Historical Context

People• Greeks (Anaximander)• Darwin/Wallace• Linnaeus• De Lamarck• Malthus• Cuvier

Concepts• “Scala natura”• “Lower vs. higher”

or “Derived vs. primitive”• “Ex nihlio”• “Archetypes”

Morphology

Homology Analogy

Homoplasy

• Ancestry• Appearance• Function

How are vertebrates arranged spatially that differs from urochordates (adult tunicates), sea stars and sponges?

The Vertebrate Body Plan

http://www.westworld.com/~fabio/gallery/bonaire-purple-tube-sponge.htmhttp://imagesource.art.com/images/-/Michael-Aw/Royal-Blue-Tunicate-Rhopalaea-Sp-West-Nusa-Tenggara-Indonesia--C10255325.jpeg

http://home.vicnet.net.au/~ricketts/photos.htm

The Vertebrate Body PlanSymmetry:

*

*

*

http://www.yachigusaryu.com/blog/pics/top_ten_principles/10/image003.jpg

The Vertebrate Body PlanVertebrate phylogeny:

*Vertebrates are a subtaxa of the phylum _________*The “Big 4” are characteristics shared by this phylum.

*Not all chordates are created equal…

What are the 4 characteristics?

http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/biog105/labs/deuts/chordates.html

The Vertebrate Body PlanVertebrate phylogeny:

*Craniate Characteristics

*Vertebrate Characteristics

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The Vertebrate Body PlanRegional differentiation:

* (What specialized structures occur here? )

* Coelom; lining is…Viscera; lining is…Thorax and abdomen (in some taxa)

* (_________)(What structures likely absent? What’s present? )

The Vertebrate Body Plan________________

*During some stage of development (_____________)

Usually replaced by segmented vertebral column

http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/filedet.htm?File_name=19-21&File_type=GIF

The Vertebrate Body Plan_______________________

•*

(Which vertebrates rely on gills, which use lungs? )*Some animals (Protochordates) use gill and slits for …

Nature Genetics  27, 286 - 291 (2001) doi:10.1038/85845 DiGeorge syndrome phenotype in mice mutant for the T-box gene, Tbx1Loydie A. Jerome & Virginia E. Papaioannou

The Vertebrate Body Plan_________________________

* *

http://www.nesc.k12.in.us/union/Mr.%20Sly/Earthworm%20Dissection/earthworm%20images.htm

The Vertebrate Body PlanOther Craniate characteristics

*

From these a number of specialized structures are derived:

The Vertebrate Body PlanOther Craniate characteristics

* *

* OviparityOvoviviparityEuvivparity

* ClosedDiffering cardiac anatomyLymphatics

http://pzavislak.googlepages.com/PlanarianBright.jpg

The Vertebrate Body PlanOther Craniate characteristics

* More common with invertebrates… vertebrates display this feature primarily in skeletal, muscular and nervous systems

* Axial/CranialAppendicular from 2 girdles

* SkeletalCardiacSmooth(Which of these synapse with motor neurons? )

Evolutionary morphology

• Preadaptation• Remodeling• Bean stalks and Bushes

(Fig. 1.21)

• Grades and clades• Abundance phylogeny

(Fig. 1.25)

• Cladistics

Paleontology

• Formation of fossils• Recovery & restoration• Fossil dating

– Stratigraphy– Index fossils– Radiometric– Geological ages