HISTORY OF NURSING

1. PERIOD OF INTUITIVE NURSING

Beliefs and Practices of Prehistoric Man He was nomad. His philosophy of life was

“the best for the most” and he was ruled by the law of self-preservation.

Nursing was a function that belonged to women

Believed that illness was caused by invasion of evil spirit

Believed that medicine man called “shaman” or witch doctor had the power to heal by using white magic. Practices “trephining” (drilling a hole in the skull with a stone or rock without anesthesia as a last resort to drive evil spirit from the body.

Nursing in the Near EastMan’s mode of living changed from nomadic style to an agrarian society to an urban community life.Developed a means of communication and the beginnings of a body of scientific knowledgeNursing remained the duty of slaves, wives, sister or motherThe care of the sick was still closely related to religion, superstition and magic.

Contribution to Medicine and Nursing:Babylonia

Code of Hammurabi: Provided laws that covered every facet of Babylonian life including medical practice.

Egypt Egyptians introduced the art of embalming

which enhance their knowledge of human anatomy.

Israel Moses – “Father of Sanitation” He wrote the five book of the Old

Testament which: Emphasized the practice of

hospitality to strangers and acts of charity.

Promulgated laws of control on the spread of communicable disease and the ritual of male circumcision.

Nursing in the Far EastChina

Strongly believed in spirits and demons. Prohibition of dissecting the dead human

body. Give the world knowledge of material

medica which prescribed methods of treating wounds, infection and muscular afflictions.

India

Men of medicine built hospitals, practiced an intuitive form of asepsis and were proficient in the practice of medicine and surgery.

Sushurutu made a list of function and qualifications of nurses.

Greece Nursing was the task of untrained slave Introduced the caduceus Hippocrates, Father of Scientific

MedicineRome

Attempted to maintain vigorous health, because illness was a sign of weakness.

Care of the ill was left to the slaves or Greek physician.

Fabiola, made her home the first hospital in the Christian world.

2. PERIOD OF APPRENTICE NURSING

Periods extends from the founding of religious nursing orders in The Crusades and establishment of Kaiserwerth Institute for the Training of Deaconesses.

It is called the period of “on the job” training. Nursing care was performed without any formal education and by people who were directed by more experienced nurses.

Military Religious Orders: Knights of St. John of

Jerusalem Teutonic Knights, tent hospital

for wounded Knights of St. Lazarus, nursing

care for lepers Rise of Secular Orders,

Order of St. Francis of Assisi The Bequines The Oblates Benedictines Ursulines Augustinians

Hospitals were poorly ventilated and the beds were filthy.

Overcrowding of patients Practice of environmental

sanitation and asepsis were non-existent.

Older nuns prayed with and took good care of the sick; while the younger nuns washed soiled linens.

Important Nursing Personage During The Period of Apprentice:

St. Claire St. Elizabeth of Hungary

“Patroness of Nurses” St. Catherine of Siena “First

Lady with a Lamp”

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3. DARK PERIOD OF NURSING The religious upheaval led by Martin

Luther destroyed the unity of the Christian faith.

The wrath of Protestantism swept away everything connected with Roman Catholicism.

Hundreds of hospitals were closed

There were no provisions for the sick, no one to care for the sick.

Nursing become the work of the least desirable women.

Several Leaders Sought to Bring Reforms:

John Howard Mother Mary Aikenhand Pastor Theodor Fliedner and

Frederika Munster Fliedner, established the Institute for Training of Deaconesses at Kaiserwerth, Germany. The first organized training school for nurses.

Nursing in America Jeanne Mance, the first laywoman

who worked as a nurse in North America. She founded the Hotel Dieu of Montreal, a log cabin hospitals.

Mrs. Elizabeth Seton, founded the Sister of Charity of Emmitsberg, Maryland.

American Reforms in Nursing The Nurse’s Society of

Philadelphia organized a school of nursing under the direction of Dr. Joseph Warrington. Nurses were trained on the job and attended some preparatory courses.

Women’s Hospital in Philadelphia, established a six month course in nursing.

Nursing During the Civil War The American Medical Associa

during the Civil War created the Committee on Training of Nurses.

Dorothea Dix established the Nurse Corps of the United States Army.

Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross.

4. PERIOD OF EDUCATED NURSING

This period began on June 15, 1860 when the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing opened at St. Thomas Hospital in London (St.Thomas Hospital School of Nursing).

Facts About Florence Nightingale: Recognized as the “Mother of

Modern Nursing” Also known as the “Lady with a

Lamp” Born on May 12, 1820 in Florence

Italy Not contented with the social

custom imposed upon her as a Victorian Lady, she developed her self-appointed goal: “To change the profile of nursing”

Compiled notes of her visits to hospitals, her observation of the sanitary facilities and social problems of the places she visited.

Advocated for care of those afflicted with disease caused by lack of hygienic practices.

At the age of 31, she overcomes her family’s resistance to her ambitions. She entered the Deaconess School at Kaiserworth.

Worked as a superintendent for Gentlewomen during illness.

Upgraded the practice of nursing and made nursing an honorable profession for gentlewomen.

Led the nurses that took care of the wounded during the Crimean War.

Important Person/Groups/Events during Period of Educated Nursing

Linda Richards, First graduate nurse in the US.

Dr. William Halstead designed the first rubber gloves.

Caroline Hampton Robb, The first to nurse to wear gloves while working as an operating room nurse.

Clara Louise Maas, Engaged in medical research on yellow fever, she died of yellow fever.

Establishment of nursing organization; the American Nurses Association and the National League for Nursing Education.

Development of private duty nursing, settlement house nursing, school nursing, government service of nurses and maternal and prenatal health nursing.

5. PERIOD OF CONTEMPORAY NURSING

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Period after World War II Establishment of the World Health

Organization by the UN Use of atomic / nuclear energy for

medical diagnosis and treatment Utilization of computers and use of

sophisticated equipment for diagnosis and therapy

Health is perceived as a fundamental human right.

HISTORY OF NURSING IN THE

PHILIPPINES

EARLY BELIEFS AND PRACTICES Beliefs about causation of disease:

Enemy or a witch and evil spirit People believed that evil spirits could

be driven away by persons with power to expel demons.

People believed in special gods of healing, with the priest-physician (called “word doctors”). If they used leaves or roots, they were called herb doctors (“Herbolarios”)

Herbicheros one who practiced witchcraft.

Persons suffering from disease without any identified cause were believed to be bewitched by the “mangkukulam or mangagaway.

Difficult childbirth were attributed to “nono”

Earliest Hospitals Hospital Real de Manila ( 1577) San Lazaro Hospital ( 1578 ) Hospital de Indio ( 1586 ) Hospital de Aguas Santas ( 1590 ) San Juan de Dios Hospital ( 1596 )

Prominent Person Involved in Nursing Works (Philippine Revolution)

Josephine Bracken installed a field hospital in Tejeros for wounded.

Rosa Sevilla de Alvero- converted their house into quanters for Filipino soldiers during the Phil-American War in 1899.

Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo organized Filipino Red Cross.

Doña Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo, 2nd wife of Emilio Aguinaldo, Pres. Of Filipino Red Cross in Batangas

Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora) - nursed the wounded Filipino soldiers, gave them shelter and food.

Capital Salome- a revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija provided nursing care to the wounded when not in combat.

Agueda Kahabagan- revolutionary leader in Laguna also provided nursing services to her troops.

Trinidad Tecson, “Ina ng Biac na Bato”- stayed in the hospital at Biac na Bato to care for the wounded soldiers.

Hospitals and School of Nursing St. Paul’s Hospital School of

Nursing, Intramuros Manila – 1900 Iloilo Mission Hospital Training School

of Nursing – 1906– 1909 – distinction of graduating the 1st trained nurses in the Phils. with no standard requirements for admission of applicants except their “willingness to work”– April 1946 – a board exam was held outside of Manila. It was held in the Iloilo Mission Hospital thru the request of Ms. Loreto Tupas, principal of the school.

Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing ( 1907 )- Anastacia Giron-Tupas, the first Filipino nurse to occupy the position of chief nurse and superintendent in the Philippines.

St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing (Quezon City, 1907)- Requirements for Admission:

At least completion of seventh grade

Sound physical and mental health Good moral character Good family and social standing Recommendations from three

different persons well known in the community

Mary Johnston Hospital and School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)

Philippine Christian Mission Institute School of Nursing

San Juan de Dios Hospital School of Nursing (1946)

Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing (Capiz, 1913)

Southern Islands Hospital School of Nursing (Cebu, 1918)

First Colleges of Nursing in the Philippines

University of Sto. Tomas College of Nursing– 1st College of Nursing in the Phils: 1877

Manila Central University College of Nursing– June 1947 (1st College who offered BSN – 4 year program)

University of the Philippines College of Nursing (June 1948)

FEU Institute of Nursing – June 1955 UE College of Nursing – Oct 1958

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Nursing Leaders in the Philippines Anastacia Giron – Tupas, First Filipino

nurse to hold the position of Chief Nurse Superintendent; founder of the Philippine Nurses Association.

Cesaria Tan, First Filipino to receive a Masters degree in Nursing abroad.

Socorro Sirilan, Pioneered in Hospital Social Service in San Lazaro Hospital where she was the chief nurse

Rosa Militar, pioneer in school health education

Sor Ricarda Mendoza, pioneer in nursing education.

Socorro Diaz, first editor of the PNA magazine called “The Message”

Conchita Ruiz, First full time editor of the newly named PNA magazine “The Filipino Nurse”

IMPORTANT TIMELINES IN PHILIPPINE NURSING HISTORY

1909– 3 female graduated as “qualified medical-surgical nurses”

1919– The 1st Nurses Law (Act#2808) was enacted regulating the practice of the nursing profession in the Philippines Islands. It also provided the holding of exam for the practice of nursing on the 2nd Monday of June and December of each year.

1920 – 1st board examination for nurses was conducted by the Board of Examiners, 93 candidates took the exam, 68 passed with the highest rating of 93.5%-Anna Dahlgren

- Theoretical exam was held at the UP Amphitheater of the College of Medicine and Surgery. Practical exam at the PGH Library.

1921– Filipino Nurses Association was established (now PNA) as the National Organization Of Filipino NursesPNA: 1st President – Rosario DelgadoFounder – Anastacia Giron-Tupas

1953– Republic Act 877, known as the “Nursing Practice Law” was approved.

2002– RA No. 9173, the current law regulating the nursing practice was enacted.

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