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Part 1-The Early History of Rocketry
The Invention of Rockets
The earliest solid rocket fuel was a form of gunpowder
The earliest recorded mention of gunpowder comes from China late in the third century before Christ
Bamboo tubes filled with gunpowder were tossed into ceremonial fires during religious festivals
The imperfectly sealed tubes which were propelled by the fuel inspired the rocket invention
Rockets in Ancient TimesEarly Chinese rockets were used in
warfare and celebrations
By 1045 AD. the use of gunpowder and rocket was an integral aspect of Chinese military
In 1232 AD the Chinese used rockets to repel Mongols attacking the city of Kai-fung-fu
Arrival of Rockets in Europe Rockets arrived in Europe in 1300 AD
During the early introduction of rockets to Europe, they were used only as weapons
French army used rockets during their Hundred Years War against the English
Dutch military started using rockets in 1650
The Germans' first military rocket experiments began in 1668
Rockets for warfare(18th -19Th centuries)
As the 18th Century dawned, European military experts began to take a serious interest in rockets
In Britain, Sir William Congreve developed a rocket that could fire to about 9,000 feet
The British used the Congreve rockets against the United States in the War of 1812
During the World War I, rockets were first fired from aircraft
The French were the principal users of aerial rockets, which were used to shoot down enemy hydrogen gas-filled observation balloons
Rockets as Inventions(late 19th Century)
During the 19th century, rocket enthusiasts and inventors began to appear in almost every country
Claude Ruggieri, an Italian living in Paris, apparently rocketed small animals into space as early as 1806. Payloads were recovered by parachute
Major Drawback in rocket development
The type of fuel was the principal drawback to rockets throughout this period of development
Experiments were under way to develop a more powerful, liquid-propelled rocket
Pioneers in development of Liquid Propelled Rocket
In 1903, Konstantian Tsiolkovsky, a Russian school teacher, published a report that suggested the use of liquid propellants for rockets in order to achieve greater range. Tsiolkovsky stated that the speed and range of a rocket were limited by the exhaust velocity of escaping gases.
From Theory to PracticeIn early 20th Century as Wright
brothers were preparing to become the first men to fly, a young American named Robert H. Goddard was already designing rockets to probe the upper atmosphere and delve into space
Robert H. Goddard In 1926, Goddard launched the first liquid-
fueled rocket and laid the foundation for a technology that would eventually take man to the moon and beyond.
Fueled by liquid oxygen and gasoline, Robert Goddard's rocket flew for only 2.5 seconds, climbed 41 feet, and landed 184 feet away in a cabbage patch.
Dr. Hermann OberthJune 25,1894-Dec 28, 1989
A Hungarian-born German astrophysicist and engineer
Considered one of the founding fathers of rocketry and astronautics
president of the German Society for Space Travel
Wernher von BraunMarch 23, 1912 – June 16, 1977
A German rocket scientist, aerospace engineer, space architect, and one of the leading figures in the development of rocket technology in Nazi Germany during world war II and after war in the United States
Responsible for the design and realization of the V-2 combat rocket during World War II
The chief architect of the Saturn V launch vehicle, the super booster that propelled the Apollo spacecraft to the Moon
Breaking the Sound BarrierOctober 14, 1947-Chuck Yeager flew
X-1 at Mach 1
November 20, 1953- Scott Crossfield flew X-2 at Mach 2
September 27,1956-Milburn Apt was killed trying to fly at Mach 3
Space RaceStarted July 29, 1957
At the convention of the 1957-1958 International Geophysical Year, The United States announced its intent to launch an artificial satellite known as Vanguard by the spring of 1958
The Soviet Union succeeded in launching Sputnik 1 on October 4, 1957
Sputnik First artificial satellite in space
Built and launched by the Soviet Union
Sputnik 1 was launched on October 4, 1957
Sent radio signals to Earth and determined the density of upper atmosphere
Sputnik 2 was launched on November 3, carried a dog, Laika
Explorer 1
The US first artificial satellite
Launched on February 1, 1958
carried scientific instrumentation and detected the theorized Van Allen radiation belt.
To learn more, click on:http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-
12/TRC/Rockets/history_of_rockets.html