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History of Latin America. Ch. 9 Sec. 2. Ancient Empires. Olmecs: 1400 BC-500 BC Mexican Gulf Coast Ruled by priests & royals/elite No mention of military Known for giant stone heads (40 tons) Mastered crafts- rubber, jade, stone carving. Ancient Empires. Mayan: 250-900 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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History History of Latin of Latin AmericaAmerica
Ch. 9 Sec. 2
Ancient EmpiresAncient Empires• Olmecs: 1400 BC-500 BC
–Mexican Gulf Coast–Ruled by priests & royals/elite
• No mention of military–Known for giant stone heads (40
tons)–Mastered crafts- rubber, jade, stone
carving
Ancient EmpiresAncient Empires• Mayan: 250-900
–Southern Mexico/ Northern Central America
(Guatemala/ Yucatan Pen.) –Ruled by priests & nobles
• Priests performed sacrifices for good harvests, war success
Ancient EmpiresAncient Empires• Mayan cont’d
–Extensive farming techniques/terracing• Lots of maize population grew quickly
–glyphs for recording history & honoring gods (Spanish burned most books many left un-translated)
–365 day solar calendar
Tikal (Guatemala)
Chichen Itza
Ancient EmpiresAncient Empires• Aztecs: 1300s-1520s
–Founded Tenochtitlán in Central Mexico- Present day Mexico City
–Chinampas- floating islands• Foods shared with world
–maize (corn)–chocolate (xocoatl)- only for elite
though- “Food of the gods”–tomatoes
Ancient EmpiresAncient Empires• Aztecs cont’d
– Ruled by emperor next military, then majority (farmers), last were criminals & slaves
– Priests had own class• Human sacrifices to sun god to rise ea. day
– Tens of thousands: mostly P.O.W.s and some noble family members
Ancient EmpiresAncient Empires• Inca: 1430s-1530s
–Andes Mountains, Ecuador Chile–Ruled by emperor (Sapa Inca)
• Then military (very oppressive)–Extensive road network through
mountains (rivals Romans)• Runners to warn of rebellion, invaders• All roads went thru Cuzco
Original Incan road
Machu Picchu
Ancient EmpiresAncient Empires• Inca cont’d
–Used quipu for record keeping (for traders)
–Spoke Quechua• No written language
–Masters of terracing & irrigation from Pacific Ocean
–Domesticated alpacas & llamas
Quipu
Terracing
Decline of EmpiresDecline of Empires• Olmecs: ?? (volcano, absorbed)• Mayan: ?? (frequent war??,
overpopulation over farm??)• Aztecs: Spanish conquistador
Hernán Cortés (1521)• Inca: Spanish conquistador
Francisco Pizarro (1535)
Early EmpiresEarly Empires• Early empires practiced
polytheism, which is the belief in many gods.
European ConquestsEuropean Conquests• From 1500s-1700s
–Colonizing for power and resources for home country• Columbian Exchange: widespread
exchange of animals, plants, culture, • As disease killed many Natives, they
began enslaving Africans to meet labor shortages
Latin Latin American American
RevolutionRevolutionss
Sources of Discontent- Sources of Discontent- Late 1700sLate 1700s
1. Viceroys- Spanish governors2. Peninsulares- Spaniards living in Latin
America3. Creoles- straight European descent4. Mestizos- Native + European5. Mulattoes- African + European6. Zambos- Native + African7. Amerindians- Natives
ALL distrusted one another
Sources of Sources of DiscontentDiscontent• Peninsulares/Viceroys wanted self-
rule• Creoles read works of
Enlightenment thinkers; All looked to American & French Revolution wanted more rights
• Natives & Africans wanted freedom from slavery
• Finally acted when Napoleon defeated Spain (made weaker)
Haiti’s StruggleHaiti’s Struggle• French-ruled• Sugar & coffee plantations = 1/2
million slaves lots of $ for France
• 25,000 free (but not equal) mulattoes
Haiti’s StruggleHaiti’s Struggle• Revolted in 1791• Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture
–Former slave, but educated• Napoleon went in to regain• 1804: Complete independence
• Haiti is first non-slave nation in Western Hemisphere
•United Central United Central America followed America followed suit (early 1820s)suit (early 1820s)
•Union broke:Union broke:
•GuatemalaGuatemala
•NicaraguaNicaragua
•HondurasHonduras
•El SalvadorEl Salvador
•Costa RicaCosta Rica
•But how do they But how do they know how to rule know how to rule themselves?themselves?
SimSimóón Boln Bolíívarvar• 1810: Bolivar led revolt in
Venezuela form republic (did not last)
• Went on to Ecuador, Peru, & Bolivia republics
• Joined Jose de San Martin–Leader in Argentina & Chile
BrazilBrazil• Napoleon beat Portugal • Royals fled to Brazil • King made reforms • Left son Dom Pedro to rule… • But new powers in Portugal
were against Dom Pedro…
BrazilBrazil• He made Brazil independent
constitutional monarchy • Freedom of press & religion;
elected legislature• 1889: became republic w/o
any violence
Caribbean Caribbean IndependenceIndependence
• 1898: Cuba from Spain• 1900s: Jamaica & Barbados
from Britain
• Some still under foreign control
Panama CanalPanama Canal• Isthmus perfect place to connect
oceans• Ferdinand de Lesseps (Suez
Canal) tried but failed–Disease, geography, $
• Bunau-Varilla asked US pres TR (1901) to aid building
Panama CanalPanama Canal• Panama was part of Colombia at time
–Colombia refused to give up land• Panamanians revolted, US helped
them• Panama gained independence (1903)• Canal began in 1904, until 1914• US owned until 1999
CubaCuba• Like others, people were discontent
with government • Cuba- gap b/w rich and poor
–Revolution led by Fidel Castro set up Communist State with military dictator (1959)
Timeline Timeline • On a blank sheet of paper, create
a timeline about the history of Latin America.
• Choose FIVE events–Must give a description of the event
and a colored picture for each event–Due Monday