Historical events of the 18th centurynicogoiamariana.pptx

8/10/2019 Historical events of the 18th centurynicogoiamariana.pptx

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England and France

Historical events of the 18thcentury


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18th century (1701-1800)

The 18th century is the century of the industrial

revolutions and of the French Revolution, of thestruggle for sea power, trade of large streams,classicism and enlightenment, great leaders withideas of change and transition from absolutemonarchy, which means that power belonged to asingle person, the King, to constitutional monarchy, inwhich we talk about separation of powers in theState.

The 18th century is the century in which many

philosophers have discussed on these large curents,one of them is Emmanuel Kant, who says about theFrench Revolution: " This event is too huge, too tiedto the interests of humanity, has too much influence

in all corners of the world, the people are not toremember him and not be tempted to repeat the


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England

In the 18th century England, we assist to a progressive

differentiation between the State and the Power .First, the State remains bound by the Law, second, the

Powerrefers to international policies .

The balance principle of power is the one who favors

the policy of the great powers and the great State,and the one who entitle the concept of equality

between States.The major powers are those who run

the game of international politics, while small States

are like tools.In the 18thcentury,the french society was split into

orders or states.

The first state ,clergy ,the second nobles ,and the third

burgoisie ,villagers and urban workers.


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England

John Churchill was elected on the highest rungs of

the military power. The first parliament of Queen Ana was composed of

extremists torys. Political and religious controversies

became as violent as brilliant . Freedom of the press

encourage the writting of pamphlets , drawn up bythe greatest writers,like Steele and Addison (Tatler

and Spectator).

In 18th century England had more chances than any

other country to gain supremacy on the sea. She

could spend for the Navy to more than mainland

powers. The form of Government encourage on

collect heavy taxes .


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England

England and Scotland were separate, although the

two countries were ruled by the same King. In 1707 it was decided to unite the two countries in

one, with leading institutions.The new country was

named the United Kingdom of Great Britain.In 1800

Ireland was United with Great Britain which hasbecome the United Kingdom of Great Britain and

Northern Ireland.

The war of succession to the Spanish throne lasted

until 1713.

The Treaty signed at Utrecht in 1713, England

scored two major bases in the Mediterranean:

Gibraltar and Minorca Island Harbour.

He United the Em ire with Newfoundland and


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England

In 1745- 1746 , Charlie the Handsome Prince is in theforefront of the Jacobite troubles .

In 1756 -1763 , During the seven years ' War, leavingUnited Kingdom winner.

The 18th century sees the balance policy in theoryand practice of international life, as a means ofseeking and attaining a peace of Europe.

Possession of material and human resources haveled to the invasion of Silesia by Prussia in 1740, ally

of England. In the age of Walpole, this early Hanoverian Kings

gives their historical importance, and the history of theBritish monarchy is looking to bring in a parliamentarymonarchy.


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Englan

d

A whig Prime Minister Stan-Hope-Townshend quell an uprising of partisans ofJacob in 1715, and a company of theSouth received the British trade monopoly

in 1711 with South America. In 1720 agreat burst of financial conflict: South SeaBubble .


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England Robert Walpole was one of the greatest British

Government Ministers, for 20 years he stayed inpower.Pacifism of Walpole was served bycircumstances, that is, the Treaty of Utrecht(1713).Commercial Sovinism grew, and theSpanish coast were in searching for all services

of English ships.The Walpole end with theSpaniards a Convention fair, strengthened by ayoung parliamentarian William Pitt.

England, is in its conquest now of an empire.

It appears the homogeneous Cabinet and theAlliance with France is signed. In 1745 MarshalSaxe at Fontenoy get a brilliant victory overEngland. Between 1740-1748, England andFrance were in a State of war.By the Treaty ofAix-a-Chapelle in 1748 he was made to return the


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England

William Pitt was born in 1708.

He entered the House of Commons as deputy for

House of Commons, in 1735 is required to power, but

England is aware of a number of failures .

George the second dies in 1760 and is replaced bynephew George the third .

Pitt is ready to declare war to Spain in 1761 .

But eventually he resigns because no one supports

him. The peace of Paris was signed in 1763; England gave

to Spain Canada, Saint-Vincent, Dominica, Tobago,

and Senegal, while England restituted on Santa-Lucia,

Guadeloupe, Martinique.


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Industrial revolution

The industrial revolution was unleashed at the endof the 18th century and the first decades of the19th century in England and then in France.

Had on its base the invention and use of machine-

tools have revolutionized the technical manuals,old methods like the invention of the machine, in1764 ' Jenny ' (spinning machine in 1769 ofArkwright; spinning machine of thin, in 1779Crompton , mechanical war machine weavingwith steam, James Watt ).

The industrial revolution presupposes socialdivision of labour, new centers and industrialcities, economic development.


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Classicism

Its parents were Horatius and Boileau .

The great poet of the time ,Pope ,componed a

poem entitled Dunciana,inspiredfrom Boileau.

Swift and Daniel Defoe are writing Gulivers

Travels(Swift) and Robinson Crusoe(Daniel

Defoe).

Steele and Addison require English essay form it

will keep a long time . It is also the epoque of Oliver Goldsmith.

The 18th century is dominated by a implacable

logic.


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France in 18thcentury The State and the population passed through an

economic and financial crisis, because France wasinvolved in 3 wars: the war of the Austrian Succession(1740-1748) the seven years War (1756-1763), theamerican War of independence (1778-1783) .

The reform attempts of the French financial systemfailed .

War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) brokewith the death of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI,who make peace during his lifetime the pragmatic

sanction, which was originally developed by allEuropean powers.

The most important event of the 18th century was theFall of the Bastille .

The Peace from Versailles was a revanche of France

above the Treaty from Paris,and for England a bighumiliation and important was also the reign of


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The Fall of the Bastille

On the morning of 15 July, King realized thedefeat in front of insurection parizians citizens .

On august 4, the National Assembly abolished

feudalism, removing the privileges of the nobles

and clergy, canceling orders, and special rights of

cities and provinces.

On 26 august, the National Assembly published

the Declaration of human rights and of the

Citizens, in which the revolutionary ideals are

summed up in the formula liberty, equality,

fraternity .


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The seven years ' war (1756-

1763)

It took place the capture by the English fleet ofFrench ships on the american coast, in

Newfound-land.

Diplomatic relations between England and France

have started the military conflict.With England

was present, Prussia, with France, the Habsburg

Empire and Russia.

Following the Peace of Paris in 1763, France was

forced to give up the left bank of the Mississippi

River,a part of the Antilei and Senegal.


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The French revolution (1789-

1799)

The French revolution was a major event that led

to the overthrow of the old regime and the

establishment of a new political and social orderin France .

France has experienced all the systems of

Government, passing in succession from

absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchyafter the British model.


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The

enlightenment

The enlightenment was an ideological and culturalmovement, which was manifested during the

eighteenth century, whose purpose was to enlighten

the nation through education and culture.

In that period are known : Voltaire, Montesquieu, andRousseau .

Voltaire was in the Enlightenment the theorist of

despotism .

Montesquieu was targeting moderateEnlightenment.In 1721 the 'Persian Letters ' and ' the

spirit of laws ', which refers to the principle of

separation of powers in the State. Jean-Jacques

Rousseau was radical, and the guidance of operasare: Discourse on the seeming inequality of wealth


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Bibliography

Andre Maurois-The history of England,1767

The French Revolution,Maxx Gallo

The Internet

Documents

Historical events of the 18th centurynicogoiamariana.pptx