Historical Digital Orthophotography 101 John Erickson, Certified Photogrammetrist Jason Krueger, Project Manager Visualize the past to assist in predicting

Historical DigitalHistorical DigitalOrthophotography 101Orthophotography 101

John Erickson, Certified PhotogrammetristJohn Erickson, Certified PhotogrammetristJason Krueger, Project ManagerJason Krueger, Project Manager

Visualize the past to assist in predicting the future.Visualize the past to assist in predicting the future.

OVERVIEWOVERVIEW

Who Are We?Who Are We? UsersUsers Examples of FunctionalityExamples of Functionality Photo ResearchPhoto Research Define ProductDefine Product Acquisition CostAcquisition Cost AccuracyAccuracy Three Production StrategiesThree Production Strategies Software OptionsSoftware Options Understand LimitationsUnderstand Limitations

Who We Are…Who We Are…

Located in Sun Prairie, WILocated in Sun Prairie, WI Founded in 1999Founded in 1999 Provide photogrammetry and spatial Provide photogrammetry and spatial

data content development servicesdata content development services

Chris Gross & Dave Hart

Owners

Continental MappingContinental MappingConsultants, Inc.Consultants, Inc.

Our WorkOur WorkProjects in over 28 statesProjects in over 28 statesTwo market segmentsTwo market segments

Upper MidwestUpper Midwest• State & Local GovernmentsState & Local Governments• UtilitiesUtilities• ManufacturingManufacturing• EngineersEngineers• DevelopersDevelopers

Nationwide with Strategic PartnersNationwide with Strategic Partners• State DOTsState DOTs• DefenseDefense• Local/State GovernmentLocal/State Government• UtilitiesUtilities

CMC Specialized ServicesCMC Specialized Services Aerial Photography (B/W, color, infrared, oblique)Aerial Photography (B/W, color, infrared, oblique)

Airborne GPS/IMUAirborne GPS/IMU Topographic MappingTopographic Mapping GIS Base Mapping/feature IntegrationGIS Base Mapping/feature Integration Digital OrthophotographyDigital Orthophotography

Historical rectification and photo interpretation/classificationHistorical rectification and photo interpretation/classification Transportation Design Mapping (VHA)Transportation Design Mapping (VHA) Floodplain Delineation MappingFloodplain Delineation Mapping Laser Terrain Mapping (LIDAR)Laser Terrain Mapping (LIDAR) Municipal Mapping and ALTA’sMunicipal Mapping and ALTA’s Softcopy Photogrammetry ExtractionSoftcopy Photogrammetry Extraction

Recent ProjectsRecent ProjectsDefense Geo-IntelligenceDefense Geo-IntelligenceFort McCoyFort McCoyAmerican Transmission CompanyAmerican Transmission CompanyWisconsin DOT Master ContractWisconsin DOT Master ContractCity of MarshfieldCity of Marshfield

USERSUSERS

County/Local GIS and LIO departmentsCounty/Local GIS and LIO departments

Regional/County/Local PlanningRegional/County/Local Planning

Zoning DepartmentsZoning Departments

USERSUSERS

“By scanning and geo-referencing our historic aerials it allowed us to take them from the map drawers and make them part of the county's GIS system. It eliminated staff having to pull aerials for the public and make copies, they are now viewable on our website.”

“By scanning and geo-referencing our historic aerials it allows us to view them within our GIS system and understand how land use on properties have change.”

– Terry Dietzel, Fond du Lac County Assistant Planner

USERSUSERS

“ “These images rock”These images rock”– Ken Pabich, Calumet County Land Information OfficerKen Pabich, Calumet County Land Information Officer

EXAMPLES OF FUNCTIONALITYEXAMPLES OF FUNCTIONALITY

Change detection and trend identificationChange detection and trend identification Urban sprawl – growth planningUrban sprawl – growth planning Macro and MicroMacro and Micro

Stormwater runoffStormwater runoff


Web-enabledWeb-enabled Asset ManagementAsset Management Changes in water ways and wetlandsChanges in water ways and wetlands Transportation network changesTransportation network changes

(great in areas with major changes(great in areas with major changes))


Historical land use changesHistorical land use changes Historical views of urban areasHistorical views of urban areas Educational tool for discussing land use changes Educational tool for discussing land use changes

over timeover time Verify zoning maps/filesVerify zoning maps/files

1938 Urban Land Cover1938 Urban Land Cover1992 Urban Land Cover1992 Urban Land Cover

Tracking Urban SprawlTracking Urban Sprawl

1938 Imagery1938 Imagery 1992 Imagery1992 ImageryData Source: Calumet County, WI

Appleton, WIAppleton, WI

Changes in Water WaysChanges in Water Waysand Wetlandsand Wetlands

Data Source: Iowa County, WI

Blackhawk LakeBlackhawk LakeRecreational Recreational

AreaAreaIowa CountyIowa County

19681968



Blackhawk LakeBlackhawk LakeRecreational Recreational

AreaAreaIowa CountyIowa County

20022002



Blackhawk Lake Recreational Area, Iowa CountyBlackhawk Lake Recreational Area, Iowa County

2002200219681968

19701970

19801980

19901990

Review the past, predict the futureReview the past, predict the future

Data Source: Fond du Lac County, WI


1970 1970

19801980

19901990

Click Box to Change Year




1970 1970

19801980

19901990




1970 1970

19801980

19901990


PHOTO RESEARCHPHOTO RESEARCH

1. Photo Source1. Photo Source•• Federal, State, Local ArchivesFederal, State, Local Archives

2. Important Photo Specifics2. Important Photo Specifics•• Type of Photography (Color, B&W, etc.)Type of Photography (Color, B&W, etc.)

•• Photo Scale (1” = 1667’ or 1:20,000 Typically Recommended)Photo Scale (1” = 1667’ or 1:20,000 Typically Recommended)

•• Season (Leaf-on, Leaf-off)Season (Leaf-on, Leaf-off)

3. Image Format3. Image Format•• Prints (Least Desirable)Prints (Least Desirable)

•• FilmFilm

•• DiapositivesDiapositives

•• Digital ScansDigital Scans

4. Scanning Capabilities4. Scanning Capabilities•• Available resolutionAvailable resolution

•• Flatbed or Photogrammetric ScannerFlatbed or Photogrammetric Scanner

ARCHIVAL RESEARCHARCHIVAL RESEARCH

1. Farm Services Agency (FSA): 1. Farm Services Agency (FSA): www.fsa.usda.govwww.fsa.usda.gov

2. US National Archives and Records Administration (NARA): 2. US National Archives and Records Administration (NARA): www.archives.govwww.archives.gov

3. USDA Aerial Photography Field Office (APFO): 3. USDA Aerial Photography Field Office (APFO): www.apfo.usda.govwww.apfo.usda.gov

4. USGS Earth Resources Observation Systems (EROS): 4. USGS Earth Resources Observation Systems (EROS): http://edc.usgs.govhttp://edc.usgs.gov

5. Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WISDOT): 5. Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WISDOT): www.dot.wisconsin.govwww.dot.wisconsin.gov

6. Wisconsin State Cartographers Office (SCO): 6. Wisconsin State Cartographers Office (SCO): www.geography.wisc.edu/sco/www.geography.wisc.edu/sco/

7. Regional Planning Commissions: 7. Regional Planning Commissions: www.commerce.state.wi.us/MT/MT-RPC-map.htmlwww.commerce.state.wi.us/MT/MT-RPC-map.html

8. Photogrammetric Consultants8. Photogrammetric Consultants


APFO (Aerial Photography Field Office- Salt Lake City, UT)APFO (Aerial Photography Field Office- Salt Lake City, UT)

USDA (US Department of Agriculture)USDA (US Department of Agriculture)

FSA (Farm Services Agency)FSA (Farm Services Agency)

Possesses 1”=1667’ (1:20,000) scale photography for all but 3 counties in Wisconsin.Possesses 1”=1667’ (1:20,000) scale photography for all but 3 counties in Wisconsin.

Years available: 1950’s through the 1980’s.Years available: 1950’s through the 1980’s.


NARA (National Archives - College Park, MD)NARA (National Archives - College Park, MD)

Agricultural Adjustment Agency (AAA) Photography. Precursor to the USDA.Agricultural Adjustment Agency (AAA) Photography. Precursor to the USDA.

MilitaryMilitary

Possesses 1”=1667’ (1:20,000) scale photography for most of Wisconsin.Possesses 1”=1667’ (1:20,000) scale photography for most of Wisconsin.

Years available: 1930’s through the 1950’s.Years available: 1930’s through the 1950’s.

DEFINE PRODUCTDEFINE PRODUCTThis will influence accuracy requirements, production strategies, andThis will influence accuracy requirements, production strategies, and

most importantly, cost.most importantly, cost.

Determine UsersDetermine Users

•• GIS personnelGIS personnel

•• Administrators/Policy MakersAdministrators/Policy Makers

•• PlannersPlanners

•• PublicPublic

Determine Purpose Determine Purpose

•• Visual AidVisual Aid

•• PlanningPlanning

•• Photo PreservationPhoto Preservation

•• Secure ArchivesSecure Archives

•• Space SavingSpace Saving

ESTIMATE ACQUISITION COSTESTIMATE ACQUISITION COST

APFO: 1” = 1667’ ScansAPFO: 1” = 1667’ Scans

Photo coverage Area = 4 miles.Photo coverage Area = 4 miles.

[Total Area of County (square miles) / 4] X $10.[Total Area of County (square miles) / 4] X $10.

Example: Average County = 778 square milesExample: Average County = 778 square miles

Images Needed: 778 / 4 = 194.5 (195) ImagesImages Needed: 778 / 4 = 194.5 (195) Images

Approximate Cost of Acquisition: 195 X $10 = $1950Approximate Cost of Acquisition: 195 X $10 = $1950

ESTIMATE ACQUISITION COSTESTIMATE ACQUISITION COST

National Archives: 1” = 1667’ ScansNational Archives: 1” = 1667’ Scans

Cost? Often difficult to Predict.Cost? Often difficult to Predict.

Pricing FactorsPricing Factors Limited Access to ArchivesLimited Access to Archives Scan resolution and file size determines cost per image.Scan resolution and file size determines cost per image. Bulk Rates Apply?Bulk Rates Apply? Research FeesResearch Fees Other add-on costs: Data Delivery, Flight Index, Price per Film Canister.Other add-on costs: Data Delivery, Flight Index, Price per Film Canister.

PART IIPART II

Production StrategiesProduction Strategies

presented by:presented by:

John EricksonJohn Erickson

RELATIVE ACCURACYRELATIVE ACCURACY

Accuracy of one point on an image with respectAccuracy of one point on an image with respectto the same point on another image.to the same point on another image.

POSITIONAL ACCURACYPOSITIONAL ACCURACY

Green Bay, WIGreen Bay, WI

19601960

Data Source: Brown County, WI

Accuracy of imagery as it relates to ground truth.Accuracy of imagery as it relates to ground truth.



19601960

With Recent RoadWith Recent Road

CenterlineCenterline

Vector OverlayVector Overlay





19601960




20002000

Courtesy ofCourtesy of

Brown Co LIOBrown Co LIO

ACCURACY DETERMINANTSACCURACY DETERMINANTS

Source Photo ScaleSource Photo Scale

Control Materials: vector, raster, or hardcopy dataControl Materials: vector, raster, or hardcopy data

Production StrategyProduction Strategy

THREE PRODUCTION STRATEGIESTHREE PRODUCTION STRATEGIES

1. Geo-referencing (2-D overlay) Historical Aerial Photography1. Geo-referencing (2-D overlay) Historical Aerial Photography

2. Historical Orthophotography2. Historical Orthophotography

3. Contemporary High Accuracy Orthophotography3. Contemporary High Accuracy Orthophotography

GEO-REFERENCINGGEO-REFERENCING

Referenced to existing Vector, Raster, or Hardcopy DataReferenced to existing Vector, Raster, or Hardcopy Data

Does not require stereo-coverage imageryDoes not require stereo-coverage imagery

Resampling Methods: Rubbersheeting, Affine, Best Fit, etc.Resampling Methods: Rubbersheeting, Affine, Best Fit, etc.

Low Positional and Relative AccuracyLow Positional and Relative Accuracy Lowest CostLowest Cost

HISTORICAL ORTHOPHOTOGRAPHYHISTORICAL ORTHOPHOTOGRAPHY

Surface ModelSurface Model

Control derived from existing Vector, Raster, or Hardcopy Control derived from existing Vector, Raster, or Hardcopy DataData

Does not require stereo-coverage imageryDoes not require stereo-coverage imagery

Good Relative and Positional AccuracyGood Relative and Positional Accuracy Lower-cost Orthophotography AlternativeLower-cost Orthophotography Alternative

CONTEMPORARY HIGH ACCURACY CONTEMPORARY HIGH ACCURACY ORTHOPHOTOGRAPHYORTHOPHOTOGRAPHY

Surface ModelSurface Model

AT (Aero-triangulation) or Direct Geo-referencingAT (Aero-triangulation) or Direct Geo-referencing

(Airborne GPS and IMU)(Airborne GPS and IMU)

Camera Calibration ReportCamera Calibration Report

Stereo-coverageStereo-coverage in most cases in most cases

High Relative and Positional AccuracyHigh Relative and Positional Accuracy Highest costHighest cost

UNDERSTAND LIMITATIONSUNDERSTAND LIMITATIONSThe final product cannot be better than the input.The final product cannot be better than the input.

Limitations of MaterialsLimitations of Materials

•• Condition of Historical PhotosCondition of Historical Photos

•• Photo Format (contact prints, film, diapositives)Photo Format (contact prints, film, diapositives)

•• Scan ResolutionScan Resolution

•• Quality and Accuracy of Referencing Materials Quality and Accuracy of Referencing Materials (control)(control)

•• Tone Balancing (difficult with older photography)Tone Balancing (difficult with older photography)

Budget ConstraintsBudget Constraints

RECENT EXAMPLES OF OUR WORKRECENT EXAMPLES OF OUR WORK

Brown County Land InformationBrown County Land Information

Jeff Dumez LIOJeff Dumez LIO

Historical OrthophotographyHistorical Orthophotography

1938: National Archives1938: National Archives Source Photography: 1”=1667’ (1:20,000) photo scale from filmSource Photography: 1”=1667’ (1:20,000) photo scale from film 210 Images Scanned at 15 Micron210 Images Scanned at 15 Micron Final Pixel Resolution = 1’.Final Pixel Resolution = 1’. Work in progress.Work in progress.

1960: APFO1960: APFO Source Photography: 1”=1667’ (1:20,000) photo scale from filmSource Photography: 1”=1667’ (1:20,000) photo scale from film 150 Images Scanned at 12.5 Micron150 Images Scanned at 12.5 Micron Final Pixel Resolution = 1’.Final Pixel Resolution = 1’. Positional Accuracy = 15’ - 20’Positional Accuracy = 15’ - 20’ Relative Accuracy = 5’ - 10’Relative Accuracy = 5’ - 10’


Iowa County Land RecordsIowa County Land Records

Cristina PearsonCristina Pearson

Historical OrthophotographyHistorical Orthophotography

1968: APFO1968: APFO Source Photography: 1”=1667’ (1:20,000) photo scale from filmSource Photography: 1”=1667’ (1:20,000) photo scale from film 215 Images Scanned at 12.5 Micron215 Images Scanned at 12.5 Micron Final Pixel Resolution = 1’.Final Pixel Resolution = 1’. Positional Accuracy = 15’ - 20’Positional Accuracy = 15’ - 20’ Relative Accuracy = 5’ - 10’Relative Accuracy = 5’ - 10’


Calumet County Planning and Land InformationCalumet County Planning and Land Information

Ken Pabich GIS/LIS SupervisorKen Pabich GIS/LIS Supervisor

Historical Geo-referencingHistorical Geo-referencing

1938: APFO and WisDOT1938: APFO and WisDOT Source Photography: 1”=1667’ (1:20,000) photo scale from film and printSource Photography: 1”=1667’ (1:20,000) photo scale from film and print 130 Images Scanned at 900 DPI130 Images Scanned at 900 DPI RubbersheetRubbersheet Final Pixel Resolution = 1’.Final Pixel Resolution = 1’. Positional Accuracy = Approx. 50’Positional Accuracy = Approx. 50’ Relative Accuracy = 30’ - 40’Relative Accuracy = 30’ - 40’


Fond du Lac County Planning.Fond du Lac County Planning.

Terry DietzelTerry Dietzel

Historical Geo-referencingHistorical Geo-referencing

1970, 1980, and 19901970, 1980, and 1990 Source Photography: 1”=400’ (1:4,800) photo scale from Large Format Mylar PrintsSource Photography: 1”=400’ (1:4,800) photo scale from Large Format Mylar Prints 570 Images Scanned at 600 DPI570 Images Scanned at 600 DPI RubbersheetRubbersheet Positional Accuracy = Approx. 50’Positional Accuracy = Approx. 50’ Relative Accuracy = 30’ - 40’Relative Accuracy = 30’ - 40’



19381938



19601960



20002000



20002000 GOGOPACKPACKGO!GO!

19381938 19601960 20002000

QUESTIONSQUESTIONSGot Any ?Got Any ?

Visualize the past to assist in predicting the future.Visualize the past to assist in predicting the future.

Contact: Jason KruegerContact: Jason Krueger722 Lois Drive; Sun Prairie, WI; 53590722 Lois Drive; Sun Prairie, WI; 53590608-834-9823608-834-9823www.continentalmapping.comwww.continentalmapping.com

Documents

Historical Digital Orthophotography 101 John Erickson, Certified Photogrammetrist Jason Krueger, Project Manager Visualize the past to assist in predicting