HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS Preformationism . John Locke tabula rasa
or Jean Jacques Rousseau noble savage,.
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Charles Darwin forefather of scientific child study. Mental
Testing Movement Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon.
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THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Sigmund Freud childhood experiences and
unconscious forces influence our behavior. Personality consists of
: Id Ego reality principle.
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Superego morals,
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Defense Mechanisms: ways in which people cope with anxiety
1)Denial refusing to accept the reality of a situation. Ex.
2)Displacement transferring strong emotions to a scapegoat. Ex. 3)
Regression reverting to earlier forms of behavior. Ex.
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4) Projection seeing your behavior mirrored in others. Ex. 5)
Reaction Formation behaving in the opposite to what one is thinking
or feeling. Ex. 6) Rationalization making up excuses for
unacceptable behavior. Ex.
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7) Repression trying to forget about an event by pushing it
into the unconscious because the event is disturbing. Ex. 8)
Sublimation replacing unacceptable behavior with more socially
acceptable behavior. Ex.
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Psychosexual Stages: 1) Oral stage (birth-1 year) the ego
directs the baby towards sucking activities (breast or bottle). a)
Oral Aggressive b) Oral Passive
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Anal stage (1-3 years) children enjoy holding and releasing
urine and feces. Toilet training is a major feat.
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How do I know my child is ready for toilet training? Is
coordinated enough to walk and even run steadily Urinates a fair
amount at one time Has regular, well-formed bowel movements at
relatively predictable times Has dry periods of at least 3-4 hours
(shows that the bladder muscles are developed enough to hold urine)
Can sit down quietly in one position for 2-5 minutes
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Can pull pants/underwear up/down Gives a physical sign such as
grunting, squatting, or telling you. Demonstrates a desire for
independence Is not resistant to learning to use the toilet Can
follow simple instructions Has words for urine or stool
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What if your toddler says no or gets upset? This is a way of
exerting his power. Back off and let him feel that he is in charge
of this project. Resist reminding put a potty chair in a central
location and let him run around bottomless if possible. Dont hover
can sow seeds of rebellion. If he sits then jumps up. Bite your
tongue. He probably will hop back on when he feels the need. Be
calm about accidents overreacting can create fear. Dont punish him
for an accident it can lead to long-term resistance.
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Reward good behavior praise your childs efforts. Celebrate the
first time something gets in the potty. Tell him now and then how
nice it is that he has dry underpants. Dont make a big deal of
every potty trip it may make him nervous and skittish (easily
frightened and jumpy).
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a)Anal aggressive excretes maliciously just before or after
placed on the toilet. b) (Resolution of this stage sets the stage
for handling authority).
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Phallic stage (3-6 years)- children are attracted to the parent
of the opposite sex. Id impulses transfer to the genitals. Oedipus
complex the boy is attracted to the mother and wants to get rid of
the father. Electra complex the girl is attracted to the father and
wants to get rid of the mother. Phallic fixation
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Latency stage (6-11 years) sexual instincts are dormant,
superego develops more.
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Genital stage (11 years +) phallic impulses reappear. Because
of incest taboo, children focus on relationships externally, having
boyfriends and girlfriends.
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Behaviorism 1.A mechanisitc theory 2.The environment is
influential - we react to conditions in the environment (pleasant,
painful, threatening). a)Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov): We
learn through association Dogs salivating at the sound of a bell Mc
Donalds, traffic lights, certain noises and behavior (school bell,
fire engine, ambulance). Certain experiences car accident,
graduation Little Albert
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John B. Watson (Little Albert experiment)- trained an 11 mth.
old baby to fear furry white objects. This is a mental link formed
between two events.
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Classical Conditioning is important especially to children
because:
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Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner): We learn to make
connections between our behavior and what happens to us as a result
of it. Reinforcement: a consequence of behavior that increases the
chances that the behavior will be repeated. 1.Positive
reinforcement:
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2. Negative Reinforcement
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3.Punishment: 4. Extinction: sometimes it is best to ignore the
behavior and it will diminish or go away. Video: Backtalk
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4 Steps to eliminate Backtalk: 1.Recognize the backtalk.
2.Choose the right consequence 3.Enact the consequence immediately
follow through. 4.Disengage ignore the childs protest for the
consequence you used.
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Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura): Observational Learning
Modeling Children advance their own learning by choosing which
models to imitate. The specific behaviors imitated depends on what
they perceive as valued in their culture and who is doing it. Bobo
Doll experiment Song: Cats in the Cradle
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Jean Piaget: Cognitive Development Hands-off approach children
must discover their environment. Revolutionized how we understand
and teach children. 1.Scheme 2.Organization (we interpret new
experiences on the basis of already existing schemes. If enough
mistakes and misinterpretations occur, we adjust this is called
Adaptation).