History and foundation of the

internet

1957 2010

Typical IBM mainframe

•ARPANET▫Founded by DARPA, Defence Advanced

Research Project•NPL

▫Founded by the National Physical Laboratory

•RAND▫Founded by the RAND corporation, a

research firm.•CYCLADES

▫French network developed by Louis Pouzin to ‘explore alternatives to the ARPANET’ –

(Wikipedia.org)

DARPA (Defence Advanced Research Project)•Developed the ARPANET.

▫‘First operational packet switching network’ – (Wikipedia)

•Emphasis on security.•IMP computers, (Interface Message

Processors) connected to mainframes.•IMP’s connected together in an ‘IMP-

Subnet’•NCP Protocol (Network Control Program)•NCP was soon replaced by the TCP due to

reliability. (Transmission Control Protocol)

NPL (National Physical Laboratory)•Largest applied physics organisation in

the UK•Network developed with a heavy

emphasis on file transfer•Foundation of Packet Switching.

▫Due to UK researchers working closely with US researchers, ideas and research was shared. This lead to the development of Packet Switching

Leonard Kleinrock

Donald Davies

RAND•‘Non-profit American think-tank’-Wikipedia

▫(In other words, a research firm.)• Paul Baran proposed the Distributed

Network concept.

Paul Baran

Centralized Distributed

CYCLADES

•French packet switching network founded by Louis Pouzin.

•Intended to explore the other alternatives of the ARPANET.

•Heavy focus on connections between networks.

•Computers were no longer to interfere with the transfer of data, but simply transfer it.

X.25 Protocol

•The x.25 protocol allowed transmission through the phone companies servers for a set fee per month.

•Foundation of the modern day ISP

Open System Interconnection Reference Model (OSI)•Attempt to make networks follow

regulations that would assure compatibility

•Divides networks in seven layers; Application, Presentation, Session, Network, Data-Link (Or ‘transport’) and Physical layers.

OSI

•OSI eventually standardized the networks, birthing the TCP/IP protocol. Allowing networks to be merged together. Creating the internet.