull Canoes

•http://www.monash.edu.au/APJCN/Vol4/Num4/44p361.htm

Hurles et al 2003

Polynesian Colonization

•http://leahi.kcc.hawaii.edu/org/pvs/

Polynesian Sidereal Compass

http://www.museum.upenn.edu/Navigation/sailing/

Polynesian Sidereal Compass

http://www.museum.upenn.edu/Navigation/sailing/

Example Navigation Leg

http://www.museum.upenn.edu/Navigation/sailing/

Early Ocean Mapping

Polynesians

Mediterranean Cultures

• 6000 BP Egyptians boats with oars

• 3100-2850 BP Phoenicians travel through Mediterranean & up to England– Mediterranean wide maritime trade– Coastal settlements– Coastal navigation

Phoenician

Ships

•http://www.barca.fsnet.co.uk/phoenecian-ships.htm

•http://go.hrw.com/venus_images/0298MC02.gif

•http://www.mauigateway.com/~donjusko/final.htg/murexbrandaris_trunculus.jpg

•http://www.loretonh.nsw.edu.au/religion

Mediterranean Cultures

• 6000 BP Egyptians boats with oars

• 3100-2850 BP Phoenicians travel through Mediterranean & up to England– Mediterranean wide maritime trade– Coastal settlements– Coastal navigation

• Greek and Roman Civilizations

•http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/~cannon/medports/Gibraltar/roll_cloud.html

Middle Ages

• Chinese Invent Magnetic Compass• Vikings and Basque Travel to N.

America• Arabs cross navigate Indian Ocean• Christopher Columbus “Discovers”

America• Juan Sebastian Elcano – First Round the

World voyage (24 of 260 sailors)

• James Cook’s Voyages (chronometer)

Chronometer for Longitude

Lemons for Scurvey

Benjamin Franklin & Timothy Folger (1769)

Voyage of the HMS Beagle 1831-1836

Evolution ofCoral Reefs

Fringe reefs

Barrier reefs

Atolls

Edward Forbes (1840’s)• Bottom Dredging in E. Mediterranean

• 8 Depth zones, based on different organisms

• AZOIC Zone below 600m– Azoic Theory – Too cold, too dark, no oxygen– No Life

Challenger Expedition(1872 – 1876)

• HMS Challenger• 226’ fixed rig Corvette• 230 crewmembers; 7 Scientists• 125000 km

• Objectives– Map Ocean’s bottom– Investigate the Azoic Zone– Search for ‘Primitive Organisms’ (stable environment)

– Study Bathybeus haecklii (Huxley); “primordial slime”

HMS Challenger

HMS CHALLENGER 1872 – 1876

Challenger Expedition(1872 – 1876)

• Scientific Results - 50 Volumes (23 Years) – Extensive Bathymetric Maps– No Azoic zone– Found temperature variability in deep waters

(not all 4 oC)– No Evidence of “primitive fauna”– Description of 4717 new species– Bathybeus haecklii = Alcohol precipitate of

carbon sulphate– Discovery Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Marianas

Trench

SIO

WHOI

Ocean Resources

http://www.greenet.pl/piosta/gal/bona_2_star.jpg

•http://www.news.navy.mil/management/photodb/photos/030110-N-9851B-082.jpg

•http://www.news.navy.mil/management/photodb/photos/960916-V-0000B-009.jpg

•http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/

Ocean Resources

• Fisheries• Transportation & Trade• Military Use• Offshore Oil, Gas & Minerals• Recreation & Aesthetics

Law of the Sea Treaty - 1973• Territorial Seas - 12 nm• Procedures for Ocean boundaries• Right of Free Passage through Straits• Exclusive Economic Zones

– 200 nm– Can extend out to 350nm– Jurisdiction over:

• Fisheries• Pollution• Scientific Research• Mineral Resources

www.whoi.edu

South China Territorial Claims

www.bbc.co.uk/

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Global Trend in Fishery Landings

Fishery induced changes in world fish composition

Greenhouse Effect