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Historic and Current Trends in
Global Migration
Alfonso Rodriguez-Lainz, PhD, VMD, MPVMUS-Mexico Unit
CDC Division of Global Migration and Quarantine
7th Summer Institute onMigration and Global Health
June 25-29, 2012
Outline
• Human mobility• Who is migrant?• Main categories of migrants
• Global and U.S migration trends
• Conclusions and Recommendations
Human mobility … … as old as human history
• Humans wandering in search of resources (land, food, water, precious minerals), conquest, or to escape from conflict or natural disasters
Migration of anatomically modern humans
National Geographic Society
Global mobility
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o4g930pm8Ms
Global mobility & disease
Mobile populations
• Individuals who move in geographic space– Different reasons– Different distances– Different administrative boundaries– Different periods of time
Place A
Place B
Border crossers
Commuters
Tourists
Refugees
Migrant workers Move to another state
Who is a migrant?
• How is a migrant different from other mobile populations?
Migrant worker on California highway (1935) Picture from the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, courtesy of the
National Archives and Records Administration.
Who is a migrant?
• No universally accepted definition
• Countries and agencies use their own criteria, based and their own legislation and policies
• Definitions are not consistently used
• “Popular” terms
Who is a migrant?
Migrant
Immigrant
Foreigne
r
Migran
t work
er
Alien
Foreign born
Minorities
Latino
Illegal
Ethnic groups
Hispanic Mobile populations
Farmwork
er
Traveler
Tourist
Migrant UN Recommendations (1998 and 2007)
• A person changing his/her place of usual residence
Sources: Sources: -UN Recommendations on International Migration Statistics (1998)UN Recommendations on International Migration Statistics (1998)- UN Expert Group Meeting on the use of censuses and surveys to measure international migration, UN Expert Group Meeting on the use of censuses and surveys to measure international migration, ESA/STAT/AC.132/1 (2007)ESA/STAT/AC.132/1 (2007)
Residence in Place
A
Migrant UN Recommendations (1998 and 2007)
• A person changing his/her place of usual residence
Sources: Sources: -UN Recommendations on International Migration Statistics (1998)UN Recommendations on International Migration Statistics (1998)- UN Expert Group Meeting on the use of censuses and surveys to measure international migration, UN Expert Group Meeting on the use of censuses and surveys to measure international migration, ESA/STAT/AC.132/1 (2007)ESA/STAT/AC.132/1 (2007)
Residence in Place
A
Moves to residence in Place B
Change in residence …
• Temporary or permanent
• Authorized or unauthorized
• For different reasons
Determinants of migration
• Economic/ better future
• Family reunification
• Forced
by Philip Craft, Staff
International visitors
Person who travels to another country but doesn't change country of usual residence e.g., tourists, business travelers,
religious pilgrims, for medical care
• Usually admitted for limited time (e.g., weeks)
• Not considered migrants
International Migrant UN Recommendations (1998 and 2007)
• A person changing his/her country of usual residence
Sources: Sources: -UN Recommendations on International Migration Statistics (1998)UN Recommendations on International Migration Statistics (1998)- UN Expert Group Meeting on the use of censuses and surveys to measure international migration, UN Expert Group Meeting on the use of censuses and surveys to measure international migration, ESA/STAT/AC.132/1 (2007)ESA/STAT/AC.132/1 (2007)
Residence in
country of origin
Moves to residence in destination country
Internal Migrant UN Recommendations (1998)
• A person changing his/her usual residence but within the same country– Usually refers to
• Rural to urban migration
• Internally displaced persons
China
Source: CONAPO and Universidad Panamericana
Internal migrants: 12 million
Mexico’s Internal Migration
United States’ internal migration
“Geographical Mobility/Migration”
• “Each year many Americans leave their place of birth to reside in a different part of the country”
• “Population mobility has crucial impact on individuals, as well as local demographics and economies”
http://www.census.gov/hhes/
migration/
Immigrant vs. Emigrant
• “Migrant”: – It disregards the direction of
movement
• From the perspective of the…– Region/country of arrival the person
is an “immigrant” – Region/country of departure the
person is an “emigrant”
UN Recommendations on International Migration Statistics (1998)UN Recommendations on International Migration Statistics (1998)
Some statistics … (2010)
Source: WHO (2010)
Organizations using a “change in residence” to define
migrants
United Nations U. S Customs and Immigration Services U.S Census Bureau European Union Consejo Nacional de Población (Mexico) International Organization for Migration World Bank
But using different criteria …
• Country of birth ~ Foreign born• Country of citizenship ~ Foreign citizen• Minimum duration of residence (e.g., 12 m)• Type of residence visas for foreigners
– Immigrants ~ Permanent residence – Non-immigrant ~ temporary workers & visitors
• Ethnicity or religion (e.g., Ethnic-Russians) • Others or a combination
Why do we care about definitions?
1. Achieve comparability of migration statistics among countries and agencies
2. To better understand and target migrant communities’ health needs
• Great diversity among migrants
Great diversity among migrants
• Country of birth• Culture/Language• Reasons for
migration• Migration pattern• SES• Education• Occupation• Legal status• HealthSource: California Immigrant Integration Initiative of
Grantmakers Concerned with Immigrants and Refugees
Main categories of international migrants
Migrant workers Refugees* Asylum-seekers* Victims of trafficking* Unauthorized migrants* International students*
* Standard international definitions
Refugees• A person with a well-founded fear
of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, social group or political opinion, …
• is outside his/her country of nationality and …
• is unable or unwilling to return to that country
• 15.2 million (2009)
(Source: UN Convention Related to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol) (Source: UN Convention Related to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol)
Human Trafficking• Recruitment, transportation,
or harboring of persons, by use of force , coercion, or fraud for the purpose of exploitation
– Forced labor– Sexual exploitation
• Can be international or domestic (i.e., internal)
(Art. 3(a), UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the UN Convention Against Organized Crime, 2000).(Art. 3(a), UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the UN Convention Against Organized Crime, 2000).
Unauthorized migrants
• “A person who, owing to illegal entry or the expiry of his/her visa, lacks legal status in a transit or host country”– A.K.A: undocumented, irregular,
clandestine or illegal migrant
Source: IOM Glossary of Migration, 2004Source: IOM Glossary of Migration, 2004
Some areas of confusion …
• Migration pattern vs. migrant
• Farmworker vs. migrant
• Race/ethnicity vs. migrant
Migration patterns vs. migrant
Migration patterns vs. migrant
(“Migrant”) Farmworker Several definitions in the U.S Farmworker is an occupational group Annual average number: 1million (2006) Foreign born: 78%
Migration patterns– Settled 53%– Shuttler migrants* 21%– Follow-the-crop migrants* 13%– Newcomers 13%
*International or within the U.S
Source: NAWS
Race/ethnicity• Self-identification• The categories do not denote scientific
definitions of anthropological origins
• Example:• Hispanic or Latino (2010 Census)
– a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race.
Office of Management and Budget (1997)
Of 51 million Hispanics (2010) …
Farmworker
s
Limited English ProficiencyU.S vs. Foreign born
Hispanics
Source: ACS 2010
Source: Dey AN, Lucas JW. Physical and mental health characteristics of U.S.-and foreign-born adults: UnitedStates,1998–2003Advance data Statistics. 2006. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health from vital and health statistics; no 369.
GLOBAL MIGRATION TRENDS
Major Migration Flows (1960-1970)
Major Migration Flows (2000’s)
Migration flows
Of the 6.9 billion people in the world in 2010 …
…214 million or 3.1 % wereinternational migrants
United NationsPopulation Division/DESA
Top 20 countries with the highest % of international migrants, 2010
86.5
70.0
68.8
45.9
43.6
40.7
40.4
38.8
28.4
27.8
23.2
22.4
21.9
21.3
19.6
19.5
18.9
17.8
16.6
15.9
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0
Qatar
United Arab Emirates
Kuwait
Jordan
Occupied Palestinian Territory
Singapore
Israel
China, Hong Kong SAR
Oman
Saudi Arabia
Switzerland
New Zealand
Australia
Canada
Ireland
Kazakhstan
Gabon
Lebanon
Gambia
Croatia
Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2009). International Migration, 2009 Wallchart (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.09.XIII.8).
Note: Among countries with at least 1 million inhabitants
U.S.A: 13.5%
UK & France: 11%
Mexico: 0.8%
“Rough” estimates of unauthorized migrants
Source: OECD International Migration Outlook 2006, 2007
Passel and Cohn, 2010
Thousands % of pop. Year*United States 11,100 4.0 2009 EU 2,500-6,000 1-42005 Canada 500 1.52005 Japan 210 0.22005
* Years since regularization. Subsequent regularizations not accounted for
in these estimates
Share of international migrants in more vs. less developed regions, 2010
Direction of international migration flows, 2010
Share of females in the international migration stock
Age pyramid: Migrants vs. total population
Demographic and social effects of migration in host country/region
• Increase population size • Changes in gender and age
distribution• Increased population fertility• Changes in race/ethnic distribution• High proportion of workforce
Foreign-born as a percentage of practicing doctors and
nurses, 2000
Doctors Nurses
New Zealand 46.9 23.2
Australia 42.9 24.8
Canada 35.1 17.2
United States 24.4 11.9
Source: International Migration Outlook (OECD, 2007)
Migration and the global economic crisis
• Considerable regional and local variation
• Slower immigration to some countries• Migrant stocks largely unchanged• Migrants harder impacted• Remittances rebounded quickly
IOM World Migration Outlook 2011
Remittances and other resource flows to developing countries
Source: The World Bank, Remittances flows in 2011 – an update Migration & Development Brief 18 (4/2012)
Official Development assistance
Foreign direct investment
Immigration to the U.S.A
Flows of Immigration to U.S (1820-2009)
Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2009; Adapted from Martin P and Midgley E, 2008
Northern &Western Europe
Southern &Eastern Europe Western Europe
Asia &Latin America
Northern & Western
EuropeSouthern &
Eastern EuropeWestern Europe
Asia &Latin America
Frontier expansion
Industrialization Immigration pause
Post-1965 immigration
U.S migrant stock, inflows and outflows
*China excluding Hong Kong and Taiwan Source: ACS, 2010
Top 20 countries of origin of foreign born (2010)
Geographic distribution of the foreign-born in the U.S
(2008)
Source: ACS, 2006-2008 3-year estimates
Sources: Passel JS, Cohn DV. A portrait of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center, April 2009
Foreign born population by legal status, 2009N=39.4 million
Naturalized citizens, 37%(14.6 million)
Unauthorized, 28%
(11.1 million)
Immigrants or Legal
permanent residents, 31%(12.4 million)
Nonimmigrant temporary aliens, 4%
(1.4 million)
Conclusions and Recommendations
Conclusions and Recommendations
• Migration is a global phenomena, driven by economics, migration networks, natural disasters and human conflicts
• Volume and complexity of migration likely to continue increasing
•Important to properly define and characterize the numbers and needs of these diverse populations
Conclusions and Recommendations
•The determinants and effects of migration are complex
•Requires a comprehensive approach
•Maximize the positive and minimize the negative effects
•Need for high quality migration reserach
Importance of migration research
• Critical need for unbiased information– Implement evidence-based policies and
programs
– Educate the media and public
Importance of migrant health
• Health as a basic human right
• Addressing health inequities
• Protect and promote global, national and local health
Migrant Health:beyond migrants themselves
• Health issues, conditions and risks related to migrant populations, AND the way in which migration affects:– Countries of origin, transit and
destination, and – Second and later migrant generations
(Adapted from Roux, 2004; and WHO 2010)(Adapted from Roux, 2004; and WHO 2010)
Migrant health: a bridge between global & local
healthGlobal Global healthhealth
Local healthLocal health
Migrant Migrant healthhealth
References
• IOM. World Migration Report 2011 Communicating Effectively about migration (2011)
• IOM. Managing Migration (2004)
• Philip Martin and Gottfried Zürcher, “Managing Migration: The Global Challenge” Population Bulletin 63, no.1 (2008)
• International Organization for Migration (2004). Glossary on Migration
• Sources: UN Secretariat, Department of Economic and Social Affairs; UN Expert Group Meeting on the use of Censuses and Surveys to Measure International Migration, 2007 ESA/STAT/AC.132/1
• WHO/IOM/Government of Spain Global Consultation on Migrant Health (2010). Migration and Health: the way forward
