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James B. Mayfield, PhDProfessor Emeritus, University of Utah

Co-founder CHOICE Humanitarian

A Chronology of Rural Development

Theory and Practice (1950s-2000s)

Source: James B. Mayfield and Chris Johnson, Villagers Achieving aBetter Quality of Life: A Training Manual Structured to Help Villagers Move

out of Poverty(Forthcoming 2012)

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Purpose Increase GNP

Focus Industrialization

Approach Total System

Strategy Transfer Resources

Cultural Ignore as Unimportant

Participation Use to build unity/cohesion

Profession Economist

Unintended

consequences

Poverty increased as rural areas were

ignored

1950s

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1960s

Purpose Increase Production

Focus Green Revolution

Approach Sectoral

Strategy Transfer Technology

Cultural Neutralize as an Obstacle

Participation Collect information and generate

support for Government Programs.

Profession Planner/Sectoral Expert

Unintended

consequences

Poverty increases as rich farmers

became richer.

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1970s

Purpose Increase Equity

Focus Promote basic needs

Approach Integrated

Strategy Use Appropriate Technology

Cultural Accept & Learn to work with the local

culture

Participation Stimulate through Consciousness Raising

Profession Public Administration

Unintended

consequences

Central Government tended to provide

needed services to urban areas.

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1980s

Purpose Increase Quality of Life

Focus Local Institution Building

Approach Decentralization of Bureaucracy

Strategy Greater Privatization of Government

Services

Cultural Encourage Culture as a Key Source of

Social Energy

Participation Local Capacity Building/ Project

Sustainability

Profession Management & Political Science

Unintended

consequences

Bureaucracy focused structural

adjustments demanded budget reforms

cutting needed programs.

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1990s

Purpose Ensure Ecosystem Sustainability

Focus Democratization/ Pluralism in Political

Systems

Approach Networking/Coalition Building

Strategy Greater Public/Private Sector Collaboration

Cultural Protect and Enhance Local Cultural Diversity

Participation Empowerment and Emerging Mass

Movements

Profession Interdisciplinary Global Approach

Unintended

consequences

Greater Social and Cultural Fragmentation,

Open Conflict among competing ethnic

groups.

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2000s

Purpose Harmonize Globalization vs. Localization

Focus Millennium Goals for Poverty Alleviation

Approach Good Governance in all sectors

Strategy Societal Transformation ThroughPublic/Private/Social Partnerships

Cultural Emphasize Universal Human Rights & Civil

Liberties with Core Values determined by

villagers.

Participation Accountability, Transparency, and Good

Governance.

Profession Poverty Alleviation through an integration

of Globalization and Localization

Unintended

consequences

Greater Conflicts, US challenged by Global

Processes- Climate change and Ecological

deterioration.

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