7/27/2019 History America 1919 - 1939

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History

America 1919 1941

Timeline

How was America Governed?

The constitution set of rules drawn up by a group of Americans describes how America should begoverned

Bill of Rightspart of the constitution that describes the rights of the people Federalsystem described by constitution federal government is in Washington and local government is

in each state

LegislativeOne of three branches part of the Federal Government makes laws Executive - One of three branches part of the Federal Government carries out the laws Judiciary - One of three branches part of the Federal Government makes sure the laws are obeyedNobody is allowed to be part of more than one of these branches to make sure no one has too much power

Isolationist America

President Wilson took America into the first world war in 1917 Wilson wanted the US to take a lead in the league of Nations Most Americans supported the isolationist view of not getting involved Warren Harding was then elected President in 1920 (a republican) The next 9 years Americas economy boomed

The Boom

Why was there a boom in the 1920s?

Industrial strength

USA was very rich in natural resourcescompanies didnt need to import good s from foreign countries

Roosevelt

re-elected

for

resident

1919 1920 1923 1928 1929 1932 1941193919251933 19351927

Congress

refuses

to join

the

League of

Nations

Republican

WarrenHarding

elected

President

Calvin

Coolidge

(R)

elected

president

The

Monkey

Trial

John

Scope vs.

Bible belt

Sacco and

Vanzettiexecuted

for

anarchist

views

during

Red Scare

Herbert

Hoover

(R)

elected

President

Oct

WallStreet

Crash

JuneHoover

assigns Mcarther

to deal with

Americansoldiers from

WW1 wanting

their war bonus

McArthur uses

tear gas on them

Prohibition

ends

Prohibition

starts

May - FDR

meets with

senators

and close

advisors to

discussmore

changes

June

Second

News Deal

USA join WW2

ends

unemployment

Second

World War

begins in

Europe

Limit on

Immigrationput in place

by

Government

fear of

radicals

Native

Americans

granted

citizenship

and allowed

to vote

Sacco and

Vanzetti

arrested -

suspicion

armed

robbery

and murder

FebSt

Valentines

Day

massacre

Franklin D.

Roosevelt startshis presidential

term after a

landslide victory

from the 1932

elections

19371936

1924

Cuts to theNewDeal

made by

Roosevelt

starts and

recession

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This meant trade was internal, keeping money internal and benefitting their economy when industries gotbigger more jobs opened up and money filtered down all social classes

The First World War

Americans stayed out of the war (until the very end) but they did sell to the allies lots of munitions andweapons benefitted their economy

Took over European trade became the main supplier of world tradee.g. took over Germanys chemicalindustry and made it even bigger than it ever was with Germany - Built their economy

Republican Policies

Laissez Faireo President should leave businesses alone and government shouldnt interfere with the lives of the

people

Tariffso Republicans believed that setting high import tariffs would make it expensive to import foreign

goods meaning trade would stay in America

o They protected businesses from foreign competition and allowed Americas companies to growquicker

Low Taxationo Kept taxes low benefitting mainly the rich and businesseso Slightly benefitted the ordinary working man

Trustso Huge super corporations that dominated an industryo They were allowed to do what they wanted - they were captains of industry

New Industries

As more people got money (for the reasons above) they were willing to spend more money. More luxuryindustries got created, like the car industry or the radio industry, so more people were employed.

More people employed meant more people with more money and they spent more in these industries, makingthe economy strong

A State of Mind

During the 1920s Americans really started to believe that they had a right to prosperity this meant having anice house, job and plenty to eat. Also for them to spend money on luxury items and consumer goods -

spending money became the trend in the 1920

More people spending money meant a growth in industry and a booming economyWhat happened in the Boom? More money was being spent in industriesgrowth in the economy New industries grew massively:

o In 1919 there were 9 million cars - by 1929 there were 26 million carso In 1920 there were 60,000 radios- by 1929 there were 10 million radioso In 1915 there were 10million telephones- by 1930 there were 20 million radioso In 1921 for every one fridge there were 167 fridges in 1929 (1 : 167)o Companies invented machinery that made items much more efficiently and quickly

New roads got made because of more cars road building requires workers more people employed Luxury Items like silk stockings became very popular for all social classes (used to be only available for the rich) Skyscrapers were built in New York Towns grew to accommodate more workers Airlines were invented before 1918 there were almost no civilian airlines by 1930 new aircraft companies

flew 162,000 flights a year!

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Electricity in homes the electricity grid was made Moral values changed Jazz music became popular, more equality for women (they had jobs), the film industry

was made, dancing and flapper girls

Buying on creditbuy now pay later scheme many cars and radios were bought like thisDid everyone share in the prosperity of the boom?

The Farming industry

After the war Europe imported a lot less food from America because Europe was poor and also was a responseto the high tariffs put in place by America - farmers then couldnt sell their produce to other countries

The root of the problem, though, was overproductionfarming was doing well before the 1920s andmachinery was improved and more land was being farmed farming was very efficient

Farmers were also struggling against the efficient Canadian wheat producers who also supplied AmericaWorkers from Older Industries

The coal industry suffered greatly due to the fact that new industries such as oil and electricity were becoming alot more popular

Leather and natural textiles suffered because new man- made materials became a lot more popularDistribution of Wealth

The distribution of wealth was really bad as profits and dividends to shareholders increased massively,average earning of workers only increased slightly

Around 42% of Americans lived below the poverty line big problem There were still high levels of unemployment because, although industry more than doubled, new machinery

was also being invented to replace workers

Many poor immigrants and whites did not share in the wealth of the boom This, in the end, meant that the consumer led boom was bound to fizzle out, with so many poor it was unlikely

to last (if changes werent made to distribute wealth more, which they werent!)

Women in the 1920s

Before the 1920s

Women not allowed to vote in many states Restricted rights not meant to smoke or participate in sports and could rarely work Restricted clothing and no makeupChanges in the 1920s

Positive changes

Women allowed to vote across the US Wore much more daring clothes, smoked and drank in public with men, also kissed in public Women took jobs (in urban areas) Women were less likely to stay in an unhappy marriage and divorce rates went up In films women were depicted as sex symbolsLimitations

Women were still paid much less than men Women had no political standing women in politics had not yet been acceptedPrejudice and Intolerance in the 1920s

The USA opens its doors Immigration levels were high because of the policy America had with it opening its doors to immigrants at the

beginning of the 20th century

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Most of America was made up of immigrants but immigrants who had been there longer tended to look downupon newly arrived immigrants this was mainly because they were competing for jobs, homes and money

In 1924 the Government were worried with the high levels of immigrants and radicals, so put a limit onimmigration

The Klu Klux Klan (KKK)

In the southern states there were more African Americans than there were White Americans

White Governments, fearing there power, put many laws in place which controlled their freedom they couldnot vote, denied access to good jobs and education so they suffered great poverty

The Klu Klux Klan were a radically racist white group who used violence to intimidate African Americans theyalso attacked Jews, Catholics and other foreign immigrants.

They used lynching, beatings and parades to intimidate the groups thousands of African Americans weremurdered by lynching whole white families (including kids) would clap and cheer when this happened

They were formed in the 1850s by former soldiers after the civil war they were there to keep whites in control- it declined until 1915 where they were shown in a movie that glorified them the movement rapidly spread in

the 1920s where working class white men were competing for jobs with African Americans

The Klan then declined in 1925 when one of the main Klan members was put on trial and exposed thecorruption of the Klan

Improvements

In the North, African Americans had a better chance of getting a good job and a good education In Chicago and New York there was a growing (but small) middle class of African Americans There was also a successful black capitalist movement that encouraged African Americans to set up businesses In Chicago African Americans boycotted lots of shops saying that they would not buy items unless black people

were employed

Black singers, actors (such as Paul Robeson) and poets tackled racism They set up political groups and tried to end lynching amounts of lynching fellProblems

African Americans were forced to live in isolated ghettos They still had a lower life expectancy than regular Americans The Vanishing Americans the name given to the slowly diminishing Native Americans

o In the 1920s the Government were becoming concerned about the way that they were being treatedmany werent able to get jobs, they had poor health and education and lived in extreme poverty

companies were also allowed to seize their land

o Many were giving up the fight to live in their traditional wayso Children had to be sent to special boarding schools that would turn them into white Americans and

destroyed their native beliefs and culture

The Red Scare

Racist attitudes were made worse in the 1920s because of fears of communism and what was happening inRussia

It feared that many of the more recent immigrants from eastern Europe and Russia were binging similarradical ideas with them this reaction was called the Red Scare

Evidence to provide the fear: 400,000 workers went on strike, race riots in 25 towns, in Boston police wenton strike and allowed thieves to roam and loot the city also many bombs went off, including, in June 1919,

that almost killed the US Attorney General (Mitchell Palmer) these strikes and bombs made Americans

worried that communism was going to spread through the country After the bombs, everyone known to have radical beliefs were round up and many immigrants were

deported back to their countries this purge was carried out by J Edgar Hoover (worked for Palmer) he

was sinister and racist deporting people back even if they had no radical beliefs

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Sacco and Vanzetti

Victims of the Red Scare arrested in 1920 on suspicion of armed robbery and murder It quickly emerged that they were anarchists and the trial became a lot more about their political beliefs and

Italian race

The Judge was biased and prejudiced he even said that they may not have committed the crime but is toblame because they were anarchists

After 7 years of appeals they were executed in 1927 protests broke outThe Monkey Trial

Urban people believed in Evolution theory Rural people still very fundamentalist and religious believed in creation At school many of the children in the rural areas were taught the evolution theory and this upset the

religious people

In 6 states they built up a resistance and got the teaching of evolution banned in the schools A Biology teacher John Scope deliberately broke the law so that he could get his case against

Fundamentalism recognised

He was convicted but the Fundamentalists were made to look weak and silly which is the result he wantedThe Prohibition (1920 1933)

Why was the Prohibition introduced?

Temperance movement that campaigned to stop people drinking alcohol mostly lead by devout Christians They wanted to stop the damage it did to families Many were so influential that they got alcohol banned in their states but they wanted it banned across the

country

Leading industrialist powerful forcesbacked them because they didnt like having drunk workers Politicians backed it because they got lots of support and votes in rural areas Scare storiesthe Dries (as they were called) released statistics like 3000 infants are smothered yearly in

bed by drunken parents

After the First World War there support grew because many saloons and breweries were run by Germanswho were the enemy

The Prohibition was put in place in 1921 and lasted until 1933Enforcement

Many say the prohibition was a failure but there was a 30% fall in alcohol consumption In Rural states it was popular, but in Urban states it was very unpopular and Isadore Einstein and Moe Smith were agents of the prohibition and they made 4,392 arrests they would

order a drink in the speakeasy pour it in a flask as evidence then arrest the people there

Why Did the Prohibition fail?

Supply and demand

Impossible to enforce effectively in cities each agent was poorly paid and easily corrupted that were in thecities

Millions of Americans were not going to obey the law and bootleggers and gangsters made a lot of moneysupplying the alcohol to the American people

In 1925 there were more speakeasies than there were saloons before the prohibition Canada also supplied a lot of the illegal alcohol as the border was hard to patrol Stills were set up all over America people making illegal whisky they were a major fire hazard and the

alcohol made was usually poisonous

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Corruption

The prohibition lead to lots of corruption many of the law enforcement officers were involved in the tradethemselves!

Big Breweries stayed in business they bribed local government officials, prohibition agents and the policeto leave them alone

It was hard to convict people because many judges were also bribedGangsters, Bootleggers and Speakeasies

Bootleggers supplied the alcohol from overseas or illegal places in America They sold it to the gangster who made lots of money by running speakeasies The liquor trade and speakeasies also boosted other illegal trades like prostitution, gambling, and protection

rackets all of them run by gangsters

Al Capone was one of the most famous gangsters in Chicago he arrived there in 1919 after running from amurder investigation in New York

o Capone took over the alcohol business from the leading gangster boss Johnny Torio in 1925o He built up a huge network of corrupt officials, lawyers, police, agents and judges and the Mayoro Al Capone was known to be generous setting up a soup kitchen and always leaving generous tipso He, however, was ruthless and order the murders of over 300 people - and lead the St Valentines

Day Massacre in 1929 where 7 rival gang members were killed

The Wall Street Crash

What caused the Wall Street Crash

Speculation

Investment in the stock market was very popular during the boom many people made a lot of money on it It was thought to be a quick way to get rich and around 60,000 of the new investors were speculators this

meant they would borrow money from the banks to buy shares after a short time of having the shares they

would sell them as soon as the price rose. They would then pay off the loan and make a quick profit like

gambling

You didnt even need to buy the whole share you only had to pay 10% of it (buying on the margin) andcould pay it back when you made the profit

Prices of shares rose at a massive rate because of the amount of people involved in buying them So everyone was confident in the rising there were more buyers than sellers If they werent so confident then prices would drop heavily and people would panic and try and sell there

shares no buyers but lots of sellers a huge crash would happen which was the Wall Street Crash

Because many speculators werent that rich they borrowed money from banks and bought on the margin this meant that they couldnt afford to lose money so they panicked the most when share prices began tofall contributing greatly to the crash

The Banks

The banks continually lent money to speculators money that was invested by the banks from otherpeoples bank accounts so they couldnt afford to lose it or their customers would lose money

The speculators then were put under pressure to make money to pay back to the banks that they couldntpay back if they lost the money on stock market as they were usually poor

When banks realised that share prices were falling they started to limit the money they would lend and sospeculation started to drop causing more drops in share prices

Weakness in the American Economy

The poor distribution of wealth and the 42% living under the poverty line werent able to by the consumergoods and could only buy shares by borrowing vast amounts from the banks (which they could rarely pay

back)

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Farmers and Companies were producing more than they could sell to the American people the people whocould afford the luxury goods had already bought them and the poor couldnt afford to buy them

Also because of the high tariffs America put on imports, the Europeans retaliated and put high tariffs on USimports too this meant that the surplus of goods that America had couldnt be sold overseas to Europe and

there industries weakened

As a result of this companies had a surplus of goods and the price and value of them fell which resulted inhuge company losses and a drop in the price of shares leading the Wall Street Crash

When prices fell drastically in 1929 in took three days for panic and share prices hitting zero to cause thecrash

The Republican policies

They let businesses, investors and banks get out of hand because they wouldnt set any regulation Because tax was so low they couldnt bail any of the people out and start up the economy again Also because of their high tariffs on imports from other countries, Europe didnt want to trade with them

The consequences of the Wall Street Crash

The Wall Street Crashoverproduction of goods weakened businesses and caused stock prices to go down these caused panics which lead to the Wall Street Crash. Many of the speculators borrowed money frombanks to invest in stocks which meant they couldnt afford to lose the money so when it happened they

were the first to cause massive panic. When the crash happened the country went into a depression and

the banks lost lots of money from people who had borrowed money and not been able to pay it back.

The Banking CrisisIn 1929 many banks failed and in 1930 over 1,000 banks went bankrupt. The huge bankin New York failed and lost around 1/3 of New Yorkers money. This ruined Americas confidence in banks

and billions of dollars were quickly drawn out of the banks so a further 2,000 failed.

Reduced SpendingThe boom had relied on the spending of the American people but the bust and thepoverty that came about because of it caused people to save instead of spend causing many more

industries to go bust because no one was investing in them and no one was buying anything.

UnemploymentIndustries going bust meant many people lost their jobsor if the industry didnt fail theylost a lot of money and people were laid off or paid a lot less this made a vicious cycle as unemployed

families couldnt spend money and so more industries failed and more lost their jobs.

Human Cost of Depression

Farmers were hit hardest as they hadnt made much money during the 1920s either many of them had topack their belongings and hit the road many headed for California to see if they could get a labouring job

Workers in cities were also hit hard as many were unemployed the parks at night were filled withhomeless and unemployedevery town had a Hooverville which was a shanty town.

Franklin D. Roosevelt1932 Presidential Election

Why did Roosevelt win?

The Failures of Herbert Hoover

Herbert Hoover, the president at the time of the Crash, up until 1932, failed to accept that there was anyproblemhe insisted that prosperity *was+ just around the corner

He blocked money that would have allowed congress to create jobs and believed that relief should beprovided by local governments or charities these ideas made him very unpopular

Hoovers reputation was particularly damaged by the event in June 1932 when thousands of servicemenwho had fought in WW1 were asking for their war bonusesthey were protesting peacefully and singingpatriotic songs. Hoover refused to meet them and appointed General McArthur to meet them with respect.

McArthur ignored this instruction, convincing himself they were communist protesters, and he ordered

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troops and police to use tear gas and burn the marchers camps. Hoover then publicly thanked God and the

USA knew how to deal with a mob making him more unpopular.

Hoover didnt believe in an active government and wouldnt prop up the banks or businesses believingthey should be the ones to sort their problems outalso he didnt help the poor because he felt that it

would mean the people would be less independent and less willing to work

The Campaign

Franklin Roosevelt was the complete opposite from Hoover he believed in:o An active government to help the lives of the peopleo He had plans to spend public money to get people back to worko He was not afraid to ask for advice from a wide range of experts and union leaderso All of the above were needed to get America back on its feet

Roosevelt was confident about victory as such ill feeling was felt towards Hoover however he took nochances

He went on a grand tour of America in the weeks before the election to make speeches and attack therepublicans

Roosevelt promised the American people a New Deal to help America He won by a landslide and won the majority of the seats at congress too.

The New Deal

The New Deal was constructed within the first hundred days of his presidency he worked all round theclock to produce and enormous range of measures. He immediately tackled the banking crisis.

He ordered over the banks to close and remain closed until government officials checked them over 5,000banks were allowed to reopen and were supported by Government money

Roosevelt and his advisors came up with rules and regulations which would prevent the reckless speculationhappening again he set up the Emergency Banking Act and the Securities Exchange Commission.

Also, every Sunday he would broadcast on radio to the nation, many would tune it to listen to his firesidechats. this brought the American people closer to the Government and made them feel more confident

New Deal

measure/agency

Issue it aimed

to tackle

Actions taken Evidence it was/was not

effective

The Federal

Emergency Relief

Administration

Tackling urgent

needs of the poor

$500 million was spent to supply blankets,

employment schemes, soup kitchens and nursery

schools

Helped the poor and more

people were employed

The Civilian

Conservation

Corps (CCC)

Unemployed

young men

They could sign up for 6 months or longer if

needed. The system supplied them with a small

jobs on environmental projects and national

parks the money generated could be sent back

to the mens families

2.5 million young men

helped by the scheme

The AgricultureAdjustment

Administration

(AAA)

Fix the farmingindustry

It set quotas to reduce farm production and pushfood prices up. At the same time the AAA helped

farmers modernise and use farming methods that

would conserve and protect soil. Farmers could

also receive help with their mortgage.

Helped farmers a lot butthe modernising of

equipment put some farm

labourers out of work

The Public Work

Administration

Tackle lack

building projects

to put people

into work and

generate money

Used Government money to build schools, dams,

bridges, roads and airports these were vital in

the long term and also created millions of jobs in

the short term

Millions of jobs were

created

The National

RecoveryAdministration

(NRA)

Tackled child

labour and poorworking

conditions

Improved the working conditions and banned

child labour, also set out fair wages. The idea wasto stimulate the economy by giving workers more

money to spend. The scheme was voluntary.

Over 2 million employers

joined the schemehowever if it wasnt

voluntary it would have

worked better

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The Tennessee

Valley Authority

(TVA)

Tackle the

problem of the

river drying and

reducing farm

land to dust

causing poverty

The Tennessee Valley covered seven states and

was a problem. Roosevelt set up the TVA to build

a series of dams on the Tennessee river that

would flood. It transformed the area and meant

crops could be irrigated, it also provided

electricity for the area and created thousands of

jobs in an area badly hit by the depression to

build it.

Created thousands of jobs

and regenerated the area.

The Second New Deal

Despite his efforts Roosevelt still got criticismo Some were saying he did too little:

Senator Huey Longsaid that it wasnt helping the poor enough he should tax the rich moreso that more things can be built like schools and hospitals. Also he should tackle the racism

in Louisiana, which Huey Long was the Senator to, he employed African Americans on the

same terms as Whites and clashed with the Klu Klux Klan. Long wanted pensions for

everyone over 60 and personal fortunes reduced so that the wealth could be shared.

Dr Francis Townsend also wanted pensions for people over 60o Some were saying the New Deal did too much:

Republicans and businesses were saying it did too muchgovernment shouldnt supporttrade unions or support higher wages this should be something businesses should deal

with themselves

Schemes such as the Tennessee Valley Authority created unfair competition for privatecompanies

They said Roosevelt was turning America into a communist country not good fordemocracy

High taxes punished the rich who worked hard to get there they discouraged people fromworking hard because you gave money to people for doing nothing or doing unnecessary

jobs

Roosevelt created a Second New Deal to tackle some of the problems:2nd New Deal

measure/agency

Issue it

aimed to

tackle

Actions taken Evidence it was/was not

effective

Wagner Act (WA) Better pay for

workers

Allowed and supported trade unions to operate in

a company let them negotiate with employers

for better pay and conditions- also made it illegal

for a worker to be sacked for being part of aunion

It strengthened the position of

trade unions however

businesses remained immensely

powerful and companies such asFord employed their own thugs

or controlled local police forces

so that they could attack unions

Social Security

Act (SSA)

Tackle poverty

with old,

widowed, sick

or disabled

and

unemployed

State pensions were given to the elderly or

widowed. It also helped sick or disabled people.

The act, most importantly for the time, set up

unemployment insurance. The employer and the

employee would set aside a bit of money each

month so that if the worker became unemployed

then they could receive a small benefit until they

found work

Helped a lot of people who were

vulnerable

Works Progress

Administration

WPA)

Created

projects to fit

other people

interests

It brought together all the schemes trying to

create jobs. It extended its projects to make jobs

for office workers, actors, artists and

photographers. They were paid to, for example,

One Project, the Farms Security

Administration Photographic

Project, took 80,000 photos of

farming progress. There were

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take photos of progress. other schemes where artists

were paid display a town in the

Federal Arts project.

Resettlement

Administration

RA)

To move

people into

better housing

They helped smallholders and tenant farmers

move into better quality housing

Over 500,000 families were

moved into better quality

housing by the scheme

The Farm

Security

AdministrationFSA) (replaced

he Resettlement

Administration in

1937)

Help farmers

buy land

Gave loans to farmers to help them buy their

land. Also built camps to provide decent living

conditions for migrant workers

Helped farmers buy land and

migrant workers to have better

places to live.

The Supreme Court

In 1936 Roosevelt was re-elected for president and the American Supreme court was his most powerfulopponent

The court was dominated by Republicans who were opposed to the New Deal It could overturn laws if they were not constitutional An example of this was:

o When the Schechter Poultry Corporation was found guilty of breaking NRA regulations because itwas:

Selling diseased chicken Filing false sales claims Exploiting workers Threatening government inspectors

o It appealed to the Supreme Court and they ruled that the government had no right to prosecute thecompany because NRA was unconstitutional and too much power of local states

Roosevelt was angry that the court was ruling against laws that had already passed and disruptingdemocracy he appealed and asked that he could appoint six more judges sympathetic to his New Deal

The American public were shocked and outraged and he had to back down however the Supreme Courtalso were less obstructive in the future

Was the New Deal a success?

In 1937 Roosevelt did some cuts in the economy and cut the New Deal budget unemployment spiralledupwards and so did loss of hope in him by some Americans (although he was still very popular with ordinary

Americans).

A New Society

The New Deal restored faith in the government It started something that had never really been done before: help from the Government changed politics

for the better

There was no corruption or scandals, even though the Government handled billions of dollarso Harold Ickes, Secretary of the Interior, tapped phones of employees to make sure there was no

corruption he also employed African Americans and campaigned against anti Semitism and

supported the cause for the Native Americans

The New Deal divided the USA Roosevelt and the government were accused of being communist andundermining American values

The New Deal undermined local governmentIndustrial Worker

The NRA and Second New Deal strengthened the labour unions against the industrial giants They supported negotiations between corporations and unions

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Unions became large enough to bargain with corporations Big businesses still remained immensely powerful and unions were treated with suspicion Strikes were broken up by brutal violence and companies like Ford hired thugs and bribed local police to

attack unions

Unemployment and the Economy

The New Deal created millions of jobs

It stabilised the banking system

It cut the number of business failures Projects such as the TVA brought work and improved living standards to deprived parts of USA The New Deal built useful things like roads and schools However it never solved underlying economic problems and the US economy took much longer to recover

than the European economy

Confidence remained low and a recession hit after the New Deal was cut in 1937 The War ended the unemployment lows

African American

Around 200,000 African Americans gained benefits from the CCC and New Deal agencies Many benefitted from slum clearance schemes and housing projects Many New Deal agencies, however, discriminated against them and they either got no work, low wages or

worse treatment

Roosevelt didnt pass a law to stop lynchingWomen

The New Deal saw some women in higher positions Mary Macleod Bethune, an African American woman,headed the National Youth Administration

Most of the New Deal programmes helped men

Local governments tried to avoid paying out social security payments to women

Native Americans

The Indian Reorganisation act (1934) helped to provide money so that Native Americans could buy andimprove land

It also helped them to preserve and practices their traditions, laws and culture However they remained poor and excluded