History of Freedom Movement

Upgradation inSocial Sciences

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UNIT 3 HISTORY OF FREEDOM MOVEMENT

Structure3.1 Introduction

3.2 Objectives

3.3 The Great Revolt: 1857

3.4 Growth of Indian Nationalism

3.5 Early Phase of the Freedom Movement

3.5.1 Moderates and Extremists3.5.2 Swadeshi Movement3.5.3 Revolutionary Activities

3.6 Emergence of Gandhi

3.6.1 Non-Cooperation and Khilafat3.6.2 Civil Disobedience

3.7 Non-Gandhian Movements

3.8 Towards Freedom

3.8.1 Cripps Mission3.8.2 Quit India Movement3.8.3 Indian National Army3.8.4 Final Phase

3.9 Legacy of Freedom Movement

3.10 Let Us Sum Up

3.11 Unit-end Exercises

3.1 INTRODUCTIONThe aim of this unit is to familiarise you with the historic struggle of our people to liberateIndia from the domination of the British rulers. The establishment of British rule in Indiain the second half of the 18th century was followed by relentless struggles by our countrymenagainst the foreign rulers. However, these struggle remained sporadic and they cannot betermed as an organised struggle at the national level. The popular revolts took a seriousturn in 1857 when large sections of Indians, in various parts of the country, made acombined effort to overthrow the British. This popular revolt is interpreted as the firstwas of India’s Independence. In spite of the failure of this effort there was a growingrealisation of the exploitative character of British rule. Though the British claimed to bebenevolent rulers there was widespread disillusionment as regards their policies. Soonvarious political associations were formed, and Indian nationalism started taking anorganised form. The Indian National Congress, played a major role in mobilising peopleagainst the colonial rule. Though it is not possible to discuss all the details of the freedommovement in one unit here on attempt is to give an overview of the freedom strugglementioning specifically its highlights.

3.2 OBJECTIVESAfter going through this unit, you will be able to :

l identify the factors which contributed to the emergence of Indian Nationalism;

History of FreedomMovement

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l explain the political objectives and methods of our early freedom fighters;l describe the role of Gandhi and other important leaders in freedom movement, andl discuss the crucial phases of freedom movement which contributed in forcing the

British to quit India.

3.3 THE GREAT REVOLT: 1857The Battle of Plassey, fought between Siraj-ud-daulah, the Nawab of Bengal and theEnglish East India Company in June 1757, marked the beginning of British rule in India.From 1757 to 1857, over a period of hundred years the East India Company was engagedin expansion and consolidation of British authority over Indian territory. When LordDalhousie left India in 1856, British rule in India seemed to have been firmly established.But the struggle that broke out in 1857 gave a severe jolt to the British authority. Thestruggle was an outcome of discontent that was brewing among different sections of Indianpeople for various reasons. The new land revenue system antagonised many feudal chiefsas well as common peasants. Common people became the victims of arrogance andoverbearing manner of the officials of the East India Company. Time-honoured customsand practices of the people were ignored. The new system of justice was looked upon asan imposition and a symbol of terror. Indian soldiers were unhappy because ofdiscriminatory attitude of their European master, etc. Anger against the alien rule veryoften took the form of sproadic uprisings in different parts of India. Though these uprisingswere isolated incidents they clearly expressed the anti-British sentiments of the local people.In this sequence of uprisings the major assault faced by the British in 1857 was when thesepoys at Meerut Cantonment revolted against the British military officials. Greasedcatridges, suspected by some to be smeared with the fat of cows and pigs, might haveacted as an immediate provocation; but the rumblings of discontent in the army werenoticed even before the Meerut uprising. In fact in March 1857 a regiment of sepoys wasdisbanded at Barrackpore, near Calcutta, when Mangal Pandey, a young sepoy, fired abullet at his British officer. The sepoys who rebelled in Meerut marched to Delhi andcaptured it. Soon they declared the aged Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah as the emperor ofIndia. The uprising spread to Lucknow, Kanpur, Rohilkhand, Central India andBundelkhand. The initiative for the Revolt of 1857 came from the sepoys, but very soontook the character of a popular rebellion. At several places it was the civil populationwhich raised the banner of revolt because of their grievances against the foreign rule,while at other places it was led by the ex-rulers. Many heroic battles were fought duringthe course of the struggle. But it also saw many rulers supporting the British. Ultimately,the British suppressed the uprising. In spite of its failure the events of 1857 kind the spiritof freedom amongst the Indian. The heroic sacrifices made by Rani Laxmi Bai, TantiaTope, Nana Saheb, Kunwar Singh and many other became the major source of inspirationfor our freedom fighters.

3.4 GROWTH OF INDIAN NATIONALISMBy bringing our vast country under the umbrella of one centralised administration andintroducing modern education and communication systems the British rule had made anindirect contribution in facilitating the growth of Indian nationalism. This was also thetime when India witnessed the growth of new ideas and the development of modern literaturein various regional languages. The new universities at Bombay, Calcutta and Madras andthe various government colleges in different parts of the country helped to create a newmiddle class who started thinking in terms of India and Indian culture. Indian intelligentsiathrough nationalist newspapers and literature in the form of novels, essays and poetryaroused a strong sense of patriotism across the country. Anti-British sentiment wasstrengthened by the British policy of discrimination on racial basis, repression and economic


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exploitation. Certain administrative measures taken by the Government further contributedin this direction. These included:

l the Arms Act of 1878,l the Vernacular Press Act of 1878,l reduction of the maximum age limit for appearing in the Indian Civil Services

Examination from 21 to 19 years.l the Illbert Bill Controversy.

Thus, by the second half of the 19th century a New line atmosphere developed to ventilateanti-British feelings, through consolidation of nationalism and the struggle for independence.In the next section we will see how the foundation of the Indian National Congress in 1885provided a platform to carry forward the freedom movement.

Check Your Progress

Notes: a) Write your answers in the space given below.b) Compare your answers with the one given at the end of the umt.

1. Explain the factors that led to the growth of Indian nationalism.

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2. Name three important British measures in the 1870s which agitated the Indians.

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3.5 EARLY PHASE OF THE FREEDOM MOVEMENTThe popular uprisings challenging the colonial rule were suppressed by the British.However, the educated middle class Indians soon realised the necessity of an organisedmovement at the national level. Leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, Justice Ranade andSurendranath Banerjee etc. took up the task of developing political consciousness amongIndians and exposing the exploitative character of British rule. As a result politicalassociations were formed in different parts of the country like. The Poona SarwajanikSabha, Madras Native Association, Bombay Presidency Association, etc. The initiativeat the national level came through the formation of the Indian Association by SurendranathBanerjee. All these efforts finally led to the formation of the Indian National Congress.W.C. Banerjee presided over the first session of the Indian National Congress at Bombayin 1885. The objectives of the early nationalists were:

l to promote the feeling of national unity, andl to develop political awareness among Indians and to mobilise public opinion in order

to pressurise the Government to accept their demands.

However, very soon opinions within the Indian National Congress got divided as regardsthe methods to be adopted. There emerged two groups, ‘moderates’ and ‘extremists’.


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3.5.1 Moderates and Extremists

The early leadership of the Congress wanted reforms while remaining under the colonialrule. They were critical of transforming India into a colony, excessive land revenue theexport of raw material and the import of manufactured goods and foreign capital. Theyprotested against the drain of wealth from India. They also demanded democratic civilrights, free press, non-racialist administration and greater participation of Indians in theadministration and the legislative machinery. They believed in constitutional methods likepublic meetings, petitions and press coverage for achieving their demands. They came tobe known as the ‘moderates’ within the Congress.

A group of Congress leaders, however, did not agree with the methods adopted by themoderates. Having no faith in the bonafides of the government this group was againstpursuing the policy of appeals and gradual reforms. This group advocated that Indiansmust take recourse to mass politics and mass agitation to achieve the goal of independencefrom Britain. Due to their differences with the moderates this group was called ‘extremists’.Leaders of this group were Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Aurobindo Ghose, Bipin Chandra Paland Lala Lajpat Rai. The moderates had as their leaders Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal KrishnaGokhale, Pherozeshah Mehta, etc. Thus, by the beginning of the 20th century, whetherextremists or moderates, public opinion was very much in favour of raising the banner ofrevolt against the colonial rule.

3.5.2 Swadeshi Movement

Sensing the growing consolidation of anti-British opinion Lord Curzon, the Viceroy, orderedthe partition of Bengal in 1905. The Government claimed that the decision was taken foradministrative convenience. However, the people of Bengal saw in it a hidden plan todivide the Bengali people along religious lines in order to check the nationalist movement.The partition of Bengal gave rise to wide spread discontent, and led to angry agitation inthe form of Swadeshi and Boycott movement. The purpose of this movement was to puteconomic pressure on the rulers and to promote indigenous industries. The movementsucceeded in getting a good response from the different sections of the society and soon itspread to other parts of the country. The government launched a ruthless policy of repressionto crush this agitation but it had to annul the partition in 1911. On the other hand, theMuslim League, founded under British patronage at Dacca in 1906 had supported thepartition of Bengal and opposed the boycott of British goods.

3.5.3 Revolutionary Activities

The youth, being frustrated by the outcome of the political activism of the leaders of thenationalist movement and the repressive measures of the Government, took recourse torevolutionary activities against the government and its officials. These revolutionarieslooted government money to collect money and arms for an armed struggle againstthe British. They organised secret groups for collecting arms and training the youth.The revolutionary movement had its beginning in Bengal and Maharashtra. Anushilanand Jugantar were two important revolutionary groups in Bengal. Certain secret groupslike ‘Abhinav Bharat’ came up in Maharashtra. V.D. Savarkar played a prominent role inorganising this group. The revolutionaries did not have a mass base and in the face ofrepressive measures by the Government they could not sustain the movement for long.However, their heroic self-sacrifice remained a source of inspiration for thefuture generation. Even outside India, Indian revolutionaries formed the Gadar Partyin U.S.A. under the leadership of Hardayal to carry forward the freedom movement.Similarly, Madam Bhikaji Cama, Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh and many others wereactive abroad.


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Check Your Progress

Notes: a) Write your answers in the space given below.b) Compare your answers with the one given at the end of the unit.

3. How will you explain the differences of opinion between the ‘moderates’ and the‘extremists’?

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4. Why the Swadeshi Movement launched in Bengal?

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3.6 EMERGENCE OF GANDHIWith the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 the British asked for Indian cooperationin their fight for democracy and the right of nations to self-determination. Indians respondedpositively to the British call and also suffered casualties in the War. But the reformsannounced at the end of the war in 1919 fell short of the nationalist expectations.Disappointment and disillusionment with the government intensified the nationalist’scampaign against the British. Meanwhile, Annie Besant and Lokmanya Tilak started apopular constitutional agitation under the banner of the two Indian Home Rule Leagues.This was the time when Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi emerged to provide new leadershipto the freedom movement. Gandhi had evolved a new form of struggle, non-cooperationand Satyagraha to pressurise the Government. His policy of non-cooperation andSatyagraha was already put into practice in South Africa while he was fighting for theright of immigrant Indians.

3.6.1 Non-Cooperation and Khilafat

Gandhi started his political movement in India taking up the cause of peasants in Champaran(Bihar), and Kheda (Gujarat) and the working class in Ahmedabad (Gujarat). There wasgrowing discontent among people because of rising prices and extortions in the name ofwar. The passing of the Rowlatt Act in 1919, authorising the government to imprisonpeople without trial, provided Gandhi an ideal opportunity to give a call for mass action.Gandhi started Satyagraha and the entire country witnessed strikes, hartals, processionsand demonstrations against the government. At Jallianwalla Bagh in Amritsar on 13 April1919 General Dyer of the British army ordered the troops to fire upon a peaceful gatheringwhich was trapped in enclosed garden. The British brutality shook the nation.

This was the time when the British Government’s treatment of the Sultan of Turkey (whowas considered as a religious head by Muslims) caused deep resentment among IndianMuslims. This led to a popular agitation known as the Khilafat Movement. In 1920 theIndian National Congress under Gandhi launched a non-cooperation, non-violent movementto redress the wrongs done in Punjab and in Turkey and to attain Swaraj. A call was givento boycott government affiliated schools and colleges, law courts and legislatures, foreigncloth and to surrender official titles and honours. Decisions were taken to set up nationalschools and colleges. There was massive spontaneous support to this movement from


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various sections of the society-particularly peasants, students and workers. However,Gandhi, despite stiff opposition from many of his colleagues, withdrew the movementwhen a violent mob killed 22 policemen at Chauri Chaura in U.P. Gandhi felt that peoplewere not yet trained in the spirit of non-violence. Inspite of this withdrawal the Non-cooperation movement created tremendous self-confidence and self-esteem among Indianpeople.

3.6.2 Civil Disobedience

Following their differences over withdrawal of the non-cooperation movement and thefuture plants for the freedom movement, leaders like C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru left theCongress and formed the Swaraj Party. When the Congress boycotted the provincialelections, the Swarajists took part in the elections. They wanted to oppose the BritishGovernment from within the provincial legislatures. On their part the British Government,in order to pacify the agitating Indians, declared the formation of Simon Commission in1927 to suggest constitutional reforms. There was no Indian representative in theCommission, so the Congress gave a call for boycotting the Commission. All over thecountry people raised the slogan “Simon go back”. This generated new political enthusiasm.In 1929 the Congress in its annual session at Lahore adopted ‘Purna Swaraj’ (completeindependence) as its goal and launched a nation- wide movement for economic reconstitutionand political independence. It was resolved that from 1930 onwards, each year 26 Januarywould be celebrated as Independence Day on which the tricoloured flag would be hoisted.On 12 March, 1930 the Congress launched the Civil Disobedience Movement which startedwith Gandhi’s historic march to Dandi to break the Salt Law. The movement spread todifferent parts of India, lakhs of people offered Satyagraha and participated indemonstrations and boycott of foreign goods and liquor. Gandhi was arrested and theCongress was declared illegal. Later on, Gandhi came to an understanding with ViceroyIrwin in 1931. He agreed to attend the Round Table conference in London for consideringa new constitution for India. Failing to get anything concrete from the Round TableConference, the Civil Disobedience movement which was temporarily suspended, wasresumed in the beginning of 1932. However, because of government repression and growingfeeling of ineffectiveness of the movement, the Civil Disobedience movement was officiallywithdrawn in mid 1934.

Check Your Progress

Notes: a) Write your answers in the space given belowb) Compare your answers with the one given at the end of the unit.

5. What led Gandhi to start the Non-cooperation movement? Answer in about 60words..........................................................................................................................

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6. Why did the Congress boycott the Simon Commission?.........................................................................................................................

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3.7 NON-GANDHIAN MOVEMENTSWe have already mentioned that many youth, motivated by patriotism, were not contentwith the Congress led nationalist movement. These young people believed in violent actionagainst the Government machinery as the means to achieve freedom for India. The formationof the Hindustan Republican Association in 1924 was a major inititative taken by therevolutionaries to organise their movement. Later on, under the influence of socialist ideas,the name was changed to Hindustan Socialist Republican Association. Chandra SekharAzad was the leader of this organisation. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Raj Guru, andBatukeshwar Dutt were some of its leading revolutionary activists in the 1920s. In 1930there occurred the heroic Chittagong Armoury Raid in Bengal under the leadership ofSurya Sen. Although the revolutionary activities were ruthlessly suppressed, the heroicsacrifices of the revolutionaries for the cause of mother-land will always be rememberedwith great respect.

Peasant uprisings and working class struggles though linked with their economic andsocial grievances, also made great contributions towards freedom. The Congress leadershipgradually included their demands in the programme of national emancipation. There alsoemerged various associations like the All India Kisan Sabha and the workers unions.Parties like Hindu Maha Sabha and Congress Socialist Party, though having a smallfollowing, contributed in their own way for the struggle. Similarly, being influenced byfreedom struggle in British Indian States. Travancore, etc. launched movements askingfor civil liberties and establishment of democratic representative government.

Check Your ProgressNotes: a) Write your answers in the space given below.

b) Compare your answers with the one given at the end of the unit.

7. Write in about five lines the importance of the Civil Disobedience movement..........................................................................................................................

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8. How was the Revolutionary movement different from the Gandhian movement?.........................................................................................................................

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3.8 TOWARDS FREEDOMComing under the pressure of the sustained struggle of the Indian people the BritishGovernment promulgated the Government of India Act, 1935. According to the newconstitution, elections were held in various provinces in 1937 and the Indian NationalCongress formed ministries in seven provinces. In spite of limited powers given to them,the Congress ministries took some beneficial measures for the; people, like:

l lifting the ban on the press;l release political prisoners;l curbing of police powers; andl encouraging welfare activities.


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However, the beginning of Second World War in 1939 and the Government’s decision todrag India into the war without giving any consideration to Indian opinion led to theresignation of Congress Ministries in the provinces. Gandhi decided to start limitedSatyagraha on individual basis by selected individuals in every locality. This was plannedto give expression to Indian’s strong political feelings.

3.8.1 Cripps MissionIn the midst of war the British Government was very much desirous of getting India’ssupport for its was efforts. With this in mind in March 1942 a delegation was sent to Indiaunder Sir Stafford Cripps to negotiate with the Indian leaders. But the proposals of theCripps Mission were not acceptable to Indians. The Congress pointed out that it wasimpossible for the Congress to consider any scheme or proposal which retained any typeof British control in India. After the failure of the Cripps Mission, India’s struggle forindependence took a new turn.

3.8.2 Quit India MovementThe failure of the Cripps Mission impelled the Congress launch the ‘Quit India’ movementin August 1942. Gandhi asked the people to ‘Do or Die’. ‘We shall either free India’, hesaid, ‘or die in the attempt; we shall not live to see the perpetuation of our slavery’. Alongwith Gandhi important Congress leaders were immediately arrested. But this could notstop people from raising the banner of revolt against the British. In some regions peopleset up their own governments defying British authority. There were massive protests anddemonstrations. An underground radio station was also set up by Usha Mehta. TheGovernment suppressed the movement ruthlessly and more than 10,000 people died inpolice firings. Women participated in a big way in this movement. However, the MuslimLeague and Communist Party had kept away from the movement.

3.8.3 Indian National ArmyWhen this was happening within India, Subhas Chandra Bose who had escaped fromIndia in March 1941 led the Indian National Army, with the help of thousands of Indianarmy soldiers and officers who had surrendered to the Japanese towards India’s borders tofree India from the British. But Japan’s defeat in the Second World War was a majorsetback for the I.N.A. and many of the I.N.A. officers and soldiers were captured andbrought to Delhi by the British. They were tried in the Red Fort. But these trials, onceagain enthused the people to demand freedom. Subhas Chandra Bose it appears was killedin an aeroplane accident.

3.8.4 Final PhaseWith the end of the World War, India’s freedom movement entered a new phase. In February1946, the Naval ratings at Bombay revolted. There was a massive demonstration in Bombayin sympathy with the ratings. Sensing the mood of popular discontent the BritishGovernment sent a Cabinet Mission to India in 1946 to negotiate with Indian politicalparties. The Cabinet Mission recommended that an Interim Government should be formedwith the representatives of different political parties. It proposed the formation of aConstitutent Assembly to begin with. But this suggestion was not acceptable to the MuslimLeague. The Muslim league pressed its demand for a separate State of Pakistan. However,there were leaders like Abdul Gaffar Khan in North West Frontier Province who opposedthe Muslim League.

In 1947, the British Government assured early independence for India and sent LordMountbatten as the new Viceroy. By this time the Muslim League, under Jinnah went fordirect action to create Pakistan. The British supported this idea. On August 15, 1947,India achieved its long cherished freedom but had to pay a price for it. Not one but twoindependent States - India and Pakistan - were born in the subcontinent. J.L. Nehru’saddress to the people of free India on this occasion still rings in our ears:


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‘Long ago we made a trytst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeemour pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of midnighthour when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes,which comes but rarely in history when we step out from the old to the new, when an ageends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that atthis sloemn moment we take a pledge of dedication to the service of India and her peopleand to the still larger cause of humanity...’.

However, the task was not yet over. The British left the princely states to make their owndecisions. It was Sardar Patel who integrated these States into the Indian Union.

Check tour Progress

Notes: a) Write your answers in the space given below.b) Check your answers with the one given at the end of the unit.

9. Name two factors responsible for the launching of “Quit India Movement”.

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10. Who formed the INA?

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3.9 LEGACY OF FREEDOM MOVEMENTWe achieved our long cherished freedom at the cost of heroic sacrifices made by thousandsof young men and women. India was perceived as our mother and for her emancipationyoung people fearlessly gave their lives. In the days of the freedom struggle sacrifice forthe mother country was considered as the greatest religion. The common belief was “Wholives if India dies”. The new political consciousness had assumed a new form of secularreligion. Essentially our freedom struggle was an endeavour to restore our lost identityand to prepare the ground for a new India to our ideals and aspirations. During the courseof our freedom struggle and our interaction with western ideas and institutions our leadersrealized that we as a nation could not survive unless we commits ourselves to new secularvalues, broader social outlook and a liberal democratic set up, Gandhiji’s non-cooperationand civil disobedience movements aimed at achieving political freedom. Similarly hisviews on socio-economic and political reconstruction of India acted as guiding principlesto re-build the future India. We may particularly recall Gandhiji’s concern for the uplift ofHarijans and village centred development. In a country like ours which is known for itsdiversities the freedom movement might have evoked different responses from differentsections of our society. Yet, we have to stand as a nation in order to preserve the legacy ofour freedom which we achieved at the cost of thousands of young lives.


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3.10 LET US SUM UPIn this unit, we have made you familiar with the important historical events that led to ourfreedom from the British Raj. You have studied how economic exploitation of our countryby British created strong resentment among people at various levels. The exploitativecharacter of the British rule and growing political consciousness of Indians as a result ofmodem education gave birth to our nationalist movement. You have seen how from prayerand petition the national movement gradually took a revolution violent turn and culminatedinto a mass movement. Emergence of Gandhi in Indian politics widened the social base offreedom movement. Movements involving peasants, workers and others compelled theBritish to quit India and India achieved her independecne on August 15, 1947.

3.11 UNIT-END EXERCISES1. Discuss in brief the historical events of freedom movement that led to freedom from

British Raj.2. Highlight the role of Gandhian and Non-Gandhian movement in Freedom struggle of

India.

ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS1. Economic exploitation, racial discrimination, lack of democratic representation in

administration, were some of the major grievances. Modern education helped inpromoting national consciousness.

2. Arms Act, Vernacular Press Act, Reduction of Age for appearing in the exam I.C.S.3. Moderates believed in limited reform, they were in favour of prayer and petition to

impress upon the British authority, whereas extremists demanded political freedomand they had no faith in agitational politics.

4. Partition of Bengal by the British led to this movement.5. British apathy towards Indian grievances, Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh incident,

Khilafat wrongs.6. The Simon Commission did not have any Indian representative.7. After Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience was a major movement by Gandhi. There

was a massive popular response. Though it was withdrawn in 1934, it forced theGovernment to pass the Act of 1935.

8. Revolutionaries believed in violent action, terrorizing the Government they wantedto achieve political freedom, whereas Gandhi believed in non-violent means topressurize the Government.

9. Failure of Cripps Mission, impact of the Second World War, etc.10. Subhas Chandra Bose with the help of revolutionaries abroad formed the I.N.A. Its

sacrifices and heroic deeds influenced hundreds of Indians.

Documents

History of Freedom Movement