CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

OF BANKING

SECTOR

1.1 INTRODUCTION OF BANKING SECTOR

The Indian economy is emerging as one of the strongest economy of the world

with the GDP growth of more than 8% every year. This has given a great

support for the development of banking industry in the country. Due to

globalization, competition among the banks has drastically been increased. As

India has a substantial upper and middle class income hence the banks have

immense opportunities to increase their market shares. The consumer being on

the receiving end is in the comfortable position but the banks trying to increase

their market share have to continuously add value for consumers in order to

increase market share and sustain their growth.

1.2 ORIGIN OF BANKING:

Its origin in the simplest form can be traced to the origin of authentic History.

After recognizing the benefit of money as a medium of exchange, the

importance of banking was developed as it provides the safer place to store the

money. This safe place ultimately evolved in to financial institutions that

accepts deposits and make loans i.e., modern commercial banks.

1.3 BANKING SYSTEM IN INDIA

A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE:

Without a sound and effective banking system in India it cannot have a healthy

economy. The banking system of India should not only be hassle free but it

should be able to meet new challenges posed by the technology and any other

external and internal factors.

For the past three decades India's banking system has several outstanding

achievements to its credit. The most striking is its extensive reach. It is no

longer confined to only metropolitans or cosmopolitans in India. In fact, Indian

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banking system has reached even to the remote corners of the country. This is

one of the main reasons of India's growth process.

The government's regular policy for Indian bank since 1969 has paid rich

dividends with the nationalization of 14 major private banks of India.

Not long ago, an account holder had to wait for hours at the bank counters for

getting a draft or for withdrawing his own money. Today, he has a choice. Gone

are days when the most efficient bank transferred money from one branch to

other in two days. Now it is simple as instant messaging or dials a pizza. Money

has become the order of the day.

The first bank in India, though conservative, was established in 1786. From

1786 till today, the journey of Indian Banking System can be segregated into

three distinct phases. They are as mentioned below:

Early phase from 1786 to 1969 of Indian Banks

Nationalization of Indian Banks and up to 1991 prior to Indian banking sector

Reforms.

New phase of Indian Banking System with the advent of Indian Financial &

Banking Sector Reforms after 1991

To make this write-up more explanatory, I prefix the scenario as Phase I,

Phase II and Phase III

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Phase I

The General Bank of India was set up in the year 1786. Next came Bank of

Hindustan and Bengal Bank. The East India Company established Bank of

Bengal (1809), Bank of Bombay (1840) and Bank of Madras (1843) as

independent units and called it Presidency Banks. These three banks were

amalgamated in 1920 and Imperial Bank of India was established which started

as private shareholders banks, mostly Europeans shareholders.

In 1865 Allahabad Bank was established and first time exclusively by Indians,

Punjab National Bank Ltd. was set up in 1894 with headquarters at Lahore.

Between 1906 and 1913, Bank of India, Central Bank of India, Bank of Baroda,

Canara Bank, Indian Bank, and Bank of Mysore were set up. Reserve Bank of

India came in 1935.

During the first phase the growth was very slow and banks also experienced

periodic failures between 1913 and 1948. There were approximately 1100

banks, mostly small. To streamline the functioning and activities of commercial

banks, the Government of India came up with the Banking Companies Act,

1949 which was later changed to Banking Regulation Act 1949 as per amending

Act of 1965 (Act No. 23 of 1965). Reserve Bank of India was vested with

extensive powers for the supervision of banking in India as the Central Banking

Authority.

During those day’s public has lesser confidence in the banks. As an aftermath

deposit mobilization was slow. Abreast of it the savings bank facility provided

by the Postal department was comparatively safer. Moreover, funds were

largely given to traders.

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Phase II

Government took major steps in this Indian Banking Sector Reform after

independence. In 1955 it nationalized Imperial Bank of India with extensive

banking facilities on large scale especially in rural and semi-urban areas. It

formed State Bank of India to act as the principal agent of RBI and to handle

banking transactions of the Union and State Governments all over the country.

Seven banks forming subsidiary of State Bank of India was nationalized in 1960

on 19th July, 1969, major process of nationalization was carried out. It was the

effort of the then Prime Minister of India, Mrs Indira Gandhi. 14 major

commercial banks in the country were nationalized.

Second phase of nationalization Indian Banking Sector Reform was carried out

in 1980 with even more banks. This step brought 80% of the banking segment

in India under Government ownership.

The following are the steps taken by the Government of India to Regulate

Banking Institutions in the Country:

1949: Enactment of Banking Regulation Act

1955:Nationalization of State Bank of India.

1959: Nationalization of SBI subsidiaries.

1961: Insurance cover extended to deposits.

1969: Nationalization of 14 major banks.

1971: Creation of credit guarantee corporation.

1975: Creation of regional rural banks

1980: Nationalization of seven banks with deposits over 200 crores.

After the nationalization of banks, the branches of the public sector bank India

raised to approximately 800% in deposits and advances took a huge jump by

11,000%.Banking in the sunshine of Government ownership gave the public

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implicit faith and immense confidence about the sustainability of these

institutions.

Phase III

This phase has introduced many more products and facilities in the banking

sector in its reforms measure. In 1991, under the chairmanship of Narasimham,

a committee was set up by his name which worked for the liberalization of

banking practices.

The country is flooded with foreign banks and their ATM stations. Efforts are

being put to give satisfactory service to customers. Phone banking and net

banking is introduced. The entire system became more convenient and swift.

Time is given more importance than money.

The financial system of India has shown a great deal of resilience. It is sheltered

from any crisis triggered by any external macroeconomics shock as other East

Asian Countries suffered. This is all due to a flexible exchange rate regime, the

foreign reserves are high, the capital account is not yet fully convertible, and

banks and their customers have limited foreign exchange exposure.

Phase IV

This phase was continues rbi New Banking Licence

first women's bank

1.4 MEANING AND DEFINITION:

According to Banking Companies (Regulation) Act 1949,“Bank is an institution

that deals in money and its substitutes and provides crucial financial services.

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The principal type of baking in the modern industrial world is commercial

banking & central banking.

Banking Means "Accepting Deposits for the purpose of lending or Investment

of deposits of money from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise and

withdraw by cheque, draft or otherwise.”

According to H.Wills & J. Bogan,

"Banking in the most general sense, is meant the business of Receiving,

conserving & utilizing the funds of community or of any special section of it."

According to Findlay Shears,

"A banker of bank is a person, a firm, or a company having a place of Business

where credits are opened by deposits or collection of money or Currency or

where money is advanced.”

1.5 BANKING STRUCTURE IN INDIA

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RBIScheduled BanksCommercial BanksIndian BanksPublic SectorSbi & Subsidaries BankNationalised BankPrivate SectorOld Private BankNew Private BankForeign BanksCooperative BankCentral Co-operative BankState Co-operative BankDistic Co-operative BankNon-scheduled BanksMoney LenderIndegineous Banker

ACCORDING TO RESERVE BANK OF INDIA ACT 1935:

Banks are classified into following two categories son the basis of reserve bank

Act. 1934.

1. SCHEDULED BANK

These banks have paid up capital of at least Rs. 5 lacks. These are like a joint

stock company. It is a co-operative organization. These banks find their mention

in the second schedule of the reserve bank.

2. NON SCHEDULED BANK

These banks are not mentioned in the second schedule of reserve bank Paid up

capital of these banks is less than Rs.5 lacks. The no. such bank is gradually

tolling in India.

TYPES OF SCHEDULED BANKS:

1. COMMERCIAL BANKS

The commercial banks generally extend short-term loans to businessmen &

traders. Since their deposits are for a short period only. They cannot lend money

for a long period. These banks reform various types or agency job for their

customers. These banks are a position to grant long-term loans to industries

because their deposit are only for a short period. The majority of joint stock

banks in India are commercial banks which finance trade & commerce only.

There are two types of commercial banks:

Public sector bank

Private sector bank

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PUBLIC SECTOR BANK

The Central Government entered the banking business with the nationalization

of the Imperial Bank Of India in 1955. A 60% stake was taken by the Reserve

Bank of India and the new bank was named as the State Bank of India. The

seven other state banks became the subsidiaries of the new bank when

nationalised on 19 July 1960. The next major nationalisation of banks took

place in 1969 when the government of India, under prime minister Indira

Gandhi, nationalised an additional 14 major banks. The total deposits in the

banks nationalised in 1969 amounted to 50 crores. This move increased the

presence of nationalised banks in India, with 84% of the total branches coming

under government control.

The next round of nationalisation took place in April 1980. The government

nationalised six banks. The total deposits of these banks amounted to around

200 crores. This move led to a further increase in the number of branches in the

market, increasing to 91% of the total branch network of the country.

There are three types of public sector bank:

State bank of India group

Nationalised bank

Regional rural bank

PRIVATE SECTOR BANK

In the year 1994, the RBI handed out the policy and this policy was supposed to

control the number of private banks that were coming up and weren’t taking

care of the customers or the Indian people in general. The policy was of

liberalisation to licence and limits the number of private banks which is known

as New Generation Tech-savvy banks. The global trust bank became the first

private bank then later was unified with oriental bank of commerce.

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There are two types of private sector bank:

Old private bank

New private bank

2. CO-OPERATIVE BANKS

A co-operative bank is a financial entity which belongs to its members, who are

at the same time the owners and the customers of their bank. Co-operative

banks are often created by persons belonging to the same local or professional

community or sharing a common interest.

Co-operative banks generally provide their members with a wide range of

banking and financial services (loans, deposits, banking accounts…)

There are two types of co-operative bank:

Central co-operative bank

State co-operative bank

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