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E.C. Tolman –behavioral
psychologistLearning
develops frombits of
knowledge.Newell
Created abasis forcontinuedresearch onknowledgeacquisitionsystems, a
unified theoryof humancognition,human-
computerinteraction,
and theefficiency ofproduction
systems
History ofCognitiveScience
Miller Bruner-FoundedHarvardCenter forCognitive
Studies (1960)Informationprocessing,
codingretrieval.
Albert BanduraSocial Cognitive Theory,
studied aggression inadolescents. Thoughbehavior cause the
environment rather thanenvironment causing
behavior. Self-efficacy.1977 Developed cognitive
theory.
Chomsky1959-Said ideas areturned into language
as a cognitiveprocess.
Edward Thorndike -behaviorist"Animal
Intelligence: AnExperimental Study of
the AssociativeProcesses in Animals"Developed the Cogat
test.
Herbert SimonSimon was a pioneer in the field ofArtificial Intelligence, creating with
Allen Newell the Logic TheoryMachine (1956) and the GeneralProblem Solver (GPS) (1957)
programs. GPS was possibly thefirst method of separating problemsolving strategy from informationabout particular problems. Both
programs were developed using theInformation Processing Language(1956) developed by Newell, Cliff
Shaw and Simon.
Cognitive Science Defined...Thinking can best be understood
in terms of how the mindstructures information and how it
operates with those structures.Moving fromBehavior toCognitive
Perspective
VygotskyCreated the Zone of
ProximalDevelopment theory
1925"Human intelligence
originates in oursociety or culture, andindividual cognitive
gain occurs firstthrough interpersonal
'interaction withsocial environment,'than interpersonal'internalization'.
InfluentialTheorists on
CognitiveRevolution
PiagetBelieved children
progressed through 4stages of cognitive
development. Peopleconstruct knowledgeby storing information
in schemas.1963 Piaget's theoriesreceive widespreadattention in Americadue to Alan Flavell's
work.
ModernCognitiveTheorists
Origins ofCognitiveScience
John B. Watson -behaviorist
wrote that thepurpose of
psychology is topredict the reaction to
a given stimulus.(1930, p. 11).
Wolfgang KohlerGestalt Psychologist1925 "Mentality ofApes" suggested"aha!" solutions toproblems. Moved
from being abehaviorist to a
cognitive theorist.
BrunerLearning is dependent on
structuring information andorganiizing it for retrieval
"storage system".GeorgeMiller
Short term memoryholds 7 + or -2 of
"chunks" informatio.1956
DavidAusubel1960
Developed aconcept of an
advancedorganizer thatutilizes priorknowledge.
The cognitive revolution became evident in the mid 1950's when researchers inseveral fields began to develop theories of the mind based on representations and
procedures.
As early as the 1920's, people started to find limitations in the behavioristapproach to understanding learning.
Within a few decades, however, experimental psychology becamedominated by behaviorism.
Wilhelm Wundt and his students initiated laboratory methods forstudying mental operations more systematically.
Cognitive psychology history is traced back to the ancient Greeks,Plato and Aristotle.
Descartes - EpistomologistWrote about doubt and certainty and reflected upon the question of how we
really know something.
Marvin MinskySometimes called the"father" of artificialintellegence. Has
applied computationalmechanics to human
psychologicalprocesses and
invented machineswith "human"
qualities.
Locke- Thinking has two operations, sensation (objects areperceived by the senses) and reflection (thoughts are based on
perceptions).
Kant- Our minds make representations of concepts.
JohnMcCarthyComputer science
professer and one of thefounders of artificial
intellegence. AI modelscognitive development.