Historia militar

$5.95

HIS

TOR

Y

Oc

t/N

ov

2015

Death Above the Trenches RED BARONRED BARON

Las Vegas and the

MOB

HannibalThe Carthaginian Crisis

WOLVES FOR THE BLUE19th Century Indian Scouts

Gilder RoyTHE BONNIE BOYCarl SandburgA Poet's Humble Roots

GUINEA GOLDBy Air, Land and Sea

Mail to: History Magazine, PO Box 194, Niagara Falls, NY, 14304 (from the USA) or History Magazine, 82 Church St. S., Suite 101, Ajax, ON, L1S 6B3 (from Canada).

USA Orders Canadian Ordersq One year (6 issues) at $28.95 US q One year (6 issues) at $28.95 Cdn + GST*q Two years (12 issues) at $53.95 US q Two years (12 issues) at $53.95 Cdn + GST*

* Add HST where applicable. Quebec residents add 8.5% QST.

Payment by: q Check (enclosed) Charge my Credit Card: q Visa q MasterCard

Card Number ______________________________ Expiry Date ______ /_______Signature ______________________ ______________________________________Your credit card statement will indicate MAGAZIN 888-326-2476. Orders are processed from our office in Canada. GST #139340186

Last Name ____________________________ First Name ____________________Address _____________________________________________________________City _______________ State/Prov. __________ Zip/Postal Code ____________Phone Number _______________________ E-mail _________________________ History Magazine does not rent or sell subscriber names. GST# 139340186 RT

History Magazine opens a window on the past, telling

tales of both pivotal momentsand everyday life. Written

from a North American perspective, History Magazine’s

articles are clear, informativeand insightful, and come supported by beautiful

illustrations.

Don’t like forms? With your credit card ready, please call 1-888-326-2476toll-free during office hours (EST) to immediately arrange your subscription.

“History is the memory ofthings said and done.”

Carl L. Becker

GREATGIFT IDEA

$28.95

PRINT EDITION

ONE YEAR

SIX ISSUES

PDF EDITION

$19.95

One YearSix Issues

Subscribe to PDF or Print online atwww.history-magazine.com

Subscribe to PDF or Print editions online at www.history-magazine.com

4 History Magazine October/November 2015

CONTENTSOCTOBER/NOVEMBER 2015

Opening Notes ........................................................... 6Thimbles, Cup Plates

Las Vegas and the Mob............................................. 8Alan W. Petrucelli visits the first-class National Museum of Organized Crime and Law Enforcement and discovers they reveal (almost) everything

Wolves for the Blue: 1865-1890 ............................. 17Arnold Blumberg looks at the long history of Indian scouts and auxiliaries who fought with the United States Army

Gilder Roy: The Bonnie Boy ....................................22Eric Bryan recounts the life and times of the renowned highland highwayman

Las Vegas and the Mob — Page 8 Wolves for the Blue — Page 17 Gilder Roy: The Bonnie Boy — Page 22

History Magazine is Now on Twitter!

For the latest news andviews, great promo

offers and other perks, “Follow” us on Twitter!

Find us here: @History_Mag

and we’ll see you there!

Cover Design: Don Hollway

5October/November 2015 History Magazine

The Carthaginian Crisis .......................................... 31David A. Norris looks at Hannibal and the war that nearly ended Rome

The Red Baron ......................................................... 36Aviation writer Don Hollway flies us along with one of the first, greatest, and most famous of all fighter pilots

Destination: "A Poet's Humble Roots" .................... 42Brian D'Ambrosio looks at the life and times of Carl Sandburg

Guinea Gold: By Air, Land and Sea ...................... 46James Breig recounts how soldiers from two continents mined Guinea Gold for news

Hindsight .................................................................. 53A look at a selection of books and other media that you might want to explore

Questions or comments? Call 1-888-326-2476 or visit

www.history-magazine.com

Guinea Gold — Page 46The Red Baron — Page 36The Carthaginian Crisis — Page 31

Is Your Subscription

About to Expire?Check the back of this magazine

to see the expiry date.Call Toll-Free

1-888-326-2476or visit

www.history-magazine.comto renew or subscribe!Or see the order form

on page 30 of this issue.

Thimbles, as we know them, are shallow, dimpled, rigid domesworn on thumbs or fingers to protect sewers from needle pricks.But they were not always so. The earliest known one, found in a

tomb dating to China’s Han Dynasty (202 BC -220 AD), was shapedlike a simple ring, without a top. (Tailors today often use similar ones.)Thimbles were also discovered in the ruins of Pompeii and in ash pitsdating to Britain’s Roman Period.

From the 9th through the 12th centuries, cast or hammered-sheetmetal thimbles were likely used by leather workers or carpet-makers,across Asia Minor. Returning Crusaders may have re-introduced themto Europe. Thimbles were not widely used in Britain, however, untilthe 1300s, when nuns, amateur needlewomen, and professionalsadorned royal and ecclesiastical fabrics with rich embroidered andthread embellishments. Because there were no large brass-work in-dustries there at the time, many, some beehive-shaped, were importedfrom the Continent.

Around 1500, metal smiths in Nuremburg, Germany, a major brass-working area, created malleable, zinc-based sheets, which they easilyhammered, hand -pitted, and polished. Over time, their thimbles grewlonger, allowing inscription of dates, maker marks, mottos, and mo-tifs. By the 1600s, many, featuring waffle or ring-shaped indentations,were also used as love tokens.

With the rise of Britain’s brass-making industry a century later, JohnLofting patented a horse-powered thimble-making machine with

knurled indentations, those produced by lathes. When heswitched to more efficient waterpower, production topped overtwo million units a year.

By the mid 1700s, the thimbleindustry was so lucrative that the

THIMBLES


TRIV

IA

In the days when a tea drinker poured hot tea from the teacup intothe saucer to cool and then drank from the saucer, the cup plate wascreated as a place to rest the teacup. Popular from the 1820s to the

1850s, the cup plate was developed to protect the tablecloth and tablefrom teacup rings. While there is little recorded about the social rulesfor using cup plates, it appears that they were used in middle class orrural homes and were more common in the United States than in othercountries. According to some household management books, there wasone cup plate in each place setting on the table.

Cup plates were manufactured with a variety of intricate designs.Collectors have divided them into “historicals” and “conventionals”.Historical designs included busts of famous people, such as GeorgeWashington, Henry Clay, and William Henry Harrison. Sometimes sold as souvenirs, designs showed events from the 1830s and 1840s, including Queen Victoria’s coronation, Bunker Hill Monument’s completion, and political campaigns. Designs also included Americanimages of log cabins, ships, or eagles. Conventionals showed designsranging from the geometric to complex lacy patterns.

The first cup plates in the early 1820s were made of ceramics andproduced by European potteries, usually for export to the United

States. Early cup plates were of ceramic or blown glass, but the majority were created whenpressed glass was developed. Mostglass cup plates were made in the United States; however, cupplates were also manufactured in England, France, Germany, Belgium, and Bohemia. Americanpressed glass cup plates were produced in New England; the

CUP PLATE

Henry Clay Cup Plate, 1832–1852

Gold thimble,c1750, in the collection of the National Museum of Denmark. This drawing isfrom Salmonsenskonversation-sleksikon (1915-1930).Public domain

Sterling silver,dimpled thimble withdecorativeband.Public domain


Swedes supposedly sent spies toBritain to divine their secrets likethe “deep drawing” process, whichproduced thimbles from thinsheet-metal discs. As productionfell in Nuremburg, it rose in theNetherlands.

By the 1880s, stitchery had be-come a widespread passion.Though most women used mass-produced, workaday metal thimbles, others favored fragile,expensive mother-of-pearl, ivory,or tortoise shell ones, if only forshow. Though silver thimbleswith inscribed bases were populartoo, needles often puncturedthem. The Dorcas thimble, whichwas created in 1884, remedied this by sandwiching layers of steelbetween two layers of silver.

After companies created spe-cial thimbles to commemorateLondon’s 1851 Great Exhibition,collecting these simple sewingtools became a popular hobby.

Rather than seek common stone,wood, bronze, steel, tin, or alu-minum thimbles, some collectorsprefer ones featuring particularshapes, motifs, or styles. Othersseek Norse, Turkish, Greek, Thai,or Iraqi-marshland thimbles. Serious collectors often favor themore rare scrimshawed whale-bone, horn, vegetable ivory,porcelain, English bone china, orkeepsake gold thimbles set withmoonstones, cinnabar, diamonds,rubies, or sapphires. People whocollect thimbles are called dig-itabulists.

Over time, the humble thim-ble has become an integral part ofour culture. Perhaps it once meas-ured ale, brandy, or ginger wine,leading to phrases like “a thimble-ful of talent” or “a thimbleful ofcommon sense”. And of course,the thimble has been a favoriteMonopoly token since 1935. Hm

— Melody Amsel-Arieli

Philadelphia–Baltimore–New Jersey area; and the Midwest, centered on Pittsburgh.

Using a machine to press cupplates allowed for standardizationand inexpensive creation. Theglass press was developed byAmericans in the mid-1820s andimproved quickly throughout thedecade. While early cup plateswere thick, they became thinnerby the 1830s and 1840s as thetechnology for glass pressing wasimproved. With a diameter of between approximately 2.5 and4.25 inches, pressed glass cupplates were most commonly madeof clear glass, but were also foundin colored glass, including amber,violet, blue, green, white, darkred, yellow, or gray.

To manufacture a cup plate, aworker moved the glass press nearthe furnace and carried hot glass

to the press with an iron rod. The hot glass was placed onto thecast-iron mold and a plungerpressed down to shape the cupplate. Cup plates were generallypressed upside down, so the pat-tern on the plunger shaped thebottom of the cup plate. Some-times a cap-ring was attached tothe base mold to form the cupplate’s rim and keep a uniformthickness for each pressing. Themold was flipped over to releasethe cup plate, which was thencooled slowly in another furnace.

Cup plates first went out of usein the households of Easternurban areas, remaining in use inrural areas into the 1850s and1860s. Hm

— Barbara B. Strickland

Volume 17 Number 1

October/November 2015PUBLISHER & EDITOR

Edward [email protected]

ASSOCIATE PUBLISHERRick Cree

[email protected]

FREELANCE EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Lianna LaLiberte

PRODUCTION & DESIGNJ-Mac Images

Marianne Reitsma

ADVERTISING & READER SERVICES Jeannette Cox

[email protected]

OFFICE MANAGERJennifer Cree

[email protected]

Published by Moorshead Magazines Ltd.82 Church St. S., Suite 101Ajax, ON L1S 6B3 Canada

(905) 239-0113

Postal Information — Canada Publications Mail Agreement

No. 40062922.

Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to:

History Magazine, Circulation Dept. 82 Church St. S., Suite 101Ajax, ON L1S 6B3 Canada.

E-mail: [email protected]

Postal Information — United StatesPostmaster send address corrections to

History Magazine,PO Box 194, Niagara Falls, NY 14304.

E-mail: [email protected]

ISSN 1492-4307 © 2015 Moorshead Magazines Ltd.

SUBSCRIPTIONSHistory Magazine is published six times

a year (Feb/Mar, Apr/May, Jun/Jul,Aug/Sep, Oct/Nov, Dec/Jan).

Subscription rates: US (US funds) or Canada (CDN funds)

1 year (6 issues) $30.95, 2 years (12 issues) $53.95,

Canadian purchasers please add GST/HST(GST# 139340186 RT).

Quebec residents add 8.5% QST.

We welcome the submission of articles forpublication. Please address e-mail proposalsto [email protected]. We will alwayscontact people who submit articles, but thereview process may take several weeks. Au-

thors’ notes are available on request.

Toll-Free Subscription Line: 1-888-326-2476Printed in Canada

www.history-magazine.comHM97


OR

GA

NIZ

ED

CR

IME

If you’re going to get wiped out by the mob, you might as well becomfortable, at your girlfriend’s swanky Beverly Hills home, relaxing on the living room sofa. Benjamin “Bugsy” Siegel wouldhave agreed. On 20 June 1947, as the lady-killer was reading theLos Angeles Times, a spray of bullets from a .30-caliber military

M1 carbine were fired through a window.

of The Hollywood Reporter.) Ormaybe he was killed in a mob warover control of California’s sportsbetting wire service. Or maybe hewas bumped off, at age 41, be-cause he was involved in a lovetriangle with Virginia Hill and aChicago mobster.

Some 65 years later, the legendand legacy of Benjamin “Bugsy”Siegel still lives on. His story, aswell as those of his gal pal Hill,

LAS VEGASAND THE MOBALAN W. PETRUCELLI VISITS THEFIRST-CLASS NATIONAL MUSEUM OF ORGANIZED CRIME AND LAW ENFORCEMENT AND DISCOVERSTHEY REVEAL (ALMOST) EVERYTHING

The killer had an eye for a goodshot. An autopsy revealed that twobullets entered the back of Bugsy’sskull, exiting through an eye,causing the left eyeball to pop outand fly across the room. (Policelater found the eyeball.) Four ofthe nine shots fired that night de-stroyed a white marble statue ofBacchus on a grand piano, andthen lodged in a wall. The actualcause of death was a cerebralhemorrhage.

No one was charged withBugsy’s murder; the crime re-mains officially unsolved, thoughmost people believe ex-mobsterEddie Cannizzaro, on request byMeyer Lansky, did the deadlydeed. Or maybe Bugsy was killedbecause he skimmed $6 millionduring his reign at Las Vegas’Flamingo Hotel. (Bugsy did notconceive the Flamingo Hotel, but took over the project fromWilliam Wilkerson, the publisher

The former federal building and US PostOffice in downtown Las Vegas that nowhouses The Mob Museum. Built back in1933, it was repurposed and restoredback to its original look to make wayfor the Museum. The Mob Museum

On 20 June 1947, as the lady-killer wasreading the Los Angeles Times, a sprayof bullets from a .30-caliber military M1carbine were fired through a window.From the Collection of Alan W. PetrucelliBugsy in the morgue; Jewish traditioncalls for the deceased to have cottonplaced over the eyes. From the Collection of Alan W. Petrucelli


and scores of other infamousmonsters and mobsters — AlCapone, Charles “Lucky” Luciano,Frank “Lefty” Rosenthal, MeyerLansky, John Gotti, Sam Gian-cana, Frank Costello, AnthonySpilotro, Albert Anastasia, JosephBonanno, Moe Dalitz and WhiteyBulger — is played out and ondisplay in Las Vegas’ renowned30,000 square-foot National Mu-seum of Organized Crime andLaw Enforcement. The Mob Mu-seum (as it is called, even by theemployees, since the name is considered “too wordy”) takes abold, daring and sometimes dis-turbing look at some of thebiggest, baddest names and thecourageous lawmen who foughtthem. (Signage warns visitors justwhen the displays start getting really bloody . . . and really scary.)

Other kinds of mobs, touristsfrom all over the world, as well aslaw enforcement agents and or-ganized crime figures and theirfamily members (including Henry

Hill, Frank Culotta, Andrew Di-Donato, Vinnie “The Animal”Ferrara, Tony Montana, MichaelFranzese and Meyer Lansky II)have made the award-winningMob Museum the largest museumdedicated to the story of the mobin the country... a most arrestingvisit that’s as educational as it isentertaining. “We are dedicated to the contentious relationshipbetween organized crime and lawenforcement within the historicalcontext of Las Vegas and the en-tire United States,” says JonathanUllman, Executive Director andCEO of The Mob Museum. “Wewant to entertain and educate vis-itors. Many people may not knowhow rich the history of battlingcrime and law enforcement is inour country. We want everyone toknow that crime still impacts us ...cyber crimes, wiretapping, moneylaundering, human trafficking,drug cartels and kidnapping.”

This isn’t a one-sided look atthe Mob: Besides the baddies,

there are displays and exhibits onthe star lawmen including HarryAnslinger, Eliot Ness, Elmer Irey,J. Edgar Hoover, Thomas Dewey,Carey Estes Kefauver, EuniceCarter, The Honorable DonnaFitzsimmons and Rudy Giuliani.

BUGSY STARTED IT ALLLas Vegas was a profitable play-ground for American organizedcrime in the 1950s; it’s been re-ported that the Mob had about$300 million invested in the city by1962. Organized crime played acritical role in the growth of mod-ern Las Vegas," explains GeoffSchumacher, the Museum’s Direc-tor of Content. “In the 1930s, LasVegas was still a small community.It had started as a railroad townfueled by gold and silver mining inother parts of Nevada, then saw aboost from the construction ofHoover Dam. During World WarII, it had experienced significantgrowth thanks to military and in-dustrial development, but after

A mix of authentic and replicated weapons used by Mobsters, as well as the evidence book the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department put together for the bombing of Frank “Lefty” Rosenthal’s car at Tony Roma’s restaurant. Jim Decker/The Mob Museum

LEFT: After 16 years at large and 12 years on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list, Bulger was arrested in Santa Monica, California, on 22 June 2011. From the Collection of Alan W. Petrucelli RIGHT: Virginia Hill was played by Annette Bening and herreal-life husband Warren Beatty played Benjamin “Bugsy” Siegel in the 1991 film Bugsy. From the Collection of Alan W. Petrucelli


OR

GA

NIZ

ED

CR

IME the war, it wasn’t clear what was

next for Las Vegas. This is whenkey Mob figures recognized anopportunity to generate consider-able income from building casi-nos here. The Mob had illegalgambling clubs all over the coun-try, but they were under increas-ing pressure from governmentand law enforcement to shut themdown. But in Las Vegas, the Mobknew they could operate legally,so that’s where they shifted theirinvestments. This all started withthe Flamingo Hotel, built prima-rily by Bugsy Siegel. It opened in1946, and continued with theThunderbird, Desert Inn, Sands,Riviera and Stardust. At that time, mainstream corporations – Wall Street essentially – wouldnot touch Las Vegas, so the Mobpretty much had the place to itself. . . for a while.”

THE MOB MUSEUM MUSCLES IN

It cost $42 million to officiallyopen the Museum which was developed by Dennis Barrie (co-creator of the International SpyMuseum and the Rock and RollHall of Fame) and is governed by

a non-profit board, headed byEllen Knowlton, former FBI Special Agent in Charge, Las Vegas Division, and a 24-year FBIveteran.

Raising the millions wasn’t astough as a glare from Caponesince the Museum met city re-quirements. It would be housed in the former Las Vegas Post Of-fice and Courthouse, which wasbuilt in 1933 and is listed onthe Nevada and National Registersof Historic Places, and that thebuildings would be rehabbed foran acceptable purpose.

“We had to be true to the rootsof the city and honor it. We alsohad to be something that abidesby integrity – a world-class insti-tution,” explains Ullman, whoadds that the Museum was given

nearly $9 million in historicpreservation grants – includingfederal, state and local. “Weproved ourselves; the city gave usthe green light and final approvalcame through the city council.”Ullman says that the Museum hasvowed to pay back $6.2 million of the city’s original investment,and is on track to do so. In threeyears, they have already paid back several million... in cash, ina suitcase!

The federal courtroom is a truehighlight; this is the actual site ofthe Kefauver Committee hearingheld on 15 November 1950. Thehearings, officially the US SenateSpecial Committee to InvestigateCrime in Interstate, were held toexpose organized crime. Filmclips from the hearing are supple-mented by other footage, includ-ing rare glimpses of the defensiveVirginia Hill. The courtroom wasalso the site of a number of trialsover the years, at least a few ofwhich had organized crime ele-ments to them. (In March 1951,Time magazine reported on thecommittee’s findings, stating thatthe committee had “turned up a sinister pattern of organized

LEFT: Sit in the replica of an early electric chair. It’s not shocking, but makes a great photo op! The Mob Museum RIGHT: An interactive exhibit in which guests listen to actual government wiretap recordings of various Mobsters’ phone conversations. Jeff Green/The Mob Museum

Among some of the mobster’s personalbelongings is this pair of Bugy’s sunglasses. From the Collection of Alan W. Petrucelli


crime in the US” and evidencesuggested that such crime is “notlimited to any single communityof any single state, but occurs allover the country.”)

ASSORTED ARTIFACTSTAKE CENTER STAGE

There are more than 885 one-of-a-kind artifacts on display. Thelist boggles the mind. Among thecustomized jewelry are personalbelongings like Bugsy’s sunglassesin their original case. There’s areplica of the famous woodenelectric chair used at Sing-Sing (agreat photo-op if you’re willing totake a seat); Kosta Boda candle-sticks bought at Bloomingdale’sthat FBI agent Robert Vaccaroused to beat mobster “PeteyChops” Vicini before a second un-dercover FBI agent, Jack Garcia,was fast enough to stop the stickfrom becoming a murder weapon.There are also scores of gadgetsand gizmos that were successful inkilling and maiming. Interactivetouch screens and multi-mediapresentations take you thisclose tothe mob without having to worrythat you’re on a hit list. You canlisten to real FBI surveillancetapes and hear actual incriminat-ing evidence on wiretappingequipment and take part in FBIweapons training. There are anumber of ghastly and gory pho-tos that are essential to the moband its (mis)adventures, blood-soaked reminders that crime

never pays. There’s even a niftyHawaiian shirt that the late JamesGandolfini wore as TV MafiosoTony Soprano in The Sopranos.

An exhibit on illegal gamblingfocuses on the Black Book, achronicle of the mob’s scammingand skimming, the Gaming Con-trol Board activities and HowardHughes. There’s a chance to tryyour hand (and eyesight) and“shoot” a simulated Tommy gunwhile target silhouettes keep youcompany. Another fascinating dis-play: two race wires, created toprovide quick, reliable informa-tion on horse races to bookmak-ers around the country. The wireservices provided information on track conditions, jockeys,scratches, post times and other information that bettors and

bookies could benefit from know-ing. There were two competingwire services – Continental, oper-ated by Chicago gangster JamesRagan, and Trans America, whichwas controlled by the ChicagoOutfit (and, by extension, the national mob syndicate). Siegel’stask was to convince Westernbookmakers to subscribe to TransAmerica rather than Ragan’s Con-tinental service. It took him awhile, but Siegel ultimately gainedcontrol of the race wires in California, Arizona and Nevada.However, Siegel decided he wantedthe wire profits all to himself, an-gering syndicate bosses who ex-pected to get their fair share. Onetheory behind his murder in 1947is that it was a result of the battleover the race wire.

One of several interactive exhibits within the Museum; guests have an opportunityto shoot a Tommy gun using this simulator. From the Collection of Alan W. Petrucelli(top); The Mob Museum (bottom).

Robert Vaccaro used Kosta Boda can-dlesticks to beat “Petey Chops” Vicini;undercover FBI agent Jack Garcia wasfast enough to stop the murder. From theCollection of Alan W. Petrucelli


OR

GA

NIZ

ED

CR

IME There’s even a movie theater

whose six-minute loop focuses onthe men and the mobsters fromthe big screen, including The God-father, Goodfellas, Casino, DonnieBrasco, Bugsy, American Gangster,White Heat, The Public Enemy,Scarface and Little Caesar.

THE MUSEUM’S STAR ATTRACTIONS

The Museum owns a large major-ity of the artifacts, obtained eitherthrough purchases or donations;a few are on loan for display for aset period of time.

The first signature attraction ofthe museum is on the third floor(where the self-guided tour be-gins) –- the actual brick wall fromthe St. Valentine’s Day Massacre.(It’s not a coincidence The MobMuseum officially opened on 14February 2012.)

On 14 February 1929, AlCapone decided to eliminatethose rivals associated with theIrish gangster George “Bugs”Moran, one of Capone’s longtimeenemies. In a garage on Chicago’sNorth Side, seven of Moran’s menwere shot to death by severalmembers of Capone’s South SideItalian gang dressed as policemen.The crime was never officiallylinked to Capone, but he is gener-ally considered to have been re-sponsible for the murders.

What’s as fascinating as seeingthe actual wall (hidden behind

VISIT THE MUSEUM300 Stewart Avenue

Las Vegas, Nevada 89101

HOURS OF OPERATION

September-JuneDaily 10 a.m.-7 p.m.

July-AugustSunday-Thursday 10 a.m-7 p.m.

Friday & Saturday 10 a.m.-9 p.m.

For single or group tickets or other information, call (702) 229-2734

or visit themobmuseum.org.

On 25 October 1957, Anastasia enteredthe barber shop at Manhattan’s ParkSheraton, ready for a haircut. Instead, his driver parked the car in an under-ground garage and took a walk out-side, leaving Anastasia unprotectedand ready to be cut down. From theCollection of Alan W. Petrucelli

Boston visitor Stephen J. Finn posing in front of the infamous brick wall against whichseven of “Bugs” Moran’s men were shot to death by several members of Al Capone’sSouth Side Italian gang on 14 February 1929. From the Collection of Alan W. Petrucelli

Lucite) is learning how the Museum acquired it.

In 1967, 38 years after the Massacre, the building that in-cluded the wall was torn downand businessman George Patey ofVancouver, Canada, bought thebricks, still full of the shells andslugs fired. The bricks had beenlettered and numbered by Patey,and throughout the next 42 years,the bricks were displayed in a variety of settings, including arestroom of a nightclub. In 2009,the Mob Museum bought thebricks, and through Patey’s let-ter/number system, was able toaccurately assemble the Wall in amanner very close to its originalformat. (Today, the wall stands 6 by 10 feet with 323 bricks ondisplay and an additional 7 instorage.) Although some brickswere sold over the years, the bulletholes remain and have, at somepoint, been “enhanced” by redpaint (no, it is not blood). Visi-tors can stick their fingersthrough holes in the Lucite andfeel the entrance of bullets!

Every few minutes, a moviescreen descends, covers the Walland documents the Massacre in ashort film, complete with actualfootage and photos of the bloodymess.

Keeping the wall company is a.38 caliber Colt Detective specialrevolver that was recovered at theMassacre. It is the only revolverdirectly related to the shootingthat is legally in private owner-ship. The gun is believed to havebeen owned by Frank Gusenberg,top gunman for the Moran gang,and is thought to have been in his overcoat pocket during theMassacre. After the shootingceased, he reportedly crawled tothe door for help, during whichtime the revolver fell out of hiscoat pocket.

Star attraction No. 2: Aturquoise hotel barber chair in which Albert Anastasia was


murdered on 25 October 1957.His bodyguard left him, a perfecttime for someone to murder theman known as “Lord High Execu-tioner”. At the time, Anastasia wasboss of the Gambino crime fam-ily, which operated a gang of hitmen and contract killers knownas Murder, Inc. Like most of the several hundred people killedby Murder, Inc., the murder ofAnastasia was never solved.

THE MOB AND TODAY’S VEGAS: WHAT ARE THE ODDS?

Does the Mob still have ties to Sin City? “Yes and no,” explainsSchumacher. “The resorts on theLas Vegas Strip are owned and operated today by either rich individuals, such as Steve Wynnand Sheldon Adelson, or huge

corporations like MGM, Caesarsand Boyd. The scale of develop-ment has far surpassed the meansof traditional organized crime.However, it would be naïve to believe that the Mob has com-pletely abandoned Las Vegas. It’slikely that Mob families and or-ganizations have financial inter-ests in certain aspects of the LasVegas cash economy. Also, weknow that transnational organ-ized crime groups are active in LasVegas, just as they are in otherlarge American cities. Humantrafficking is a significant prob-lem in Las Vegas, and interna-tional groups are behind it.”

THE MUSEUM’S WANTED LIST

Schumacher wants what he calls“one of the best sets of artifacts

This is the actual chair in which Anastasiasat, on display at The Mob Museum. From the Collection of Alan W. Petrucelli

A variety of children’s toys used as a government marketing plan to dissuade kids from getting involved in organized crimelater in life. Jeff Green/The Mob Museum


OR

GA

NIZ

ED

CR

IME

ALAN W. PETRUCELLI lovesmobsters and movie stars. His newest book is Morbid Curiosity: The Disturbing

Demises of the Famous and Infamous. This is his first piece

for History Magazine.

out there: two of the Tommy guns used in the St. Valentine’s DayMassacre. These guns are in the possession of the sheriff ’s department in Berrien County,Michigan.”

Ullmann and Schumacher wishfor the same thing: A photographof Bugsy Siegel actually in LasVegas. Both call it “something of aholy grail for Las Vegas historians,and it may not actually exist.”

The Museum has also offered anopen invitation to Siegel’s daugh-ter, Millicent, who has lived in Las Vegas for a number of years.But she has never accepted theoffer. Yet.

THE MUSEUM MOVES ONThe Museum is always expandingand changing. They frequentlyhost “Courtroom Conversations”and “Inside Stories” and booksignings by crime journalists.

The Museum now offers wed-dings; officiates able to performweddings include former Mayorof the City of Las Vegas, Oscar B.Goodman, the visionary behindthe creation of the Museum. Hemade a name for himself whileserving as legal counsel for re-puted mobsters such as MeyerLansky, Frank “Lefty” Rosenthaland Anthony Spilotro. Also avail-able to officiate weddings is former leader of the “Hole in theWall Gang” and Chicago Outfitenforcer, Frank Cullotta. Later inlife, he gave evidence against hisfriend Tony “The Ant” Spilotro.

Couples can opt for “Sleepingwith the Mob”, the ultimate MobMuseum wedding experience.This overnight package beginswith a wedding ceremony in the historic courtroom at 8 p.m.,followed by appetizers and cock-tails. It concludes at 9 a.m. thenext day with continental break-fast. In-between, the weddingparty and guests will enjoy acourtroom screening of “Casino”,

TOP: Line up for a souvenir photo if your wedding is held at The Mob Museum. The Mob Museum BOTTOM: The courtroom where one of the 14 National hearings toexpose organized crime to America took place in 1950-51. In Las Vegas, the hearing was held on 15 November 1950. Jeff Green/The Mob Museum

FURTHER READINGThe Battle for Las Vegas: The Law vs. the Mob (Huntington Press)

Benjamin “Bugsy” Siegel: The Gangster, the Flamingo, andthe Making of Modern Las Vegas(Praeger)

The Las Vegas Chronicles: The Inside Story of Sin City, Celebrities,Special Players and FascinatingCasino Owners (Scotline Press)

When the Mob Ran Vegas: Storiesof Money, Mayhem and Murders(MJF Books)

a midnight Museum ScavengerHunt, a courtroom slumber partyfor up to 50 guests and a souvenirlineup photo.

A shotgun wedding is promised. . . not to happen. Hm

Order Online: www.history-magazine.com

LOOKING FOR BACK ISSUESOF HISTORY MAGAZINE?

Looking for Volumes 9 through 16 of History Magazine on CD? The complete collection includes all the articles from Oct/Nov 2007 to Aug/Sept

2015. Each issue comes as a separate PDF file and you get the same articles as in the printed magazine. The best part is, you don’t have to worry

about storing those paper issues!

BEST DEAL! GET ALL EIGHT ON ONE CD: $80!

USA Orders Canadian Ordersq Volume 9 (6 issues on CD) at $15 US q Volume 9 (6 issues on CD) at $15 CDN + GST*q Volume 10 (6 issues on CD) at $15 US q Volume 10 (6 issues on CD) at $15 CDN + GST*q Volume 11 (6 issues on CD) at $15 US q Volume 11 (6 issues on CD) at $15 CDN + GST*q Volume 12 (6 issues on CD) at $15 US q Volume 12 (6 issues on CD) at $15 CDN + GST*q Volume 13 (6 issues on CD) at $15 US q Volume 13 (6 issues on CD) at $15 CDN + GST*q Volume 14 (6 issues on CD) at $15 US q Volume 14 (6 issues on CD) at $15 CDN + GST*q Volume 15 (6 issues on CD) at $15 US q Volume 15 (6 issues on CD) at $15 CDN + GST*q Volume 16 (6 issues on CD) at $15 US q Volume 16 (6 issues on CD) at $15 CDN + GST*q Best Deal! 8 Vols. on One CD $80 US q Best Deal! 8 Vols. on One CD $80 CDN + GST*Payment by: q Check (enclosed) Charge my Credit Card: q Visa q MasterCard*Canadian residents please add applicable GST/HST. Quebec residents add 9.5% QST.

Card Number____________________________________________ Expiry Date _____ /_______

Signature_______________________________________________Note: Your credit card charge will appear as Magazin 1-888-326-2476. (Transactions are processed through our Canadian office.)

First Name_________________________________ Last Name ________________________________________

Address___________________________________________________________________________ City_____________________

State/Prov. _________ Zip/Postal Code __________ Phone Number__________________________ GST# 139340186 RT

•Phone Toll-Free 1-888-326-2476. Please have your Visa or MasterCard ready.•Mail to History Magazine, PO Box 194, Niagara Falls, NY 14304 (from USA)

History Magazine, 82 Church St. S., Suite 101, Ajax, ON L1S 6B3 (from Canada)

IncludesShipping!

NEW! VOLUME 16

Please allow three to six weeks for delivery.

$15EACH

INCLUDESSHIPPING!

Visit www.history-magazine.com or call toll free 1-888-326-2476!

Bone-chilling Tales ofMurder and Mayhem!

History Magazine’s Outlaws & Villains is a collection of previously published articles chronicling some of America’s most

notorious characters. Read about outlaws like Butch Cassidy and JesseJames or gangsters such as Al Capone and Bonnie & Clyde. Come face-to-

face with cold-blooded killers like Lizzie Borden and Herman Mudgett, or experience the desolate and dangerous Alcatraz Prison.

Order Outlaws & Villains today; IF YOU DARE!

Only $7.95! (plus $2.50 shipping)*56-pages, magazine format

*Canadian orders are subject to applicable taxes.

Order Today!

Only $7.95!

Cover and contents subject to change


AM

ER

ICA

NIN

DIA

NS

The employment of Indian scout units in the post-Civil War erawas part of a long tradition. New England colonists employedthe Mohegans in their wars against the Pequots in the 1630s andduring King Philip’s War (1675-78). During the French and In-dian War (1754-63), British and French used Indians to aug-

ment their scanty numbers of European troops. The practice continuedduring the American Revolution, as well as in the contest between thenewly independent United States and the Indians of the Northwest. In theWar of 1812, the English enlisted the Shawnee and Creek. In turn, theAmericans used Choctaws, Cherokee and Creeks to counter the pro-British Indian menace. In the 19th century, the trend continued: the Semi-nole Wars (1816-1858) saw the US Army using Creeks; in the Northwest,

the Nez Perce helped the Army;while the Pueblos served againstthe Navajos of New Mexico and the Jicarilla Apache of southernColorado. In the late 1850s, the US military hunted the Comanchein Kansas and Oklahoma with warriors from the Tonkawa andShawnee tribes.

The military use of Indians wasat the sole discretion of the officerin charge of the operation, but theadvent of the Civil War wouldchange the intermittent and hesi-tant pattern of cooperation betweenthe Indians and the US Army.

Taking up the defense of the Westduring the Civil War were volun-teer forces commanded, for themost part, by officers as ignorant ofthe military profession as theirnewly-raised and ill-trained re-cruits. These ad-hoc units, nor-mally composed of local frontiermilitia, needed experienced scoutsand guides to aid them in master-ing the conditions of Indian cam-paigning. As a result, the Civil Waryears saw a new emphasis on theuse of Indian allies.

The first serious outbreak of Indian trouble occurred with theescalating tension with the Navajosand Apaches in the Southwest. TheArmy’s response was increased re-cruitment of Indians to counter thethreat from these hostile tribes. Themilitary’s drive against the Indianswas led by the ruthless, capable andexperienced Brigadier GeneralJames H. Carlton, and seconded bythe old scout and frontiersmanChristopher “Kit” Carson. Aftersubduing the Mescalero Apache,Carlton crushed the resistance of-fered by the Navajos, using largenumbers of Ute Indians, first asscouts, then as active combatants.

WOLVES FOR THE BLUE 1865 - 1890 ARNOLD BLUMBERG LOOKS AT THELONG HISTORY OF INDIAN SCOUTSAND AUXILIARIES WHO FOUGHTWITH THE UNITED STATES ARMY

Warm Spring Indian Scouts in the field1872-1873, photo by Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904). Public domain,from the Photography Collection, Miriamand Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Printsand Photographs, New York, NY


AM

ER

ICA

NIN

DIA

NS In 1864, Carlton turned his

attention to the Comanche andKiowa who menaced the Santa FeTrail, the Army’s main line of com-munication to the Eastern UnitedStates. With the aid of Ute and Jicarilla Apache, he campaignedagainst the Kiowa in Texas. The re-sult was a stalemate, but credit wasgiven to his Indian scouts for theirperformance in finding and fight-ing the enemy. In the meantime, inArizona Territory, which was beingravaged by the Apache, Carltonstrengthened the white defendersthere with friendly contingents ofPaggo, Pima, and Maricopa Indianvolunteers.

On the Great Plains of westernMinnesota and the Colorado territory, and in Nebraska andKansas, the war years saw a dra-matic rise in Sioux and Cheyennedepredations against white settle-ments and immigrant travelers.Bloody battles between the Armyand the Sioux in Minnesota and theDakotas were fought between 1862and 1864. Regular US Army officerssuch as Brigadier General AlfredSully conducted a number of cam-paigns against the Sioux and theirallies in the Dakotas during thistime. Although these efforts wereless than decisive, experienced sol-diers admitted the necessity of including Native Americans in anypunitive expeditionary force.

When the responsibility for se-curing the American West returnedto the hands of the Regular Army in1866, the integration of Indiansinto the US military establishmentcontinued. The old practice of em-ploying Indians on occasional hit-or-miss fashion changed. Instead,the US Government made Indianscouts, in theory, regular soldiers,with their employment guided byproportionality of need.

This regularization of Indian scouts as part of the US militarystarted with the Army ReorganizationAct of 1866. Indian scouts were to

receive regular Army pay of $13.00a month, and equipped as cavalry-men; but they were regarded as soldiers only in a temporary orprovisional sense. The Act had thefurther advantage of keeping thecost of the newly formed 54,000man US Army down by providingit with a body of fighters (the In-dian scouts) which would not onlyadd to the effectiveness of the regu-lar force, but could be terminatedat will.

The Army’s reception to the new protocol was mixed. In the Department of Columbia (Oregon,Washington, and Idaho), the mili-tary commanders baulked at theenlistment of 100 Indian scouts tooperate independently of the Army;but this proved to be an imaginaryproblem since, during their exis-tence from 1866-67, the Indiansworked in conjunction with theregular forces under LieutenantColonel George Crook.

As the Indian troubles increasedin the late 1860s, more and moreArmy district leaders turned to In-dians as reliable allies in the fightagainst “hostiles”. Colonel PhilipRegis de Trobriand, head of the district along the upper MissouriRiver in Dakota Territory in May1868, recruited warriors of the“Three Tribes” (Arikara, Mandanand Hidatsa) to combat the Sioux.Although examples of American-Indian cooperation, like thoseforged by Crook and de Trobriand,

proved their worth, the scout de-tachments did not turn out to bethe equivalent of British or French“irregular” or “native” cavalryfound in those nation’s colonies.The Indian scouts (about 700 authorized, and hundreds more informally enlisted by local fieldcommanders by 1877) continued tobe temporary collections of Indiansmustered in for a particular need,and dispensed with when theirservices were no longer required.This lack of continuity was accen-tuated by the fact that the scout officers were on temporary assign-ment from regular cavalry and in-fantry regiments. Under thoseconditions, no battle ready perma-nent Indian formations attached to the Army were possible to main-tain.

From the passage of the Act of1866 on, the role of Indian scoutsexpanded in proportion to that ofthe rest of the US Frontier Army.However, the universal agreementof the usefulness of the scouts didnot conceal serious differences ofopinion on the actual role theseauxiliaries should play on cam-paigns and in combat. Officers likeBrigadier General August Kautzopinioned that one Indian scoutcompany was of more value thansix regular white cavalry compa-nies. Kautz’s judgment was basedon the fact that the small size of the Regular Army in the West, and its inexperience in fighting Indians, magnified the need for Indian allies and their expertise. Onthe other hand, combat hardenedofficers such as Lieutenant DavidMcDonald, leading an all-Indiandetachment against the Apache in1882, recorded his distrust of hiscommand after he barely survivedan Indian ambush. McDonald sus-pected not only the reliability ofthe Indians he led, but also theirbravery in the face of the enemy. Hewas particularly critical of theirtracking skills. A highly successful

Observation by soldiers and IndianScouts before the Battle of Big Dry Wash,1882. Public domain, Wikimedia Commons,picture created before 1923


Indian fighter like General GeorgeCrook, who used Indian auxiliariesextensively, and, when possible, Indians from the same tribe he wasfighting, questioned the honesty of Indian scouts. He stated that,“you cannot always be sure that anIndian is telling you the truth. Butif you make it to the Indian’s inter-est to tell the truth, you get correctinformation”.

American military men were alsodivided on the effectiveness of Indians in combat. To many, thecourage and discipline of the scoutswas poor since they rarely displayedthat measure of obedience and unquestioning self-sacrifice de-manded and expected from Regu-lars. Lieutenant Powhatan Clarke,serving in Arizona in 1890, notedthat Indian scouts felt standing upand letting one be shot at was a signof insanity. The report of the Inspector General’s Office dealingwith Indian scouts in the Depart-ment of Arizona in 1877 reflectedwhat many frontier Army officersfelt when it stated that “…they[Indians] make good and efficientsoldiers when they act with white troops – alone they are notreliable…”

The use, and need, for Indianscouts also struck a racial nerve inthe Army. Lieutenant GeneralPhilip H. Sheridan, commander ofthe Department of the Missouri,spoke for many officers when hedeclared that although scouts wereof great value, “Soldiers should

possess the attributes of civilizedmen… They [Indians] do not possess stability or tenacity of purpose”.

Pride was another factor in theattitude of many army officers toward Indian scouts. Allowingthem to fight alongside the militarymight come to be interpreted tomean that regular white troopswere not up to the job of combat-ing “hostiles” without the aid of Indians. This could lead to a decline in army morale and effec-tiveness according to LieutenantGeneral William T. Sherman, headof the Western Department justafter the Civil War. In 1881, hewrote on the subject of letting Indian scouts join in combat withtheir white comrades. To Sherman,scouts should be restricted toscouting, leaving the actual fightingto the white troops because “Themorale effect will be bad if we haveto get Indians to whip Indians”.

The primary responsibility of In-dian scouts was to find the enemy.In a vast country, one had to locaterelatively small numbers of fastmoving enemy. Reconnaissanceunder frontier conditions assumeda special importance requiring particular skill. The opponent’s location, numbers, and intentionswere all vital intelligence. The Indi-ans understood the value of scout-ing. The Plains Indians used theword “wolf ” to denote both a scoutas well as the animal. Crow Indianscompared the scout with the wolf

because to them “A scout was like alone wolf that must be looking,looking, looking, all the time”.

Following the trail of an enemy,i.e., tracking, was a skill Indian boyslearned at a young age while train-ing for war and the hunt. It in-cluded the ability to estimatenumbers, to reckon how long aparty had passed a particular spot,determine the make-up of thegroup being pursued, and allowedfor the stealthy approach of the sol-diers in preparation for an attack.A good example of these points isfound in Crook’s November 1876Powder River Country Campaignin Wyoming at the Battle of DullKnife Fight.

Employing 1,500 regular armyinfantry and cavalry, and 360 Indians, the Bluecoats were in-formed by their Indian scouts of a large Cheyenne village on the Red Fork of the Powder River. TheArmy column was guided throughnarrow and difficult canyons dur-ing a grueling night approachmarch by the scouts while other Indians kept watch on the Indiancampsite, neutralized the villageguards, and relayed reports back tothe advancing soldiers of the stateof preparedness of the village. Dur-ing the ensuing battle on the 25th,the scouts, who made up a third ofthe attacking force, rushed in andcaptured the encampment andthen, with the rest of the command,engaged in an all-day gun battlewith their adversaries until theCheyenne withdrew.

Most army officers agreed thatscouts – like the Crows – were theequal to whites when it came to afirefight, especially when allowed toact individually. But they were alsoeffective while fighting in othermodes. At the engagement at PlumCreek on 17 August 1867 in Nebraska, 50 scouts from MajorFrank North’s Pawnee Scout battal-ion routed 150 opposing Cheyenne,killing 20 during a mounted chargeApache Scouts at Ft. Apache, Arizona Territory, circa 1880s. Public domain


AM

ER

ICA

NIN

DIA

NS

across a bridge over Plum Creek. In hand-to-hand combat, the Crowand Shoshone were acknowledgedas the best and bravest.

Officers in charge of Indianscouts had to make special effortsto cross cultural and language bar-riers in order to establish personalauthority over their men. The whiteofficer had to learn on the job, usegood sense and his ability to adapt.He had to possess physical courage.Additionally, Indians rejected use-less waste of life, and a leader whoignored this would lose the respectand confidence of his Indians, thusjeopardizing the unit’s fightingability. Conforming to the Indianway of war was a powerful means of connecting with the scouts. Following this precept, regulars likeCrook “made his Indian auxiliaries,

as “some white dare-devil of a fron-tiersman of the Wild Bill genus” areprominent in accounts of Indiancampaigns. He was a guide and interpreter. Their value was theirknowledge of the country, expert-ise in tracking, and ability to com-municate with the Indians. Theyadvised the officer in charge and at times would command on their own.

During the Indian Wars of the19th century, many Indian tribescontributed scouts to the US Army.The Apache, Shoshone, Arapahoe,and Sioux were among them, butthe most outstanding was arguablythe Pawnees due to their long andloyal service. The Pawnee Scoutssprung from the Pawnee tribe of central Kansas and northern Nebraska. Continually harried bytheir Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapa-hoe neighbors, the Pawnee weredriven into an uneasy relationshipwith the whites. In 1864, frustratedby its inability to combat the elu-sive nomadic tribes on the GreatPlains, the Army enlisted a com-pany of Pawnee, with Frank Northas it’s second in command, to act asguides and scouts. North soonraised his own Pawnee scout com-pany. The 24-year-old native ofOhio had come to Nebraska in1850 and his friendship with thePawnee tribe was cemented by hisgenuine regard for them and hisfluency in their language. Tall, thin,unassuming and likable, the asth-matic North was recognized by thePawnees as a brave and talentedwar leader.

North enlisted two types of re-cruits: a group of warriors called“Boys” whose main occupation wasthe pursuit of war and adventure;the second were students taught atthe Indian agency school. Credibleservice by the Pawnee in 1865-66prompted the Army to allow Northto enlist a four company battalionof Pawnee Scouts, giving North therank of major. The 200-man unit

not soldiers, but more formidableIndians.” Further, a good officer ofscouts, like Crook, consulted withand took advice from his scouts onmatters of strategy and tactics.

Scout commanders were gener-ally Regular US Army lieutenantsand captains. Many were in theirthirties or older due to slow pro-motion in the post-Civil War army.Charles B. Gatewood, one of themost experienced scout officers wasa forty-three-year-old first lieu-tenant when he died in 1896. Theprospect of acting independentlyand having responsibility beyondhis lowly rank prompted manyyoung officers to join scout units.

Not all white leaders of scoutswere army officers. Civilian scoutsand “chiefs of scouts” like Lieu-tenant Augustus Tassin, described

Photograph of White Swan in 1898, one of six Crow Scouts for George ArmstrongCuster’s 7th Cavalry in the 1876 campaign against the Sioux and NorthernCheyenne. Photo by Frank A. Rinehar. Public domain


ARNOLD BLUMBERG, an

attorney residing in Baltimore, Maryland, is the

author of “When Washington Burned: An Illustrated

History of the War of 1812” (Casemate Publishers,

2012). A “Fellow by Courtesy” with the Classics

Department of the John Hopkins University, he is

a regular contributor to numerous military history

journals and magazines.

was officered by civilian scouts, including North’syounger brother, Luther. During 1867, the battalionpatrolled the line of the Union Pacific Transconti-nental Railroad from central Nebraska to southeast-ern Wyoming, skirmishing with raiding parties andrecovering stolen railroad property.

In 1869, the battalion under North joined MajorEugene Carr’s expedition against the Cheyenne onthe Republican River in southern Nebraska. Thecampaign reached its climax with the July 11th Battle of Summit Springs, Colorado near the SouthPlatte River. After a mounted cavalry charge, with thePawnee leading the assault, the Cheyenne were defeated, their camp destroyed and 52 Indians killed.It was a blow the Southern Cheyenne never recov-ered from. For his part in the action at SummitSprings, Traveling Bear – one of the Pawnee Scouts –received the United States Congressional Medal of Honor.

The 1876 Sioux War saw North raise a 100-manPawnee Scout Company. Under Crook, they did wellat the Battle of Red Fork.

The record of Indian scouts in US service duringthe last third of the 19th century is impressive. Mostof the 140 fights with “hostiles” in 1868 involved Indian scouts. In the 1870s, especially in the Apachecampaigns, scouts were often the only troops en-gaged on the Army’s side; on many occasions, onlyone white officer or civilian was present. Other times,less than a dozen Regulars and the same number ofIndian scouts were involved; sometimes the scoutsfought the enemy under their own leaders withoutany direction from whites. Of the ten engagementsin 1882, seven involved Indian scouts while one involved only Indian auxiliaries. Three years later,eleven combats were reported, seven listed as including the participation of scouts, and four wherescouts were the only force representing the Army.The 1885 Geronimo Campaign, when 5,000 UStroops were employed, saw the scouts make a majorcontribution to the Army’s victory over that storiedIndian chief. Hm

space after title

GuaranteeIf History Magazine fails to meetyour needs, you are entitled to a refund on all unmailed copiesfor any reason or no reason. Anyrefund will be made promptlyand cheerfully. However, we donot issue refunds for amountsless than $5.00.

DeliveryOnce we receive your order, weprocess it immediately. The stan-dard delivery time is 4-6 weeks. Ifyou order your new subscriptionin the first month of the issue,your subscription will start withthe current issue. For example, ifyou subscribed in June, then yourfirst issue would be the June/Julyissue. New subscriptions orderedin the latter month of an issuewill start with the following issue.For example, if you subscribed inJuly, your first issue would be theAugust/September issue.

Payment OptionsWe accept check, Money Order,PayPal, VISA and MasterCard.Please be advised that credit cardpayments are processed throughour Canadian office and someUSA credit card issuers charge aforeign transaction fee.

Gift SubscriptionsVisit our online shopping cart andmake your selection for the term ofthe subscription, and complete thenecessary ordering informationand recipient’s complete nameand mailing address in the appro-priate area of the form. You caneven enter a short message in thecomment field of the order pageand History Magazine will send acard to the gift recipient. You mayalso call our toll free number at 1-888-326-2476 ext 111 (pleasehave your VISA or MasterCardhandy).

New/Renewal SubscriptionsYour subscription expiration dateis printed just above your nameon the mailing label. To renew,you have three options:

1) Visit our online shopping cartand make your selection forthe term of the subscriptionand complete the necessaryordering information. If avail-able, enter the six digit sub-scriber code from the mailinglabel (upper left corner) in thecomment area of the orderform.

2) Call our toll free number at 1-888-326-2476 extension 111.

3) Mail a check or money order(payable to History Magazine)to our office. See the bottomof this page for USA and Canadian addresses.

Address Change, TemporaryRedirection or CancellationNotify the Circulation Depart-ment by calling 1-888-326-2476extension 111, or write to the applicable address below. Pleaseallow 3-6 weeks for your addresschange to appear on your sub-scription. USA subscribers pleasenote, the magazine will not beforwarded by the post office ifyou move, so please let us knowof your move at your earliest convenience. For temporary redi-rection of delivery, it is importantthat we have the most up-to-dateaddress and dates of redirectionon file.

History Magazine Back IssuesBack issues are available in PDFformat only. To order by phone,contact the Circulation Depart-ment toll-free at 1-888-326-2476extension 111 or visit www.history-magazine.com.

SUBSCRIBER INFORMATION

USA ADDRESS: History Magazine, PO Box 194, Niagara Falls, NY, 14304

CANADIAN ADDRESS: History Magazine, 82 Church St S, Unit 101, Ajax, ON, L1S 6B3

Toll-Free Customer Service Line: 1-888-326-2476


HIG

HW

AY

ME

N

Gilder Roy was born in Perthshire circa 1624 to a Scottish High-land family. His father died as he came of age and left him anestate of about 80 marks of annual income. Rejecting thecounsel of his friends, Roy took over management and burntthrough the estate in roughly a year and a half. He then lived

off money from his mother until his extravagancies caused her to cut himoff. In his desperation, Roy’s rejoinder was to slit his mother’s throat witha razor while she slept, loot the house, and set fire to it.

HOME TO THE HIGHLANDSAfter spending about three yearsroaming, robbing and scammingon the Continent, Roy returned toScotland and kitted himself out as ahighwayman. He performed in thiscapacity with gusto, gathered a crew of like-minded banditsaround him, and became fearedthroughout the country.

People grew reluctant to ventureonto the roads unless they traveledin large groups. In areas such asAngus, Athol, Baquahan, Lochaber,Mar, Moray, and Sutherland, Royused a two-pronged approach togenerate income: He extorted pro-tection tributes from the countrypeople by promising their safety onthe roads; in order to convincethose disinclined to pay, he drove

GILDER ROY, THE BONNIE BOYERIC BRYAN RECOUNTS THE LIFE AND TIMES OF THERENOWNED HIGHLAND HIGHWAYMAN

Roy became a wanted man in hisnative Highlands, so he escaped toFrance. In the Basilica of St. Denis,Paris, Roy attempted to rob Cardi-nal Richelieu during high Mass. Hewas spotted in the act by the kingwho was attending, and so he cre-ated a subterfuge on the spot, draw-ing the king into the “joke”. Oncethe cardinal discovered he’d beenrobbed, the king went into hyster-ics, and Roy slyly returned the

money. (A variation of this storyhas Roy stealing a gold watch froma woman sitting near him, whiledrawing her suitor into the sup-posed harmless caper.)

Spain was next on Roy’s itinerary.In Madrid, he disguised himself as aporter of the Duke of Medina-Celi,walked into the duke’s house withsome accomplices during a feast,and made off with a trunk, whichcontained valuable pieces of plate.

LEFT: A colored portrait of Gilder Roy in complete Highland outfit of kilt, sporran, sword and shield. Roy is holding a powder hornand stands beside a flowering thistle and a milestone noting 14 miles to Edinburgh. From the Walter Blaikie Collection in the National Galleries of Scotland MIDDLE: Juan Francisco de la Cerda, the 8th Duke of Medina-Celi. Roy reputedly stole a chest ofvaluable plate from Francisco’s father, Antonio de la Cerda, the 7th Duke of Medina-Celi, in Madrid. Portrait by Claudio Coello.RIGHT: Cardinal Richelieu: Possible victim of Gilder Roy in the Basilica of St. Denis. Engraved portrait by Robert Nanteuil.


Fareweel ye dungeons dark and strongFareweel, fareweel to theeMacPherson’s song will not be longUpon the gallows tree.Sae rantonly, sae wantonly,Sae dauntingly played he.He played a tune and he danced a-roon,Below the gallows tree.

It was by a woman’s treacherous handThat I was condemned to dieBelow a ledge at a window she stoodAnd a blanket she threw o’er me.Sae rantonly, sae wantonly,Sae dauntingly played he.He played a tune and he danced a-roon,Below the gallows tree.

The Laird o’Grand that Highland santThat first laid hand on meHe played the cause on Peter BronTo let MacPherson dee.Sae rantonly, sae wantonly,Sae dauntingly played he.He played a tune and he danced a-roon,Below the gallows tree.

Untie these bands from off my handsAnd gie to me my swordAn’ there’s no’ a man in all ScotlandBut I’ll brave him at a word.Sae rantonly, sae wantonly,Sae dauntingly played he.He played a tune and he danced a-roon,Below the gallows tree.

There’s some come here to see me hang,And some to buy my fiddleBut before that I do part wi’ herI’ll brak her thro’ the mdidleSae rantonly, sae wantonly,Sae dauntingly played he.He played a tune and he danced a-roon,Below the gallows tree.

He took the fiddle into both his handsAnd he broke ot o’er a stoneSays, There’s na ither hand sall play on theeWhen I am dead and goneSae rantonly, sae wantonly,Sae dauntingly played he.He played a tune and he danced a-roon,Below the gallows tree.

O little did my mother thinkWhen first she cradled meThat I would turn a rovin’ boyAnd die on the gallows tree.Sae rantonly, sae wantonly,Sae dauntingly played he.He played a tune and he danced a-roon,Below the gallows tree.

The reprieve was comin’ o’er the brig o’ BanffTo let MacPherson free;But they pit the clocka quarter foreAnd hanged him to the tree.Sae rantonly, sae wantonly,Sae dauntingly played he.He played a tune and he danced a-roon,Below the gallows tree.

MACPHERSON’S FAREWELL: A HIGHWAYMAN’S SWAN SONG

James (or Jamie) MacPherson (1675-1700)was a Scottish outlaw, bornof a Highland laird and aGypsy or Tinker mother. Betrayed by one of his own men, the highwaymanis said to have writtenMacPherson’s Rant (orLament), composing thetune and lyrics in Banffprison while condemned to death and awaiting hisexecution. According to SirWalter Scott, on executionday, MacPherson playedthe song on his viol frombeneath the gallows to the gathered crowd.

The following version waswritten by Robert Burns,partially based on the origi-nal. The final stanza refersto the supposed treacheryof the Banff officials who,upon seeing a messengerin the distance, apparentlycarrying a pardon forMacPherson, pushed the church clock ahead 15 minutes in order to execute the outlaw beforethe rider could reach them.

LEFT: A 1670 etching (detail) of Edinburgh by Wenceslas Hollar. Some of the buildings depicted were demolished in 1650 byCromwell, so the etching was likely made from a pre-1650 drawing. On the common at the foot of Edinburgh Castle stands afour-point gibbet. RIGHT: “Crowd by a Gibbet” by Thomas Rowlandson. Tradition has it that Roy’s band abducted and hanged ajudge on such a four-point gibbet; remains of Roy’s men swung from the gibbet’s other three points, men whom the judge hadcondemned to die.


HIG

HW

AY

ME

N

off their cattle.One of Roy’s early highway victims

was the Earl of Linlithgow. The“knight of the road” relieved the earlof a diamond ring, a gold watch, andeighty gold pieces. More high-profileprey came in the form of OliverCromwell. Cromwell sailed from Donaghadey, Ireland to Portpatrick,Scotland. Roy was prowling Gallowaywhen he heard Cromwell had landed.

Gilder Roy, on his own, ambushedCromwell and his two servants on theroad to Glasgow. Cromwell, seeing theodds were in his favor, refused thehighwayman’s demands, and the op-ponents broke into a firefight for almost fifteen minutes. Roy then fled, and Cromwell’s party pursued for nearly half an hour.

Roy turned about and shotCromwell’s horse from under him,breaking the rider’s leg, and put a bul-let through the skull of one of his ser-vants. Roy reportedly sent Cromwellpacking on an ass, with his legs tiedagainst the beast’s body. (Another ver-sion of this account replaces Cromwellwith an anonymous “gentlemen”, witha similar outcome.)

As his triumphs mounted, Roy grewmore confident, and more depraved.Beyond highway robbery, Roy and hisbanditti began to murder those whoresisted, and to set ablaze the homesof those who had slighted him.

THE BALLAD OF GILDER ROYThere are several versions of “The Ballad of Gilder Roy” which vary in the number of stanzas and details of language. Here follows a modernization of the ballad, which also leaves out several stanzas:

Gilderoy was a bonny boy, had roses on his shoon,His stockings made of the finest silk, his garter hanging down;It was a comely sight to see, he was so trim a boy,He was my joy and heart’s delight - my handsome Gilderoy.

O such a charming eye he had, his breath sweet as a rose,He never wore a Highland plaid but costly silken clothes;He gained to love of ladies gay, and none to him were coy,Ah, woe is me! I mourn the day for my dear Gilderoy.

My Gilderoy, that love of thine, good faith! I’d freely bought,A wedding gown of Holland fine with silken flowers wrought;And he gave me a wedding ring, which I received with joy,No lads and lasses e’er could sing like me and Gilderoy.

While we together both did play, he kissed me o’er and o’er,Good day it was, as blithe a day as e’er I saw before;He filled my heart in every vein with love and mickle joy -But when shall I behold again my handsome Gilderoy.

‘Tis pity a man should e’er be hanged for taking women’s gear,Of for pilfering a sheep or calf, or stealing cow or mare;Had not our laws been made so strict I ne’er had lost my joy,Who was my dearest heart’s delight - my handsome Gilderoy.

At Leith they took my Gilderoy, and there God wot, they tried him,They carried him to fair Edinburgh, and there God wot, they hanged him;They hanged him up above the rest, he was so trim a boy,My only love and heart’s delight - my handsome Gilderoy.

Thus, having yielded up his breath, in a cypress he was laid,Then, for my dearest after death, a funeral I made;Above his grave a marble stone I fixed for my joy,Now I am left to weep alone for my handsome Gilderoy.

LEFT: A depiction of Edinburgh High Street in the 18th century. The ominous bulk of the Tolbooth, where three of Roy’s men wereimprisoned, is at center-right. The railings above the windows at the end of the building surrounded the execution platform.Lithograph by W and A K Johnston, 1852. RIGHT: The Basilica of St. Denis, Paris, where Roy reportedly attempted to rob CardinalRichelieu during high Mass. This lithograph by Félix Benoist shows the northern façade and apse.


to know who the judge’s hangmanhad been. To this end, he sent a letter to the ministers of state in-forming them of this fact. Thejudge’s execution and Roy’s letterpropelled the legislature to investi-gate ways to crush Gilder Roy andhis mob.

An attorney named Jennetpressed for a hang-first, judge-laterlaw to be implemented againsthighwaymen. This unjust law wasauthorized supposedly unani-mously by the government, and ledto the hanging of highwaymen onthe spot when captured, with trialssometimes held post-execution!

BETRAYALThe government offered a onethousand mark reward for theseizure of Roy. One of Roy’s mis-tresses, Margaret or Peg Cunning-ham, found the offer too tempting,and she betrayed the outlaw: Thenext time he visited her, fifty menencircled her house. When Roy

HANGING A JUDGEThree of Roy’s gang were eventuallycaptured and imprisoned in Tolbooth, Edinburgh. The outlawsescaped, but were caught again andcast into Glasgow gaol. The menwere hanged outside the city gates,their bodies left to rot where theyswung on the gallows.

Gilder Roy swore retaliation, andhe and his band exacted their re-venge in the most direct mode:They set their sights on the judgewho oversaw the proceedings of hisfallen comrades and waylaid him inhis coach on the road to Aberdeen.The brigands stripped and boundthe coachman and two footmenand drowned them in a pond. Theyrobbed the judge of all he carried,shredded the coach, and killed thefour horses, which pulled it.

Roy’s band abducted the judge toa wood, and tied him fast to a tree.Deep into the night, they carriedthe man to the gallows where theremains of Roy’s men swung. This

was a four-point gallows, with aniron hook at each end to which arope could be secured. The banditsthrew a cord over the availablehook, and hanged the judge thenand there.

Roy wasn’t satisfied with this actalone; he wanted the government

RUSTLING & RAIDING: The Border ReiversBy Eric BryanThe warring between Scotland and England fromthe 13th to the 17th century created a state ofchaos for those living in the Borders region. Armiesgobbled up food and seized provisions as theymarched through, decimating the resources of theBorders farmers. Troops sometimes burned people’shomes and murdered the inhabitants.

Out of necessity, in order to support themselvesand their families, many Borderers took up reiving.This was primarily cattle rustling, but could mean robbing in a general sense. This activity became a standard practice in the Borders, with reivers ranging from the poorest peasant to noblemen and crown officials. The reiver’s code enforced allegiance to the clan; the possessions of anyoneoutside the family were fair game.

Reivers operated only at night, where they puttheir long familiarity with the greatly varied Bordersterrain to expert use. They also favored fall and winter months for reiving due to the longer nights,the harvests having been finished, and the courtsbeing in recess.

The reivers rode hardy, unshod ponies ideallysuited to the Borders landscape, and wore a sort ofdo-it-yourself uniform. This consisted of a leather jackthat was padded and could be fitted with plates of metal armor, and a sometimes peaked steel helmet. (The latter earned reivers the nickname“Steel Bonnets”.) Reivers carried a sword, a dirk, apike and a small shield. Some were equipped with a longbow or a light crossbow; they eventually replaced these weapons with pistols.

The Border Reivers sometimes acted as im-promptu guerilla fighters during attacks or invasions.When King James VI of Scotland became KingJames I of England in 1603, he attempted to unitethe countries. New laws prohibited Borderers fromarming themselves, and limited the value of horsesthey could own to 50 shillings each.

As the Border Reivers began to lose their homes,lands, and livelihoods, some switched allegiancesand joined the King; others emigrated to England,Ireland, and America. A handful remained and succeeded in living peacefully as farmers.

The death mask of Oliver Cromwell at Warwick Castle. Cromwell was a supposed one-time victim of Gilder Roy. Both men died in 1658. Photo byChris Nyborg.


HIG

HW

AY

ME

N

realized who had informed on him, he raced into Margaret’sbedchamber and murdered her with a knife.

When the men advanced, Roy fought like a mad devil, killingeight of them. But he was overcome, captured, and taken to Edinburgh Castle. They put him in chains and threw him intothe dungeon, without food or water for three days. Then, deprived of a trial, he was dragged under heavy guard to Edinburgh’s market cross, and hanged from a thirty-foot highgallows. Shortly thereafter, the authorities took down his bodyand chained it to a forty-foot high gibbet, between Edinburghand Leith. This was April 1658, Gilder Roy was thirty-four yearsold, and he’d made no confession.

There is a romantic tradition telling of other adventures of Gilder Roy and that he came from the once-outlawed ClanGregor. Soon after his death, a young woman, sympathetic toRoy, composed a ballad telling of his life’s final chapter. The ballad became famous, and lamented Gilder Roy as “bonnie”,“handsome”, “dear”, and “winsome”.

This is a far cry from how Roy is described in Catalogue of English and American chapbooks and broadside ballads in Harvard College Library: “The wonderful life of Gilder Roy, anoted murderer, ravisher, incendiary, and highwayman.” Thedetails of the truth are buried in history. Hm

ERIC BRYAN is a freelance writer originally fromBurlingame, California. His articles have appeared in many

publications in North America and the UK.

“GILDEROY”Scottish poet Thomas Campbell (1777-1844), inspired by the original ballad,composed his own lines on Gilder Roy:

The last, the fatal hour is come,That bears my love from me:I hear the dead note of the drum,I mark the gallows’ tree!

The bell has tolled; it shakes my heart:The trumpet speaks thy name;And must my Gilderoy departTo bear a death of shame?

No bosom trembles for thy doom,No mourner wipes a tear;The gallows’ foot is all thy tomb,The sledge is all thy bier.

O Gilderoy! bethought we thenSo soon, so sad to part,When first in Roslin’s lovely glenYou triumphed o’er my heart?

Your locks they glittered to the sheen,Your hunter garb was trim;And graceful was the ribbon greenThat bound your manly limb!

Ah! little thought I to deploreThose limbs in fetters bound;Or hear, upon the scaffold floor,The midnight hammer sound.

Ye cruel, cruel, that combinedThe guiltless to pursue;My Gilderoy was ever kind,He could not injure you!

A long adieu! but where shall flyThy widow all forlorn,When every mean and cruel eyeRegards my woe with scorn?

Yes! they will mock thy widow’s tears,And hate thine orphan boy;Alas! his infant beauty wearsThe form of Gilderoy.

Then will I seek the dreary moundThat wraps thy mouldering clay,And weep and linger on the ground,And sigh my heart away.

LEFT: An old drover’s road called the Thieves Road, in the Pentland Hillssouthwest of Edinburgh. It was so-named because the road becameknown for ambushes by reivers and bandits. Roy would have used suchroads and tracks for many of his strikes and getaways. Photo courtesy ofChris Heaton RIGHT: The site of the Edinburgh Mercat Cross (market cross)where Gilder Roy was executed. Photo by Kim Traynor

Uncover Your Roots With TheseGenealogy Resources!

Soft-cover magazine format publications offering great research resources and historical context!For more information on each book, visit our online bookstore at www.internet-genealogy.com.

84 PAGES

PRINT: $9.95 + $4.50 S/H

PDF: $8.50

Vol. II 68 PAGES

PRINT: $9.95 + $4.50 S/H

PDF: $8.50

68 PAGES

PRINT: $9.95 + $4.50 S/H

PDF: $8.50

84 PAGES

PRINT: $9.95 + $4.50 S/H

PDF: $8.50

84 PAGES

PRINT: $9.95 + $4.50 S/H

PDF: $8.50

84 PAGES

PRINT: $9.95 + $4.50 S/H

PDF: $8.50

84 PAGES

PRINT: $9.95 + $4.50 S/H

PDF: $8.50

Vol. I 68 PAGES

PRINT: $9.95 + $4.50 S/H

PDF: $8.50

68 PAGES

PRINT: $9.95 + $4.50 S/H

PDF: $8.50

84 PAGES

PRINT: $9.95 + $4.50 S/H

PDF: $8.50

84 PAGES

PRINT: $9.95 + $4.50 S/H

PDF: $8.50

84 PAGES

PRINT: $9.95 + $4.50 S/H

PDF: $8.50

60 PAGES

PRINT: $8.95 + $4.50 S/H

PDF: $7.50

56 PAGES

PRINT: $7.95 + $2.50 S/H

PDF: $6.50

For the History Buff!

Publications available in digital edition onlyPDF format. Adobe acrobat required. E-mail address required.

For more information on each book, visit our online bookstore at www.yourgenealogytoday.com

Soft-cover magazine format publications. For more information on each book, visit our online bookstore at www.internet-genealogy.com.

98 PAGESPDF: $8.50

56 PAGESPDF: $6.50

56 PAGESPDF: $6.50

56 PAGESPDF: $6.50

120 PAGESPDF: $14.50

Your Genealogy Today is a how-to genealogy magazine. People who are trying to discover their familyroots know that there is no “master plan” that tells you howto conduct your research. While some ancestral lines can betraced back several generations with relatively little effort,others can only be discovered after painstaking research.Your Genealogy Today recognizes that there are hundreds,maybe thousands, of different records and methods that may apply to your own research.

$29.95 Print 1 year (6 issues) (reg. $32.95)

$19.95 Digital 1 year (6 issues) (reg. $24.95)

History Magazine opens a window on the past, providing compelling stories about how our world becamethe place it is today. Written from a North American perspective, History Magazine’s articles are clear, informative and insightful and come supported by beautiful images and maps. History Magazine breatheslife into the stories of the past, telling tales of both pivotalmoments and everyday life with passion and spirit.


$19.95 Digital 1 year (6 issues) (reg. $24.95)

Internet Genealogy is your guide to successful genealogical research using the the World Wide Web. We also recognize, however, that the Internet isn’t necessarily the be all and end all of your research, so Internet Genealogy will also tell you what to do if you cannotfind the records you need and how to confirm your findings.The magazine also covers advanced genealogical methodssuch as DNA analysis, as well as software and technologyreviews, case studies, databases and other Internet-relatedfamily history topics.


$19.95 Digtial 1 year (6 issues) (reg. $24.95)

...Great Magazines, Too!

...Turn the page to order!www.history-magazine.com

www.yourgenealogytoday.com

www.internet-genealogy.com

To order online, go to www.yourgenealogytoday.com

or call toll free 1-888-326-2476 EST.

• Phone TollFree 18883262476 EST. Please have your American Express, Visa or MasterCard ready.• Mail to Internet Genealogy, PO Box 194, Niagara Falls, NY 14304 (from USA) or

Internet Genealogy, 10182 Church St S, Ajax, ON L1S 6B3 (from Canada)

Printed Books (US orders payable in US Funds and Canadian orders in Cdn Funds)

__ Tracing Your Revolutionary War Ancestors — $9.95 plus $4.50 s/h__ Tracing Your Female Ancestors — $9.95 plus $4.50 s/h__ Tracing Your Female Ancestors Vol. 2 — $9.95 plus $4.50 s/h__ Tracing Your World War 1 Military Ancestors — $9.95 plus $4.50 s/h__ Tracing Your Ancestors: Beginner’s Guide — $9.95 plus $4.50 s/h__ Tracing Your Eastern European Ancestors — $9.95 plus $4.50 s/h__ Tracing Your Irish Ancestors (2012) — $9.95 plus $4.50 s/h__ Tracing Your Colonial American Ancestors — $9.95 plus $4.50 s/h__ Tracing Your Italian Ancestors — $9.95 plus $4.50 s/h__ Tracing Your Civil War Ancestors — $9.95 plus $4.50 s/h__ Tracing Your War of 1812 Ancestors — $9.95 plus $4.50 s/h__ The History of Railroads — $9.95 plus $4.50 s/h__ Heroes & Desperados — $8.95 plus $4.50 s/h__ Outlaws & Villains — $7.95 plus $2.50 s/h

Digital Books (US orders payable in US Funds and Canadian orders in Cdn Funds. Email address required for digital subscriptions.)__ Tracing Your Revolutionary War Ancestors — $8.50 __ Tracing Your Italian Ancestors — $8.50__ Tracing Your Female Ancestors — $8.50 __ Tracing Your Female Ancestors Vol. 2 — $8.50__ Tracing Your World War 1 Military Ancestors — $8.50 __ Tracing Your Ancestors: Beginner’s Guide —$8.50__ Tracing Your Eastern European Ancestors — $8.50 __ Tracing Your Civil War Ancestors — $8.50__ Tracing Your War of 1812 Ancestors — $8.50 __ Tracing Your Colonial American Ancestors — $8.50 __ Tracing Your Irish Ancestors (2012) — $8.50 __ Tracing Your Ancestors Using Google — $6.50__ More Old Dating Old Photographs — $14.50 __ Tracing Your Irish Roots — $6.50 __ Tracing Your English and Scottish Ancestors — $6.50 __ Life During the Civil War — $8.50__ The History of Railroads — $8.50 __ Heroes & Desperados — $7.50__ Outlaws & Villains — $6.50Email: ___________________________________________________________

Magazines (US orders payable in US Funds and Canadian orders in Cdn Funds. EMail address required.)

__ Internet Genealogy OneYear PRINT Subscription — $29.95 (reg. $32.95)__ Internet Genealogy OneYear DIGITAL Subscription — $19.95 (reg. $24.95) Email: ______________________________ Your Genealogy Today OneYear PRINT Subscription — $29.95 (reg. $32.95)__ Your Genealogy Today OneYear DIGTIAL Subscription — $19.95 (reg. $24.95) Email: ____________________________ History Magazine OneYear PRINT Subscription — $28.95 (reg. $30.95)__ History Magazine OneYear DIGITAL Subscription — $19.95 (reg. $24.95) Email: _____________________________

CANADIAN RESIDENTS PLEASE NOTE:Books: Residents of NS pay 15% HST. Residents of PE pay 14% HST. Residents of ON, NB & NL pay 13% HST. Rest of Canada pay 5% GST. Orders will not be shipped if applicable taxes are not included with payment if you are unsure of what to pay, please call our toll free numberfor clarification: 18883262476. GST# 13934 0186 RT

First Name_____________________ ________________________ Last Name ______________________________________________

Address ________________________________________________________________________ City ___________________________

State/Province _________ Zip/Postal Code _________________ Phone Number ___________________________________________

Email _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

PayPal, American Express, Visa & Mastercard are accepted on our website, www.yourgenealogytoday.com

Your Credit Card will indicate MAG 8883262476. Transactions are processed through our Canadian office. Foreign transaction fees may apply.Please allow 2 to 4 weeks for delivery. We do not rent or sell our subscriber lists to outside companies.

Maximum $10 Shipping!Book Order Total: ____________

Shipping Total: ______________(As indicated or $10 maximum)

Total: ______________________

Canadian residents add GST/HST whereapplicable.

GST/HST: ___________________

Total: _________________________


CLA

SS

ICA

LH

ISTO

RY

Inspiring military minds from Napoleon Bonaparte to George S.Patton, the ancient Carthaginian commander Hannibal won forhimself a permanent place among the greatest army commandersof history. Whether leading troops armed with swords, flintlocks,or squadrons of tanks, generations of generals have looked to

Hannibal for inspiration, and dreamed of recreating his ancient mili-tary victories amid modern wars.

Hannibal was born in 247 BC inCarthage. This North African city,in what is now Tunisia, was thecapital of a rising empire thatclashed with Rome for control ofthe western Mediterranean Sea.The Roman name for the peopleof Carthage, Punici, came from

Phoenici, as Carthage had beenfounded centuries before byPhoenician settlers. Carthage andits allies held sway over a NorthAfrican empire stretching over1,500 miles from modern-dayLibya in the east through Tunisia,northern Algeria, and Morocco,

and across the Straits of Gibraltarto include about half of modernSpain and some of Portugal.

Across the Mediterranean, theexpansion of the Romans madethem the main rivals of theCarthaginians. From a small city-state, Rome had grown to take upmost of the Italian peninsula.Turning its ambitions to Sicily,Rome came into a fatal competi-tion with Carthage, which wasalso trying to add the island to itsempire. The clash over Sicily setoff the First Punic War in 264 BC.

Rome and Carthage had muchin common. Both were aggressiveregimes that grew by conqueringor forming alliances with neigh-boring lands. Neither was amonarchy; both were republicswith legislative assemblies thatelected leaders for temporaryterms in office.

Hannibal’s father, HamilcarBarca, was a talented Carthagin-ian military commander. “Barca”meant “thunderbolt”; it’s notknown whether this was a nick-name for the general, or if it was afamily name. In the seventeenthyear of the war with Rome,Hamilcar received command ofthe Carthaginian army in Sicily in247 BC. He gained much groundin Sicily, but had to abandon theisland when the Romans defeatedthe Carthaginian navy and wonthe war in 241 BC.

Hamilcar’s army was allowed toreturn home from Sicily. Carthagewas forced to submit crushinglylarge war reparations to Rome,and was unable to pay its soldiers.A mutiny by unpaid mercenariesflared into another war thatHamilcar won in 237 BC. Hamil-car’s victory brought stability to

THECARTHAGINIANCRIS I SDAVID A. NORRIS LOOKS AT HANNIBAL AND THE WAR THAT NEARLY ENDED ROME

Hannibal’s use of war elephants is wellknown. Carthaginian elephants, smaller than those shown in most old illustrations, were an extinct variety thatonce lived around the Atlas Mountainsin North Africa.


CLA

SS

ICA

LH

ISTO

RY Carthage, which resumed profit-

ing from its maritime trade. Soon,there was money enough to paythe Roman reparations and tobuild a new army.

Set between the two rival em-pires, Spain offered a source ofwealth and potential recruits for Carthage. In 237 BC, Hamilcarled a new army into Spain, andbrought with him his nine-year-old son, Hannibal.

Ancient sources tell us that

at the age of nine,

at his father’s behest,

the lad swore eternal hatred

and opposition to the Romans.

Not much else is known about

Hannibal’s early life.

Little remains of the writtenhistory and lore of the Punic civ-ilization after the ravages of warswith Rome. What we know aboutHannibal and his life comesmainly from Roman historians.His story comes filtered with attitudes of hatred toward a dan-gerous enemy, or at best, withgrudging admiration for a worthyadversary.

In 229 BC, Hamilcar was killedand his son-in-law, Hasdrubal,took over the army in Spain. Hasdrubal was assassinated in 221 BC. After his death, the soldiers proclaimed Hannibal astheir commander, and the govern-ment confirmed his appointment.

Under Hannibal, more andmore of Spain fell to Carthage. In219 BC, he captured Saguntum, a Spanish city under Roman protection. At this affront, Romedeclared war, which began the

Second Punic War. The brilliantcommander’s tactics and strategywould so dominate the conflictthat the Romans would call it theHannibalic War.

At this time, Rome did not keepa large standing army. Their le-gions were temporary units ofabout 4,200-4,800 men, recruitedduring emergencies and dis-banded when a war was over. If awar lasted longer than one year,the troops were rotated out ofservice and replaced by a newdraft. Soldiers were selected fromthe pool of men eligible for serv-ice. This depended not only onage, but economic status; the poorwere exempt from most militaryobligations.

Carthage itself had only a smallcore of an army; most of its fight-ing strength came from itscolonies and allies. Hannibalcommanded Celtic-Iberian troopsfrom Spain; Numidian nomadsfrom the deep deserts of NorthAfrica; Gauls; Italian enemies ofRome; and Greek mercenaries.

A major weapon in theCarthaginian arsenal was the warelephant. Their armies beganusing elephants in the early 3rdcentury BC. Earlier, Persian andEgyptian armies had used Indianelephants. Those of Carthage werea smaller, now-extinct speciessometimes called the NorthAfrican or forest elephant. At thetime, North Africa was not as aridas it is now, and these elephantslived in forests in the Atlas Moun-tains. They stood about 8 feethigh at the shoulder, compared to a potential 13-foot shoulderheight of a modern African bushelephant.

Even the smaller war elephantswere a fearsome sight, especiallyto troops that had never seenthem. In practice, the elephantwas something of a double-edgedsword; if frightened enough, theywere as likely to trample on

Ancient tradition stated that at the age of nine, Hannibal swore an oath of eternalopposition to Rome. Whether or not this tale was true, Hannibal was the most dangerous enemy faced by the Romans for several centuries.


soldiers of their own side as thoseof the enemy.

Instead of a seaborne attack,Hannibal gathered an army of30,000 men and 37 war elephantsto march overland across the Alpsand descend upon Italy. One ofthe great mysteries of the ancientworld is Hannibal’s exact routeover the Alps. Ancient writings donot give conclusive indications ofwhich trails and passes they usedto reach Italy, and no archaeolog-ical evidence has come to light.

In 218 BC, Hannibal was innorthern Italy. In his first majorclash on the peninsula, the Battleof Trebia, his elephants scatteredthe Roman cavalry by frighteningtheir horses. Roman auxiliaries(troops drawn from allied lands)were also routed by the fearsomesight of the war elephants. Trebiaended as another victory for Han-nibal.

All of the elephants came

through the trek over the

mountains, but after Trebia,

only eight of them were alive.

It’s unclear whether the

elephants were killed in

the battle, or died from disease

or exhaustion from their

arduous journey.

In 217 BC, Hannibal’s troopsappeared out of a heavy mist, and ambushed and destroyed aRoman army at the Battle of LakeTrasimene. Around this time,Hannibal lost an eye to an infec-tion. His officers suggested he ridean elephant for protection, andfor the high vantage point hewould have of a battleground. Bythis time, only one elephant sur-vived. Named Surus, descriptionsindicate that he was an Indian

elephant, which is a larger speciesthan those found in the AtlasMountains.

After Trebia and LakeTrasimene, the Carthaginians re-equipped themselves with captured armor and weapons so much that they looked likeRoman soldiers themselves.

Hannibal could also avoid bat-tle with a clever ruse. Once he wastrapped by a larger Roman army.The only way out was a roadthrough a narrow mountain pass,and it was obvious that the Ro-mans would wait for him there.Hannibal ordered his men toround up hundreds of capturedoxen and tie torches to theirhorns. One night, the torcheswere lit and the cattle were stam-peded along a narrow mountainpath. Roman sentries spotted theconstellation of bright torchesflaring in the distance. Believing it was Hannibal’s army, they abandoned their posts to go inpursuit. With the road clear, theCarthaginian army slipped awaythrough the pass.

Roman legions were com-manded by aristocratic civilianofficials who were rotated in and out of military and govern-ment jobs. Consuls were usuallyallowed to command only part of an army. Romans feared a dic-tator gaining control of the military more than they did anyenemy. Two Roman commanders,Lucius Aemilius Paulus and Gaius Terentius Varro, agreed to

Hannibal once escaped a larger Roman army by tying torches to the horns of hun-dreds of captured oxen. The cattle were stampeded at night, luring the Romansaway from Hannibal’s intended escape route.

An ancient bust said to represent Hannibal. Little is known of Hannibal’spersonal life, as the Romans obliteratedmost of Carthage’s history and culturewhen they captured the city after theThird Punic War in 146 B.C.


CLA

SS

ICA

LH

ISTO

RY combine their forces. Each would

be in sole command for alternat-ing 24-hour shifts. They com-manded eight legions of about5,000 men each.

The 216 BC Battle of Cannae

would be one of the ancient

world’s most famous battles,

and a scenario studied by

military minds ever since.

In the battle, Hannibal orderedhis center troops to pull back.Most sources put Varro in com-mand, and record that he ordereda reckless drive against theenemy’s retreating center. Part of Hannibal’s infantry had not

retreated, and they were sent toclose in behind the Romans.Then, Hannibal’s cavalry rushedin to complete the trap. The Romans, completely surrounded,were annihilated. Casualty totalsare unknown, but it seems tens of thousands of Romans werekilled. It was written that theCarthaginians scavenged the bat-tlefield and filled bushel afterbushel with valuable rings takenfrom their slain enemies.

Despite the catastrophe at Cannae, Rome continued the war.They raised new legions by pur-chasing slaves to serve in thearmy, accepting underage recruits,and releasing debtors and criminals from prisons. The con-suls commanding the new armiesavoided open battle, but harassedsupply lines and worked to

prevent new allies from joiningthe Carthaginian invaders.

For sixteen years, Hannibal re-mained in Italy. Carthage sentonly one draft of reinforcementsand elephants from home, butsome new troops came from thecolonies in Spain and from Italianallies. Hannibal never could completely defeat the Romans,but they could not expel him from Italy.

Finally, a Roman commandertried another approach: cuttingthe ground from beneath Hanni-bal. A consul named Publius Cor-nelius Scipio was made aproconsul, which permitted himto stay in office for a longer pe-riod. Scipio used his extendedtime well. First, he captured theCarthaginian lands in Spain.Then, he went to North Africa tomove directly against Carthage.To meet this threat to his home-land, Hannibal withdrew fromItaly in 203 BC.

Scipio met Hannibal’s army atZama, in North Africa (now innorthern Tunisia) in 202 BC.Hannibal outnumbered Scipio,and his force included a formida-ble contingent of 80 elephants.Unfortunately for Hannibal, theelephants were acquired only ashort time before and there hadbeen little time to train them.And, Scipio had plans to deal withthe war elephants. When the bat-tle opened, the Romans attackedby having their musicians blowevery trumpet and horn in thearmy. The terrible din frightenedsome of the elephants, and theystampeded backward over andthrough the Carthaginian troops.

Instead of placing his foot soldiers in long ranks, Scipio deployed them in blocks. Whenthe animals confronted the mainRoman line, the smaller units ofsoldiers stepped aside and letthem pass through the gaps untilthey were trapped deep in the

Hannibal crossed the Alps from Spain with an army and 37 war elephants to bringwar to the Romans. His exact route over the mountains is unknown, and no archaeological traces of this phase of his career have been found.


DAVID A. NORRIS is a regularcontributor to History Magazine,

Internet Genealogy and Your Genealogy Today. His most recent

project for Moorshead Magazines Ltd. was Tracing Your

Revolutionary War Ancestors, released 1 September 2015.

Roman formations. This time,Hannibal’s army was shatteredand nearly all his troops werekilled or captured.

Carthage no longer had anarmy, and they sued for peace,ending the war in 201 BC. Lauded as the hero who had savedRome, the victorious Romancommander was given an hon-orary surname and is known tohistory as Scipio Africanus.

The winners imposed a harshpeace with heavy reparations.Hannibal became the civil leaderof Carthage, and he managed affairs well enough to pay off theRoman reparations while bring-ing domestic prosperity.

Rome, worried that a revivedCarthage would create anotherformidable army and navy, soughtto make Hannibal a prisoner. The legendary commander fledCarthage forever. He found tem-porary refuge in Syria at the courtof Antiochus III, but left when theeastern king prepared to turn himover to the Romans.

Next, the exiled general tookrefuge with King Prusias, the rulerof Bithynia in Asia Minor. Bithy-nia went to war with the kingdomof Pergamum, and Hannibalserved as an admiral for Prusias.

Hannibal won a battle for the

Bithynians, partly from a

stratagem of filling big clay jars

with snakes and catapulting

them into the enemy ships.

But, fear of Rome induced Pru-sias to agree to turn his guest overto them.

Hannibal would never allowhimself to fall into Roman hands.At Libyssa, on the Sea of Marmora(near Istanbul), he committedsuicide, possibly with poison he

had kept hidden in a ring for yearsagainst the arrival of such a day.The date is uncertain, althoughthe Roman historian Livy put it as 183 BC – the same year as the death of the victor of Zama,Scipio Africanus.

Carthage itself was doomed.Small defeated countries wereroutinely absorbed into Rome’sdominions, or allowed to continueas client states. But, Carthage wastoo powerful a threat to allowRome to consider coexistence.The Roman statesman Cato theElder famously ended all of hisspeeches in the Senate with thegrim warning Carthago delendaest: “Carthage must be destroyed”.The third and final Punic Warbegan in 149 BC. Three yearslater, Carthage was defeated forthe last time. Roman forces oblit-erated the city, razing its walls andbuildings. Its people were slain,scattered, or sold into slavery.When Carthage appeared onceagain, it was many years later as aRoman city.

In a practical sense, Hannibal

never had enough troops to per-manently conquer Rome. Onecannot help but wonder, though,what today would be like if Hannibal had the support of alarger empire or had lured moreallies away from the Romans. Perhaps Rome would now be onlya small town known to ancienthistorians for its ruins and leg-ends, and Europe's Renaissancewould have been inspired by theclassical mythology, language, andliterature of Carthage. Hm

FURTHER READINGTerence Wise and Richard Hook,Armies of the Carthaginian Wars265-146 B.C.

After Rome won the third and final of the Punic Wars,Carthage was conquered and demolished. Yearslater, anotherCarthage was built, but it was a Roman city.


WW

IA

CE

S

In air combat, death comes not just quickly, but often from a di-rection least expected. An October 1916 midair collision with oneof his own men killed Germany’s Ace of Aces, Captain OswaldBoelcke. At the funeral, young Lieutenant Manfred vonRichthofen bore the hero’s decorations on a black pillow, while

planes of the British Royal Flying Corps — the enemy — droppedflowers from overhead. Boelcke, honored by friend and foe alike, hadbeen not only young Manfred’s leader, but also his mentor. This wasWorld War I, and fledgling fighter pilots needed every edge to survive.“In the last six weeks, we have had out of twelve pilots, six dead and onewounded, while two have had a complete nervous collapse,” he wrotehome. “...The ill luck of all the others has not yet affected my nerves.”

with a success,” he remembered.“Whatever Boelcke told us wastaken as gospel. We knew that inthe last few days, he had shotdown at least an Englishman aday, and many times, two everymorning.”

FIRST BLOODIn September 1916, they took delivery of sleek new Albatros bi-plane fighters, and the very nextday, met British two-seaters overCambrai. Von Richthofen chose avictim. “In a fraction of a second,I was sitting on his tail. I gave hima short burst from my machinegun. I was so close I was afraid Iwould ram him. Then, suddenly,his propeller turned no more. Hit!...The engine was shot to pieces,and both crewmen were severelywounded.”

That autumn, Jasta Boelckemauled the Royal Flying Corps.The great ace raised his score toforty, and von Richthofen to six. Asa hunter mounts the heads of hisprey, he acquired a souvenir of eachvictim — a propeller, a machinegun, an insignia or serial numbercut from the fuselage fabric — andordered silver cups in memory.

DUEL IN THE SKYUpon Boelcke’s death, Manfredbecame the Jasta’s de facto leader.Like his mentor, he viewed aircombat not as an art, but a sci-ence, preferring to avoid dog-fights and, like a wolf stalkingprey, pick off unwary victims. Yet

BORN HUNTERHe had learned iron-willed sto-icism as a son of Silesian nobility,schooled in Prussian military tra-dition. (His family title, Freiherr,Free Lord, corresponds to baron.)Excelling at sports, especially riding and hunting, in 1911, hejoined the cavalry, but when warcame, he transferred to the aircorps. “There is nothing finer fora young cavalry officer,” he wrote,“than flying off on a hunt.”

By then, Boelcke already hadfour kills. He confided to theyoung baron the secret of down-ing an enemy: “I fly in as close asI can, take good aim, shoot, andthen he falls down.”

“I had only one ambition,”Manfred wrote, “and that was tofly a single-seat fighter plane.” Hewas soon selected for Boelcke’sJadgstaffel (Jasta, fighter squadron).“We were all beginners; none ofus had previously been credited

Baron Manfred von Richthofen's Albatros D.II face to face with BritishMaj. Lanoe Hawker's Airco DH.2: “The circles which we made aroundone another were so narrow that theirdiameter was probably no more than250 or 300 feet. I had time to take agood look at my opponent. I lookeddown into his carriage and could seeevery movement of his head. If he had not had his cap on, I would havenoticed what kind of a face he wasmaking.” Illustration by Don Hollway

THE RED BARONAVIATION WRITER DON HOLLWAY FLIES US ALONG WITH ONE OF THEFIRST, GREATEST, AND MOST FAMOUS OF ALL FIGHTER PILOTS


he proved his skill that Novemberin single combat with an enemyace. “I was soon acutely aware thatI was not dealing with a beginner,”he recalled. “The Englishman at-tempted to get behind me while Iattempted to get behind him.”Only about a hundred yards sepa-rated the two planes as they spiraled down on each other’stails. “My opponent waved to mequite cheerfully as we were at athousand meters altitude as if tosay, ‘Well, well, how do you do?’”

But von Richthofen had an ally:the wind, which over the Front,typically blew from the west. Itcarried the two circling fightersfar behind German trenches. “Hefinally had to decide whether toland on our side or fly back to hisown lines,” the Baron recalled.“...At about a hundred meters altitude, he tried to escape towardthe Front.... I followed him fromfifty down to thirty meters, firingsteadily.... About fifty meters be-hind our lines he plunged downwith a shot through the head.”

Upon return to base, he learnedhis victim was no less than Britishsquadron commander Maj. LanoeHawker, the “English Boelcke”,with the Distinguished ServiceOrder, Victoria Cross, and sevenGerman kills. The Baron hungHawker’s gun over his door. “Itwas the most difficult battle I have had.”

ACE OF ACESBy the beginning of 1917, he wasGermany’s high scorer, with six-teen victories, the Pour le Mérite— the “Blue Max” — and had hisown command, Jagdstaffel 11. TheBaron would find it a new kind ofchallenge: “Staffel 11 has been inexistence as long as my old unit,only up to now, they have not shotdown any of the enemy.” Hebegan by adding a dash of red tohis Albatros for aerial identifica-tion. Not only friends, but foes

TOP: Rittmeister Manfred, the Freiherr von Richthofen, with the Blue Max at his throat.BOTTOM LEFT: Captain Oswald Boelcke, one of the most influential leaders and tacticiansin the history of air combat. BOTTOM RIGHT: Known as the “English Boelcke”, Maj. LanoeHawker, VC, DSO, had shot down seven German planes, including three in one day,before von Richthofen shot him down on 23 November 1916. Public domain


WW

IA

CE

S too, soon recognized it. “I know itquite well”, a British prisoner toldthe baron. “We call it ‘Le petitrouge (Little Red)’”.

THE RED BARONVon Richthofen’s photo soongraced the covers of newspapersand postcards. Fan mail pouredin, much of it from adoring youngladies, for whom he had littletime. Raised from an early age in amale-only military environment,the great ace, so fearless in the air, was shy and uncomfortablearound women. He reserved hislove for another. “The most beau-tiful creature ever created is myelm-colored Great Dane, my ‘lit-tle lap dog’ — Moritz”, he wrote.“He slept in bed with me and wasvery well trained.... I even tookhim up with me once.... He be-haved very sensibly and eyed theworld with interest from above.”

Von Richthofen had, however,another, darker devotion. “Earlyin the war”, he wrote, “I foundthat when I downed an English-man, my hunting passion wasquenched for the time being.... If one fell, I had the feeling of absolute satisfaction.”

THE FLYING CIRCUSLike Boelcke, he recruited the bestGerman pilots to his Staffel. Many,

like Ernst Udet and Werner Voss,would go on to become high scor-ers and leaders in their own right.Manfred’s young brother, Lothar,in particular, racked up kills at afierce pace: 20 in four weeks. “Ifmy brother does not get at leastone victory on every flight”, wroteManfred, “the whole enterprise isno fun for him.”

From January to March 1917,

Jasta 11 pilots scored some 36kills; in “Bloody April”, theyclaimed 89. Von Richthofen’s tallycame to 40, matching Boelcke’s.By the end of the month, he had52, including no less than aquadruple kill on the 29th, thesame day Lothar got two. “Bothbrothers had shot down six Eng-lishmen in one day”, Manfredwrote. “...I believe the Englishwere unsympathetic toward us.”

As Ace of Aces, he was promotedto Rittmeister (Ride Master, captainof horse; technically, he was still a cavalry officer). Kaiser WilhelmII ordered Jasta 11 to be renamed Jasta Richthofen. Neighboringsquadrons adopted their ownbright color schemes and joined itin combined aerial operations. InJune, Jasta Richthofen was com-bined with Jastas 4, 6 and 10 asJagdgeschwader (Fighter Group) 1,with the Red Baron in command.Flying from one hot spot to another up and down the front,with ground personnel and gear

Albatros fighter planes of the Flying Circus lined up in 1917. The Baron’s plane issecond from the front, its black crosses barely visible against the red overspray. The military censor blotted out the tail serial on the nearest plane. Public domain

An Australian machine-gun position in the Somme Valley on 17 March 1918, look-ing east toward German lines. A month after this photo was taken, von Richthofenpursued an enemy plane low over these treetops, turned north, was hit by a singlebullet, and crashed to his death atop the high ground at left. Public domain


following by train, living in tentson temporary airfields — andabove all for its cacophony of colors — JG 1 became infamousamong the Allies as “the FlyingCircus”. And the ringmaster, inthe now all-red Albatros known as le Diable Rouge (the Red Devil), was the invincible vonRichthofen.

HEROAt the peak of his success, Man-fred took leave to celebrate his25th birthday. He dined with generals and field marshals of the High Command, breakfastedwith the Kaiser, and stalked bison on a royal estate: “I mustsay, I had hunting fever...in thatmoment, when the bull came atme…the same fever that grips mewhen I sit in an airplane, see an

Englishman, and must fly alongfor five minutes to come at him.”

The fun, however, was inter-rupted by word that Lothar haddowned a British reconnaissanceplane, but, like Hawker, beencaught too low behind enemylines. Hit by ground fire, he barelymade it back to crash on Germanground.

“One should never obstinatelystay with an opponent”, Manfredknew, “which, through bad shoot-ing or skillful turning, he has beenunable to shoot down when thebattle lasts until it is far on theother side”.

SHOT DOWNIn those deadly skies, the slightesterror could prove fatal. In a massive 40-plane dogfight on July6th, von Richthofen engaged aBritish plane at extreme range. “Icalmly let him fire, for his bestmarksmanship would not havehelped at a distance of over threehundred meters. One just doesnot score at that distance.... Sud-denly, I received a blow to myhead! I was hit! For a moment, my whole body was paralyzed....The machine plunged down.

LEFT: If not for injuries, Manfred’s younger brother Lothar (right) might have been an even greater ace. It took Manfred over ayear and a half to score 80 victories. Lothar scored 33 of his 40 in just three months. He died in a civilian air crash in July 1922.Public domain RIGHT: Von Richthofen admitted his Great Dane, Moritz, “has a silly peculiarity. He likes to accompany the flyingmachines at the start.... One day, he rushed in front of a flying-machine which had been started. The aeroplane caught him upand a beautiful propeller was smashed to bits. Moritz howled terribly and a measure which I had hitherto omitted was taken. I had always refused to have his ears cut. One of his ears was cut off by the propeller. A long ear and a short ear do not gowell together.” Public domain

Fokker DR.1 Triplane #425/17, in whichthe Red Baron was shot down andkilled. Shown with the straight-armedBalkenkreuz insignia, which all Germanaircraft used after March 1918. Public domain


WW

IA

CE

S The Baron’s pilots, his father, generals of the High Commandand even the Kaiser had been urg-ing him to take a desk job. “Apaper-shuffler?”, he said. “No! Iam staying at the Front!”

INTO HISTORYThe next morning, von

Richthofen’s patrol attacked a pairof British reconnaissance planesover Le Hamel and was set upon,in turn, by British SopwithCamels led by Capt. Arthur Roy Brown. In the confusion, Lt.Wilfrid May, on just his third mis-sion, jammed his guns and fledback over the lines. The red tri-plane dropped onto his tail. “Ikept dodging and spinning downuntil I ran out of sky and had tohedgehop along the ground”, Mayrecalled. “Richthofen was firingcontinually and the only thingthat saved me was my poor flying!I didn’t know what I was going to do and I don’t supposeRichthofen could figure this outeither.”

Meanwhile, Brown swept downfrom behind, getting in one burstas he passed. Unstopped, vonRichthofen kept up the chase, vio-lating his own law of the skies.That morning, the usual westerlywind was blowing from the east.It carried him — like Hawker,like Lothar — far into enemy territory. From infantry emplace-ments a thousand yards in all directions, rifle and machine-gun fire reached up for the red

For a moment, it flashed throughmy mind that this is the way itlooks just before death.”

He managed to pull out andreach friendly territory. “My thickRichthofen head once againproved itself ”, he wrote. “The skullwas not penetrated.”

It was, however, fractured. Recovery was slow. Constantheadaches and nausea — and, per-haps, the realization of his ownmortality — wrought a change inthe ace’s personality. “I noticedthat I’m not quite right myself ”,he wrote home after returning toduty. “I have made only two com-bat flights and both were success-ful, but after each flight, I wascompletely exhausted. During thefirst one, I almost got sick in thestomach.”

His autobiography, Der RoteKampfflieger (The Red BattleFlyer), earned popular and criti-cal acclaim, even in the LondonTimes, but not from its author. “Inow have the gravest feeling thatpeople have been exposed to an-other Richthofen than I reallyam”, he wrote. “I no longer possesssuch an insolent spirit. It is notbecause I am afraid, though oneday, death may be hard on myheels...although I think enoughabout it. ...I am in wretched spirits after every aerial battle. But that no doubt is an after effectof my head wound. ...I think ofthis war as it really is, not as thepeople at home imagine, with aHoorah!”

THE TRIPLANEThough he scored three quartersof his victories in an Albatros,Manfred von Richthofen madethe Fokker Dr.I Dreidecker (Tri-plane), one of the most extremeof all WWI fighters, famous for alltime. The type was almost asdeadly to its own pilots as theenemy’s. Chronic wing failureskept them grounded much of theautumn and winter of 1917-18; bythe time they re-entered service,they were already obsolete, butnothing better was ready. WhenGermany launched its spring offensive in March, the Baron flew triplanes almost exclusively.On Saturday evening, April 20th,he got his 80th victory: a mile-stone, twice Boelcke’s score.

After its capture, #425/17 was stripped by souvenir hunters. Today numerous artifactsincluding the guns and rotary engine, foreground, are in museums. Public domain

On his tentative return to the front, theBaron after his head wound, was escorted by nurse Kätie Otersdorf.“Showing up at an aviation facility with a nurse was not at all to his liking,”recalled his adjutant. “But he was upagainst a brick wall. The nurse declaredsternly that if the Rittmeister should tryto make any mischief with his head still not fully healed, she would bethere.” Von Richthofen holds theGeschwaderstock, the walking stickwhich became his badge of office.Public domain


triplane. It banked hard towardGerman lines, but faltered, sankand crash-landed in a beet field.The Baron lived just long enoughto tell the first infantryman to arrive, “Alles kaput”.

He had taken one bulletthrough his ribs. That Brown’s attack was made, reported andwitnessed, and his victim ob-served to go down, made his avalid claim. The fatal round was,however, likely fired from theground. By who is contested tothis day, but will never be known.

Rittmeister Freiherr Manfredvon Richthofen was buried by hisenemies with full military honors,including a three-volley salute.Command of JG 1, renamedJagdgeschwader Richthofen, even-tually passed to Lt. HermannGöring. With just 22 victories atthe Armistice, he would rise partlyon his fame as the Red Baron’s

heir. In 1933, on the 15th anniver-sary of the Rittmeister’s death, the future Nazi Reichsmarschalleulogized him simply: “ManfredFreiherr von Richthofen becamenot only the greatest battle flyer ofGermany, but of the world.” Hm

Frequent contributor DONHOLLWAY wrote about the Revolutionary War Sullivan

Campaign in our last issue. Hisarticle about WWI spy Mata Hariwill appear in our next issue. For

more text, images and video,see donhollway.com/redbaron.

FURTHER READINGVon Richthofen and the “Flying Circus”, by H.J. Nowarra and Kimbrough S. Brown.

Richthofen: Beyond the Legend ofthe Red Baron by Peter Kilduff.

Captain Arthur Roy Brown, DSC and bar,of Canadian No. 209 Sqn. RAF. He wasofficially credited with shooting downManfred von Richthofen, the “RedBaron.” Even more impressive is that henever lost a pilot in his flight duringcombat. Public domain

Here’swhat’scoming...

Truman Assassination Attempt ● Uncle SamDora DuFran ● Freud & Egypt

B24: The Liberator ● Battle of MorgartenMata Hari ● Cromwell Dixon ● Admiral Byrd

Magna Carta

Final Contents Subject to Change



AM

ER

ICA

NIC

ON

S

“Time is the coin of your life. It is the only coin you have, and

only you can determine how it will be spent. Be careful lest you

let other people spend it for you.” – Carl Sandburg

Author, poet, writer, political organizer, historian, folkloristCarl Sandburg was born in athree-room cottage at 313 EastThird Street, Galesburg, Illinoison 6 January 1878. The modestdwelling, maintained by the Illinois Historic PreservationAgency, reflects the typical livingconditions of a late nineteenthcentury, working-class, Americanfamily. Many of the furnishingsonce belonged to the Sandburgfamily.

Carl August Sandburg was the son of Swedish immigrants named August and Clara MathildaAnderson Sandburg. Carl, called“Charlie” by the family, was bornthe second of seven children in1878. August, a blacksmith’s assis-tant for the nearby Chicago,Burlington and Quincy Railroad,purchased the cottage in 1878. Ayear later, the Sandburgs sold thesmall cottage in favor of a largerhouse in Galesburg.

From his earliest recollections,Sandburg said he enjoyed to read,deciding at age six that he wantedto be a writer. Spry and eager, heworked from the time he was ayoung boy. He quit school follow-ing his graduation from eighthgrade in 1891, and spent a decadeworking a variety of jobs. He de-livered milk, harvested ice, laidbricks, threshed wheat in Kansas,and shined shoes in Galesburg’sUnion Hotel, before traveling as a hobo in 1897. As a hobo, helearned a number of folk songs,which he later performed atspeaking engagements.

Sandburg traveled extensivelythrough the rugged interior of theAmerican West, where he begandeveloping a love of the nationand its people. Brought up in alargely Republican household,Sandburg’s political inclinations

DESTINATION:“A POET ’ S HUMBLE ROOTS”BRIAN D’AMBROSIO LOOKS AT THELIFE AND TIMES OF CARL SANDBURGPhotos: Courtesy Carl Sandburg Historic Site of Illinois and DePaul University

Perhaps what's most impressive about Carl Sandburg (1878-1967) is that he distinguished himself in five fields — poetry,history, biography, fiction, and music.


were influenced by events such asthe local railway workers’ strikesand the Chicago Haymarket riotsof 1886. Protests, riots and politi-cal tumult sparked his interest in social justice. His experiencesworking and traveling greatly in-fluenced his writing and politicalviews. He saw firsthand the sharpcontrast between rich and poor, adichotomy that instilled in him adistrust of capitalism.

When the Spanish-AmericanWar broke out in 1898, Sandburgvolunteered for service, and at theage of twenty, was ordered toPuerto Rico, where he spent daysbattling only heat and mosqui-toes. Following eight months ofservice in the army, he enteredLombard (now Knox) College, inGalesburg, supporting himself asa firefighter.

Sandburg’s college years shapedhis literary talents and politicalviews. While at Lombard, Sand-burg joined the Poor Writers’Club, an informal literary organi-zation whose members met toread and criticize poetry. PoorWriters’ founder, Lombard pro-fessor Phillip Green Wright, a

political liberal, encouraged thetalented young Sandburg. Wrightprivately published several vol-umes of Sandburg’s poems andessays.

Sandburg strengthened hiswriting skills and co-opted the so-cialist views of his mentor beforeleaving school in his senior year.Sandburg sold stereoscope viewsand wrote poetry for two yearsbefore his first book of verse, InReckless Ecstasy, was printed onWright’s basement press in 1904.Wright printed two more volumesfor Sandburg, Incidentals (1907)and The Plaint of a Rose (1908). Asthe first decade of the twentiethcentury pressed on, Sandburg increasingly wrote of his concernwith the plight of the Americanworker.

He moved to Chicago at age 28,holding a series of newspaper andmagazine jobs, including associateeditor of To-Morrow Magazine.After becoming involved with theSocial-Democratic movement, heleft Lombard (without graduat-ing) for Milwaukee to work astheir district party state organizerfor Wisconsin. Between writingand distributing political pam-phlets, he lectured on Walt Whitman and sold stereoscopes to supplement his income. In December 1907, Sandburg metfellow social activist Lilian Steichen, a schoolteacher, at theMilwaukee headquarters of theSocial Democrats. They beganwriting to one another, and inMarch 1908, visited Lilian’s par-ents at their farm, where they decided to marry. The ceremonywas held on 15 June 1908. Liliansaw great value in her husband’swork, and from their rented roomin Appleton, Wisconsin, she re-lentlessly submitted Carl’s poetryto unsympathetic publishers.

Sandburg continued his workfor the Social Democrats, but fol-lowing the disappointing elec-

tions of 1908, he returned to hislecture bookings and stereoscopicsales. Throughout 1909, he lec-tured on political issues and heldanother series of writing jobs inMilwaukee. He returned to theSocial-Democratic party in an effort to elect Emil Seidel mayorof Milwaukee. When Seidel waselected the nation’s first Socialistmayor, he quickly appointedSandburg as his private secretary.In November 1910, his resignedthis position to become city editor of the Social-DemocraticHerald.

In 1912, he returned to Chicagoand for several years, he worked asa reporter for the Chicago DailyNews, covering mostly labor issuesand later writing his own regularcolumn.

Sandburg was virtually

unknown to the literary world

when, in 1914, a group of

his poems appeared in the

nationally circulated Poetry

magazine. Two years later,

his book, Chicago Poems, was

published, and the thirty-eight-

year-old author found himself

on the brink of a career

that would bring him

international acclaim.

Sandburg published another volume of poems, Cornhuskers, in 1918, and wrote a searchinganalysis of the 1919 Chicago raceriots.

More poetry followed, includ-ing a book of fanciful children’stales, which prompted Sandburg’spublisher, Alfred Harcourt, tosuggest a biography of AbrahamLincoln for children. Sandburg researched and wrote for threeyears, producing not a children’s

Carl Sandburg's account of the life ofAbraham Lincoln is one of the epicworks of the 20th century. One install-ment, Abraham Lincoln: The War Years,surpasses in length the collected writings of Shakespeare by more than150,000 words. Sandburg was the firstprivate citizen to deliver an address before a joint session of Congress,which he did on 12 February 1959, the 150th anniversary of Lincoln's birth.


AM

ER

ICA

NIC

ON

S

BRIAN D’AMBROSIO lives andworks in, and writes from,

Missoula, Montana. He con-tributes regularly to multiple

publications on a vast variety ofsubjects. His most recent contri-bution to History Magazine was apiece on Taylor Gordon: HarlemRenaissance, which appeared in

the Aug/Sept 2015 issue.

book, but a two-volume biogra-phy for adults.

From 1926 to 1939, Sandburgdevoted himself mainly to writingthe six-volume biography of President Abraham Lincoln, pre-senting Lincoln as a symbol ofAmerican gallantry and gustiness.He also collected the folk songsthat made up The American Song-bag (1927). His Abraham Lincoln:The Prairie Years, published in

1926, was Sandburg’s first finan-cial success. He moved to a newhome on the Michigan dunes anddevoted the next several years to completing four additional volumes, Abraham Lincoln: TheWar Years, for which he won thePulitzer Prize in 1940.

In 1945, the Sandburgs movedwith their herd of prize-winninggoats and thousands of books to Flat Rock, North Carolina.Sandburg’s Complete Poems wonhim a second Pulitzer Prize in1951. In 1963, in his eighties, mellow, wise and sympathetic, he published Honey and Salt,which some admirers feel con-tains much of Sandburg’s purest,most poignant poetry. Sandburgalso collected folk songs andtoured the country, singing his favorites.

He spent his final years as agreat cultural celebrity, singing

folk songs, speaking graciously tointerviewers, and reciting poetryin public. Sandburg died in Flat Rock, North Carolina on 22July 1967.

His ashes were returned, as hehad requested, to his Galesburgbirthplace. In the small CarlSandburg Park behind the house,his ashes were placed beneath Remembrance Rock, a red graniteboulder. Ten years later, the ashesof his wife were placed there. Hm

Carl Sandburg State Historic Site is thebirthplace and boyhood home ofSandburg in Galesburg, Illinois. It is operated by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency.

Make History MagazinePart of Your e-Library!

www.history-magazine.com1-888-326-2476

www.internet-genealogy.com

TRACING YOURFEMALE ANCESTORS

$9.95 plus $4.50 shipping

❑ YES! I want to order Tracing Your Female Ancestors – Volume II• Phone Toll-Free 1-888-326-2476 extension 111. Please have your VISA or MasterCard ready.• Visit our online bookstore at www.internet-genealogy.com/shop.htm• Mail this order form to the appropriate address located below:

✝Canadian residents please add applicable GST/HST

Payment by: ❑ Check (enclosed) Credit Card ❑ VISA ❑ MasterCard

Card Number: ____________________________________________________ Exp. Date: __________

Signature: ____________________________________________________________________________Your credit card charge will appear as Magazin 1-888-326-2476. Credit card transactions are processedthrough our office in Canada.

Last Name: ____________________________________ First Name: ____________________________

Address: _____________________________________________________________________________

City: ______________________________ State/Province: _____ Zipcode/Postal Code: _____________

Phone Number: _______________________ E-mail Address: __________________________________

USA orders send to: Internet Genealogy, PO Box 194, Niagara Falls, NY 14304Canadian orders send to: Internet Genealogy, 82 Church St. S., Suite 101, Ajax, ON L1S 6B3 CALL TOLL-FREE 1-888-326-2476 GST# 13934 0186 RT

Ple

ase

allo

w th

ree

to s

ix w

eeks

for

deliv

ery.

Internet Genealogy isproud to presentTracing Your FemaleAncestors – Volume IIThis follow-up release to our successfulfirst edition has been compiled with allnew material by Gena Philibert-Ortega, andadditional contributions by Lisa A. Alzo,Jean Wilcox Hibben and Tammy Hepps.Articles include: Immigrant Ancestors, 50+ Online Resources, City Directories,Women in Digitized Books, 10 UnusualSources, Pinning Female Ancestors, FindingYour Femmes Fatales, Telling Their Stories,Researching Your Jewish Female Ancestors,Women in City Directories, Google Toos forFinding Female Ancestors, Using the FamilyHistory Library Catalog, Women in DeathRecords, Researching Female Veterans,Research Case Study and more!

Order Online...www.internet-genealogy.com/shop.htm

$9.95+ $4.50Shipping

VOLUME II


NE

WS

The front-page headline on the 15 August 1945 issue of aunique wartime newspaper consisted of only two words,printed in all-capital letters that rose two inches: IT’S OVER.Two more words, only slightly smaller, formed the subhead:UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER. Together, they occupied

nearly 30 percent of the page’s space.

As they read those four words,thousands of Australian and USservicemen serving on NewGuinea breathed a sigh of relief.The Empire of Japan had givenup; World War II was over. Themedium delivering the good newswas Guinea Gold, a daily thatbrought world news, sports data,light articles and even a beautycontest to those who had battledfor freedom, many of them half aworld away from their homes.

From 19 November 1942 to 30June 1946, Guinea Gold kept themembers of two continents’ mili-tary up-to-date. The four-pagedaily, which would tally morethan 1,300 issues, was conceivedby two Aussies: Reg Leonard, a war correspondent for a Melbourne paper, and Lt. Col.George Fenton, who was in chargeof wrangling the newsmen on theworld’s second-largest island.

Years later, one of the newspa-per’s staffers, Paul Jefferson Wallace, wrote a booklet to pre-serve the history of Guinea Gold,which, he said, “brought to thenews-hungry men…serving inthe steaming jungle topics of interest to allay their boredomand boost their morale.” WhenLeonard next proposed the idea ofthe daily to Australian Gen.Thomas Blamey, the latter turnedthe journalist into a major whowas assigned to “do the bloodything.”

Wallace said that Blamey, com-mander of Allied Land Forces in the South West Pacific Area, insisted that the journal “presentfactual news without comment…He was resolved that the Armynewspaper should contain no editorial comment.” The generalaffirmed that “it is contrary to my

GUINEA GOLD :BY AIR , LANDAND SEAJAMES BREIG LOOKS AT HOW SOLDIERS FROM TWO CONTINENTSMINED GUINEA GOLD FOR NEWS

Awaiting demobilization at the end ofWorld War II, an Australian soldier readsa copy of Guinea Gold. Australian War Memorial; photo by Ronald Walter Berg


policy to use an Army newspaperfor propaganda of any kind.” Hemade that comment in a letter toanother key booster of the news-paper – Gen. Douglas MacArthur,supreme commander of US forcesin the Southwest Pacific.

Fleeing the Philippines after theJapanese had seized that islandearly in the war, MacArthur endedup in New Guinea. From there, hedirected a series of military movesthat would eventually lead toJapan’s surrender. Early on, he en-dorsed the idea of Guinea Goldsbeing sent to American as well asAustralian troops, making thenewspaper the only journal dur-ing the war to inform soldierswho were serving two nations.

“News information on current

events,” MacArthur declared,

is “the very breath of modern

existence. To the combat

soldier, [newspapers] are as

necessary as bread and bullets.”

He went a step further by en-suring that Guinea Gold gotscoops on breaking news 20 hoursbefore other media were updated.

Each day’s ration of Guinea

Army trucks had rushed the pa-pers to various airfields.” Becausethe free paper was passed fromhand to hand, a guesstimateplaced its actual daily readershipat 800,000.

In its first issue, the editors ofthe daily let readers know thatthey understood that “troops havecome to realize that reliable newsis an important item in any army’smental diet….[Our] aim will beto present news concisely, accu-rately, without bias.” Recognizingthat the four-page Guinea Goldhad “rigid space limitations,” theeditors promised that “withinthese limits” would be “as com-plete coverage of day-to-day newsas possible.” Only rarely did thenewspaper add to its daily allot-ment of four pages, each aboutthe size of a typewriter sheet.

In his account of the paper,Wallace outlined how the contents of Guinea Gold were apportioned: “The front and backpages concentrated on up-to-the-minute news from around theworld, including coverage ofmajor sporting events on the backpage. Page 2 was devoted to ex-tracts from Australian and USnewspapers published a few dayspreviously, which air transportcrews delivered to Guinea Gold.”

The war news was ballyhooed in

General Douglas MacArthur US Armyphoto

LEFT: Staff members check out Guinea Gold. Over the course of the war, hundreds of Australians and New Guineans worked onthe newspaper. Australian War Memorial RIGHT: A corporal from New York takes copies of Guinea Gold from a native NewGuinean. The paper was distributed by air, land and sea. Australian War Memorial; photo by Norman Brown

Gold was delivered throughoutNew Guinea, with circulationsoaring as more and more unitsarrived from across the Pacificand from Australia. At its peak, as many as 64,000 copies wereprinted seven days a week and delivered to outposts by mail,jeeps, trucks and airplanes. WhenItaly surrendered to the Allies in1943, for example, the AssociatedPress wrote that “planes, radioand telephones were used in get-ting the news… to the fightingmen of New Guinea… Copies ofGuinea Gold…were dropped overthe battle fronts from planes, after


NE

WS such banner headlines as “Allied

Offensive in Sicily Develops Favorably”, “Rabaul Raid LastsThree Hours”, “Pulverising AirOffensive Takes In Pomerania, E.Prussia & Poland” and “250,000Nazis Falling Back to East Prussia,Moscow Claims”. But there wasalso room for lesser items: singerAl Jolson was hospitalized formalaria and pneumonia after aUSO tour of North Africa, for example, and Salvo, a fox terrier,had become the world’s first“parapup” after making a para-chute jump of 1,500 feet in Cleve-land and landing safely on allfours. The paper also took pot-shots aimed at lessening theenemy’s image with such storiesas “Fuhrer Has New Girl Friend”and “Captured Nazi General CallsHitler ‘Imbecile’”.

Examples of the range of newsin a single issue can be found in a Guinea Gold issue from 70 years ago. Dated 14 December1944, page one contained theseheadlines:

■ Americans punch throughMaginot Line: Near Karlsruhe.

■ Four more Jap transports,three destroyers sunk

■ Imperial palace at Tokyobombed

On page two, soldiers were informed that:

■ National Manufacturers Association brand cartels as‘peace disturbing’

■ Women stage riot at grocery store

■ Hollywood troupe feud finished

The third page led with “Plansfor final drive on Japan drawn up;each united nation allotted task”.But the same page also included“Scientists claim telepathy proof ”and “RAF flies bananas 3,000miles for sick child”.

At the end of 1943, Time magazine wrote that Guinea Gold “never ran pin-ups”,an assessment that was almost correct. A photo of a woman in a bathing suit had appeared in the 20 February issue that year, for example, while acome-hither portrait of actress Dorothy Lamour was published a month after the Time article.

However, the military newspaper more often carried pictures of women thatshowed them contributing to the winning of World War II. Here are some examples:

■ A woman in uniform with a caption explaining that she was among 300 members of the Australian Army Medical Women’s Service who had arrived in New Guinea to serve in hospitals

■ Dorothy Tangney, who was the first woman elected to the Australian Senate

■ Eve Curie, daughter of Madame Curie, who had fled France to serve in the resistance effort

■ A teenaged Princess Elizabeth (now Queen Elizabeth) in a military uniformwith a caption noting that some people hoped she would be named Princessof Wales by the king

■ A former ballet dancer, sporting a parachute, who had become the firstwoman to fly with RAF bomber pilots as they tested equipment

Perhaps the most touching photo was captioned “Tiny Sufferer”, which ran in theGuinea Gold issue of 7 September 1944. The picture showed a crying child whohad just been pulled from her London home after a German bomb had leveledit. The girl has her arms wrapped around her rescuer: a female air raid wardenin her uniform and helmet.


Gold as “our one and only news-paper”. Without it, he com-plained, “we have nothing at all toread.”

Another soldier, Lowell Read,wrote to his girl back home to say,“We get a small newspaper calledthe ‘Guinea Gold’ [that] gives a lotof late news.” Joseph Michaelonis,a New Hampshire resident, toldhis relatives, “Smokes are hard toget, and reading material is alsohard to get. We have a little news-paper called The Guinea Goldwhich keeps us informed of theworld events.”

The readership ranged frommen in the foxholes to the Army’shighest-ranking officer. “I just finished reading Guinea Gold(newspaper),” Airman Lyle Youngwrote his wife in Minnesota at the end of 1943. “The news looks encouraging.” Simultaneously,Time magazine reported thatMacArthur got his copy “everymorning with his coffee. Heand…other readers in the NewGuinea battle area think GuineaGold is the greatest army newspa-per in the world.…It is rarely illustrated, never runs ‘pin-ups.’Its readers, polled several months

Judges were recruited to exam-ine the hundreds of entries andselect a winner from each of thetwo nations that had dispatchedservicemen to New Guinea’s jun-gles, mountains and coasts.

Reaction to the newspaper fromAussies and G.I.s was positive, ifonly because they had few alter-natives, such as miniaturizedfront pages from hometown papers and clippings mailed byrelatives, both arriving weeks after they had first appeared. Onesoldier, in a V-mail to his motherin Virginia, referred to Guinea

The back page almost screamedthe news that “Red Army fightingin outskirts of Budapest: CityBlazing”, while whispering “Filmactor dead”, referring to literaland figurative heavy Laird Cregar.Such juxtaposition was commonfor the journal. Additionally, tak-ing advantage of every squareinch of the newsprint, many is-sues featured one-liners atop thefront page to remind troops ofsteps they could take to win thewar. “Join in a blitz on generalwaste,” read one, while othersurged, “Maintain maximummalaria precautions” and “Keepall fires under control.”

Recognizing that soldiers

needed distraction as well

as information, Wallace

recalled that “the newspaper

promoted a ‘Girl I Left Behind’

contest, [and] 1,700 photos

of wives, sweethearts and

baby daughters swamped the

editorial office.”

A posed publicity photo sends the message that the newspaper was circulated by all methods possible. Australian War Memorial

LEFT: A private looks over the winners of the “Girl I Left Behind” contest held by Guinea Gold. Australian War Memorial; photo byJack Band RIGHT: Staff members set type for Guinea Gold in 1944. Australian War Memorial


NE

WS

ago, voted for war news first, po-litical news from home second,educational features third.” The paper, Time continued, “ispacked, seven days a week, withmore than 100 solid newsnuggets.”

Additional proof of the popu-larity of the paper was to be foundin how many soldiers sent copieshome so that their loved onescould share their reading material.In 1942, for example, Sgt.Rudolph Mohler, an Ohioan,mailed his parents a copy with avow that “you can expect biggerand better news” of how the USforces were battling the enemy. An Iowa corporal dispatched anissue home in 1943, along with atiny piece of a Japanese Zero. A 1944 human-interest story inThe Chicago Tribune recountedhow a lieutenant screamed when

JAMES BREIG’s most recentbook is Star-Spangled Baseball:

True Tales of Flags and Fields. He

is also the author of a nonfictionbook about WWII, Searching for

Sgt. Bailey: Saluting an Ordinary

Soldier of World War II.

The front page of Guinea Gold announces the end of World War II with two words.Australian War Memorial

Leonard noted that some staff

members “intercepted radio

news by matchlight during the

bombing raids.”

When the electricity went out,he added, “brawny arms providedpower for the presses.”

Besides being the most-bombednewspaper, Guinea Gold also be-came perhaps the war’s most seat-of-the-pants newspaper becausethe staff often had to ad-lib. Attimes, for example, a shortage oftype led to some being handmadeby a New Guinean who carved T’sout of wood, while the editorfashioned R’s by adding tails toP’s. He got the tails by clipping L’s.The hue of the paper on which thedaily was printed varied accordingto what was available. Survivingcopies may be brown from age orfrom their original tan color.Equipment was begged, borrowedand maybe even stolen. One time,compliant sailors from a US shipcontributed some needed items; itis not known if their captain wasaware of the transfer of machineparts from one ally to another.

The most telling example of thepaper’s make-do spirit occurredat a key moment. When Japansurrendered and the editorneeded a huge headline to trum-pet the end of the war, an Aus-tralian sergeant shaped thecelebratory words from a handychunk of linoleum. Hm

he awoke to find a python in bedwith him. With tongue in cheek,the article added that Americanforces “were comforted recentlyby a cheery article in ‘GuineaGold’, a military newspaper, ex-plaining that pythons in NewGuinea grow to lengths of 20feet.”

As the newspaper followedtroops in their westward march toexpel the Japanese from the is-land, Guinea Gold became a targetfor enemy planes and earned theinformal nickname of “the world’smost bombed newspaper”. Wal-lace recalled that “on moonlightnights in the early days, ‘GuineaGold’ was often interrupted by airraids.” Nevertheless, he added,“deadlines were still met,” thanksin part to the “selfless and untir-ing service” supplied by NewGuinea natives.

• Mail check payable to: Internet Genealogy, PO Box 194, Niagara Falls, NY 14304Internet Genealogy, 82 Church St. S., Suite 101, Ajax, ON L1S 6B3

• Phone TollFree 18883262476 EST. Please have your American Express, Visa or MasterCard ready.• Visit our online bookstore at www.yourgenealogytoday.comYour Credit Card will indicate MAG8883262476. Transactions are processed through our Canadian office and foreign transaction fees may apply.

__ Getting Started: Genetics for the Genealogist — $8.95 plus $2.50 s/h__ Y Chromosome DNA for the Genealogist — $8.95 plus $2.50 s/h__ Autosomal DNA for the Genealogist — $8.95 plus $2.50 s/h__ Mitochondrial DNA for the Genealogist — $8.95 plus $2.50 s/h__ Brick Wall Research Strategies — $8.95 plus $2.50 s/h__ Preserving Family Archives — $8.95 plus $2.50 s/h__ Basics of Birth Certificates — $8.95 plus $2.50 s/h__ Masonic Research — $8.95 plus $2.50 s/h__ Understanding Ancestry DNA — $8.95 plus $2.50 s/h__ Understanding Family Tree DNA — $8.95 plus $2.50 s/h __ Evernote for Genealogists — $8.95 plus $2.50 s/h please specify: __ Windows version or __ MAC version__ Scrivener for Genealogists — $8.95 plus $2.50 s/h please specify: __ Windows version or __ MAC version

* Canadian residents add GST/HST where applicable. (GST# 139340186RT).

First Name_______________________________________ Last Name ___________________________________________Address _____________________________________________________________________ City _____________________ State/Province _________ Zip/Postal Code _________________ Phone Number ___________________________________Email ______________________________________________________________________________________We do not rent or sell customer information to outside companies. Please allow 2 to 4 weeks for delivery.

Reference QuicksheetsEach quicksheet is 4 pages, laminated (size: 8 1/2"x 11")

Maximum $5 Shipping!Book Order Total: ____________Shipping Total: ______________(As indicated or $5 maximum)

Total: ______________________Canadian residents add GST/HST where applicable.GST/HST: ___________________Total: ______________________

Getting Started: Genetics for the

Genealogists

Y Chromosome DNAfor the Genealogists

Autosomal DNA forthe Genealogist

Mitochondrial DNAfor the Genealogists

Brickwall ResearchStrategies

Understanding Ancestry DNA

Preserving FamilyArchives

Understanding Family Tree DNA

MasonicResearch

Evernote for the Genealogists

Basics of Birth Certificates

Scrivener for the Genealogists

www.yourgenealogytoday.com

TRACING YOURFEMALE ANCESTORS?


❑ YES! I want to order Tracing Your Female Ancestors!• Phone Toll-Free 1-888-326-2476 extension 111. Please have your VISA or MasterCard ready.• Visit our online bookstore at www.yourgenealogytoday.com• Mail this order form to the appropriate address located below:






Address: _____________________________________________________________________________



USA orders send to: Your Genealogy Today, PO Box 194, Niagara Falls, NY 14304Canadian orders send to: Your Genealogy Today, 82 Church St. S., Suite 101, Ajax, ON L1S 6B3

GST# 13934 0186 RT

Ple

ase

allo

w th

ree

to s

ix w

eeks

for

deliv

ery.

YourGenealogyToday is proud topresent Tracing YourFemale AncestorsThis 68-page special issue is compiledby Gena Philibert-Ortega, a regularcontributor to Your Genealogy Todayand Internet Genealogy, and theauthor of From the Family Kitchen:Discover Your Food Heritage andPreserve Favorite Recipes. Genaprovides readers with a compre hen -sive collection of tips and strategiesfor locating female ancestors in avariety of different sources — bothcommon and not-so-common.

Articles include: Online resources, WorkingWomen, Women in the Military, AfricanAmerican Female Ancestors, Grandma Wasan Alien?, Female Ancestors Pre-1850,Women in the Civil War, Women andDivorce, Women and the Vote, Secret Livesof Women and more. Also includes aspecial look at Women in Photographs byMaureen Taylor.



BO

OK

S

THE WAGER DISASTERMAYHEM, MUTINY AND MURDER IN THE SOUTH SEAS by Rear Admiral C.H. Layman

In 1741, the Britishwarship HMS Wagercrashed on the shoreof an uninhabited is-land off the coast ofChilean Patagonia.One hundred andforty men reached

land. Only thirty-six made it backhome. The Wager Disaster is the ex-traordinary story of human enduranceand the perseverance of those soldiersin the face of unthinkable adversity.

Britain and Spain were at war, andthe Wager was part of a small Britishsquadron sent to extend the battle totheir Spanish possessions in the SouthSeas. Unfortunately, there were not ac-curate charts of the west coast of SouthAmerica, and much of the navigationwas determined by guesswork. Vicioushurricane-force winds wrecked theWager, separating it from the squadron.Starvation, exhaustion, hypothermia,and drowning quickly claimed most ofthe soldiers who survived the wreck.The rest rose up against the unpopularcaptain and set off in an open boat withno chart, resulting in one of the great-est survival voyages as the castawaysmade their way 2,500 nautical milesback to Britain.

Drawing on the firsthand accounts ofthe survivors, The Wager Disaster tellsthe compelling story of a dramatic fightfor survival under extreme conditions.

Published by The University of Chicago Press336 pages, 37 color plates16 mapsISBN: 978-1-910065-50-1Price: $30.00

THE LONG SHADOWTHE LEGACIES OF THE GREAT WAR IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY by David Reynolds

One of the most violent conflicts in the history of civilization,World War I has been strangely forgotten in American culture.It has become a ghostly war fought in a haze of memory, often

seen merely as a distant preamble to World War II. In The Long Shadow, criticallyacclaimed historian David Reynolds seeks to broaden our vision by assessing theimpact of the Great War across the twentieth century. He shows how events inthat turbulent century – particularly World War II, the Cold War, and the collapseof Communism – shaped and reshaped attitudes to 1914-18.

By exploring big themes such as democracy and empire, nationalism and capitalism, as well as art and poetry, The Long Shadow is stunningly broad in its historical perspective. Reynolds throws light on the vast expanse of the lastcentury and explains why 1914-18 is a conflict that America is still struggling tocomprehend. Forging connections between people, places, and ideas, The LongShadow ventures across the traditional subcultures of historical scholarship tooffer a rich and layered examination, not only of politics, diplomacy, and security,but also of economics, art, and literature. The result is a magisterial reinterpreta-tion of the place of the Great War in modern history.

Published by W.W. Norton; 544 pages; ISBN: 978-0-393-35128-6; Price: $17.95

HINDSIGHTAUGUST 2015

THE CONSTITUTIONAN INTRODUCTION by Michael Stokes Paulsen and Luke Paulsen

The Constitution: An Introduction is the definitive modern primerof the U.S. Constitution. Michael Stokes Paulsen, one of the nation’s most provocative and accomplished scholars of the Con-stitution, and his son Luke Paulsen, a gifted writer and lay scholar,

have combined to write a lively introduction to the supreme law of the United States,covering the Constitution’s history and meaning in clear, accessible terms.

Published by Basic Books; 368 pages; ISBN: 978-0-465-05372-8Price: $29.99 (US) $37.50 (CAN)


BO

OK

S CANADA TRANSFORMEDTHE SPEECHES OF SIR JOHN A. MACDONALD Edited by Sarah Katherine Gibson & Arthur Milnes

A comprehensive collection of the speeches of Canada’sfirst and founding Prime Minister has never before been published – until now. As we enter Sir John A. Macdonald’s bicentennial year in 2015, the major addresses of Canada’s Father of Confederation are presented for all to read.

Published by McClelland & Stewart; 544 pagesISBN: 978-07710-5719-9; Price: $39.95Also available as an e-Book

EXPLORING L INCOLNGREAT HISTORIANS REAPPRAISEOUR GREATEST PRESIDENT Edited by Harold Holzer, Craig L.Symonds, and Frank J. Williams

Ubiquitous and enigmatic, the historicalLincoln, the literary Lincoln, even the cine-

matic Lincoln have all proved both fascinating and irresistible.Though some 16,000 books have been written about him, thereis always more to say, new aspects of his life to consider, newfacets of his persona to explore. Enlightening and entertain-ing, Exploring Lincoln offers a selection of sixteen papers presented at the Lincoln Forum symposium over the past three years.

Shining new light on particular aspects of Lincoln and histragically abbreviated presidency, Exploring Lincoln presents a compelling snapshot of current Lincoln scholarship and afascinating window into understanding one of America’s great-est presidents.

Published by Fordham University Press; 304 pagesISBN: 978-0-8232-6563-3; Price: $24.95 (paperback)

Hidden Natural Histories

TREESTHE SECRET PROPERTIES OF 120 SPECIES by Noel Kingsbury

Hidden Natural Histories

HERBSTHE SECRET PROPERTIES OF 150 PLANTS by Kim Hurst

Behind the cedar scent of fresh pencil shavings and thecool, palate-cleansing taste of mint in our toothpaste areuntold stories of human interactions with the naturalworld. Celebrating the human heritage of these andother natural phenomena, the Hidden Natural Historiesseries offers fascinating insight into the bits of nature wetake for granted in our daily lives.

In Trees, Noel Kingsbury turns his pen – or pencil –to the leafy life forms that have warmed our hearths,framed our boats for ocean voyaging, and provided usshade on summer afternoons. In Herbs, Kim Hurst con-cocts a delightful tale of the leaves, seeds, and flowersthat for millennia have grown in our gardens, providedsavor to our stews, and been used to treat our ailments.Packed with informative and beautiful illustrations,Trees and Herbs will charm and enlighten anyone inter-ested in our relationship with the natural world and willbe a special delight for every gardener and climber oftrees, gourmand, and chef.

Published by The University of Chicago Press224 pages each, 200 color plates in Trees & 150 color plates in HerbsISBN-13: Trees – 978-0-226-28221-3ISBN-13: Herbs – 978-0-226-27117-0Price: $25.00 each

CURSED VICTORYISRAEL AND THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES: A HISTORY by Ahron Bregman

Cursed Victory is the first complete historyof the war’s troubled aftermath – a militaryoccupation of the Palestinian territories that

is now well into its fifth decade. Drawing on unprecedentedaccess to high-level sources, top-secret memos and never-before-published letters, the book provides a gripping and unvarnished chronicle of what Israel promised would be an‘enlightened occupation’ quickly turned sour, and the an-guished diplomatic attempts to bring it to an end. Bregmansheds fresh light on critical moments in the peace process, taking us behind the scenes as decisions about the fate of theterritories were made, and more often, as crucial opportuni-ties to resolve the conflict were missed. As the narrative movesfrom Jerusalem to New York, Oslo to Beirut, and from the late1960s to the present day, Cursed Victory provides vivid por-traits of the key players in this unfolding drama, includingMoshe Dayan, King Hussein of Jordan, Bill Clinton and YasserArafat. Yet Bregman always reminds us of how diplomatic andback-room negotiations affected the daily lives of millions ofArabs, and how the Palestinian resistance, especially during thefirst and second intifadas, in turn shaped political develop-ments. As Bregman concludes, the occupation has become adark stain on Israel’s history, and an era when internationalopinion of the country shifted decisively. Cursed Victory is essential reading for anyone who wants to understand the origins of the ongoing conflict in the region.

Published by Pegasus Books; 416 pagesISBN: 978-1-60598-780-4; Price: $28.95



❑ YES! I want to order The History of Railroads!• Phone Toll-Free 1-888-326-2476 extension 111. Please have your VISA or MasterCard ready.• Visit our online bookstore at www.history-magazine.com• Mail this order form to the appropriate address located below:






Address: _____________________________________________________________________________



USA orders send to: History Magazine, PO Box 194, Niagara Falls, NY 14304Canadian orders send to: History Magazine, 82 Church St. S., Suite 101, Ajax, ON L1S 6B3 GST# 13934 0186 RT P

leas

e al

low

two

to fo

ur w

eeks

for

deliv

ery.

All Aboard!History Magazine is pleased toannounce The History of Railroads.This 84-page special issue, compiledby History Magazine author David A.Norris covers a wide range of railroadhistory in the US, Canada and abroad.

Articles include: The TranscontinentalRailroad, Travel on the Orient Express,The Canadian Pacific Railway, ThePanama Railroad, Civil War Train Travel,The Great Locomotive Chase, World WarOne Trains, A Look at Pullman Cars,Casey Jones and Old ‘97, Owney theMail Dog, and Train Robberies.

Call our toll-free number at 1-888-326-2476, ext. 111 and have your credit card ready, or visitwww.history-magazine.com and orderthrough our secure shopping cart. We accept VISA, Mastercard or PayPal.

Order Today!Cover: Train locomotive, Mid-Continent Museum, Wisconsin(Photographs in the Carol M. Highsmith Archive, Library of Congress,Prints and Photographs Division.)


OrderToday!

Cover and contents subject to change

Presents...

SUBSCRIBE AND SAVE!

To order online, go towww.history-magazine.com or call toll free,

1-888-326-2476.Mail checks to: PO Box 194, Niagara Falls, NY 14304 (USA) or 82 Church St. S., Suite 101, Ajax, ON L1S 6B3 (Canada)

History Magazineopens a window on

the past, telling talesof both pivotal

moments and every-day life. Written from

a North American perspective, HistoryMagazine’s articles

are clear, informativeand insightful, andcome supported by

beautiful illustrationsand maps.

$28.95

6 ISSUES!(REG. $30.95)

Documents

Historia militar