7/28/2019 Hist of USA (1)

1/20

Evolution of PharmacyinU.S.A.

7/28/2019 Hist of USA (1)

2/20

Greatest of the Pharmacists-Chemists Carl Wilhelm Scheele

Discovered oxygen,

chorine, prussic acid,tartaric acid,

tungsten,

molybdenum,

glycerin, andcountless other

organic compounds

7/28/2019 Hist of USA (1)

3/20

Americas First Apothecary General Andrew Craigie

Duties included

procurement, storage,manufacture, and

distribution of the Armys

drug requirements

Developed wholesaling and

manufacturing business

7/28/2019 Hist of USA (1)

4/20

Serturner First of the Alkaloid Chemists gave the world opiums

chief narcotic principle,

morphine recognized and proved

the importance of a

new class of organic

substances which isalkaloids

7/28/2019 Hist of USA (1)

5/20

Caventou, Pelletier and Quinine isolated emetine from

ipecacuanha in 1817;

strychnine and brucine fromnux vomica in 1818

Introduced methods for

separation of quinine and

cinchona from cinchonabarks

prepared pure salts and set

up manufacturing facilities

7/28/2019 Hist of USA (1)

6/20

Stanislas Limousin Pharmaceutical Inventor

gifted in combining

scientific knowledge withtechnical skill

introduced the medicine

dropper, the system ofcoloring poisons and wafer

cachets

7/28/2019 Hist of USA (1)

7/20

Stanislas Limousin Pharmaceutical Inventor

His greatest contribution

- development and perfection

of apparatus for the inhalation

- therapeutic administration of

oxygen

- invention of glass ampoulesthat could be sealed and

sterilized for preservation of

solutions for hypodermic use

7/28/2019 Hist of USA (1)

8/20

The Shakers and Medicinal Herbs

First U.S. industry in

medicinal herbs

Carried out by the

United Society of

Believers commonly

known as the Shakersin 1820

7/28/2019 Hist of USA (1)

9/20

The Shakers and Medicinal Herbs

gathered 200 varieties ofplants, dried, chopped and

pressed them into bricks andwrapped, labeled and soldthem to pharmacists andphysicians

The Shaker label wasrecognized for reliability andquality for more than acentury.

7/28/2019 Hist of USA (1)

10/20

American Pharmacy Builds

its Foundations

Faced with 2 major threats

Deterioration of the practice of pharmacy

Discriminatory classification by the University of

Pennsylvania medical faculty

Pharmacists of Philadelphia formed an

association which became The PhiladelphiaCollege of Pharmacy, a school of Pharmacy

and a self-policing board

7/28/2019 Hist of USA (1)

11/20

American Pharmacy Builds

its Foundations

68 pharmacists signed the

Constitution of the firstpharmaceutical association

in U.S. (The American

Pharmaceutical

Association) Opened membership to

All pharmacists and

druggist

Daniel B. Smith, 1st president

William Procter, Jr., 1st secretary

7/28/2019 Hist of USA (1)

12/20

The Father of American Pharmacy William Procter, Jr.

Graduated from The

Philadelphia College ofPharmacy in 1837

Leader in founding The

American Pharmaceutical

Association

Served as the first secretary

of the organization; later as

president

7/28/2019 Hist of USA (1)

13/20

The Pharmacopoeia Comes of Age 1st United States

Pharmacopoeia (USP) was

the work of the medicalprofession (1820)

1st book of drug standards

from a professional source toaccepted by a nation

7/28/2019 Hist of USA (1)

14/20

The Pharmacopoeia Comes of Age U.S.P. was in danger of dissolution due to

lack of interest of the medical profession

Dr. Edward R. Squibb took the problem tothe American Pharmaceutical Associationconvention

Pharmacist formed a Committee onRevision chaired by hospital pharmacistCharles Rice, assisted by pharmacist-educator Joseph P. Remington, and Dr.

Squibb, their collaborator

7/28/2019 Hist of USA (1)

15/20

By 19th century, pharmacy

began to show some

independence from medicine.

drug merchants, importers oroperations of general stores

grew more knowledgeable andambitions

the need for higher

competence and standardswere felt among the druggist

7/28/2019 Hist of USA (1)

16/20

The Era of Biological Announcement of the

effectiveness of diphtheria

antitoxin by Behring andRoux led to its

pharmaceutical production

Inoculation of horses withdiphtheria toxin was the first

step in producing antitoxin

7/28/2019 Hist of USA (1)

17/20

The Development of Chemotherapy Ernest Francois Auguste

Fourneau

headed chemical laboratories inthe world-renowned InstitutePasteur in Paris

His early work with bismuth andarsenic compounds advanced

the treatment of syphilispaved the way for the life-saving

sulfonamide compounds

7/28/2019 Hist of USA (1)

18/20

The Era of Antibiotics 1st observed by Pasteur in 1877

Followed by Fleming in 1929,

and Florey and Chain in 1940

Discoveries of antibiotics came

rapidly in the 40s

During World War II, mass

production of penicillin have

reduced costs to 1/1000th

7/28/2019 Hist of USA (1)

19/20

European and American Pharmacy Meet

First meeting

Second International Congress ofPharmacy in Paris, France in 1867

7/28/2019 Hist of USA (1)

20/20

19th century 1st International Pharmacopeia Geneva,

Switzerland published by WHO in 1951