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History and Culture of the Hawaiian People. Allyx Smith & Taryn McGrew. Original Colonization of the Hawaiian Islands. Archaeological evidence dates back to as early as 300 CE Polynesian settlers from the Marquesas and possibly the Society Islands populated the islands between 300-500 CE - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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History and Culture of the Hawaiian PeopleAllyx Smith & Taryn McGrew
+Original Colonization of the Hawaiian Islands
Archaeological evidence dates back to as early as 300 CE Polynesian settlers from the Marquesas and
possibly the Society Islands populated the islands between 300-500 CE
A second wave of migration took place from Raiatea and Bora Bora in the 11th century.
The first recorded European contact: 1778- British explorer James Cook
+Polynesian Triangle
The Polynesian Triangle Region of the Pacific Ocean Three island groups at its
corners: Hawaii Easter Island (Rapa Nui) New Zealand
A large imaginary triangle in the Pacific Ocean, encompassing over 1,000 islands.
Polynesia ("many islands")
+Traditional Culture Ancient Hawaiians had a structured social order with kānāwai
(strict regulations and a system of laws) Kapu (sacred or forbidden).
The mō‘ī (king, queen) and his/her ‘aha kuhina (chiefs and advisers) constituted the highest class--mana (divine power).
Below them were the nobility, known as ali‘i.
Next in rank were the kāhuna, priests as well as professionals with specific skills in particular
fields.
Maka‘āinana Common people- mostly farmers
Kauā/Kauwā Outcasts
+Making a Living Agriculture was the biggest industry in Hawaii
Sugar, coconut, and pineapple formed the core of the plantation system.
Plantations were established in the 1820s and 1830s Native Hawaiian men were employed as farm workers while
Hawaiian women worked in the houses of white immigrants as maids and washer women.
Fishing Took place both inshore and offshore. Many fishing techniques were used, each demanding
different equipment and procedures: hand catching, snaring, spearing, basket trapping,
netting, hook and line fishing, and poisoning.
+Hula Dance
Hula or Hawaiian dance, is as much a celebration of life as it is a proud statement of cultural identity.
According to legend, hula originated when Pele, the Hawaiian goddess of fire, commanded her younger sister Laka to dance.
Schools were begun in honor of the goddess of the dance and temples were dedicated to her.
Dancers lived on the temple grounds, subjected to strenuous training regimes and kapu (taboos) befitting the sacred art of hula.
+Hula (con’t) Hula passes along the stories and legends of the
culture to subsequent generations.
Hula kahiko: ancient hula, uses dance and chanting to relate the
proud and somber history, customs, ceremonies and traditions of ancient Hawaii and her people.
Hula auwana: modern hula, is the dance form most people are
familiar with, combining dance and music for a more playful, joyous and spirited recounting of contemporary life in the islands.
Missionaries who arrived in the islands in the 1820s thought the hula to be a little too suggestive and outlawed it as a pagan practice.
+
+Language Hawaiian:
language with the fewest letters in its alphabet a, e, i, o, u, h, k, l, m, n, p, w — 12 in all longer sounding vowels
marked with a bar or macron above the letter Hawaiians call it a kahakö.
Changes the length of the vowels
For example: kala is a type of fish kalä means 'the sun,’ kälä means 'dollar' or 'money.’
English vowels can be lengthened in pronunciation changes the emphasis but not the meaning of the word.
+Religion
Worship of all the powers of nature
There were four main gods: Kane (god of life, fresh water, provider of sunshine) Lono (god of rain, peace, agriculture, and the forest) Ku (god of war and medicine) Kanaloa (god of the ocean and ocean winds).
The Hawaiians believed that these gods took many forms.
Hundreds of lesser gods and goddesses. Pele (goddess of volcanoes) Lea (goddess of women and canoe builders) Laka (goddess of the hula).
+Religion (con’t) Aumakua:
Ancestral guardian spirits/family ancestors who became personal gods of their Ohana.
Prayed to for strength, guidance, and inspiration Appeared as: sharks, lizards, birds, fish, stones, owl, or the
eel.
Heiau: Temples or places of worship
Religions of Hawaiian People Today: Christians Catholics Buddhists many others
+Captain James Cook Three Voyages-
Thousands of Miles Mapped lands from
New Zealand to Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean in great detail.
1778-landed on Kauai at Waimea Bay.
natives believed he was a god, a great chief with divine power.
+Captain Cook (con’t) Cook was killed in a fight with Hawaiians
during his third exploratory voyage in the Pacific in 1779. The Hawaiians greeted Cook and his men by
hurling rocks. The captain and his men fired on the angry
Hawaiians, but they were soon overwhelmed, and only a few managed to escape to safety.
Captain Cook was killed by the mob. A few days later, the Englishmen retaliated
by firing their cannons and muskets at the shore, killing more then 30 Hawaiians
+The Beginning of a Kingdom
Kamehameha I aka ‘The Great’
Full Name- Kalani Pai’ea Wohi o Kaleikui Kaeli’ikui Kamehameha o’ Lolani I Kaiwikapu Kaui Ka Liholiho Kunuiakea
Halley’s Comet 1758
Naha Stone
Kanawai Mamalohoe- “Law of the Splintered Paddle”
+Unification Colonial Alliances
Cook- weapons and advisors
Battles Iao Valley- Maui Nuuanu Pali- Oahu Puukohola Heiau Fortress- Big Island- 1790
Kingdom of Hawaii- 1810 King Kaumualii- Kauai
+Monarchs of Hawaii:Queen Kaahumanu (1772-1832)Kuhina-nui for Kamehameha II
Regent for Kamehameha III
Leadership role in the overthrow of the Kapu systemWith the collapse of the system, she
as a woman could exercise political authority
+Kamehameha II (1797-1824)Liholiho
Split power with Kaahumanu
Broke Kapu Ate with noble
women in view of public
1823- England measles
+Kamehameha III (1814-1854)Kauikeaouli
Last son of Kamehameha the Great to rule
Most difficult time in Hawaiian History Increase in foreign
residents New problems in
trade, credit, land titles, and plague
29 year reign- longest of any Hawaiian monarch
+Kamehameha VI (1834-1863)
First grandson of Kamehameha I to rule
Beginnings of tension over potential annexation by the U.S.
+Kamehameha V (1830-1872)Lot
Last direct descendent of Kamehameha I to rule
Last King to rule in old Hawaiian style
Increased annexation anxiety
Racial troubles
+William Lunalilo (1835-1874) Confirmed King in 1873
Informal popular vote by Hawaiian Legislature
Amended Constitution of 1864 Property rights no
longer needed to vote
Attempted a reciprocity treaty with U.S.– too much protest
Died of tuberculosis after less than a year as ruler.
Left his home to the poor and the needy
+David Kalakaua (1836-1891)
Elected by Hawaiian Legislature in 1874
For the People Filled administrative
positions with Hawaiians
“Merry Monarch”
End of Reign Cabinet overthrown New constitution stripping
power Replaced
+Liliulokalani (1838-1917)
Regent prior to Kalakaua’s death
Rivalry between white businessmen and native politicians
Committee of Safety 1893
1895 Revolt
+ Princess Kaiulani (1875-1899)
Heir to throne Training equal to
European monarchs to be
Traveled widely Learned many
languages
Hawaiian’s “Last Hope”
After annexation- defiant
Died of rheumatism of the heart- March 6, 1899
+Immigrants in Hawaii in the 1900’s
English Cook
Chinese 1852-1856-
thousands 1884- 18,254
Japanese- 1890- 12,610 1900- 61,111 1924- Federal
Exclusion Act
Portuguese 1878-1887- 17,500
+Immigrants (con’t)
Koreans 1903- SS Gaelic 1911-1924- picture
brides
Filipinos 1907-1931-
120,000
Puerto Ricans 1900- Ship Rio de
Janeiro 1950- 10,000
Samoans 1919- Mormon
Temple 1952- 1000 1970’s- 13,000
+Our 50th State:Introducing Business Relationships
1826- Hawaii U.S. Treaty Opened trade relations
1849- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation Aimed for perpetual peace between the two nations Furthered trade privileges
1875- Treaty of Reciprocity Free access to U.S. market U.S. gained lands in Pu’u for Pearl Harbor Naval Base Large American investments in Hawaiian sugar
plantations
+Our 50th State:Annexation
President Grover Cleveland
President William McKinley -1896 June 1897- annexation treaty agreed upon 1898- treaty failed in the Senate – never ratified
Newlands Resolution Joint resolution written by Congressman Francis G.
Newlands Approved July 4, 1898 Signed July 7, 1898
+Our 50th State:Statehood
1950’s- shift of political power in Hawaii Plantation owners vs. Descendents of immigrated laborers
March 1959 Congress passes Hawaii Admission Act President Eisenhower signed the Act into Law
Vote cast to Hawaiian People
Modernization Construction Tourism State Programs
+Important Post-Modern Figures of Hawaii: Duke Kahanamoku
Practiced all throughout youth Studied top Australians
1911- Organized Hui Nalu Club of the Waves
Olympic Trials March 1912
13th- Chicago 100 yard race
15th- Pittsburgh
+Duke Kahanamoku
Five time Olympic medalist in swimming
Most famous name in surfing
Hollywood actor Hero
1925- Newport Beach Boating Tragedy
+Important FiguresDon Ho Hawaiian and traditional
pop musician and entertainer
Hawaiian, Chinese, Portuguese, Dutch, and German heritage
1953- University of Hawaii
1954- Joined U.S. Air Force
1959- left as a First Lieutenant
+Don Ho
One of Hawaii’s biggest entertainers for 40 years
1960’s- Tiny Bubbles
1970’s – TV projects
Don Ho Show
Died April 14, 2007
+Important Figures:Israel Kamakawiwo’ole aka Bruddah’ Iz
Born May 20, 1959 Hawaiian last name
means “Fearless Eyed, Bold Face”
Ukelele Performed as early
as age 10 Facing the Future-
1993 Somewhere Over the
Rainbow/ What a Wonderful World
+ Recycling Tradition: A Hawaiian Case Study Adrienne L. Kaeppler
Beginning in the late 1960s and growing stronger during the past forty years, old forms of Hawaiian structured movement systems have resurfaced in Hawaii.
“Recycling traditions” for the Hawaiians is a main aspect of how they choreograph new styles of dances.
Dancing for Hawaiians is a ritual and a way of expressing religion.
Taking religious movements and transforming them into entertaining dances.
Hula is another structured form of movement which is considered a form of theater and entertainment.
Understanding Hawaiian dances is difficult for most. The dancers use movements that suggest a certain language using specific gestures.
+ The Life of the Land: Missionary geography in the Hawaiian Islands
R.D. K. Herman Argument: Privatization of land in Hawaii due to missionary pressures Benefited foreign investors Native Hawaiians became a landless underclass Missionaries both victims and perpetrators of
the industrial-capitalist power shift
One Eye on the Land, One Eye on the Souls
Missionaries first educated westerners to reside and try to learn the native customs Transitions from
preachertradesmenscholaradvisor to the Crowngovernment figures and businessmen
+ The Life of the Land: Missionary geography in the Hawaiian Islands
R.D. K. Herman 1820’s-1850’s
Missionaries only people with access to printing press
Only Westerners with Hawaiian language ability
Missionaries torn between spirituality and ambition “The people are making progress in civilization,
increasing property” (MH 4/48:140) “As civilization advances…. We find it more and
difficult to keep an assembly together.”
+Conclusions
Regardless of the purpose of the missionaries, the change they brought about raised the material status of living of Hawaiians.
Purpose of the changes were for the benefit of the West
Political and economic greed combined with disease made foreign contact with Hawaii more of a taking relationship than a giving one.
This taking climaxed with the annexation of Hawaii.
+Literature Cited Anissimov, Michael, and Bronwyn Harris. WiseGeek. Conjecture, 02 Nov. 2013. Web. 08 Apr. 2013.
"Captain Cook Killed in Hawaii." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 08 Apr. 2013.
De Mello, John. "IZ." The Official Site of Israel IZ Kamakawiwo`ole. Apple Mountain Company, n.d. Web.
"Don Ho." 2013. The Biography Channel website. http://www.biography.com/people/don-ho-271668.
"Duke Kahanamoku." Duke Kahanamoku, Official Web Site for The City and County of Honolulu. City and County of Honolulu, n.d. Web.
"HawaiiHistory.org - Hawaii History - Home." HawaiiHistory.org - Hawaii History - Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Apr. 2013.
"Hawaii's Languages | Polynesian Cultural Center." Hawaii's Languages | Polynesian Cultural Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Apr. 2013.
"Hawaii-United States Treaty - 1826." Hawaii-United States Treaty - 1826. N.p., n.d. Web.
"Hawaii-United States Treaty -1849." N.p., n.d. Web.
Herman, R.D. K. "The Life of the Land: Missionary Geography in the Hawaiian Islands." Missiology: An International Review XXXIX.1 (n.d.): 59-74. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials. Web.
"Immigrants." Hawaiian Roots: Genealogy for Hawaiians. N.p., n.d. Web.
Kaeppler, Adrienne L. Recycling Tradition: A Hawaiian Case Study. Dance Chronicle , Vol. 27, No. 3 (2004), pp. 293-311
"King Kamehameha 1 and His 4 Statues." Hawaii's Official Tourism Site. Hawaii Tourism Authority, n.d. Web.
"The Monarchy." Hawaiian Roots: Genealogy for Hawaiians. N.p., n.d. Web.
Pitzer, Pat. "Winds of Profound Change Swept over Hawai`i in the 1890s, Turbulent times That Altered the Islands' Future Forever." The Overthrow of the Monarchy. Spirit of Aloha, n.d. Web.
“William Charles Lunalilo." HawaiiHistory.org. Hawaii History, n.d. Web.
+Photos Cited http://lunaticoutpost.com/Topic-The-Bermuda-Triangle-The-Polynesian-Triangle
http://stockphototops.blogspot.com/2012/08/hawaii-beach-stock-photos.html
takemoretrips.blogspot.com/2012/12/hawaii_13
www.travactours.com/tours/hawaii
hawaiiguide.com
http://www.zazzle.com/captain_james_cook_postcards-239468933722212894
http://www.biography.com/people/kamehameha-i-9359827
http://pacific-islander.blogspot.com/2007/05/we-will-remember-you.html
http://ukenewbie.blogspot.com/2011/11/what-pros-play-israel-kamakawiwoole.html
http://archives.starbulletin.com/1999/07/29/sports/story1.html
http://www.imdb.com/media/rm1511628032/tt0477500
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Johnny_Weismuller_and_Duke_Kahanamoku_smiling.jpg
http://www.hawaiiforvisitors.com/monarchy/king-william-lunalilo.htm