HISTOLOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF POMESTEEN POWER SUPPLEMENT ON THE LIVER OF ADULT WISTAR RATS

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Continental J. Pharmacology and Toxicology Research 7 (1): 8 - 16, 2014 ISSN: 2141 – 4238 © Wilolud Journals, 2014 http://www.wiloludjournal.com Printed in Nigeria doi:10.5707/cjptres.2014.7.1.8.16

HISTOLOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF POMESTEEN POWER SUPPLEMENT ON THE

LIVER OF ADULT WISTAR RATS

Ekundina V.O., 2Ebeye O.A.,1 Oladele A.A and 2Ajayi M 1*Department of Medical Laboratory Science Afe-Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State.

2Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology Delta State University, Abraka.

ABSTRACT Pomesteen power is a product of forever living product, a company known internationally for providing health services using herbs and other natural supplements. This study assessed the histological effects of pomesteen power drink on the liver of thirty (30) adult male wistar rats; the animals were randomly divided into five groups with six animals in each. Group 1 served as control while groups 2, 3, 4, 5, were test groups and received a daily dosage of 0.5ml, 1.0ml, 1.5ml and 2.0ml of pomesteen drink respectively for 30days. Following an overnight fast the animals were sacrificed, liver tissue harvested, fixed tissues were processed for routine paraffin sections and photomicrographs obtained. Results revealed a dose dependent reduction in liver weight that was not statistically significant however, histopathological findings showed mild congestion of the liver that was also dose dependent. In conclusion consumption of pomesteen power drink may be safe for consumption however functional studies are recommended in further studies to corroborate these findings. Keywords: pomesteen power, liver, histopathology and wistar rat.

Received for Publication: 22/05/14 Accepted for Publication: 02/07/14

Corresponding Author: [email protected] INTRODUCTION The use of natural supplement for medicinal benefits has played an important role in nearly every culture on earth, (Houghton, 1996). Herbal medicine was practiced by ancient people of Africa, Asia, Europe and the Americans, (Wargovich et al, 2001). Over 50% of all modern clinical drugs are of natural product origin and natural products play an important role in drug development programs of the pharmaceutical industry, (Wargovich et al., 2001). Forever living company (An international family of companies that produces and market exclusive health and beauty product) produces pomesteen power supplement drink which has as


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Ekundina et al.,: Continental J. Pharmacology and Toxicology Research 7 (1): 8 - 16, 2014

its major constituent mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) and Pomegranate (Punica granatum) raspberry, blackberry, blueberry and grape seed fruits. Pomegranate (PG) juice (Punica granatum Lin, family Punicaceae), have emerged as candidate natural product with an antioxidant activity in two recent studies, (Schubert, 1999 and Aviram, et al., 2000). Pomegranate is a well known medicinal plant in Ayurveda and Unani literature. The plant is supposed to be native of Iran and is extensively cultivated as fruit tree or ornamental or for medicinal purposes in tropical, sub tropical countries such as Spain, Morocco, Egypt, Afganisthan, Iran, India and Far East. laboratory research and clinical trials, juice of the pomegranate may be effective in reducing heart disease risk factors, including LDL oxidation, macrophage oxidative status, and foam cell formation (Aviram et al.,2000 ), activation of immune system and boosting of the male reproductive functions (Ebeye et al., 2013) Garcinia mangostana (G. mangostana) Linn, commonly known as mangosteen, is a tropical fruit tree belonging to the family Clusiaceae (Guttiferae). The pericarp or fruit hull (rind) which is thick, hard, and a dark purple to red purple in color, has a tradition of use in Southeast Asia to cure a broad range of ailments (Morton, 1987). Extensive phytochemical studies have revealed that the mangosteen-fruit pericarp is rich in xanthones with many diverse structures (PedrazaChaverri et al., 2008). Of these, mangosteens have been mostly reported for their remarkable biological activities such as anti-oxidant v (Williams et al., 1995), anti-HIV (Chen et al., 1996), anti-fungus (Sakagami et al., 2005), anti-allergy (Chairungsrilerd et al., 1998), anti-bacterial (Sakagami et al., 2005), anti-malarial (Mahabusarakam et al., 2006), anti-cancer (Nagakawa et al., 2007), and anti-inflammation (Tewtrakul et al., 2009). Other than xanthones, the pericarp of mangosteen also contains an abundance of epicathechin based tannins (Mahabusarakam et al., 1987; Yu et al., 2007). Liver is the largest organ in the body, it plays a major role in maintaining the body’s internal milieu and also protects itself from the challenges it faces during its functioning. Since it is involved in the biochemical conversions of various endogenous and exogenously administered substances, there is a possibility of generating various highly reactive species of free radicals, (Kiuchi, 2004). The liver as a major metabolic organ is affected by various chemicals and toxins daily and identification of a successful hepatoprotective agent will provide a useful tool for the treatment of hepatic diseases. In absence of reliable liver-protective drugs in modern medicine, a large number of medicinal preparations are recommended for the treatment of liver disorders and quite often claimed to offer significant relief, (Arulkumaran, 2007). The liver is expected not only to perform physiological functions but also to protect against the hazards of harmful drugs and chemicals. This present study was carried out to investigate the effect of pomesteen power on the histomorphology of the liver.


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METHODOLOGY Experimental Animals Thirty (30) Swiss albino Wistar male rats (150-250g) was used for the study, and were obtained from the animal house of the department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria. The animals was kept under standard laboratory condition and are fed with standard livestock grower marsh and clean water for 14 days to acclimatize before the experimental procedure used for this studies. Experimental Design A total of thirty (30) Male Albino Wister rats were used for the experiment. CONTROL = control (n = 6) GROUP 1 =feed+water+ 0.5ml pomesteen power treated rats (n = 6) GROUP 2 = feed+water+1.0ml pomesteen power treated rats (n = 6) GROUP 3 = feed+water+1.5ml pomesteen power treated rats (n = 6) GROUP 4 =feed+water+ 2.0ml pomesteen power treated rats (n = 6) The animals were housed in a cage of five compartments with six rats to one compartment. At the end of the study (end of the third week), the rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. The abdomen of each rat was carefully dissected, the kidney removed and fixed in 10% formol- saline for histological studies following the method of Carleton (1967). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: All data are expressed as mean±SD. Pair wise comparison between test and control groups were done using the student t-test. Differences between groups were considered significant at p<0.05. PHOTOMICROGRAPHY The stained tissue images were captured using a digital microscopic eyepiece “SCOPETEX”DCM 500, 5.0 mega pixel connected to a computer. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Morphological results Table 1. Effect of pomesteen power drink on liver weight of adult wistar rats control 0.5ml 1.0ml 1.5ml 2.0ml Liver weight (g) 6.10± 0.72 6.09± 0.22 5.57 ± 0.25 5.50 ± 0.95 5.40 ± 0.40


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Total body weight

Table 2. Effect of pomesteen power drink on total body weight in adult wistar rats

Initial Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Control 213.33 ± 11.55 226.67 ± 11.55 223.33 ± 18.93 223.33 ± 2.89 0.5ml 163.33 ± 5.77 186.67 ± 15.28 180.00 ± 5.34 190.00 ± 3.60 1.0ml 163.33 ± 5.77 188.33 ± 18.93 186.33 ± 14.43 193.33 ± 15.28 1.5ml 186.67 ± 11.55 187.67 ± 01.55 184.67 ± 6.55 189.67 ± 5.50 2.0ml 153.33± 5.77 170.00 ± 10.00 173.33 ± 5.77 187.67 ± 2.55

Figure 2. Effect of pomesteen power drink on total body weight in adult wistar rats

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Ekundina et al.,: Continental J. Pharmacology and Toxicology Research 7 (1): 8 - 16, 2014 Histological results

Plate 1: Control H&E x100 shows hepatocytes with distinct central veins, the nucleus appears coarse and distinct polyhedral arrangement of cells seen.

Plate 2: 0.5ml of pomesteen H&E x100 hepatocytes display an eosinophillic background with slight lipofuscin granules seen with separated vascular channels sinusoids.


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Plate 3: 1.0ml pomesteen power x100 H&E micrograph shows hepatocytes with distinct central vein with lobes filled with blood. The Interstitium is free of any collection.

Plate 4: 1.5ml pomesteen power x100 H&E hepatocytes appears well stained and differentiated, the central vein appears distinct and the Interstitium is free from congestion and collection.


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Plate 5: 2.0ml of pomesteen x100 micrograph shows liver section with mild fragmentation, the sinusoids and vessels are free of inflammatory cells and congestion. Hepatocytes appear deranged with slight loss of radial arrangement This study accessed the Histolological Effects of Pomesteen Power Supplement on the Liver in Adult Wistar Rats. The administration of pomesteen power supplement with standard dosage coupled with non- availability of adequate scientific studies on their safety has raised concerns on their liver toxicity, however the absence of evidence of hepatotoxicity in this present study agrees with the study Ebeye et al., (2013). The supplement showed no significant effects on the total body weight on the animal over the periods of administration; however there was a slight decline in the liver weight which was dose dependent. This could indicate atrophy in the liver organ which could be an indication to hepatotoxicity. Histological evaluation of the liver tissue reveals no marked alteration in the histo-cytoarchitecture of the liver of the control and test groups. Conclusively the consumption of pomesteen power supplement at the dosage studied reveals no toxic/damaging effect on the liver, however, liver functional assessment of the liver is recommended in further study to corroborate these findings.

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Ekundina et al.,: Continental J. Pharmacology and Toxicology Research 7 (1): 8 - 16, 2014 Chen S.X, Wan M, Loh B.N (1996). Active constituents against HIV-1 protease from Garcinia mangostana. Planta Med. 62: 381-382. Dufour D.R (2006). Liver disease. In: Burtis CA et al. (eds.) Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders pp. 1777-1848. Ebeye O.A, Ekundina, V.O and Ariemuduigho O. (2013) Effects of Pomesteen Power on the Histomophology of the Testes and some Haematological Indices in Adult Male Wistar Rats. Continental Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology Research 6 (1): 9-16. Kiuchi F, Matsuo K, Ito M, Qui T.K and Honda G (2004). New norditerpenoids with trypanocidal activity from Vitex trifolia. Chem. Pharm. Bill., 52: 1492-1494. Mahabusarakam W, Wiriyachitra P, Taylor W.C (1987). Chemical constituents of Garcinia mangostana. J. Nat. Prod. 50: 474-478. Mahabusarakam W, Kuaha K, Wilairat P, Taylor W.C (2006). Prenylated xanthones as potential antiplasmodial substances. Planta Med. 72: 912-916. Morton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. Nagakawa Y, Iinuma M, -mangostin-induced Naoe T, Nozawa Y, Akao Y (2007). Characterized mechanism of cell death: caspase-independent apoptosis with release of endonuclease-G from mitochondria and increase miRNA-143 expression in human colorectal cancer DLD-1 cells. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 15: 562-568. Pedraza-Chaverri J, Cárdenas-Rodríguez N, Orozco-Ibarra M, Pérez- Rojas JM (2008). Medicinal properties of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana). Food Chem. Toxicol. 46: 3227-3239. Sakagami Y, Iinuma M, Piyasena K.G, Dharmaratne HR (2005). Antibacterial activity of alpha-mangostin against vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) and synergism with antibiotics. Phytomed. 12: 203-208. Schubert, S. Lanskey, E.P., Neeman, I, (1999). Antioxidant and eicosanoid enzyme inhibition properties of pomegranate seed oil fermented juice flavonoids. Journal of Ethopharmacology, 66 ,11-17.


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Ekundina et al.,: Continental J. Pharmacology and Toxicology Research 7 (1): 8 - 16, 2014 Tewtrakul S, Wattanapiromsakul C, Mahabusarakam W (2009). Effects of compounds from Garcinia mangostana on inflammatory mediators in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 121: 379-382. Wargovich M.J, Woods C, Holis D.M, Zander N.E (2001). Herbals, cancer prevention and health. J. Nutr., 131(11): 30345- 30365. Williams P, Ongsakul M, Proudfoot J, Croft K, Beilin L (1995). Mangostin inhibits the oxidative modification of human low density lipoprotein. Free Rad. Res. 23: 175-184. Yu L, Zhao M, Yang B, Zhao Q, Jiang Y (2007). Phenolics from hull of Garcinia mangostana fruit and their antioxidant activities. Food Chem. 104: 176-181.

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HISTOLOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF POMESTEEN POWER SUPPLEMENT ON THE LIVER OF ADULT WISTAR RATS