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Land Use Policy 43 (2015) 82–95
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Land Use Policy
jo ur nal ho me pag e: www.elsev ier .com/ locate / landusepol
istorical oblique aerial photographs as a powerful tool forommunicating landscape changes
tig Roar Svenningsena,b,∗, Jesper Brandtb, Andreas Aagaard Christensenc,ette Colding Dahla, Henrik Duponta
The Royal Library, National Collections Department, Søren Kierkegaards Plads 1, Copenhagen K, DK-1016 Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, PO Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, DenmarkDepartment of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Faculty of Sciences, Copenhagen University, 23 Rolighedsvej, DK-1958 Frederiksberg,enmark
r t i c l e i n f o
rticle history:eceived 23 December 2013eceived in revised form 10 October 2014ccepted 25 October 2014
eywords:uropean landscape conventionandscape character assessmentolunteered geographic informationarticipatory planningialogue based communicationandscape ecology
a b s t r a c t
This paper reports on a potential new form of data generation and data display to be used for commu-nicating landscape change at local scales, utilizing a huge collection of oblique aerial photographs heldby the Royal Library in Copenhagen. The collection contains local scale imagery covering all parts ofDenmark recorded between 1930 and 1990 and thus has the potential to illustrate the changes whichtook place in the rural landscape as a whole after the Second World War, in ways which are suited foruse at local scales. Taking into account that landscape change normally happens at a slow rate relativeto the perceptive scale of humans, with fine grained changes taking place continuously in local settings,images of this kind present themselves as a way for the general public to become aware of changes whichmight otherwise be overlooked. To a still more urbanized population where most people do not have anevery-day experience with rural landscape change, the images may be a starting point for a renewedengagement with landscapes, not just perceived as a scenery, but rather as a process of interaction withthe environment. In order to inform a wider range of people, in competition with other types of infor-mation, the imagery provides a point of reference – a single farm or landscape known to the users –which people without specific training in landscape research can relate to. The use of a crowdsourcingapproach in data generation on a webgis application means that the broader public is both involved inthe creation of the data and in the discussion about the changes observed, which become visible whencomparing old aerial photographs to the present landscape. In combination with the very local natureof the aerial photographs, this opens up the possibility that the images could serve as a communica-tional bridge between “abstract” scientific knowledge about landscape change (e.g. change in hedgerowdensity per year) and the local landscapes where people are living. As such, the approach described inthis paper may contribute to the objectives set out in the European landscape convention to facilitate an
increased understanding of landscape issues among the public through a democratic learning process.The article concludes, that this approach has a huge potential, although some difficulties exist, relatingto the challenge of maintaining a focus on the landscape when using a form of communication whichis dialogue-based and relatively unstructured compared to approaches embedded within conventionallearning environments.© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
∗ Corresponding author< at: The Royal Library, National Collections Department,O Box 2149, DK-1016 København K, Denmark. Tel.: +45 2627 3060.
E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (S.R. Svenningsen),[email protected] (J. Brandt), [email protected] (A.A. Christensen), [email protected]. Dahl), [email protected] (H. Dupont).
ttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.10.021264-8377/© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Introduction
The European landscape convention and public participation
Traditional landscape assessment and planning has been a sub-
ject for experts and administrative authorities. An important stephas been to overcome the widespread static view on the landscapeas a mere scenery, instead adopting a dynamic view on the land-scape as a process of interaction of man and nature with their
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nvironment (Hägerstrand, 1993). Typically, the scientific repre-entation of landscape changes has been based on quantitative,ormalized landscape monitoring procedures (Brandt et al., 2003,002) in form of statistics on land use and land cover changesAgger and Brandt, 1988; Brandt et al., 2001a) or changes in dif-erent indices of landscape metrics (Brandt and Holmes, 1995).owever the ratification of the European landscape convention
ELC) by most European countries is an important step towards more integrated and inclusive management of the Europeanandscapes (Council of Europe, 2000a). In parallel with its broadnd holistic approach to landscape, the convention highlights theeed for raising awareness in the public about landscape man-gement issues through educational activities suited to supportandscape management and planning. The explanatory report of theLC calls for a participatory approach towards landscape planningnd management, by including the broader population directly inhe planning process (Council of Europe, 2000b). It is a fundamen-al task to raise the awareness about landscape related issues inhe population in order to qualify and stimulate public partici-ation while facilitating democratic and lasting improvements tourrent landscape management practices. The explanatory reports criticized for focusing mainly on formal training and educationn order to achieve this goal based on a top-down perspectiveJones and Stenseke, 2011; Jones, 2007; Olwig, 2007). Althoughome multi-directional engagement with the local population cane developed, through professional assessments, such as demon-trated in a recent study of Landscape Character Assessment reportsn England (Butler and Åkerskog, 2014), these kind of reports stillery much remain a tool for the professional planners and policyakers. However it has been demonstrated, that various forms of
arrative and semi-structured material can be used in communicat-ng landscape related issues to the broader public, such as landscapeistories, which have constituted an important aspect of commu-ication about landscape change in connection with participatorylanning processes in the Netherlands (Baas et al., 2011) and as aool for raising the historical awareness about landscapes (Palangt al., 2011). They focus on the concepts of landscape biographiess a tool for relating the more complex issues of landscape ori-nted problems with the scale of local landscapes, where people canelate to them. Another approach using historical material has beenpplied in France, where historical aerial photographs were used toisualize landscape change to the local population (Michelin et al.,011). These examples illustrate both the necessity and the useful-ess of using historical material in a very graphic way to illustrateften rather abstract changes of the local landscape (e.g. in the formf changes in different indices of landscape metrics) in a way whichocals can relate to.
he European landscape convention and the Danish experience inublic involvement
The implementation of the ELC in Denmark has until nowostly focused on developing methods and datasets for the man-
gement of rural areas from an administrative point of view.ifferent development projects have been carried out in order toroduce these datasets such as the digital atlas of cultural envi-onments in Denmark (Møller et al., 2005) and a Danish adaptionf the landscape character assessment (LCA) method (Caspersennd Nellemann, 2005). Although this has certainly enhanced thelanning capabilities of the authorities it has not created a frame-ork for presenting data about the cultural landscape which iseeded in order to enable the involvement of local people in the
lanning process (Møller and Stenak, 2006). In 2007 the Danishinistry of Environment published a guideline for LCA as a frame-ork for planning of the open landscape (Miljøministeriet, 2007).owever, not mandatory the LCA method has been or is undere Policy 43 (2015) 82–95 83
implementation in 47 out of 98 municipalities in Denmark (Bugge,2014; Pears, 2014). Recently a growing attention has been devotedtowards the broader and more inclusive implementation of the LCAin local planning and a demonstration project was carried out at themunicipality of Langeland, focused on using a landscape atlas as away of communicating the LCA to the local population, while alsogetting feedback, including local knowledge into the LCA and thefurther work with the local landscape planning (Naturstyrelsen,2013; Rasmussen et al., 2013). In a Danish case study Caspersen(2009) found that a participatory process in connection to LCA couldenhance the local awareness of the local landscape and at the sametime enrich the LCA with local embedded information. In recentyears, developments in information technologies has led to reducedcosts of digitization and created new opportunities for utilizing thehistorical material held in the collections of museums, archivesand libraries, by presenting landscape data in a digital environ-ment, such as the Danish web-based Historical Atlas (ForeningenHistorisk Atlas, 2013). The digitization of these collections, whichhold vast amounts of spatial and non-spatial data about landscapehistories, has mostly been driven by the ambition of cultural insti-tutions to improve the outreach of their collections and reduce thecost of manual retrieval of the historical material. However, as illus-trated in the following, there is potential for using such material asa support for landscape planning and management.
Research objectives
The objective of this article is to discuss the usefulness as well aspotential pitfalls of a newly developed Danish online application forgeo-locating and displaying historical oblique aerial photographsthrough a web portal, as a tool to be used for public involvement andeducation on the local landscape in relation to the ELC objectivesimplemented through LCA. What is the current use of the appli-cation? Are the historical landscape data fostering a reflection onchange in the landscape as a sort of self-education, by the users?What are the potential and possible constraints of the applicationfor supporting the objectives set by the ELC?
Material and methods
Material
The empirical background of the article is the digital collec-tion of oblique aerial photographs held by the National CollectionsDepartment at the Royal Library in Copenhagen and data derivedfrom the online presentation application which makes the collec-tion available to the public. The main data source which has beenderived from the application is the user database, where data aboutthe type, magnitude and temporal distribution of actions taken byusers of the system are stored. Key data parameters include theidentification of unique users and their actions and the numberand geographical location of images which they have been work-ing with. Data on the overall use of the application was derived fromGoogle Analytics in a survey set up November 4th 2013 to May 4th2014. In addition to this, as the focus of this article is on the potentialfor public involvement and education on landscape processes, as abackground for participation in landscape management, we havealso included a number of semi-structured data sources derivedfrom the comments on the pictures made by the users, which relateto the pictures themselves, but also to discussions about the pic-tures on a private Facebook site about the project and on the officialforum where the application is hosted.
The portal “Denmark seen from the air”The usefulness of aerial photographs has been recognized within
ecological management as a valuable source for historical analysis
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Morgan and Gergel, 2013; Morgan et al., 2010), but is increasinglylso used in relation to analysis of cultural landscapes (Michelint al., 2011; Stichelbaut, 2011). The Royal Library of Denmark holds
large collection of more than 5 million aerial photographs, cov-ring Denmark from 1890 to 2010. The collection contains bothertical and oblique photos, the latter of which originated fromour larger and three minor companies specialized in aerial photosf mainly agricultural holdings, which were sold to farmers, land-wners and other interested parties as a commodity from the930s until approximately 1990 (Olesen et al., 2011). The photosave later been used for a number of academic- and managementurposes, primarily by environmental consultants and other land-cape management professionals, for example to locate potentialreas of soil pollution from unregistered petrol stations—as haseen the case in other countries (Christensen, 2013). However,he collection has only to a very limited degree been accessibleo the broader public due to the time consuming work of manualetrieval of the pictures and the related high cost of copies of themages.
In 2009 the Royal Library received a grant of 4 million DKK toreate an online database of scanned images from the collection ofblique and vertical aerial photographs. Providing easy access tohese pictures was not only a matter of digitizing them. They alsoeeded to be placed—the users needed to know the location of thehotos in order to use them since metadata was often very limited.
n consequence, the project was designed to rely on the knowl-dge of local people, who were involved directly in the processf geo-locating the photographs through a so-called crowdsourc-
ng approach which can be considered a form of the Volunteeredeographic Information (VGI) phenomenon (Goodchild, 2007; Suit al., 2013). To facilitate this, a website with a set of tools makingt possible for members of the public to locate pictures on screen
aps in a graphical interface was set up (Fig. 1). In the first phase,hich lasted from September 2012 to July 2013, approximately
86 000 photographs from the island of Fyn were scanned and
45 000 were geo-located through the crowdsourcing interface, byuly 2013 (Fig. 1). The second phase followed in November 2013,here the project was expanded to the island of Bornholm in thealtic, with additionally 25 866 photographs of which 20 863 has
ig. 1. The user interface of the application. Green pins indicate correctly placed photogegisters information from the aerial photograph companies. The background layer is brtophoto map layer based on photographs from 1954. A selection of aerial photographeferences to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this a
e Policy 43 (2015) 82–95
been geo-located by July 2014. The project is to be expanded toIslands in Kattegat and areas of Western Jutland in the autumn of2014. The project is expected to be extended to all of Denmark pro-viding access to all of the aerial photographs in the collections heldby the Royal Library. Similar archives and projects of aerial pho-tographs exist in several other countries, such as in Britain (Britainfrom Above, 2014), Norway (Åsatun, 2013) and Canada (NaturalResources Canada, 2014), however more collections are supposedto exist in other countries with a comparable agricultural structureas Denmark.
An example of the insights into landscape change in a local areaTo illustrate the potential of the local nature of the imagery,
we turn to the landscape of the area around the village of Kværn-drup on the island of Fyn in central Denmark (Fig. 2). The landscapearound Kværndrup has undergone significant changes in rela-tion to agricultural intensification, urbanization and infrastructuredevelopment since the 1940s, where mechanical modes of produc-tion and transport became widespread in the Danish countryside(Brandt, 1996; Caspersen and Fritzbøger, 2002; Kristensen et al.,2009). These changes are visible both on maps and in land use statis-tics, but can be difficult to grasp for the local citizens (Dramstad andFjellstad, 2011), who generally have limited access to and trainingin the use of historical cartographic material. In addition severalstudies suggest that local residents have a tendency to focus ontheir local space in the vicinity of their home (Caspersen, 2009;Vouligny et al., 2009) and they often also have a relatively shorttime perspective as a reference to hold changes against.
In this context, the oblique aerial photographs, which show thehistory of buildings and the surrounding landscape setting createsa curiosity that intrigues most people to compare the changes totheir local place or space. People are motivated by the direct andtangible character of the imagery and use it as a starting point toexplore the history of local landscapes. This could be a good starting
point to raise awareness and interest for local populations to engagein managing their own landscapes. As is illustrated in Fig. 3 theimagery reveals a great number of details about the land use of thepast.raphs and red pins, photographs yet not located. Orange pins represent historicalased on Google maps vertical aerial photographs but the user can also chose ans is shown to the left. Source: The Royal Library 2013. (For interpretation of therticle.)
S.R. Svenningsen et al. / Land Use Policy 43 (2015) 82–95 85
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ig. 2. The case area located outside the town of Kværndrup, situated on the islandown and the castle of Egeskov. Source: The Royal Library 2014.
ser communications by providing oblique aerial photographsThe aerial companies involved used sample pictures in their
ommunication with the customers. As a standard procedure forhe production of oblique aerial photographs, farmers were typ-cally contacted by the company and presented with a sample
icture of the farm, on which further relevant information on theuildings and the surrounding landscape was noted, either directlyr with a reference number. This was mostly used for the colorationig. 3. Example of the temporal coverage of the database. The three photographs of the
971 and (c) 1989. Source: The Royal Library 2014.
n in central Denmark. The smallholder settlement in Fig. 3 is located between the
of the black and white photos, and would typically contain infor-mation on special characteristics of the building that the costumerwanted to enhance, improve or delete, as well as information onthe surrounding crops, types of habitats and the location of thesurrounding farms (Fig. 4).
Thus the unique multiple communicating usability of theoblique aerial photographs were actively used, illustrating howthe customers emphasized not only the details of the farm
same smallholder settlement outside of Kværndrup at different time. (a) 1956, (b)
86 S.R. Svenningsen et al. / Land Use Policy 43 (2015) 82–95
Fig. 4. Sample copy of a farm in Ryslinge (Sofienlundsvej 2), taken as oblique aerialplc
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Fig. 5. Google Earth from the app. same area and angle as in Fig. 4 in 2005. Source:Google Earth, Image NASA, Image © 2013 Scankort, Image 2013 © DigitalGlobe.
Fig. 6. Google Earth from the app. same area and angle in 2011. Source: Google Earth,Image Landsat, Image © 2013 Aerodata International Surveys, DATA SIO, NOAA, US
hotography in 1951. Numbers indicate information on the farm building and theocation of surrounding farms in the landscape, the words are different types ofrops like grass, barley and beets. Source: The Royal Library 2014.
uildings, but also the character of the surrounding landscape,hown in another scale in the background of the oblique aerialhoto, when they expressed their expectation to the final productelivered. The photograph was considered an important personalean for mediation among the residents and visitors on the farm,
oth as a home, as architecture and as an extended property sit-ated in the landscape especially in relation to the surroundingeighboring farmers (Hansen, 2012).
Michelin et al. (2011) presents a typology of representationechniques for supporting landscape mediation by combiningescriptive, analytic and synthetic techniques with views from the
nside vs. the outside (the top), thus deriving six different rep-esentative techniques that can facilitate the choice of particularechniques of landscape representation according to the stage in aarticipatory process and the expected results. Here oblique aerialhotographs might play an important role due to their uniqueediation potential: They combine the inside and outside view.
hey represent at the same time different spatial scales (details inhe front, landscape and overview in the back). By comparison inime they can be powerful mediators both descriptively and ana-ytically and through the chosen viewpoint they present strongynthetic impressions.
Not all images were marked like shown in Fig. 4, only pictureshat were later colored for sale. So only a part of the areas coveredy oblique aerial photographs contain information on how the cos-umers addressed the oblique aerial photographs of their property.ut in these cases it is in principle possible to produce later obliqueir photos to combine present assessments of the landscape withhese historical cases. An easy approximated version of such com-arisons can be made by using Google Earth to produce obliqueictures from the same distance and angle as the historical photo,nd eventually use the Google Earth historical pictures to produceimilar oblique pictures from other historic times (Figs. 5 and 6).
ublic participation in data generation as a way of involvement
Crowdsourcing is the core of the Denmark seen from aboveroject. The original archives contain limited information about the
ndividual properties which were photographed. Often the meta-ata amounts only to the name of an owner and an approximate
ocation. If the millions of aerial photographs are to be assigned
recise geo-coordinates and additional metadata, it has to be doneanually. A project like this could never have been realized with-ut the mobilization of volunteers with extensive knowledge ofhe local areas. Hence the crowdsourcing approach. (Fig. 1) shows
Navy NGA, GEBCO, Image © 2013 TerraMetrics..
the interface of the application used to facilitate the use of the pho-tographs and the work with the geo-location. All aerial photographsthat have been positioned are represented by green pins. Red pins,mostly placed in clusters, represent the photographs that are notyet in place (Fig. 1). The application is designed so that the usersare awarded points every time they move a photo or add metadatato it. Everyone can keep track of who has the most points on thestatistics of most active users, which is an attractive competitiveelement. This is also known from literature, where the ability to berecognized by others has been found to be a strong motivationalfactor in VGI (Goodchild, 2007). By June 2014, 796 users had beenactive in the process of geo-locating, editing and commenting thephotographs. Some month after the application first went online a
user forum was created, to enhance communication between theusers of the site.
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ethods
The methodological approach of this study is based on a com-ination of quantitative analysis of the number of users and theirctivities in the application environment, a qualitative analysis ofhe way users behave when working with the application and theay they relate to the images and application in texts posted on
he forum of the application and on its Facebook site. Three quanti-ative analyses were conducted utilizing different data sources andevel of details. (1) An extract of the database was made for a smallase area (Fig. 2) and analyzed in relation to the amount of usernteraction, such as commenting or adjusting metadata on the pho-ographs. In the analysis of this sample both including vertical andblique aerial photographs, geo-location of the photographs wasot counted as a user interaction. (2) An analysis of the use profilef the total number of people with a user account derived from theibrary’s database of borrowers. (3) An analysis of the number of
ebsite users, based on data from Google Analytics in a period of aalf year between autumn 2013 and spring 2014. Communicationetween the users and the help desk team responsible for managinghe application has also been included in the qualitative material,s well as information and feedback gathered when the applicationas presented to local communities on the island of Fyn in Demark.
heory
hy the need for communication on landscape
Today most people are living in urban environments and doot have a day-to-day first hand experience with the rural land-cape. As such, many rural landscapes in Europe have becomeisitor-landscapes to an urban public, in parallel with their tra-itional role as providers of production- and ecosystem serviceunctions (Wilson, 2001). Many agricultural areas, especially in theeri-urban zones, have also been counter-urbanized and have beeneused as residential areas for people with urban jobs (Brandt,011). This process of recreationalization, sub-urbanization andounter-urbanization of the rural landscape also means that theandscape is becoming increasingly inhabited by people with noistorical connection to the local rural landscape (Brandt et al.,001b). This means that the local population to an increasingegree does not have any references to the landscape of the pastnd thus communication in the form of landscape maps and statis-ics becomes even more abstract than would otherwise be the case.his heralds a need for new ways to perform place making activ-ties and make local people able to improve the way they relateo the landscapes they inhabit and better identify with and takeesponsibility for the development of local landscapes (Primdahlt al., 2013; Tress and Tress, 2003).
nclusive communication
Recent developments in communication science highlight theotential of using inclusive or participatory communication strate-ies to engender public awareness about subjects or themes whicht has been difficult to handle with conventional types of publicommunication such as mass media campaigns. Modern soci-ties depend on a balanced, planned and appropriate allocationf resource use, production activities and consumption patternso attain sustainability (Harvey, 1996). In practice, sustainabilityepends on the ability of the society as a whole to structure and
irect the behavior of individual actors so that common resourceases are not over-exploited or exploited inefficiently (Hardin,968; Ostrom, 1990). But in most modern societies, resourcextraction, production- and consumption practices remain part ofe Policy 43 (2015) 82–95 87
the capitalist social domain of private enterprise, where publicintervention options are limited and where individual profit maxi-mization is the guiding virtue organizing social order (Grossmanand Brussaard, 1992; Marx, 1981; Olwig, 2005). In this context,public intervention in privately organized landscape manage-ment practices through strategic communication has become animportant and necessary aspect of public management. Landscapemanagers and residents in landscapes which are subject to debateover issues of social and/or ecological sustainability are, to a largerdegree, being subjected to intervention through communication.When public decision makers intervene, plan and manage commonresources with communicative tools in this way, they do so basedon a set of assumptions about the way individual agents developopinions and change their practices based on communicative inter-action. Three such communicative models have been suggestedin recent literature (Table 1): (1) A segmentation-model stressingthat values held by groups of individuals are central to successfulcommunication, (2) A knowledge-deficit model, which highlightsknowledge deficits as the most important factor when design-ing successful communication, and (3) A dialogue-based modelwhich emphasizes interpersonal meaning construction, dialogueand ownership as key elements in successful communicative inter-vention efforts (Graffy and Booth, 2008; Trench, 2008).
Communication approaches by decision makers
When decision makers approach the public through com-municative intervention, it most often takes the form ofcommunication campaigns based on either the segmentationmodel or the knowledge-deficit model. When the segmentationmodel is used as a basis for communication campaigns, specificgroups of land users are targeted through letters or informationmeetings in attempts to convince them to change their landscapepractices based on arguments tailored to their supposed values andlifestyles. When the knowledge-deficit model is used, the commu-nication most often takes the form of large scale mass media textsaimed to inform the public about the supposedly unknown con-sequence of their landscape practices, with the expectation thatsuch information may convince them to change their practices.However, the knowledge-deficit model has been criticized for asimplistic view of the many factors, by which people reach judg-ments about environmental issues, such as ideology, social identityand trust (Groffman et al., 2010). It is only recently that dialogue-based models of communication have entered the scene—providinga much needed framework for working with landscape managersin ways which motivate them and provide ownership to landscaperesources (Healey, 2009; Primdahl et al., 2013). The Denmark seenfrom above project has the potential to activate such resources, byinvolving the public in the analysis of their local landscapes andproviding a framework for local place making activities which maylead to an increased attachment to and care for local landscaperesources among the agents.
The conceptual idea about the potential of the application
Based on these trends in communication and landscape man-agement, we propose that the use of geo-located oblique aerialphotographs may provide a starting point for involving local popu-lations in landscape management practices, both in relation to datageneration and in relation to discussions about landscape change,ownership and identification issues. The basic idea is popularlyspeaking to show the change in the landscape rather than just tell
the public about it in scientific reports and statistics. Because of thelocal scale of the images, and the national scale data coverage, theportal makes it possible to connect local experience with knowl-edge about larger scale landscape ecological processes in ways
88 S.R. Svenningsen et al. / Land Use Policy 43 (2015) 82–95
Table 1A classification of three types of models of social interaction employed in the landscape sciences when working with landscape managers.
Communication model Focus Key theoretical assumption Typical communication strategies
Segmentation model Subjects Values and perspectivedetermines behavior
Targeted and tailored communication efforts intended to impact specific groups or“segments” within society whose behavior is likely to be affected bycommunication which speaks directly to their values
Knowledge deficit model Objects Cognition and knowledgedetermines behavior
Mass media campaigns intended to improve the knowledge of a communityregarding key objective parameters in order to improve the rationality ofindividual behaviorDiinm
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Dialogue model Practices Meaning and motivationdetermines behavior
hich are similar to what was originally imagined by Carl Troll,hen he in 1939 for the first time dropped the concept of land-
cape ecology, almost by the way: “Air photo research is to a greatxtent landscape ecology. In addition, air photo research integratescience extremely well” (Brandt, 1999; Troll, 1939). Especially theossibility to view the change of the local landscape in local neigh-orhoods represent a good starting point for discussions and criticaleflection about the changes taking place in the landscape, whichre the point of reference for people in their understanding of theistory and character of the local environment. In order to makeeople care, they need to know. Several forms of historical mate-ial could be utilized in this way, such as landscape photographs,aintings as well as maps (Michelin et al., 2011). In addition to this,he application could also enrich the official knowledge on the area,ith insight into the more immaterial elements of the landscape asell as general cultural history (Garnero et al., 2013; Loconte andotondo, 2014). A crucial task for a more planning and managementriented involvement of the users will be the development of pro-ocols for historical air photo interpretation that can contribute ton improved quality, protection, accessibility and balanced use of
ll types of landscapes. Even though economic capacity and prop-rty rights might put massive restrictions on the realization of suchroposals, it will be of utmost importance for a democratization ofig. 7. The total number of photographs online and number of geo-located photographs, Dhick lines represents several hours of continues registration, gaps in between represent
f new photographs. Source: The Royal Library 2013.
alogue and empowerment processes, often organized in a local context,tended to inspire communal action, feelings of ownership and new or renewedeaningful modes of appreciating key resources
landscape development to insist on the public interest and respon-sibility for the future of our landscapes. As expressed in § 23 of theExplanatory Report of the European landscape convention: “Land-scape must become a mainstream political concern, since it plays animportant role in the wellbeing of Europeans who are no longer pre-pared to tolerate the alteration of their surroundings by technicaland economic developments in which they have had no say. Land-scape is the concern of all and lends itself to democratic treatment,particularly at local and regional level” (Council of Europe, 2000b).Within the framework of traditional landscape planning a main taskwill be to overcome the one-sided focus on preservation of existinghigh quality sites and landscapes and extend the interest to all typesof landscapes, even degraded areas, as emphasized in the preambleto the convention. By extension, the European landscape conven-tion defines landscape management as “action, from a perspective ofsustainable development, to ensure the regular upkeep of a land-scape, so as to guide and harmonize changes which are broughtabout by social, economic and environmental processes”, and“Landscape planning”, as “strong forward-looking action to enhance,restore or create landscapes” (Council of Europe, 2000a). Thus a
management and planning oriented protocol for the involvementof users should focus on the comparison of historic air photos withthe present situation, delivering pros and cons concerning a varietyecember 2012 to October 2013. Each vertical line represents a retrieval of data, theno data. It is clear that the activities among the users are increasing after a release
nd Use Policy 43 (2015) 82–95 89
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Fig. 8. 796 subscribed users have been geo-locating, editing or commenting at least1 photograph. The group of top users 2% with over 10 000 points has been geo-locating 67% of all photographs. Contrary the large group of users (48%) which
S.R. Svenningsen et al. / La
f themes such as scenery, accessibility and barriers, maintenancef natural and cultural values, variation in land cover and land use,abitats and dispersal corridors for wildlife. Specialized themesould be problem-oriented statements e.g. on development in fieldize, removal of different kinds of habitats and access in the localandscape. Where local knowledge is available, it could be extendedo field-based information on nature and landscape qualities, phys-cal or communicative barriers or invitations to access, land use orwnership peculiarities important for the experience of or accesso the landscape, etc. Institutional involvement in the set-up andollow-up of such protocols (e.g. by local nature conservation, out-oor recreation, history and monument interest groups), will prob-bly be an important condition as mediators to those in possessionf the competence to change the landscape or setting up frame-orks to control such changes (Brandt, 2005; Hägerstrand, 2001).
esults
articipation in geo-locating photographs
The project went online in September 2012. The Google Analyt-cs survey shows that the application has been visited by 34 933nique visitors with a weekly average of 1344 visits. The userspend about 10 min in average on the webpage. After 23 monthsnline 246 865 of a total of 262 341 photographs online at July 14,014, have been locally placed by app. 1072 local citizens. If thisork was to have been carried out by the employees of The Dan-
sh Royal Library, it would have cost more than 11 fulltime yearsf work. The work effort and commitment shown by the users hasxceeded all expectations. The extensive work effort is illustratedn Fig. 7, which shows a clear correlation between the amount ofeleased photographs and the magnitude of public participation inhe project. Public participation has generally increased as a lin-ar function of the amount of images made available, indicatinghat a possible threshold of public interest has not been reachedr does not exist. However as illustrated in Fig. 8, a large part ofhe workload performed is concentrated on a group of relativelyew super-users (26), who have earned more than 10 000 pointsy geo-located or commenting approximately photographs. Nexto the super users a relative large group of (260) users have earnedetween 101 and 10 000 point, while the majority of users (510)ave earned between 1 and 100 points. 26% (276) of the subscribedsers have not earned any points. The majority of the users (666)re between 50 and 70 years of age and this group is also the mostroductive group, and have earned 69% of the total amount of pointss indicated in Fig. 9.
In November 2013 the project was expanded to the island ofornholm in the Baltic Sea. This gave the possibility to analyzehe influence of users in relation to the local area. As indicated inig. 10, people are generally geo-locating photographs from theirwn region. No users lived on Bornholm before the island wherencluded in the project. In all, 138 local people from Bornholm and45 from Fyn have joined the project. This indicates that whilehe project has generally been successful in involving the pub-ic in the ways anticipated, the apparent success also rests on aelatively limited demographic foundation, illustrating a need toevelop ways of approaching broader and more mainstream userroups. However the relative high number of people from the actualroject areas seems to be promising for the use in local landscapelanning.
ser interaction with the dataApart from the primary user interaction with the application in
he form of geo-locating the photographs, which has been reportedn Section 4.1, the user can also interact in the form of commenting
have earned between 1 and 100 points, has only geo-located about 1% of the totalphotographs. This shows the situation in (June 2014). Source: The Royal Library2014.
on the photographs as well as editing the metadata. This form ofmore in-depth interaction can be done directly on the photographor in the forum of the application or other internet platforms. Thesuccess with the geo-location of the app. 246 865 photographs has
however not spread to the user forum. By the 29th October 2013a total of 42 users were signed up for the forum, and this numbereven includes some members of the library staff. In total they haveposted 109 messages on various topics, including messages posted
90 S.R. Svenningsen et al. / Land Use Policy 43 (2015) 82–95
Fig. 9. The age distribution of users and the points earned based on the use database. The majority of users (635) is between 40 and 60 years and has contributed with 76%of the work, by earning 891 285 point out of a total of 1167 978 points. Source: The Royal Library 2014.
Fig. 10. The points earned for the two project areas, distributed on postal districts. The distribution clearly indicate an attachment to the local area, when geo-locating thephotographs. No users living on Bornholm (138) have earned points for Fyn. Source: The Royal Library 2014.
Table 2A quantitative inventory of the content in the forum of the application for the total period online. The table illustrates the number of topics (threads) created by the librarystaff, the number of comments posted on each thread and the total number of views, which is artificially high due to visits of spam bots. Data from 29/10/2013.
Quantitative overview of discussion on the user forum
Forum threads Number of post Number of reply’s Min/max number of views of Forumthreads within different subcategoriesof the Forum threads
Welcome 1 1 1067/1067News 3 3 23/900Inquires on photographs 18 59 53/1457Local areas 2 7 299/1670Special topics 2 6 373/858Hints 4 18 254/1531Funny photographs and interesting stories 8 15 235/848
S.R. Svenningsen et al. / Land Use Policy 43 (2015) 82–95 91
Fig. 11. The case area and the distribution of 527 aerial photographs within the area. About one third (187) of all photographs has been commented or enriched withmetadata, while there has been no interaction with the rest (337). Source: The Royal Library 2014.
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y the library. However in general the topics get relatively manyiews and especially the threads about local areas and inquires onhotographs seem to be relatively popular. An overview of the con-ent in the forum is indicated in Table 2. Although only a minimalumber of users post messages in the forum, the number of viewsuggests a potentially large group of users, who read the post in theorum, but in reality this is mostly related to visits by spam bots,hich boost the numbers. However, some posts on the forum relate
o discussions about wrong geo-localizing, which indicate a hightandard and self-regulation among the users. This small extract ofhe communication between two users, illustrate this: “User x: Hiser y. I assume, that you placed the two pins [place marks] at Endelavea small island] (. . .). Its, not Endelave, they [pins] belong to Næsby-oved broby, so he [the photographer] has also been a few kilometersurther south, before he flew to Endelave. [User y]: Yes user x, it was
e–and thanks for your help. It is really nice found, I couldn’t find, such wide road on Endelave (. . .)”. In addition to the user forum, oneser also created a Facebook group about the application, where heromoted discussions on specialized topics such as collections ofictures of schools, dairies and other of such collections of culturalistorical buildings in the countryside. The group has 494 mem-ers by July 14th 2014, indicating that more people are interested
n this page, than the official forum. This indicates that the debate onistorical aerial photos from the project is also spreading to otherlatforms, involving a growing part of the public in the exploringf local landscape histories. The content on the Facebook groups divided into 40 photo albums, with between one and 399 pho-ographs. The photographs are to some extent commented by the
embers and other Facebook users (Fyn set fra luften, 2014).
he notion of landscape in user commentsBesides from the discussion in the forums and on Facebook,
sers also have the option of commenting directly on the photo-raph in the application. In a small case study of an area of 15quare kilometers outside the town of Kværndrup at the Danishsland of Fyn metadata and comments on 524 geo-located aerial
photographs within the area was retrieved (Fig. 11). The resultsshow interaction (comments/metadata editing) with more thanone third of the photographs (187 out of 524). The vast majority ofthe comments were made by one user and was mostly concernedwith the history and ownership of the buildings.
However most of the comments posted by the users relate toissues concerning the correct location of photographs and othersuch technical and objective issues. Some comments reflect on thedevelopment of particular sites. This is mostly related to specificbuildings or institutions. However comments which are posted inrelation to specific photographs show a tendency to be much morerelated to change at the specific site, such as this short commentfrom a user: “Rubbeskasse was a worker cottage under the Manorialestate of Egeskov. The land plot was bought by the Egeskov mercantileassociation for 115 000 DKK on January 1st 1998, after a fire wherethe building was destroyed. The Egeskov mercantile association built awarehouse and an office building in 1999.” (Fig. 12). However thesecomments do only indirectly comment on the landscape as such,but on change in the buildings in the landscape–which is a ten-dency in the data in the case study as a whole. Some examplesof a direct engagement with the landscape and landscape changesdoes however exist, such as on the Facebook group where somephotographs in a special album focusing on the area surroundingthe regional capital of Odense, has been attached with labels onthe photograph describing the current urban use, in this case theshopping malls of Bilka and IKEA (Fig. 13).
Discussion
The outreach of the application
The results from the analysis of the application suggest a huge
success in motivating members of the public to partake in theinvestigation of the landscape history and seems to be a feasi-ble approach for lowering costs when working with huge datasetswhich need to be geo-located. The effort of the citizens who have
92 S.R. Svenningsen et al. / Land Use Policy 43 (2015) 82–95
Fig. 12. A photograph from the application recorded in 1959, which has beenattached with a user comment stating its present status within the case area (Fig. 9).The status of Rubbeskasse 1959 to the left, Rubbeskasse 2013 to the right, shownfrom the app. same angle and distance. Source: (a) The Royal Library 2014 and (b)GD
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Fig. 13. Photographs commented at the Facebook group. The white label in the
this case the library. The attachment and the local concrete con-
oogle Earth 2013, Image Landsat, Image © 2013 Aerodata International Surveys,ATA SIO, NOAA, US Navym NGA, GEBCO, Image © 2013 TerraMetrics.
pent time locating the images, has not only helped the library inresenting the material, but has also created a geo-located dataset,hich might be utilized for many other purposes. However, besides
rom this positive story, one must note the relatively low numberf people actually working with the data. The vast majority of theork has been done by roughly 70 people, each of them having
eo-located, edited or commented on more than 1000 photographs.ut in general the application have a relative large number of sub-cribed users (1072) of which 783 are living in the project areas ofyn (645) or Bornholm (138). This needs to be compared with theotal number of subscribed users (33 681) at the Royal Library ofenmark, which both serve as the national library and library for
he University of Copenhagen (Jensen, 2012). The high number ofocal people does also indicate a general interest in locally embed-ed historical landscape data. Also compared with other Danish
rojects with stakeholders, the 138 users at Bornholm out of a totalopulation of 40 215 inhabitants at the island in 2014 is quite high.aspersen reports about 150 participants in the initial meetings andmiddle of the photographs has been inserted by the user to indicate the presentday location of the shopping malls of IKEA and Bilka. Source: (Fyn set fra luften,2014).
between 10-15 local stakeholders in workshops concerning LCA inthe municipality of Hillerød with approximately 46 000 inhabitants(Caspersen, 2009). The average of 1344 weekly users of the appli-cation do also suggest that the public is being reached, spendingrelatively long time on the application. However, the low numberof committed super-users suggest a need for improving the wayusers are approached and recruited through the web-portal.
The users and the landscape
The users have the option to comment and discuss photographsat different places within the application, both directly on the pho-tographs and in the forum. However the forum is almost only usedfor technical discussions on the location of pictures, and is onlyused by very few and have a relative low rate of views, even thenincluding the artificially high number due to visits by spam bots,compared to the weekly numbers of users. The Facebook groupseems to be more appealing to the users, and contains more dis-cussions of the photographs and the objects they depict comprising494 members. Activity on the Facebook group, suggest that land-scape change is actually discussed, such as the case of the shoppingmalls outside Odense. However more comments have been madeon the landing page of the individual photographs, such as illus-trated in quotes in Section 4.2.2. This could indicate a rejection ofthemes and formats imposed by organisations and authorities, in
text of the places depicted in the single photographs, is probablymore appealing to a person with an attachment to the place andsome information, he or she want to share. This is also indicated by
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S.R. Svenningsen et al. / La
he high number of people from the two project areas and is alson line with the findings of Caspersen (2009), where people gener-lly is interested in the area up to five kilometres from their home.t highlights the need for an inclusive communication in relationo communication of environmental management as suggested byroffman et al., (2010). It does also to some degree point to theenefits of a dialogue based communication model as suggested inection 3.3 and the basic idea about displaying data on the land-cape to the public in a visual format. In this way, the format seemso create both the opportunity for exploring the data but also toome extent opens up the possibility to arrange the narratives andtories, which comes from the personal reflection of seeing his-orical photographs of a particular place in the landscape, as weuggest in our proposals in Section 3.4. However the majority ofhe postings were made by just one person, and as such it’s not a
ass movement. On the other hand: Can the relative high numberf comments promote the idea of interaction to other users?
urating the digital collection for landscape purposes?
It is probably too early to derive any extensive experiencebout the possibility for developing awareness on landscape relatedssues from this application. The focus on the geo-location of thehotos and the related technical problems might reflect an inter-st in the basic needs of geo-locating data for the Royal Library,uggesting a willingness to get involved in more analytical histor-cal landscape projects when the basic work of geo-location hasome to an end. However some users might have a certain aver-ion against formal boundaries and top-down imposed topics inheir discussion, indicating that the users recruited to the websitehrough the format chosen are users who are motivated by col-aborative practices related to notions of ownership and identity.owever, if the educational potential of the dataset in connection
o landscape related issues was to be utilized to a greater extent,ome directions would have to be presented to the users. This mighte opposite to the communicational theoretical suggestions in Sec-ion 3.3. The problem is thereby constituted by a communication
odel, which promote participation and openness, and a wish byandscape planners and decision makers to focus the discussion onandscape issues and create room for reflection. This can possiblye seen as a question about curating the digital display of the collec-ion. One approach could be to design the user interface to present
ore features and functions to the user, such as the possibility toreate their own spatial history of local landscape development. Inhis way, the user will take the role of curating their own story ofheir landscape, within the technological boundaries defined by thepplication. Thereby the portal could also enrich the LCA normallyade by consultants or managers from the municipality as an effec-
ive addition to the more traditional forms of awareness raising andarticipatory process, thereby reaching out to new groups of the
ocal population, such as requested by Caspersen (2009) and Theanish Nature Agency (Naturstyrelsen, 2013). Such new functionsan be encouraged by the point system, which has proven to beery stimulating for several of the users, although not to the generalublic. Another approach could be to connect the data with otheratabases with a specific cultural and landscape-historical focus,uch as the Historical Atlas of Denmark for example (Foreningenistorisk Atlas, 2013). That would make it possible for the appli-ation from the Royal Library to become attached to the broaderultural, historical and regional explanations posed by the Histor-cal Atlas. In this way user-generated bottom-up narratives coulde linked – by way of spatial references – to the expert-based top-
own narratives of conventional data sources such as atlases andncyclopaedias. One potential drawback will however probably behat the Historical Atlas predominantly attracts peoples who arelready interested in the topic. The dataset could also be utilizede Policy 43 (2015) 82–95 93
directly within participatory planning processes, such as the dia-logue based planning processes suggested by Healey (2009) andPrimdahl et al. (2013). However there might be a tension betweenthe users preference for data access without control and the wholeidea about raising awareness from a bottom-up perspective, whichhas to be addressed in future development and use. Involvementof local community initiatives in the construction of relevant prob-lems or protocols might represent a possible step forward.
Conclusion and outlook:
Geo-located historical material has a huge potential to be usedin participatory landscape planning at local scales. Oblique aerialphotographs of good resolution from different time periods whichdepict a local context represent a unique multiple communicativeusability that is far easier for people to relate to, than abstract landuse statistic or change maps.
It might be a particularly fortunate situation that more than 5million oblique aerial photographs have been delivered to the RoyalDanish Library, but it is considered plausible that similar materialexist in archives in many developed countries, especially where acomprehensive class of middle-sized commercial farmers has con-stituted a market for such products.
Crowdsourcing and user involvement stimulates interest in anduse of the data, especially the task of geo-locating photographs hasproven to be popular. However, the feedback from the users, basedon their comments and reflections regarding the photographsseem to indicate a clear preference for commenting directly onthe photographs or at other platforms, rather than on the officialdiscussion forum created by the library. This poses a challenge,because a discussion about landscapes in relation to the images isneeded to facilitate shared place making activities that can fosteran increased sense of ownership to local landscapes. Some efforthas to be invested in the stimulation of the discussion on the spe-cific topic of landscape change by the involvement in participatoryplanning of local landscapes. However the dataset could also beutilized for specific planning processes. Here it constitutes a signif-icant resource that can enrich the Landscape Character Assessmentwith local data of an area. However the general benefits of provid-ing more data, where the broader public is invited in as a co-creatorhas certainly potential to increase the educational and awarenessraising objectives of the European landscape convention. As suchthe Danish project described here illustrates a more general point:it is worthwhile to involve the public in participatory processes asearly as possible—even in processes involving data production.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers, for theirvaluable comments and suggestions.
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