History I(1st Handout)

Definitions of History: a record of past that can’t be altered but it can be manipulated study of the past to understand the present and to predict or anticipate the future it repeats itself “The only thing man learns from history is that man never learns from history.” Written by the victors According to Francis Fukuyama “History ended when the Berlin Wall fell.” For him, history is a

chronicle of man’s progress and the highest progress that man can attain is achieving freedom and democracy.

Written record of the past; preHistory- unwritten It also has different layers

Importance and Uses of History (from the Philippine History Coursebook by ASCU):1) History provides a source of personal and social identity.2) It helps us understand the problems of the present.3) –good history- corrects misleading analogies and “lessons” of the past.4) Can help one develop tolerance and open-mindedness.5) Helps us better understand all human behaviours and all aspects of the human condition.6) Provides the basic background for many other disciplines.7) A source of entertainment.8) When studied, can teach many critical skills.

Is History a Construction or Reconstruction?

This will depend on the period involved If there is a lack/dearth in document, it will be both Problem: mindset/view of the reader and even the historian

Roots of Historical Tradition:West – History, Historya/ia and IstoryaPhilippines – Kasaysayan

Kasaysayan – sanaysay na may saysay sa mga taong pinagsasaysayan -makabuluhang paglalarawan sa nakaraang salinlahi -like history, it recognizes non-written sources of historal fact or knowledge like oral tradition, artifacts, etc.

Historya/ia – introduced in the Philippines in 1565 -documents or documented events are the ones that are recognized in this historical tradition -a reaction to the tradition of Istorya

Istorya – fiction, novels

Different Sources of Historical Fact/Knowledge:Written – documentsNon Written – artifacts, relics/remains, art works, oral tradition and structures

Evaluating Historical Materials:-author’s background -time when it was written-where it was written

Main Theory:Theory of Challenge and Response by Arnold Toynbee – failure to respond to a certain challenge, will mean the death of a culture or community

2 Kinds of Progress that man experienced:Homonization – biological development or evolutionHumanization – 1st stage is the development of survival skills; 2nd stage –knowledge in agriculture and the highest stage for Fukuyama and Teodoro Agoncillo – achieving democracy, freedom and equality

Kinds of History (scope): Individual history Local National World Tarsila – genealogy of Muslim families that are related to Mohammad

- Earliest record found in the country dates back to the 13th century or 1280- Legalizes a family’s claim to leadership

Filipino Perspectives:Pangkaming pananaw – written in English because the target audience are Westerners

-the writer had to adjust to the mindset and culture of the audience/reader -goal: to introduce Filipino culture and history to other countries

Pantayong pananaw – pioneer: Zeus Salazar -also known as Bagong Kasaysayan (BaKas) -a reaction to pangkaming pananaw: written in Filipino for the Filipinos -goal: to correct the misconceptions about our people and country

Theories and Beliefs on the Origins of Man:Biblical – Creation Theory (Adam and Eve)Scientific – Evolution or Darwin’s TheoryMyths/Legends – almost all ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines have their own myth or legend on the origins of man

Races in the World: according to Johann Blumenbach, there are 5 races in the world – black, white, yellow, red and brown

Biological Development of Man:-Africa is the cradle of life, it is where the first hominid appearedAustralopithecus – found in Africa and the first remains found was called Lucy -3.5 feet, brain size is 1/3 of the size of the modern human brainHomo habilis – handy humanHomo erectus – upright human; first group to leave Africa- reached Europe and Asia (Java, Peking and Philippines)*in the Philippines, it was called Homo erectus philippinensis. It was found in Cagayan Valley but there is no remains foundNeanderthals – existed alongside Homo sapiens; the first remains are found in Neander Valley in Germany; their brain is almost the same size as the that of a modern human but their features is nearer to that of an apeHomo sapiens – the oldest remains in the Philippines was found in Tabon, Palawan

- Left cave paintings- Cro Magnons in France

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Theories and Beliefs on the Origins of Filipinos:Waves of Migration Theory – the ancestors of Filipinos came in 3 waves: Negrito, Indones and MalayInland Push Theory – the newly arrived group pushed the older groups to the interiorMalayan Origin – Malays peopled the islands of South East AsiaDocument of Maragtas – peopling of Panay; story of the 10 Bornean datu; maragtas is a Sanskrit or Kinaray-a term for history; written and compiled by Pedro MonteclaroMyths and Legends

Peopling of the Philippines:*After the Tabon man the next group to enter the country are the AustronesiansTasaday – a stone age group of people, but it was just a hoax

Experts in Philippine PreHistory:HO Beyer – popularized Waves of Migration and Inland Push

-also created the theory that Filipinos have 6 ancestors: 1) primitive man, 2)Australoid Sakai, 3) Indonesian “A”, 4) Indonesian “B”, 5) Terrace building group from Central Asia, 6) MalayFL Jocano – disproved the two theories of BeyerJ Montano – gave the physical characteristics of the 3 waves of migrantsWH Scott – he proved that the Code of Kalantiao is a hoax and the Maragtas Document is a collection of legends and myths – due to the presence of anachronisms, inconsistencies and discrepancies Geography and History:*can affect a country’s history and politics *in the case of the Philippines, it became an advantage and at the same time a disadvantage on the part of the people and the colonizers Formation of the Philippines:-Pangaea Theory- faulting and folding of the earth’s crust, volcanic eruption and soil erosion-Philippines was once connected to Formosa, Borneo and Papua New Guinea

Philippine Geography:-it is an archipelago – 7,107 islands-part of the Pacific Ring of Fire-its coastline is larger than that of USA, and most have fine harbours

Early Names of the Country: Ma-I, Liu-sung, San-tao, Chin-san, Maniolas, Islas de San Lazaro and Felipinas

Philippine Territory: defined in the Article 1 of the Philippine Constitution-Philippine archipelago with all the islands and waters embraced therein-territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty and jurisdiction-terrestial, fluvial and aerial domains including the territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, insular shelves and other submarine areas-internal waters-during the time of Marcos additional territory was added to country