History of Marine Science Part 2

The Vikings and the Chinese

The Dark Ages

• With the collapse of the Roman Empire in 410 AD

• The advances of Marine Science through the knowledge of the _______, _______ and ____________ for the most part lost

• Marine Science takes a step back

• Here it is only the __________ and the __________ making any headway

Homework

• Read Chapter 2 pages 16- 18

• Study Questions p 2-16 #1-4

Norsemen (Vikings) engaged in major voyagesof exploration in the North Atlantic during the European Dark Ages. Their ______ was perfectFor their Raiding ways

The Viking Ship Design

• Oseberg ship (above), the best preserved Viking ship ever found, reveals its Norse shipbuilders' graceful construction style.

Design through time

• More than in burial __________have been recovered by archeologists in ______________

• The same practice was followed by other groups such as the Saxons

• Vikings buried their important leaders with their ships it allows us to see __________ __________________________________

• The Saxon Ship Burial

The Sutton Hoo Burial Site

Raedwald, King of East Anglia who ruled from c.599 to 625AD

Anglo-Saxon ship of over 27 meters in length was revealed, containing a central burial chamber

Cargo Ships

• The _______ or ocean-going cargo vessel, which facilitated far-flung trade networks and the colonization of Iceland, Greenland, and America.

Keys to their Longship DesignThe Fighting ships

• The _______, or dragon-headed longships, were stealthy troop-carriers. They could cross the open oceans under sail and then switch to oars for lightning-fast hit-and-run attacks on undefended towns and monasteries

• The secret of the Viking ship lay in its unique construction.

• They then fastened the boards with iron nails to a single sturdy keel and then to each other, one plank overlapping the next. The Vikings gave shape to the hull using this "clinker" technique rather than the more conventional method of first building an inner skeleton for the hull.

The Raiding Ships

• The ships can carry troops and in the case of the Normans Horses

• Because of their stable low draft construction they could ___________

___________________________

• Both oar and wind driven. Oars make them very maneuverable and can be used when there is ______________.

They reached the coast of North America about 985AD

Vikings, led by Leif Erikson, colonized Iceland by 700 A.D. and North America by 1000 A.D.

This period of the middle age is known as the _____ age because

of the loss of intellectual knowledge

Dum

b D

ark

Sim

ple O

ld

0.0% 0.0%0.0%0.0%

1. Dumb

2. Dark

3. Simple

4. Old

In the Dark Ages the two groups who were continuing sea

exploration were the

Span

ish a

nd Eng

lish

Chin

ese

and

Arabs

Vik

ings

and

Ost

rogoth

s

Vik

ings

and

Chin

ese

0.0% 0.0%0.0%0.0%

1. Spanish and English

2. Chinese and Arabs

3. Vikings and Ostrogoths

4. Vikings and Chinese

Approximately ______Viking ships have been recovered in burial

mounds by Archeologists

1000

4000 40

015

0

0.0% 0.0%0.0%0.0%

1. 1000

2. 4000

3. 400

4. 150

Dragon headed Viking Longships used in war were called

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0% 1. Knarr

2. Drekar

3. Klipsch

4. Oden

Vikings used_________ to power their ships

0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%

Wind (sails) and ... Oars Only

Outboard Motors Sails only

1. Wind (sails) and Oars

2. Oars Only

3. Outboard Motors

4. Sails only

Viking ships were able to sail on the open ocean and up rivers due

to their

Low M

ast

Pla

nk Sys

tem

Low D

raft

Rudde

r

0.0% 0.0%0.0%0.0%

1. Low Mast

2. Plank System

3. Low Draft

4. Rudder

Fastest Responders (in seconds)

9.86 Robert DelRio

10.49 Sonja Gspurnsing

10.92 Sabrina Lopez

12.13 Jessica Nikolla

12.29 Shqiprie Dreshaj

Chinese Explorers

Chinese Exploration

• Often Overlooked the Chinese contribution to exploration is impressive and valuable to this day

• Chinese Exploration

• On the grand scale of ship building: Marco Polo (1254-1324) talks of 4 mast merchant ships “The Treasure Ships”

The Compass

• The ____________is an old Chinese invention probably first made in China during the Qin dynasty (221-206 B.C.).

• Between 850 and 1050 they seem to have become common as navigational devices on ships.

• The first person recorded to have used the compass as a navigational aid was _____________ (1371-1435)

Zheng He

• Between 1405 and 1433, the Ming government sponsored a series of seven naval expeditions

• All led by Admiral Zheng He• Zheng He's first voyage consisted of a fleet of

around 300 ships holding almost 28,000 crewmen • Zheng He's fleets visited Arabia, East Africa, India,

Indonesia and Thailand (at the time called Siam)• Treasure Ship

• Zheng He flag "treasure ship" is four hundred feet long - much larger than Columbus's 85 foot long Santa Maria

• In the drawing below, the two flagships are superimposed to give a

clear idea of the relative size of these two ships.

Other Innovations

• Chinese ships had ______________

______ which could also be independently flooded to hold fish

• These watertight compartments helped prevent ships sinking same technology that the _________ employed

• _________ ________ system was also first used in these ships.

The Chinese were the first to use the _________ as a navigational

tool

Ast

rola

be

Com

pass

Sex

tant

Quad

rant

0.0% 0.0%0.0%0.0%

1. Astrolabe

2. Compass

3. Sextant

4. Quadrant

Chinese Treasure Ships were _____ feet long

40 100 85 40

0

0.0% 0.0%0.0%0.0%

1. 40

2. 100

3. 85

4. 400

Which was NOT a Chinese sailing innovation

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

1. The Compass

2. The Central Rudder

3. Watertight Compartments

4. The Astrolabe

The Greatest Early Chinese explorer was

Sun T

zu

Lao

Tzu

Mao

Tse

Tun

g

Zhen

g He

0.0% 0.0%0.0%0.0%

1. Sun Tzu

2. Lao Tzu

3. Mao Tse Tung

4. Zheng He

Fastest Responders (in seconds)

2.96 Robert DelRio

3.41 Sabrina Lopez

3.87 Shqiprie Dreshaj

3.96 Paul Jednak

5.45 John Cacace

On to the Age of Exploration

• With the End of the Viking Era

• Europeans began to look to explore new worlds

• Starting the “Age of Exploration”

• Our next Unit