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GEOGRAPHYHISTORY &STUDENT BOOK

6th Grade | Unit 9

LIFEPAC Test is located in the center of the booklet. Please remove before starting the unit.

HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY 609Modern Eastern Europe

INTRODUCTION|3

1. GOVERNMENT AND CHURCHES OF EARLY EASTERN EUROPE 5BYZANTINE EMPIRE |6EASTERN ORTHODOX CHURCH |10BYZANTINE ART |12SELF TEST 1 |15

2. COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE, EARLY HISTORY 18NORTH AND CENTRAL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES |20BALKAN COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE |28SELF TEST 2 |35

3. COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE, MODERN HISTORY 38COMMUNISM |40COMMUNISM VERSUS DEMOCRACY |43EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND COMMUNISM |46RUSSIA AND THE SPACE AGE |50SELF TEST 3 |52MAPS |56

Unit 9 | Modern Eastern Europe

Section 1 |1

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Modern Eastern Europe | Unit 9

2| Section 1

ObjectivesRead these objectives. The objectives tell you what you will be able to do when you have successfully completed this LIFEPAC. When you have finished this LIFEPAC, you should be able to:

1. Describe the Byzantine Empire and its capital.

2. Name two leaders of the early Byzantine Empire.

3. State the name of the church of the Byzantine Empire.

4. State at least two kinds of art or architecture that grew out of the Byzantine period.

5. Locate on a map and name all countries of modern Eastern Europe and their capitals.

6. Describe at least two customs of the early Slavs.

7. Name at least three facts about communism.

8. Name at least two leaders of Russian communism since it began.

9. Name at least two beliefs of democracy that oppose the beliefs of communism.

10. Explain how communism began and ended in Russia and Eastern Europe.

Modern Eastern Europe

IntroductionIn this LIFEPAC® you will be studying the nations of Eastern Europe. They include the former U.S.S.R. (Russia and several smaller countries that have been historically under the domination of Russia), the central Euro-pean countries (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and East Germany), and the Balkan nations (Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, and Yugoslavia).

Even before we get to these countries, however, we will learn about the early history of the East. After the fall of the Roman Empire in 476, the Western European nations suffered a severe setback. First came the Dark Ages and then the Middle Ages. While the West was entering a thousand years of ignorance and obscu-rity, Eastern Europe was thriving.

Here we shall learn of the very different world of the eastern part of the old Roman Empire. Its name was the Byzantine Empire. Some of the churches of the East are unlike ours in the West.

Until the late 1980s and early 1990s, all nine of the Eastern European nations we will be studying in this LIFEPAC were under the domination of Russian communism. You will learn how this domination came to be. After reading this LIFEPAC, you should know more about communism. You will also learn a little about each country’s early history.

You will now study a world you may have heard little about. Today, we are learning about new freedoms in Russia, the Balkans, and Eastern Europe. Hopefully, you will find all of it enjoyable.

Unit 9 | Modern Eastern Europe

Section 1 |3

Survey the LIFEPAC. Ask yourself some questions about this study and write your questions here.

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Modern Eastern Europe | Unit 9

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1. GOVERNMENT AND CHURCHES OF EARLY EASTERN EUROPEEven before the fall of Rome, Constantinople was made the eastern capital of the Roman Empire. For years, the capital shifted back and forth from Constantinople to Rome. Finally, it settled in the East. This section of your LIFEPAC will deal with the activities and problems of that period.

Section ObjectivesReview these objectives. When you have completed this section, you should be able to:

1. Describe the Byzantine Empire and its capital.2. Name two leaders of the early Byzantine Empire.3. State the name of the church of the Byzantine Empire.4. State at least two kinds of art or architecture that grew out of the Byzantine period.

VocabularyStudy these words to enhance your success in this section.

bankruptcy (bangk’ rupt sē). The situation of being unable to pay debts.

centralized (sen’ tru līzd). Concentrated on the center; in government full power is granted to the leader.

devout (di vout’). Religious; active in work and prayer.

ecumenical (ek yü men’ u kul). General, universal; the whole Christian church.

edict (ē’ dikt). Decree, public order, or command by an authority.

excommunicate (eks’ ku myü nu kāt’). Cut off from communion or membership especially in a church.

faction (fak’ shun). A group within an organization or country that seeks to promote its own interests.

fragment (frag’ munt). Piece or part broken off; shattered apart.

grandeur (gran’ jur). Greatness, splendor, majesty, nobility.

impregnable (im preg’ nu bul). Not to be overthrown; able to resist attack.

liturgy (lit’ ur jē). A ritual or worship, usually public.

orthodox (ôr’ thu doks). Generally accepted view and opinions.

pagan (pā’ gun). One who is not a Christian, Jew, or Muslim; a heathen.

persecute (pė r’ su kyüt). Treat badly; do harm again and again; oppress.

strategic (stru tē’ jik). Important; important to plans; important place.

Note: All vocabulary words in this LIFEPAC appear in boldface print the first time they are used. If you are not sure of the meaning when you are reading, study the definitions given.

Pronunciation Key: hat, āge, cãre, fär; let, ēqual, tėrm; it, īce; hot, ōpen, ôrder; oil; out; cup, pu·t, rüle; child; long; thin; /ŦH/ for then; /zh/ for measure; /u/ represents /a/ in about, /e/ in taken, /i/ in pencil, /o/ in lemon, and /u/ in circus.

Unit 9 | Modern Eastern Europe

Section 1 |5

BYZANTINE EMPIREThe name Byzantine (biz an’ tin or biz’ an teen) comes from Byzantium (biz an’ she um or biz an’ shum), the name of the city on the Bosporus Strait between Asia Minor and ancient Greece in Europe. Today, both of these areas belong to Turkey. The city is now called Istanbul.

Many centuries ago, Constantine I named Byz-antium after himself, calling it Constantinople. The Byzantine people still considered this area to be the Roman Empire; therefore, they called themselves Romans, or at least most of them did.

About fifty years after the fall of Rome in 476, the Emperor Justinian came into power. He tried to bring the total Roman Empire back together, and he was partly successful. His reign ushered in a “golden age” of the Byzan-tine Empire.

In its prime, the Byzantine Empire extended all over Greece, Asia Minor, Palestine, Italy, Spain, parts of France, areas around the Black Sea, and parts of Northern Africa. It also included the islands of Sardinia, Corsica, Crete, Sicily, and Cyprus.

The borders of the Byzantine Empire changed from time to time. By the 800s, however, Byz-antine power extended only to Greece, Asia Minor, the Black Sea, Sicily, Sardinia, and Crete. During the crusades, beginning in 1100, the Empire contained more of Europe around Greece but none of Asia Minor.

After Justinian’s reign, several raids were made on Constantinople by other countries. It finally fell to the Ottoman Turks.

| The extent of the Byzantine Empire under Justinian

NorthSea

MediterraneanSea

BlackSea

ASIA MINOR

EUROPE

NORTH AFRICA

GREECERome

Constantinople

JerusalemAlexandria

Modern Eastern Europe | Unit 9

6| Section 1

The Eastern Orthodox Church figured greatly in the history of Eastern Europe. Its center was also in Constantinople. Missionaries of this faith spread to other northern European coun-tries, including Russia.

Byzantine art reflects the special beliefs held by the people of that time. All Byzantine culture has influenced the way we live today.

Constantine I. Constantine I, often called Constantine the Great, had a mother who was a devout Christian. He himself, however, was a pagan. Constantine inherited the empire from his father, although he had to share it with several brothers and cousins. This arrangement resulted in many wars.

In the year 312, Constantine I was facing his final battle. If he won this one, he could rule his father’s Roman Empire. Before the battle, he supposedly saw a vision against the sun. In the vision, Constantine saw a flaming cross and the words, “In this sign conquer.” The cross was made of the first two Greek letters of Christ’s name—Chi Rho. Constantine had the symbol painted on all his soldiers’ shields. He later led his troops to victory.

The same Roman Empire that had been per-secuting Christians for three centuries also became officially “Christian” under Constan-tine’s edict. The Chi Rho cross was put on all the empire standards. Sunday was declared a holiday, and Constantine had many Christian churches built in which to worship God.

Another of Constantine’s acts was to move the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinple. In 329 he transferred the residence of the Roman emperors to Constantinople. There, Constantine set up a highly centralized form of government. This move was possible because the eastern part of the empire was stronger than the western part at this time.

Constantinople. Constantinople was (and is) in a strategic location between the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara and is connected with the Aegean and the Mediterranean Seas. The

city’s bay was called the Golden Horn. Trade was brisk with both the Eastern and Western worlds. Similar to Rome, seven hills surrounded the city, and Constantine tried to build the city in such a way as to make it impregnable. During his reign, which ended in 337, Constan-tinople was not attacked once. Istanbul is the Turkish name for the city of Constantinople today.

Fall of the Western Roman Empire. Rome had become weak from within for many reasons. Emperors, often cruel, had exacted huge taxes from the people. Even so, money for previous grandeurs became more and more scarce. Unrest among Roman citizens prevailed.

Constantine had the capital moved from Rome to Constantinople. By the end of the fourth cen-tury, however, a definite dividing line between the Eastern and Western Roman Empire was drawn. Two sons of Theodosius I divided it between them. The empire that was centered in Rome lost its right arm, the East.

In the 400s, barbarians poured in from every-where, attempting to conquer lands in all parts

| Chi Rho Cross

Unit 9 | Modern Eastern Europe

Section 1 |7

of Europe. At least Constantinople seemed able to resist the tribesmen from Persia. Rome in the West was threatened by fierce barbar-ians from the north. These tribes had already moved in, settling inside the Empire’s borders. Once there, the warriors waited their chance to conquer.

In the year 476, after several attempts, the barbarians succeeded. The last of the emperors in Rome surrendered, and the city of Rome and its emperors were defeated.

Following the fall of Rome, the authority of the Roman Catholic Church of the West increased. The church remained strong and so did the eastern portion of the empire centered in Constantinople.

Justinian I. Justinian became Emperor of the Byzantine Empire in 527. Little more than fifty years had passed since the fall of Rome. Mem-ories of the two great united empires were still strong in people’s minds.

Justinian’s purpose was to gain back the whole Western Empire. His generals did win some of North Africa and Italy, including Rome and Spain. The Persians were also driven back from Constantinople’s eastern border.

With the recovery of Rome, Justinian tried to preserve some of Rome’s heritages. An import-ant accomplishment was the writing of the Justinian Code from the old Roman laws. This Code is still in use in Europe.

Justinian built many churches. These include the beautiful Church of St. Sophia (Church of Divine Wisdom) in Constantinople. He was the last of the Byzantine emperors to speak Latin. After that, the Byzantines came under strong Grecian influence.

The cost of wars and the construction of large churches was too much. When Justinian died, the Byzantine Empire was near bankruptcy.

After his death, his gains were quickly recon-quered by enemies.

Enemies of the Byzantine Empire. Con-stantinople was under constant attack. Many countries wanted its location. Others wanted to break down its strong defenses. In 600, the Muslims captured much of Justinian’s empire. Other battles followed. In about the year 800, the Byzantine Empire experienced a renewal of prosperity. Commerce and the trading of cultures flourished.

Two hundred years later in 1071, however, the Seljuk Turks conquered Asia Minor. Now they threatened Constantinople. Western Europeans were called upon to help and thus began the crusades. At first, Western European warriors set out with sincerity to save the Holy Land from its Turkish conquerors. They intended to save everybody else, too. At least four crusades were undertaken. After two centuries, their zeal lessened. In 1204, it was the crusaders them-selves who burned down Constantinople.

After that time, the Byzantine Empire was frag-mented and only the part around the capital city remained. Constantinople was captured in 1453 by the Ottoman Turks, and the Byzantine Empire was no more.

| A mosaic is a picture made using small pieces of rock or tile

Modern Eastern Europe | Unit 9

8| Section 1

Write true or false.

1.1 ______________ The Bosporus Strait is located between Asia Minor and Italy.

1.2 ______________ Istanbul is the same city as Constantinople.

1.3 ______________ During Justinian’s reign the empire was small.

1.4 ______________ Byzantine art was the same as Renaissance art.

1.5 ______________ Constantine the Great had to share the Roman Empire with brothers and cousins.

1.6 ______________ The Chi Rho cross uses the first two Greek letters of Christ’s name.

1.7 ______________ Constantine insisted that the Roman Empire remain pagan.

1.8 ______________ Constantine ruled from Rome.

1.9 ______________ A centralized government means a democracy.

1.10 ______________ In Constantine’s time the eastern part of the Roman Empire was stronger than the western part.

Unscramble the following words and use them in sentences. You may combine more than one in a sentence.

1.11 a. enttaCnnpsloio _________________________ b. clkaB ____________________________________

c. aarrMma ________________________________ d. eretaiMaedrnn __________________________

e. geenAa __________________________________ f. dneGlo nroH ____________________________

g. meRo ____________________________________ h. emlignarepb ____________________________

i. ssoopurB ________________________________

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Unit 9 | Modern Eastern Europe

Section 1 |9

Complete the following activity.

1.12 In the paragraphs about Justinian I, we learned he was the last king of Byzantia to speak Latin. After that time the empire came under strong Greek influence.

In your own words tell why you think the Byzantine Empire became more Greek than Roman. To answer this question you may have to look at your map of the Byzantine Empire. If necessary, reread the paragraphs you have just studied.

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Complete the following statements.

1.13 The cost of war and the building of churches made the empire bankrupt after

________________________________ .

1.14 The crusaders from Western Europe wanted to save the Holy Land from the

________________________________ .

1.15 During the 800s the Byzantines experienced a renewal of __________________________________ .

1.16 Constantinople was burned down by the ___________________________________________________ .

1.17 Two and a half centuries later the Turks captured __________________________________________ .

EASTERN ORTHODOX CHURCHThe church in the East called itself orthodox. Its followers believed they held to the true faith. Slowly it grew into a very different church than the one in Rome. It had a separate orga-nization, a different type of service, and even unusual beliefs. The Orthodox Church was nearly always a “state” church. A state church is an arm of the government and often is con-trolled by the rulers. Eventually a complete separation from the church in Rome occurred. Orthodox missionary efforts led to the estab-lishment of many Eastern European churches.

Functions of the church. The head of the Orthodox Churches is called the Ecumenical Patriarch. He is also head of the church in Constantinople. Other patriarchs, or bishops, headed the Orthodox churches in the various countries, such as Greek Orthodox. The name given to higher patriarchs is metropolitan. Local priests tend to the parishes.

Daily, as well as for some services, the priests and monks wore long black robes with a black headdress. They appeared darkly solemn. For

TEACHER CHECKinitials date

Modern Eastern Europe | Unit 9

10| Section 1

ceremonies, however, the patriarchs and some priests wore light-colored vestments. Often, these robes were rich with embroidery and other ornamentations.

The services of the Orthodox Church were very long and would last at least three hours. The Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus were por-trayed in each service. A choir sang and many chants were repeated. The services today are similar.

Separation of the churches. Over 700 years had passed since Constantine reigned over the whole Roman Empire. The church in Rome and the church in Constantinople were in constant conflict about which was most important. Finally in 1054, important officials of the church in Rome excommunicated the Patriarch of Con-stantinople. He, in turn, excommunicated the Roman church officials. The break between the two churches was made and a schism, or sepa-ration, resulted.

Changes within the church. When the Ortho-dox Church carried its message to other coun-tries, it conducted its services in the language of the people. The missionaries also taught and preached in the language of the people. Some-times they invented alphabets to translate the Bible and words of the liturgy so that everyone could understand. Orthodox churches were established in Czechoslovakia, Bohemia, and Bulgaria.

Prince Vladimir of Russia was seeking a reli-gion for his country. Vladimir appointed a committee to visit the Islam, Roman Catholic, Jewish, and Orthodox churches. Because the services in St. Sophia’s in Constantinople were so impressive, the committee recommended the Orthodox Church. Vladimir embraced this religion and was baptized in it in 988. Vladimir built several churches and the people were encouraged to become Orthodox. By the time the prince died, Russia was almost completely Orthodox. Vladimir’s sons were also Orthodox.

Write true or false.

1.18 ______________ The orthodox people believed they held to the true faith.

1.19 ______________ A “state” church means that it is an arm of the government.

1.20 ______________ A patriarch was the head of a Byzantine family.

1.21 ______________ Metropolitan in ancient Constantinople meant big city.

1.22 ______________ Often Orthodox priests and monks wear long black robes.

1.23 ______________ The orthodox services are very short.

1.24 ______________ A schism is a kind of puzzle.

1.25 ______________ Prince Vladimir was from Russia.

1.26 ______________ The church in Rome and the church in Constantinople got along well.

1.27 ______________ The two churches separated in 1054.

Unit 9 | Modern Eastern Europe

Section 1 |11

BYZANTINE ARTMost of the art of the early Byzantine world was influenced by the religious beliefs of various factions of the Orthodox Church. You will see that the art took many beautiful forms.

Church Art. The architecture of the Eastern Orthodox Churches used domes as the princi-pal feature. Most other church buildings were built around a basilica (an oblong room) from which high ceilings extend off the walls. The dome, on the other hand, rose from a square of columns.

Most of the great Orthodox churches today have domes, half domes, and little domes. The domes show from the outside and the inside. Inside they are lavishly decorated. A visitor gets the impression that lovely things are descend-ing from above. The diptych (dip’ tik), a two-sided tablet with pictures, is often carried in ceremonies or may be placed on the altar.

Some icons (ie’ konz) are flat pictures of Jesus, the Madonna, or other Biblical characters. Large gold halos are painted over their heads. Icons are evident in homes, in ceremonies, and in shops of the Eastern Orthodox coun-tries. Icon paintings are without depth or perspective. The intention is to suggest only the thought behind the picture.

Orthodox people are afraid of worshiping idols. They believe anything that really depicts a religious person can be worshiped for itself. For many years, full sculptures were not allowed. The Christ child was always shown with an adult face, for it was believed that this expres-sion better expressed the idea of God. Bibles were illustrated with elaborate letters and pic-tures. The name for these elaborate Bibles was illuminated manuscripts.

Other Art Forms. Much of the sculpture was done in bas-relief. Only a part of the figure was carved out on a flat surface. Lacy designs of leaves and flowers were chiseled out of marble and ivory. The columns on churches had this

| The Virgin Mary at the Hagia Sophia

| How a Byzantine Dome is constructed

Modern Eastern Europe | Unit 9

12| Section 1

kind of design on them. Chairs, tables, and even boxes and plaques were carved similarly.

Silk fabric was a popular export of Byzantia. The designs were unique and beautiful. Other

types of textiles and weavings (such as rugs) have been priceless since ancient times.

Mosaics, pictures made of small pieces of colored rock or tile, are seen even today in all parts of Eastern Europe.

Match the following items.

1.28 ________ orthodox a. carvings on a flat surface

1.29 ________ dome b. worship

1.30 ________ silk c. on square columns

1.31 ________ idol d. illuminated manuscripts

1.32 ________ illustrated letters e. man’s face

1.33 ________ painting of Christ child f. gold halos

1.34 ________ icons g. two-sided tablet

1.35 ________ bas-relief h. fabric

1.36 ________ diptych i. mosaics

j. belief

Write true or false.

1.37 ______________ Mosaics are made of large stones on top of each other.

1.38 ______________ Byzantine pictures and sculptures are flat.

1.39 ______________ Most Orthodox Churches have only one dome.

Unit 9 | Modern Eastern Europe

Section 1 |13

Review the material in this section in preparation for the Self Test. The Self Test will check your mastery of this particular section. The items missed on this Self Test will indicate spe-cific areas where restudy is needed for mastery.

Write two different meanings for each word. Use a dictionary if you need one.

1.40 fall a. _________________________ b. __________________________

1.41 fell a. _________________________ b. __________________________

1.42 own a. _________________________ b. __________________________

1.43 cross a. _________________________ b. __________________________

1.44 power a. _________________________ b. __________________________

1.45 deal a. _________________________ b. __________________________

1.46 state a. _________________________ b. __________________________

1.47 preserve a. _________________________ b. __________________________

1.48 prime a. _________________________ b. __________________________

1.49 exact a. _________________________ b. __________________________

Modern Eastern Europe | Unit 9

14| Section 1

SELF TEST 1Answer these questions (each answer, 3 points).

1.01 From which city to which city did Constantine I change the capital of the Roman Empire?

______________________________________________________________________________________________

1.02 What is the name of Constantinople today? ______________________________________

1.03 What caused Constantine to become Christian? ____________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

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1.04 What is the name of the strait upon which Constantinople was located?

____________________________________________

1.05 Who defeated the Western Roman Empire? ________________________________________________

1.06 The Justinian Code was made out of which set of old laws? _________________________________

1.07 In later years the Byzantine Empire was influenced by Greek culture. Who was the last

Byzantine emperor to speak Latin (the Roman language of the day)? _______________________

1.08 What did the crusaders finally do to Constantinople? _______________________________________

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Match these items (each answer, 1 points).

1.09 ________ bas-relief a. worn by Eastern monks and priests

1.10 ________ icon b. bishop

1.11 ________ “true faith” c. carvings on a flat surface

1.12 ________ patriarch d. fabrics

1.13 ________ state-owned e. remove from church membership

1.14 ________ excommunicate f. orthodox

1.15 ________ black robes g. man’s face

1.16 ________ silk h. gold

1.17 ________ painting of the Christ child i. church

1.18 ________ halos j. flat pictures

k. governor

Unit 9 | Modern Eastern Europe

Section 1 |15

Complete this activity (this answer, 5 points).

1.019 The introduction states that the world of the Byzantine Empire was very different from the world of the Roman Empire to the west. In your own words and in sentences, explain how the Byzantine Empire seems different to you. Give at least three examples.

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Write the correct letter on the blank (each answer, 2 points).

1.020 The area around Istanbul, the Bosporus, and Asia Minor are now part of the country of

______ . a. Egypt b. Turkey c. Greece d. Thrace

1.021 During Justinian’s time the Byzantine Empire went through ______ . a. a golden age b. a depression c. many invasions d. poverty

1.022 Constantine’s government in Constantinople was highly ______ . a. ecumenical b. inefficient c. democratic d. centralized

1.023 After the burning of Constantinople by the crusaders, the empire was ______ . a. quickly rebuilt b. stronger than ever

c. fragmented d. relieved

1.024 The name of Constantine’s cross is ______ . a. German b. Chi Rho c. Maltese d. Crucifixion

1.025 Constantinople had access to the Mediterranean Sea through the ______ . a. Marmara and Aegean seas b. the Black and the Salt seas c. the Adriatic and the Red seas d. the Danube River

1.026 The name of the prince of Russia who chose the Orthodox Church for his country was

______ . a. Romanoff b. Stalin c. Vladimir d. Peter the Great

1.027 Constantine lived in the ______ . a. 200s b. 300s c. 400s d. 500s

1.028 Justinian lived in the ______ . a. 200s b. 300s c. 400s d. 500s

Modern Eastern Europe | Unit 9

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1.029 Justinian wrote ______ . a. a code of Roman laws b. an Orthodox liturgy

c. hymns d. letters to Constantinople

Complete these activities (each lettered answer, 3 points).

1.030 Describe the approximate location of the Byzantine Empire and name its capital.

a. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

b. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

1.031 Name two emperors of the Byzantine Empire in the order of the time they ruled, the earliest one first.

a. ________________________________________ b. _________________________________________

1.032 State the name of the Byzantine church. ___________________________________________________

1.033 Name two types of art or architecture that grew out of the Byzantine period.

a. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

b. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

Complete these activities (each answer, 5 points).

1.034 Name in sentences at least two achievements of Constantine’s reign over the Byzantine Empire.

a. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

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b. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

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1.035 Name in sentences at least two achievements of Justinian’s reign over the Byzantine Empire.

a. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

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b. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

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Unit 9 | Modern Eastern Europe

Section 1 |17

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