Hist I - Dr. Rosenblum

7/29/2019 Hist I - Dr. Rosenblum

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June 19, 2012 society in the Middle ages:

a subsistence economy (live to survive, grow or trade for what you need; justenough to get by)

very localized communities, decentralization primarily rural increasing decline of the Roman Empire and the barbarians who increasingly

attack the Roman Empire, so in the 5th century Rome is sacked and then led to

the middle ages

barbarians - because the men had barbs on their face, has a beard in otherwords

the Vandals were a group in particular who were infamous, because just wanted todestroy and ended up destroying the Empire

Unkulos, was a relative of a caesar, Reish Lakish another ger and was gladiatorbefore

In 330 C.E. Constantine decides to change the official religion with its capital inConstantinople and becomes Byzantine, the western empire falls shortly

practiced Eastern orthodox - was really Greek orthodox which spread toRussia where Russian was the language so Russian orthodoxy developed

and only difference is language emperor was the head of the church fall of western roman empire had no leader of state so no leader of roman

catholicism, so the bishop of rome became a more important figure and

ultimately became the pope diff between the two:

priests in roman catholic church cant marry; nuns are inroman catholic church; have an alter- substantiation and

communion; performed before a congregation yeshka was a

single son; mary never died eastern church: priests can marry not really a concep t of

celibacy; adopt that the priest is like a cohen gadol so the

congregation doesnt see what the priest does because done

behind the screen with pictures of their saints; yeshak had

brothers

armeaneans are very similar to jews no seperation betweenchurch and state and ethnicity,etc cant be an armenean and

have another religion or cant be a member of the

armeanean church without being armeanean


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in 632 CE Muhammad dies and his successors leaves arabia, when he did livethere was a large Jewish community, took on a lot from judaism - much more

closely related

with Islam spreading, the Byzantine Empire stays around at the end of the Byzantine Rule the Ottoman Turks took over ruled until WWI

during the middle ages have the system below manorial system - manor have three feild system to allow for fertile soil because one is lying fallow serdom have commons medaows - grazing land

before winter kill the majority of the animals and salt the meat this meat is mostly for the lord because serfs cant afford it lord owns everything, so whatever services you get you pay the lord - to

hunt, to fish,

get enough to eat but everything thats surplus goes to the lord, and theserfs are taxed with what was grown, have to pay a tithe, taxes for

improvements for the manor

lords role was to provide a safety net for the serfs- stocks the food,obligation of the lord in bad times to feed the serfs,

marriage is regulated on the manor, you have to turn to the Lord whodetermines when and if you marry - depends upon age

need to keep the population steady, want to prevent over population faith is important for everyone,

feudalism lords who command the troops and vassals

vassal swears alligence to the lord and will fight and defend hislord really the serfs

not simply the serfs because you have manors of different size (canhave one or many) the larger the manor, the larger amount of land,

the more serfs meaning the more vassals so have a larger selection

and more of possibility of a more powerful army

the weaker lords will turn to the stronger ones and will say wewant you as our overlord for military purposes

at some point can go beyond the simple system of a manor when you have greater security now you can allow cities to develop

provided that their is security over a larger area

two types of people that live in the towns: merchants who bring goods in and out craftsman - produce a specific product

organize themselves in guilds


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apprentice to the masters (teachers) journey man is certified to produce but under the masters

and goal is to be a master guilds determine how much it will cost, how much will be

produced, etc.

people who live in these towns are burgers or bourgeois walled towns/cities people who live in the town pay taxes and whatever is required to

the lord

communal oven another option is to join the church will get food, education, etc have an idea of common law wife, who they would have children with

considered bastards priests in charge of a congregation

responsibilities: lead mass, practice the baptism, give out communion (wine isblood, wafer is body - transubstantiation), help the people read etc

indulgences - worst the sin the higher the payment lead to building of cathedrils and palaces for the higher rankings

monks transcribe documents, music, the educated intellectual ones to have a cathedral you need a bishop lot of saints, a person who is a holy person who is believed to have performed miracles,

specific people tied with these specific needs so you pray to them to get you help often if

you're cured you would give a donation in the name of the saint to the church

church treasury between the offerings, tithes, and indulgences became a wealthyinstitution

during this time the arabs were in a golden era university originally was to teach theology, for those who want to become priests, mostly

traditions then judge and lawyers - law at that time was canon law so had to learn the

theology doctors train administrators and accountants in government tassels have to do with the hierarchy of the church

church has the concept of scholasticism ways the church tells the people how to relate to the world and the way to think certain abstract priciples which were handed down to the church by the divine,

innner reality and the church works in deductive reasoning (modern day we use

inductive reasoning we build up)

says that your senses can deceive you, seeing isnt believing, there is no truereality it can be a distortion


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church taught to be wary of the jews they deceive you sensual world can lead you astray - inner essence is what is important papal infallibility -pope cant be wrong

the cardinal college elects the pope but really the guiding spirit to choosethe pope is god

as universities develop, heresies show up groups who emerge to challenge the church crusades against the heretics pope controls numerous lands and armies, overlord successful in containing the heresies until Luther

June 21 pope is king over vatican, over Papal states, interest in political intrigue, has an army, etc

the secular and religious duties may come into conflict

principle of investiture - situation in which the pope delegates from his poweronto an individual giving him an appointment

pope appoints all higher ranking officials and because each one come fromdifferent countries can have conflicts between originally lord/king and

pope

these officials now have duty towards the pope Charlemagne in 800 was the first major ruler in the middle ages

able to create a large kingdom which he calls the Holy Roman Empire (HRE) largest kingdome since the Ancient Roman Empire calls it holy because ancient rome was pagan and hes catholic ruled over france germany and north of Italy after he died it fell apart decides he wants the pope to crown him - if the pope crowns him then its

saying that divine is blessing him

it puts the pope in the position to coerce the king - can ask for moneybefore the coronation, could make him subordinate, etc

this starts creating greater and greater tension between rulers and pope by the 10th century hugh amt of corruption; popes position was being bought by 13 century pope is at peak of his power

can enforce church decisions by using the army and then will get otherkings armies to support him

the arabs captured many areas of the byzatine empire and the emperor felt thatthey needed help to not lose more territory to the muslims

thought if he told the catholics that the muslims are desicrating holy spots byzantine emperor was head of their church agreed to do this starting the crusades, felt that if they were kicking out

non believers in other areas should do that in Europe


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called gzerot Shoom - shpiro, worms, and mainz (all jews weremassacred)

an illusions to it in haggadat pesach shfoch magalotgoyim and the tfillah we say in Yom Kippur, and in the

kinos

when the crusaders do come and take over the christains they massacre alljews and muslims who were united against them

first stops for the crusaders will be constantinople the empire doesnt realize that by the fact constantinople are greek

orthodox and therefore theyre heretics so the crusaders massacre

the inhabitants of constantinople and pillage the city

until this day there is a schisms between the orthodox and thecatholics

pope says there can be no taxation on church property or clergy without the permission ofhte pope

war ends up happening between france and england - borders arent set english and french royal families marry into one another the french royal family ends up dying out the closest relatives ended up being english so the english begin to claim territory in france a queen of france then married an english king who owned land and wanted to

take that land with her

brittany is an area of france that used to be englished the french

one of hte papal states was in southern france adn the capitol was avignon adn the pope isconvinced by the french king to move from rome to avignon

papal state is totally surrounded by france and to move in and out he has to gothrough france

ultimately the french king sees that the popes will all be french the popes end up staying there from 1309-1378 for 69 years the popes arent

living in the city they should be (Babylonian CAptivity) this galus makes them feel degraded when the official church gets back to rome (pressures were exerted and it

was agreed upon that the pope should go back to rome) its time to pick

another pope

problems with the elections because everyone wants to have someone theycan work and manipulate in all sorts of ways and form 1378-1415 (almost

forty years) is known as the great schism

there are election and two-three popes are ruling at the same time


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when someone is converted to catholicism even if its forced, thereis no going back and if you go back to your old one then you

become a heretic not just a non believer

lead to moranos(church calls them that) (anusim in hebs) inquisition was a body of the catholics, and was meant for

catholic heretics but then moved onto the jews a lot of these conversos would have one son to be a priest

to cover them up

interesting tradition we know about wanted to maintainpidyon haben and they would do it with a converso priest

one of the popes in the great schism is speculated to havebeen a converso

emergence of heresies Abagancians denied that j was god, didnt like the pictures on the cross, believe in

the bible, read it in hebrew, were crusaded against and it took 20 years toeliminate them 1209-1229

in 15th century the hussites emerge in the czech republic and called that becausetheir founder and leader was jan hus, focused on the old testament in hebs leads

them to kashrus and shchita

church adopted the terms of a flock of sheep because j was known as alamb because he was sacrificed for all their sins the hussites dont want to

use that terminology and refer to themselves as a gaggle of geese in the 15th centure john wycliff lived in oxford in England and at the end of 1380

he translated into english

church didnt like this because layman can now read the bible felt that there doesnt need to be an intermidiary between a person and j

thomas kempis said htat s long as an individual that finds solitude in his soul hecan communicate with the one above wihtout language

church sets up the inquisition to get rid of these people and is already fairly activein the 13th century

when the heretics were doing what they were doing then they were called ajudiazing sect so then the jews became a focus of the inquisition

by the 13th century the inqisition changes the rules - wasnt oging to be involvedin internal affairs of the jews but their presence leads to others heresey so there is

a public burning in paris 1242

felt entitled to burn the talmud because claim that its blasphemous because of ideaof mamzer of j

bubonic plague parents left sick kids, left for the nuns and the friars were left to take care of them,

people werent getting christain burials, etc


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the disease spread throughout europe and killed 25 million people in five yearskilled of the population of europe

puzzling to the people because didnt know it was transmited by fleas, and duringwinter the fleas go into dormancy so suddenly come winter it seems that its gone

but then spring comes and the fleas start up again and it resumes continued for centuries but not as terrible as the first five years felt it was a punishment from above,

either people would constantly repent or others would just enjoy life andnot obide by their morals

growing suspicion of anyone who is foreign because know that it camefrom merchants coming to europe

theory that the jews poisin the wells because they want revenge becausethey were persecuted

jews are arrested in germany and torture them until confession that theystarted it

in 1348 geneva communities determine that all jews from the ages of 7

and up must be destroyed but under that age they will be spared over 300

jewish communities were destroyed by their neighbors all over europe

the pope came out and condemmed what was happening this disease isaffecting everyone everywhere so the jews arent responsible for this but

hte locals were looking to scapegoat someone bc it was intolerable

jews cant work, jews are still within europe and work as merchants at(stage one) from the times of charlemagne who wanted to trade with the

arabs and sent three people off to the arab empire indep: one being the jew

isaac suppose to make contact with the caliph in baghdad of the three onlyone comes back who brings many gifts back and hte jew issac only

survives because jews were in baghdad - when relations are established

the catholics kick out the jews from this business, jews only do the tasks

that other dont want to or dont know how to

during the middle ages jews become the money lenders, they set up pawnshops, ppl would bring objects of wealth and would get money with the

worth of the item and would have to give it back when they were ready to

pay it back, but if htey dont in time the jews could sell it

June 26, 2012 kahal is self containing unit, takes care of the mikvah, cemetery, then shul

have to ameliorate the lord to ensure safety, but always feared getting kicked outand never knew when that would be

would be a chief rabbi who would be elected by the electors who were prominent menand a shamash


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the beit din took care of all legal matters; halachic issues (weights, ritual law, disturbingthe peace, and even the issue of where you sat in shul)

electors had titles of either moreinu or chaver to get married you need to put in a request to the kehila, and those who arent

contributing intellectually or financially they will have a diff time getting married all the land and the buildings belong to the church or lord, jews cant own property or

land, kehilla is entitled to use the home, meaning the place you live is given to you but

the kehilla really is responsible for it

cherem is possible but unlikely, if you are put into cherem you will not survive unlessyou find another kehilla to accept you

blood libels (1141) , matza is made from gentile babies blood, jews would be accusedof this during pesach usually when a gentile baby is sick or the christains owuld bury a

dead child in jewish area around this time

would do it around easter time and say that jews wanted to recreate crucificationof j so they would steal a baby and torture the baby and kill hte baby use hte bloodfor matzah

church wants to keep pontius pilot a good person so made it that the jews want j to becrucified

in 1215 the desecration of the host, jews would make holes in the host rejecting thebody of j working for the devil and they are evil

Jewish badge - church decides that jews are so dangerous to the unsuspecting catholic sothey must now wehre distinguishing clothing so catholics knows who jews are and stay

away from them

church needs to find some justification so the church immediately seizes upon apasuck fom the torah: the passuk that describes tzitzis

so they have to where a yellow circle on their clothing and jewish men wearpointy hats

jews were represented as witches in fairy tales because of the pointy hat,big hook noses, potions, always evil etc

hansel and gretel who want to be eaten by witches (jews who want to eatthe children)

renaissance: means rebirth humanism: significance of hte individual and his ability to shape and control his

world

sculptures were used for church for saints etc and paintings also artists werent artist rather they were artisans

in middle ages perspective is unimportant (visual perception) face is important not body because not for arts sake rediscovery of roman sculpture who were had very accurate and well done

naked sculptures and the perfection of the human body


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emergence of patrons who are wealthy individuals primarily merchants renassaince began in italian city states because there is an expansion of trade

people cant indivudally commune with the divine, but there were people who weregeniuses so why in religion can that person be unable to create that direct relationship

15th century kabbalah becomes important it's a way to connect with a higher power and help control their future, by

understanding some of the mystical secrets helping guarantee future success catholics begin to study kabbalah from jews, and a revival of interest in hebs

development of the sciences and growth of knowledge move towards exploration of other parts of the world

ottoman turks destroy the byzantine empire part of the huge success of the italian city states is because of hte byzantine empire, but

now the ottomans want to estab a supremacy of the med sea

italian city states will realize that they cant use the med sea the way they did inthe past, now its the ottoman sea so if they want to continue trading with the fareast will have to find alternative routes

initially the countries who will emerge will be the ones that face onto diff bodiesof water - portugal, spain, etc

portugal king Henry the Navigator begins to support routes that go aroundafrica

long proccess and the cape of good hope isnt always open because ofstorms

columbus sails to the new world in 1492 columbus initally asks the spanish to fund his voyage, but the spainards says the

treasury is empty after fighting the muslims when he tries again after the expulsion of the jews in spain so now they

have the money to fund his trip

his voyage is extrememly risky need to know how long it would take and need to have an idea

because of food and water supply

lands on what is known as the island of hispanola which is owned by thedominican republic and haiti

when he returns he brings back gifts things that will excite the europeansto try to get them to finance future expeditions

findings: corn (maize), potatoes corn is very hearty and resistant to diseases and problems

of drought - good to feed animals and now dont have to

slaughter them before the winter cuz could feed them

potatoes will be grown in any type of soil and become astaple of the european diet


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when they decided to colonize the west they decided that it was a similar climateto asia so wanted to grow different things they would get from asia

cotton, sugar (can make rum now),, etc not as much of population control because new colonies, have more fertilizer, have more

animals, so pop grows and different attitude emerging towards trade and a new economic

system develops: mercantilism

the general position is that every country should increase their exports andlimiting their imports (specif mother countries)

by doing so the hope is that the country will be able to collect and reign inprecious metals and in this new economic system money is regarded as

wealth versus land

land will decrease in value foreign trade is stressed over domestic trade raw materials are brought in from the colonies and finished goods are exported to

the colonies mother country to colony will be an exclusive relationship

July 2 first ghetto was in Venice in the late 16th century

ghetto means iron factory, it was transformed into a jewish area jews lived there because it was a central location to travel to be merchants space was extremely valuable so if you need to utilize every single space in a

building, so no more hallways had to go through other peoples apt to another one

buildings are constantly added to space between buildings is extremely narrow jews were pawnbrokers in italy, money lending is meant by that

poorer non jews bringing things of value to the jewish pawn broker whogives them some money and the item being collateral

division between the italani and the jews that come from beyond the mountains(ultra montani) (from north africa)

the community ends up with special people: sforno, hebrew printing press 1518, conditions are wonderful for jews until the protestatn reformation/catholic counter

reformation

the papal states decide that all the jews will be forced out of the areas they live inthey move to one of two ghettos in rome and ancona (1555)

conditions worsten when the jews were forced into the ghettos especially theroman ghetto

set hours when ghettos were open and closed, sewage problems, congestion, etc roman ghetto lasts longest deal with the old clothes trade, peddlers, alot of the occupations they could work

in are no longer able to do so


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community is impoverished jews forced to listen to the sermens were meant to listen to sermons in a church on

shabbat which were meant to convert them jews found a way to make it easier (from ages on 12 and on had to go) so

the jews start making ear plugs out of wax and stuff their ears so would sit

there and would just sit

on the church there was hebrew inscribed with a pasuk the catholics use toprove j was the messiah

was a special instituion the house of catacumens which is the house of theconverts, a half way house, the jews that had enough who decided to

convert would go there, jewish community had to pay the bill for that

house

florence, sienna, verona, and different city states decide to ghetto-ize their jews protestant reformation

holland becomes calvanist after fighting with the spanish in 1615 it was beingdebated whether jews should be let in (reside in a community)

restricted to contact with christains, no public office, selected jews in becausethey can be useful economically

also be obliged to listen to sermons come from spain/portugal and return to the jewish faith with prayers with low

profile

by 1657 holland recognizes jews as citizens, but cant hold any sort of publicoffice, no entry into guilds, etc

apologetics apologize for your cause, jewish written works that were written for

gentiles to explain jewish cutoms and show that they are of the highest

moral and ethical standard and important humanistic works hebrew customs - jews were referred to as ivrim, defense on oral she beal pe in 1638 in venice which marks a departure from apologetics and

takes a diff perspective of the jews and to show that wherever jews

are invited to reside the surrounding society experiences economic

success whereas the societies that expells jews their economic

power declines and is written by simone luzzato (Ramchals family

member)

livorno - the ruler was takenby luzzatos work and decided to invite the jews tosettle in his city state, and made it clear in the livornino (document) assuring the

jews there will be no ghetto or restrictions

Roger Williams


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started providence (RI), and said that the govt wrote about that relig is a personaldecision and should not be apart of the govt all people should have freedom of

religion and advocates relig freedom for jews, pagans, muslims

with that attitude he was told to leave england and create a colony because itboards on criminal

if you were living in Massachussettes bay colony and werent puritan would tellyou to get out

usually colonies were religion based maryland was for catholics

in 1689 John Locke almost word for word says what williams says and argues that religaffiliation should have no bearing upon civil rights

insists that jews should have full freedom of worship and synagogues 1655 period of intense messianic longings, general feeling throughout europe that the

people are living in messianic times (xtians) jews are also affected (shabtai tzvi)

Shabtai Tzvi ended up converting to islam (threatened to be killed or convert) so hadfollowers who really believed in him and converted but still kept jewish traditions very

secretive and want to be viewed as turkish muslims called donmeh

louis brandeis was one with the messianic ages they wanted the jews to go back to israel and the way to do it is

by gathering them, josiah child helped allow the jews to come into engladn and was the

president the east india company and invovled in the colonizing the new world

jews are important because they have capital and excellent source of businnessalso jews will always be loyal because jews had so few places to

Josaiah child sees the success of the dutch so wants the same and brings in jews endenization - from endemic (intergral part of something) making people who

come in from another country and making them fit in (we use naturalize)

jews still not civilly involved, but are worthwhile so hes a strong advocate ofjews and argues against those who dont want jews in england

money will stay jews so the anti-semites would say they might get enough of whatthey want so they will leave

Edict of Nantes is canceld in 1685 by Louis XIV so huguenots had to leave france ; didthis because he wants to have as much power as possible and because they werent apart

of catholic church he didnt have as much power over them

decided to try to move to england, and would integrate into english society moreeasily and so will their money

John toland naturalizing jews, is an englightenment figure (1714) and we find that the debate

is spreading to other european countries, how in general how countries should

treat their jews


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jews being given certain rights which are natural who are born in a specific place;wants to draw foreign jews

clear that he doesnt advocate giving the same status as protestants in england not yet ready to talk about seperation as church and state jews occupying an intermediary position within society (some limited rights for

the foreign jews because he wants to bring in jews to help the colonies)

rejects catholics in to england quotes luzzato in his arguments somewhat sympathetic, however not accepted throughout europe

Christian Wilhelm von dohm reformation and regeneration of the jews hes view is accepted in most european countries jews need to prove themelves and a way of denying jews rights because its an all

or nothing thing applied in hte Austrohungarian empire

jews saddled with obligations and nothing in returnmidtermclass is 1-5 and 7 read that material

Final on:

Age of absolutism monarchy ; divine right of kings - divine chooses them goes from father to son

lords, regional government isnt happy because he takes away their taxes towards theiroffices/manors

July 5 Joseph II of Austro-hungarian emp based system on meritocracy, abolishes feudal dues

and serfdom, no preferential treatment to clergy in form of taxes (I think) now can buy land from land owners at reasonable costs the peasants will be free to marry who they want to

creates hospital, insane asylum, parks and gardens to the public, poorhouses, foodshelters (sorta), impose a single land tax (graduated income tax- nobles and church pay

more), cancel all local govt owers and traditions to ensure localization og govt in vienna going to redivide the empire into thirteen equal sections and doest take into

consideration relig/ethicity (were all circles)


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german now is the official language reduce the power of the pope in the Austro-Hungarian emp, no foreigners giving orders

to clergy patent of tolerance, no more yellow badge for the jews, and the body tax was abolished

(when people who raised livestock

no more yellow badge for the jews, and the body tax was abolished (people who raisedlivestock when they decided to move them to the market and at that stage they take them

to the slaughter house and would sell animals for meat consumption as you went from

distrcit to district, the person generally had to pay a tax per animal, jews now paid

________) had to adopt german names, no longer be able to use hebrew adn yiddish to keep records

of any sort, had to use german, had to join the army, had to go to german schools,

encouraged to attend university (until numerous clausus was instituted which meant jews

were restricted to be accepted)

no rights are given just obligations and the kehilla is gone now time of moses mendelson - geiger promotes reformation though when Joseph II dies at a young age Leopold II takes over and abolishes the reforms Great BRitain - Queen Elizabeth I rules england after winning the civil war after her

sister mary queen of scots was killed (who stayed a devout catholic)

house of tudor (Elizabeth; officially ends after Henry the VIII) and the house ofStuart (Mary - her son James I)

James I absolutist monarch wiht the divine right of kings and wants to make his abosoluteruling clear -parliment cant press him on issues that they know will get a no answer, and

he wont agree to any idea of checks and balances

parlimentary immunity - elected to office you automatically you get thisautomatically, you have freedom of speech and cant be arrested or pressured to

vote according to your conscious and if you commit a crime you cant be

arressted or tried until you have be voted to see if your immunity is taken away

King JAMES bible from this period and its a protestant bible decided if he didnt get what he wanted from parliment he would dissolve it, and

according to hte rules of that period, if the king wanted to increase taxes/salary parliment

had to agree to the increase and we find that there are times that parliment refuses

charles I takes over and he is even possibly worst, 1625-1649 and his rule ends violently decides to force taxes and parliment is very upset wants to impose church of england on scots which is grounds for an uprising and

declare war, many puritans are sitting on parliment so not going to take it kindly

and the issue goes to parliment syaing he needs money to put down the uprising in

scottland and endgland is plunged into civil war ultimately in 1649 the king is

executed and


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oliver cromwell declares engalnd to be a republic (abolishes house of lords, only thecommons, allows jews in,

dictator and his control of the country will end upon his death i 1660 at this time english are done wiht the puritains and are even willing to invite the house of

stuart back and charles II becomes the king of england (stuart restoration - return to

anglicanism) toleratnt of catholics in the country James II takes over - daughter of James II marries William of Orange fear of not having a son but James II did but hte parliment are done iwht haveing a

catholic king so asks william and mary to come back adn rule

wiht conditions: king now cannnot dissolve parliment, king isnt allowed tosuspend the law, a bill of rights (basically one) and if willing to accept it then they

will become the next kinga nd queen which is what happenes james II flees to france, and this revolution is bloodless is known as the glorious

revolution key aspects o fbill of rights: all subjects of the country and the parliment are

allowed to petition the king; right to bear arms - only protestants, cant keep a

strong army in time of peace unless have permission becomes a parliamentary

monarchy

advanced political system 1689 the house of orange comes into power and dies out eventually when the puritains settle in the new world see it as the new holy land The englightenment

fromm 17th-18th centuries coinsides with the scientific revolutionJuly 12

Philosophes: all deists, John locke english philosophe, tabula rasa, against absolutism, believes in

seperation of church and state, all thigns should be based on reason adn not

intuition, things can be illogical/non-reasonable, based on sci method Voltaire - educated by the jesuits and left their beliefs, likes the english, impresed

by the checks and balances system in england and their bill of rights, everything

he stresses for england he is indirectly criticising france, i may disagree with u

but will stand for the right for you to say it, wants to save morality from the

narrow mind of relig, phould have total control have to adapt themslves to the

state - so state should have total control in regards to jews: jews cant be improved - always alien and can never be

reformed,

religion: attacks the catholic clergy - while natural relig (studying naturallaws to belive in god) vs artificial (state relig/ relig that mans created for

himself) creates all types of cruelty


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the pagan religs recognized gd for what he is, other than the catholics whoonly use htis aspect to kill those who arent catholic

certain states will attack another country when the other country isbecoming more powerful/successful, voltair says imitate them rather than

fight them

montesque: was a baron, writes a book that criticizes france but does it in a way he could not be

incarcerated called The Persian Letters about two persians visiting

france and their letters, in their letter montesque says france is just like

persia (persia have a despot ruler, and in france absolutism, etc)

in the spirit of the Laws tries to show how various structure and govtinstitutions and how they affect society, those countries which have a

republic (a system of govt without a king e.g., cromwells republic in

england). there is a spirit of virtue, but in systems when you have a

monarchy honor is what guide people and when you have a system ofdespotism everyone is scared because you have no idea what can happen

to you

Denise Diderot - spread the ideas of the englightenment, compiler of theencyclopedia

in his encyclopedia there are many essays/articles which are there toexplain the principle of the englightenment and the philosophes goals, so

by using reason one can progress towards progress - instill values and

principles of the enlightenment there were 17 volumes that took 21 years

decideds to but cannabalism near the transubstantiation (the euchrist) John Jacques Rosseau - attacks the idea of privilige and stresses that all humanity

is good adn hte importance of feeling and is hte most utopian of all the

philosophes , against social inequality, and legitimite govt comes from the people

and a nation should be united by their general will and bound by mutual

realtionship vs a forced one , the idea of a contract between a govt and the people

life liberty and property is what the govt has to protect these adn the people

need to be loyal to the govt if the govt doesnt obey by their responsbility the

people then are allowed to express their grivences and need to respond to the

demands of hte people, if the govt doesnt change or react to the people then they

can try to replace the govt they are perfectly in their rights women and men are inherently different

Mary wolstonecraft (shelly) - English, comes out against rosseau and his idea ofinequality of men and women and the aim of society to try to perfect our nature

and reach the pursuit of happiness; relations between the sexes should be based on

equality, women were the property of their fathers and then their husbands

children were to the husband, the reason for differences are environmental and


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educated to be dependent and seductive in order to get their husbands, education

needs to promote liberty and self-reliance, everyonne should have educatoin and

earn a living - women having political rights

relig is a private matter, gd is not involved in the world - deism arent abolitionists, even tho they believe in equality through the printed word they spread their ideas, book clubs, marquee de Condorcet - a confident vision of the future

perfectibility of man cant be stop and it is indefinite - science can onlybring progress and benefits, destroy the inequality between nations, and

within nations equality of classes, and ultimately real improvement of

man, war is the more awful thing but man is movie towards an end to all

war (utopian) what is most important for nations is the idea of security and

not power, has to be equal participation regarding benefits, peoples

attitudes need to be friendlier towards foreigners and ultimitly there will

be a brotherhood of all nations exploration of the pacific late 18th and early 19th century

went to tahiti, and the europeans discover the natural paradise the europeanswill take over and the simplistic life styles flies away

spanish america was finally studied most important is that years later influenced darwin to go to galapagos islands Captain James cook dicovers new zeland known at that time as new holland, also

discovers hawaii (orig cook islands), coast of antartica,

american revolution inspiried by the englightenment and which then inspiried othereuropean countries

in 1763 the seven years war (french-indian war) ended and the british govtdecided that the colonies need to pay for their defence higher taxes,

no taxation without representation the townsend acts was an indirect one but it infuriated the colonists on

certain imports gets repealled the british take an important step, in order to show that parliment

has power and the right to tax they taxed tea which was a

monopoly granted to the east india company and there was a

danger of bankrupcy and so have a tax on tea for the americas and

they become extremely upset

continental congress created and even had a place to havenegotiations iwht the british - colonist will refuse to export british

goods until the conviniences are fulfilled, british didnt come forth

with any proposals - before anythign happens lexington and


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concord happens (colonists are protesting and the brits are there

adn a gun is shot war outbreaks)

hessians were the german english mercenaries, and come from thegerman state hessa (british monarchy is german at this point)

american colonies were divided (to the point of between familieswere divided)

lafayette was sent by the french with troops and without his helpthe americans would have lost

battle of saratoga was the key battle adn hte first battle thathte americans won that created the treaty to work with the

french

they not only send supply, money, arms, and frenchsoldiers and sailors (Franco-American forces)

french send their fleet adn they want to bottle up the britishand create blockades to prevent the soldiers to get on shipsto get to battles, and at this stage the french have a very

good fleet that could challenge the british there (cornwallis

the british commander ends up being bottled up in

yorktown and outnumbered and has to surrenderred to the

colonies in 1781)

then peace talks in paris in 1783 and america is officiallyrecognized

issues with trading after the war and the united states goes into amajor post war depression

articles of confederation - each states retained a great deal ofpower, would be an indep country of sorts work together in a

confederation (over defense, foreign policy, etc) recognized that it

would be too troublesome so decide to have states rights in certain

areas but will create a federal system of govt where there will be a

division of power (some for federal and some for the state)

constant ongoign struggle between states rights vs federalrights

France is finding itself in a very desperate situation, it is on the verge ofbankrupcy - american revolution is very problematic becasue of the debt and the

general tax system in france three estates:

first is the church - made up of less than 1% of the population andown up to 15% of french land adn dont pay tax

second is nobles less than 2% of pop and own about 20% of land the third is the rest of the population own 40% of the land in france


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(king owns the rest of hte land) increasingly there is a terrible tax

July 17-19 Jew looked down upon on Alsace-Lorraine, because of occupation and religion Was an essay contests the top three winners; one was a jew the number one winner was

abe gregouir (a monk) who said that to reform the jews need to treat them better In the 17th century france needed to reform the tax system Abe Seyeh (monk who belongs to the first estate) and speaks on behalf of the third estate

saying that the third and first are one in the same (as with the second), he also discusses

the voting because each estate gets one vote, but not fair because the largest proportion of

the population is in the third estate and says that each delegate should get a vote Louis xvi is getting nervous when he hears this All of this is happening in Versaillessafe there, wants to be sure that he can control and

remain in control where as in paris he can more easily get stormed and loose control

Louis xiv removes the body tax

Third estates declares itself as the national essembly and invie members of the other two

estates to join with themsome members of the first estates mainly the poor priests (who

relate more the the third estate) join and some of the nobles join (tend to be more

idealistic) The king now decides enough is enough The king dismisses them and they strom into the tennis court, where they make the tennis

court ath where they swear that they will not leave until a constituation was written He legalizes the national assembly but hten increases the guards around versailled Marie Antoinette speaks to her husband and advises him to fire Necker because she says

he brings upon all of these issues, and as a result the people of paris get very nervous andthere are lots of rumors and talk about the ways things will develop

The poor people of paris are getting nervous, because they fear that the king willdeclare a state of emergency and set up marshall law and try to crush what has been

accomplished thus far France is still facing bankruptcy and this situation may worsten their situation (food

shortages, etc) Rumors that the king is storing huge amounts of weapons in the bastilleand if so

he is prob going to use them on the people Also talk that there is a lot of activity in the bastille because the prison officials were

being told that there will be a huge influx of prisoners because the king will arrest all the

people who were involved with these political movements On July 14 thousands of people break in, raize it, release all the prisoners, and find that

there arent many prisoners or weapons Marks the beginning of the French revolution July 14th 1789


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After these events the king hires necker back, this is refered to as the moderate stage andlasts until 1792

People decide to change the flag, before then it was the symbol of the bourbon flag with alilly in the center, the flag now is the tri-color flag

They create a national guard who is led by Lafayettemade up of the middle and lowerclass

Unlike the army the generals were nobles The next perios is the great fear The nobles fear that the peasants will try to take away all of their holdings Decide on August the 4 in the assembly that they officially announce that they will

give up all the privileges of the nobles and the church and now the feudal structure is

abolished Adopts the decleration of the rights of man and citizen o Ineliable rights, liberty, property, equality

o French are using the American version and modifying it as they see fit

o Security and protection of society, protection of his personal property o No slavery Olympe de Gouges in 1791 she comes out with the declaration of the rights of women She is self educated Came from a very poor family and becomes a talented woman Demands that women are entitled to an education, should be able ot own property,

should be allowed to divorce Royalists wanted to remain with the king, girondists were in the middle class and wanted

little govt interference because they want to pursue their economic pursuits, Jacobins

for the poor want social programsa dn the govt to actively work to improve the situationfor the middle class (centralized)

When the American revolution is overin order ot be able to vote you had to own landand pay lots of taxes

Jews werent in the national assembly, and was a debate if jews were considered in thedecleration of man and citizen

Bishop of Nancydoesnt want to give them rights because feel that it will not be inthe best interests because in AlsaceLorraine their hated, people complain that they buy

the most beautiful houses, speculate that they may own all the property, they corner the

market, so clever at taking possession of everything, people speculate that the ejws will

take over the church positions Abe morreysays that because of their religion the jews were aliened to france and

their evil dispositions they never can improve Clermont Tonnerre (Count Slanimaou)sympathetic to the Jews and is a

revolutionary, part of the second estate, and is in favor for giving jews equal rights he

comes up with a specific type of position for jews, the jews should be denied everything


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as a nation, but granted everything as individuals they must be citiens. It is claimed that

they dont want to be citizensand thus are excluded. But cant be one nation within

another nation. It is intolerable that the jews should eb come their own class or party, if

they dont want to become citizens then they should tell us ad we should expel them o Kehilla structure will have ot be abolished, cant be self contained they will

individually be citizens but will loose their status as a separate entity Durig this the pesants attacked all the jews (during the great fear they destroyed all

these record books) decide to destroy the records of how much money they owe the jews January 28, 1790 recognizing the Jews of Avignon and SEpharidim, because they are

regarded as acculturated French men, not like the Alsace-lorraine who speak Yiddish and

not like Frenchmen and have no rights (Sephardim say dont connect us with the Alsace

lorrain Jews) September 3, 1791 all jews now are given citizenryConsititution of France is now

written and garauntees all citizens are given freedome of religion, can get an occupation,

etc Jews cant be persecuted written specifically done

Rabbi Sashus Portugese Rabbi in New York and they daven for the Jews in France Representative of Alsace Lorraine, Isaac Bernow they have to reform and

regenerate themselves and comes out with so many promisesJews will now speak

French, trade schools will open, jews will become farmers, more or less hteyw ill just

remain in the occupations they are in but will improve their situation French still fear how the king will respond and decide that the women and children of the

lower class of paris are going to march from paris to Versailles (the baker and the bakers

wife) back to Paris and will now live there in the Touliere and will have much greater

control over themgot stuck and had to move to paris Now france is a constituational monarchy with a one house legislature, only people with

money can voteeed to pay taxes to vote Everything up until now was done at versailles The women and children also marched because wanted the price of food to go down The assembly will adopt laws that will go against catholocismtake away church land

(naturalize), want to turn all the church officials in france into civil servants and swear an

oath of allegiance to the state, no more investatures, etc Prob is that only 52% are willing to take the oath and in western france where there

are a lot of religious peasants are very upset Louis xvi takes note about what is going on - that now there are pockets of people

who are going against it now, lots of nobles are fearful of loosing everything so there is

the flight of princes and nobles out of the country (opposed to the revolution and now try

to stir up opposition in other countries) Louis xvi decides that now he may have a chance to turn things around


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The austro Hungarians are very concerned about what is going on and the emperor ismarie antoinettes brother who comes out with a declaration says that if the mmonarchy

in france is t hreatened this will mean war with france So luois xvi decides to disguise himself wive and children and try to escape by the border

and now brought back to paris completely humiliated Two parties now the girondines and the Jacobins Jacobins slogan liberty, equality, fraternity April 1792 France declares war on the Austro-Hungarian Empire and are loosing battles,

it has to be traitors inour midsts because we are loosing, the king has to be the traitor, The middle class is too small so cant have so much of an affect, stillt he peasants arent

getting what they need So in 1792 they move into the radical position after storming the castle in Paris Radical stage 1792-95 Reactionary 1795-99

Napoleon seizes power 1799

People decide to put louis xvi on trial for treason and is convicted and then guillotined Guillotine was amuch more psychologically easier death because had many ropes with a

screen so no one actually knows who killed htem dd Girondist are taken out by the Jacobins (the mountain with the more extreme left) in 1793

a very democratic consitution was written where universal sufferage was written but

never gos into effect, rather the reign of terror begins A war dictatorship begins because fighting war with all of their neighbors, and put

the country into a state of emergency so create committees for police security etc Robspiere and Dantone rule the party but Robespierre wants to get rid of him and

does so Problem with the French economy and currenty and start to print paper money, not

so effective Lots of people are arrested if under suspicion for anything and will executed

including marie antointeetee A new calender is created with a new week consisting of ten days o Get away from the church, religion is outlawed , o A new cult is declared which is the supereme being o All church activites are closed down o Idea of the worship of the godess of reason o Notre dam is closed down and all official church activites are forbiddon o No shuls no yeshivas no smicha whatever is done is in secret Army starts to do better But now that france is doing well perhaps we can lift this stae of emergency ; marshall

law In July of 1975 they arrest and kill Robespierre


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Now there is a new consitution and the directory is created o There is an attempt by royalists to try to stage a comback and try to force another

revolution o And members of the convention before the directory need to stop this revolution from

taking place o In Oct 1795 Napoleon prevents the revolution Becomes the emperor, was Corsican Parents were accused of being to pro French instead of supporting the Corsican

0independence so ended up in France Napoleon was promoted to be the head of the army of the interior after he put down

the roalist revolution o Arm of the interior tended to be older and more mature Asked to draw up a plan for fighting against of the Austro Hungarians Marries Josephine whos much older and widow of a swiss man with a older son, can

never have children with him

Napoleon needed to supply the armies better, so taxed (?) the people, changed the armyformation and structure and created smalled units that can move quickly and then come

together for surprise attacks and the Austrians keep up the old formation, so now Napoleo

has the advancatage The third prob of the French army was a low moralethe officers would be far away

from the army living in lush apartments enjoyitng their time, so napoleon changes that

and says go be at the field leading their troops raising morale Most of these wars were in the northern italy and does so well that he decides to launch

an attack to vienna the capital of the austohungarian empire To do that he needs to cross the alps, and get more troops from northern france

meaning he needs to cross the germanic lands and will take too much time and might be

cut off so he decides to something else He never puts himself ina position of absolute danger if he doesnt know for sure

then he wont try it Reaches a truce with the autro Hungarian empire Now to make France number one Napoleon wants to defeat England so needs to launch a

successful invasion, needing to develop a very successful and strong naval fleet/land

soldiers Because England is an island nation and is heavily developed on its colonies and

exporting is finished goods, so he decides to cut off England from the rest of its empire,

and if napoleon can cuts off England from india it will collapse then they will have to

give in He first attacks Egypt then Israel, and going to the direction of india Directory will consists of five numbers so it will prevent a stalemate and they will

prevent a dictatorship


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in the council of elders there will be 250 who represent the money then the lower councilwill have 500 now only the people who own propery and pay taxes will be allowed to

vote or be elected Religious freedom is restored All the economic controls that were place under the reign of terror is taken away

(abolished) Attempt to return to normal religious life July calander abolished Directory never works too corrupt, too much fighting, so really the army is controlling

france While napoleon is in Egypt the army in france isnt doing too well The directory becomes more and more problematic In Benei brak napoleon sets up his camp Has problems fighting in Aco and now needs a strong navy, unfortunately the british send

their navy and successfully destroys the French navy from Egypt so he bides his timewhile invading in Israel

The british send their navy to fire on the troops in aco His men are on the ground in aco and the siege is taking forever and a major epidemic

(cholera) and he realizes its time to pull his troops from aco and moves them in jaffa Was contacted by another army official and the head of the directory who wants to get rid

of the directory, napoleon found his way out of Israel He give total power in Israel over to his second in command who takes the defeat

and napoleon sneeks into france helps the director and then seizes full power Its the time of the turn of the century the people fear gog hamagog Napoleon comes out with a declaration that the jews can return to Israel Causes ripples throughout the christain world but doesnt affect jews apathetic

towards the idea of returning with out mashiach Class has a new meaning, there is now mobility between classes either lower middle or

upper classmiddle class can now vote Nationalism is new in france, Now demoracy is in effect to some extenct with pleblecistses Napoleon creates a system which he calls the consilate and announces that he is going to

be the first the council of france

He needs to establish power, and a constitution and writes up one making him councilmember number one and must be approved by a plebleciste and his new constituation is

autocratic and is accepted and he effectively emerges as a dicatatorJuly 19, 2012

Crane Brinton? Patronage in politics: the leader chooses his assistants etc, who owe their job and

alliances to this politician, president is elected and chooses his cabinet etc


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Napoleon has made the govt more efficient and takes full power Now he wants to stabalize the economy and creates the bank of france Napoleon makes the Concordat of 1801 which is establishing relationships (making an

agreement) with the pope that reestablishes catholocism in france It recognizes the official religion of france as catholocism France has decided to nomiate their bishops, archbishops o Really france makes the canidates and the pope makes the decision from the list he is

given Bishops chooses local clergy with the approval of the govt o Clergy in france are basically civil servants, because want to keep church property so

the govt pays for the church officials and needs Napoleon isnt returning the church into its previous position hes just making peace, its

not getting back its power and money French law doesnt apply to military occupation

When northern italy is conquered from the AH empire, there were jews who still lived inghettos

When france occupies any land they military declare that they abolish the ghettosand are given equality (not closed in anymore)

Will remain only as long as the French occupy the territory One of the biggest probs of louis xvi faced/absolutist monarchs who wanted to rule

everything, but they were never successful in making a unifying system to govern france

because too many medieval feudal systems in place Napoleon appoints a commission in 1800 of some of the best legal minds in france and

said that he wants them to draw up a new legal system in france and it was completed in

1804 and then released to the public and it covers every aspect of law, civil law, law ofpersonal status, property law, wills, etc

Wass so good that most countries that were occupied and then left by the france keptremnants of it and today most countries were influenced by it

The peace treaty of 1802 ends the coalition, bring peace nad france is now the mostimportant country of Europe

Now napoleon feels he can further his ambitions and in august he has a plebliciste heelects himself to be first counsel of life

Piedmont is incorporated in france and begins to intervene in affairs in italy, Switzerland,Netherlands, italy, germany, etc

England declares war in 1803 because malta wasnt returned to England when it wassupposed to

From 1803-05 napoleon builds his fleet up but has no luck the French fleet that hes builtup goes down in major storms and the majority goes on an expedition in carribean, Haiti

rebels really early Attempt at assassinating napoleon and wanst a serious plot


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Uses this an excuse to change his position to emperor in 1804 Napoleon ends up marrying the daughter of the austro Hungarian emperor, but the

emperor doesnt want this but france conquers them and he marries her Napoleon is the first ruler to create an effective secret police When hes crowned he wants the pope to crown him, he feels like hes the modern day

Charlemagne, pope agrees and its an elaborate coronation The pope holds the crown and then Napoleon takes the crown out of the hands of the

pope and places it upon his own head The pope is absolutely livid Napoleo now chooses nobels, and they are rewarded by being titled if you were

supportive and loyal to napoleonwithin the court and rewarded financially In the court the fashion and the architecture is neo-roman classical style, go back to

roman ideals dsassds Napoleon annexes genoa to france (port in italy) and declares himself emperor to italy

The third coalition forms and wants to go to war with napoleon: england, Switzerland, ahempire, England

Napoleon destroys his enemies on the European continent, battle of Austerlitz againstcombined forces of russion and ah empire and invaded Vienna

Prussia joins the coalition and is also defeated and Napoleon enters the capital of Prussiawhich is berlin

England is still the prob and the only one not defeated When napoleon comes back to france has to enter Alsace-Lorrain and there he is greeted

by goyim complaining about the jews saying they are greedy taking too much money and

cant afford to pay them back When the jews of Alsace Lorrain were given equal rights the general idea was that they

need to reform themselves and now napoleon feels that these jews were supposed ot

adapot a new civil morality and napoleon doesnt feel that they have doen this and hasnt

replaced the shameful occupations they have been engaged in Napoleon now orders a one year suspension of all debts that the Napoleon appoints one of his advisors for jewish affairs, he gives the jews of questions

and expects them to report back with clear halachik rulings Count moley was the advisor for the jews and was highly anti semetic Napoleon discusses the jews in the following manner: the way he sees the jews using

usury (excessive interests) in order to enrich themselves at the expense of less fortunate

people and needs to set limits (economically he wants to restrict the jews in terms of

property ownership and the way they go about expanding economic control and his

secondary objective of the tendency of the ejwish people that have so many practices that

are contrary to society all around the world, it is necessary to change the jews and all the

measures must lead to:


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Among every three marriages one should be intermarriage and the blood of the jewswill cease to have any uniqueness

Jews are drafted and cant pay someone else to serve for them The jewish identity will be very narrow and only apply to small part of life Assembly of Jewish Notablesnapoleon created this- is 112 prominent jewschavers

and rabbanim from france and italy so the Italian jews loved napoleaon cuz he freed them

from ghettos Napoleaons emancipation dercrees Belgium southern italy, Netherlands under military

decreesJuly 24

Napoleon calls for a san hendrin that he had to be the head of, required this dual loyaltywith Napoleon and the Jews?

relate to the state in a politcal/civil way (san hedrin); was a group of all rabbanim so allfrench and italian jews under this rule

Infamous decress of 1808 will be insituted until 1818 economically napoleon deicdess that all the debts to the jews o alsace lorraine will

be cancelled (after it was already frozen for a year)

any jews who want to deal with commercial transactions they need to get specificlicenses - cant continue dealing in trade, as merchants as they did before

no jews will be allowed to settle into alsace lorraine (sfardi jews are seen assuccessfully integrated) olNy cAN DO SO IF THEY TAKE UP FARMING

LOUIS XVIII LET THEM JUST FADE AWAY AS PART OF CONSISTOIRE - COMMITEE OF RABBIS AND LAY LEADER ARE

RESPONSIBLE FOR NATIONAL AND REGIONAL MATTERS DOES THIS TO KNOW WHAT IS GOING ON IN THE JEWISH

COMMUNITY AND TO INTEGRATE THE JEWS INTO FRANCE

JEWS HOPED IT WOULD PROVIDE THEM WITH A LEGAL PURPOSE need to encounter the committee when jews dont have a job and need to give a

list to the govt of draft age men

in all sermons should talk about patriotism, that we have to be apart of hte state,all willingly die for france, military service should be seen as a sacred duty and be

exempt from religious services

continental system forbade any french allies, occupied territories and french andconquests cant trade wiht england,

british replie that if any country listens to the continental system they will be an enemy napoleon wants europe to stop trading with britain and then economically finished so

have to surrender

1807 england attacks denmark (neutral country) bombard copenhagen and seigethe danish fleet they burned down the capital

make them an example of neutrals


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russia is most dependant on the british trade, tell napoleon if we obide by tehcontinental system our country will fail economically

Napoleon punishes those who pull out the dutch are under conrol of napoleon and amsterdam was a major business

capital in europe before the continental system and as a result of it it never

recovers

england more or less in control of the oceans in the european area france makes tiny exceptions to get trade from north america and really does depend

upon british trade russia needs to pull out prussia was one of the most important german states which was forced to work with

napoleon and the french created an area the grand duchy of warsaw because napoleon

decides to redraw the maps of europe when he wants to, by doing so hes giving himself

greater control in this area

defeats sweden and there he decides to reward one of his officers for great loyalty andmake him the king of sweden

napoleon assigns all of his family to royal positions his brothers step son, etc

napoleon coerces everyone even the pope when he invades the papal states, he puts htepope into jail until he signs a document that agrees to napoleons occupation

1810 napoleon marries marie-louise daughter of austro hungarian emperor and they havea son

continental system not fully workign, and czar alexander the first says russia cantcontinue this and must break it, so now napoleon decides to invade russia

ends up getting together the largest army that europe had seen at that time500,000 troops and invade russia in june of 1812

invades moscow and is welcomed by the scorched earth policy by oct napoleon starts to retreate because wearly winter, army is starving and

cold,

pale of settlement - russians take over polish region after napoleon retreats, and jewscant practice judaism and will kill a jew when they practice - there was a community of

the kazars in russia (kuzari so jewish) took a long time to defeat them restricted to areas

they lived in when russia invaded poland (pale of settlement) jews cant go into russia

proper

a lot of the bloody battles will be fought in this area Alexander I put the jews in the pale of settlements that had no occupation will put

them into southern russia that shares a boarder with the ottoma turks - he also

offered russians this with no interests and other benefits and didnt give them to

the jews because wants to integrate them

once napoleon is invading he decides to stop this


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fears the rabbis will tell the people to support napoleon R; Menachem Mendel of Riminov - sees the fights between napoleon and

russia is battle of gog umagog - supports napoleon - he ses that there will

be much catastrophy but mashiach will come after the Chozeh of Lublin and R Israel Ben Shabtai Hapstein (Maggid of

Koznitz) were both against Napoleon

the chozeh, R Naphtali of Ropshitz (adamat opponet of napoleon), andthe maggid of koznitz tried bringing masiach all died shortlt afer

When napoleon is left with only 100,000 troops the rest of Europe sees their chance anddefeat napoleon

Napoleon first abdicates the throne and gives it to his young son but ultimately is exiledto elba

France and the rest of Europe meet up at the congress of Vienna (victors lead it from1814-1815)

Need to reconstuct europe from the time b4 the French revolutionmajor territorialchanges

Finlad once ruled by Sweden is given to Russia as well as most of the region ofprevious Poland, italy is now unde austro Hungarian rule

Switzerland is now a neutral country so no country is allowed to be invaded, duringthis time holland and Belgium are once again separated, papal states are restored

System of balances and alliance, to prevent revolutions, make them peaceful beforegoing to war known as the concert of Europe and works extremely well

Russian czar and other leaders wanted to make it clear tha teurope is a christaincontinenta holy alliancedeclares for those monarchs who feel religion is important

and uphold those values King of Prussia gave the jews certain civil rights , couldnt have administry

positions, it was the most liberal one though for the jews than any of the other german

states, could be teachers, and low ranking jobs in city government Any countries that were under French military rule, so there were decrees and rules,

and now they arent valid, so jews in Venice and rome all the ghettos come back up The german jews hope that the congress of Vienna will uphold the more liberal

consitution and think they succeeded because the wording initially at the congress of

Vienna was that those laws that were created in the individual confederated states would

stand but last minute switch the wording to by from in and none of them get held up

in germany other than Prussia France gets the bourbon family restored to the throne and Louis XVIII is the king During the congress of Vienna Napoleon escapes elba and lands in france and wants to

take over again Louis XVIII runs back to Vienna while Napoleon is recruiting ppl


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New consitution and survives for 100 days as ruler and is defeated at Waterloo which isin Belgium in 1815

Tries to surrender to the british and wants to find asylum in England No one trusts him so exile him to St. Helena and the only reason is british territory is

because ships sailing in the area need a port to resupply

France gets the bourbon family restored to the throne and Louis XVIII is the king During the congress of Vienna Napoleon escapes elba and lands in france and wants to

take over again Louis XVIII runs back to Vienna while Napoleon is recruiting ppl New consitution and survives for 100 days as ruler and is defeated at Waterloo which is

in Belgium in 1815 Tries to surrender to the british and wants to find asylum in England No one trusts him so exile him to St. Helena and the only reason is british territory is

because ships sailing in the area need a port to resupply

Napoleon success:

Public eduction with the agreement with the catholic church Abolishment of serdom Etc Louis XVIII again comes back to poweand has a charter, which recognizes, equality,

freedome of religion, liberty, etc adncatholocism is the state religion The king will rule and pass on to his heir But with be a bicameral legislature the upper house is the chambers of notables who will

be appointed by the king then there will be an elected chamber of deputies Laws that are passed by this legistlature: Those who were supported napoleon when he returned for 100 days you will be

exiled Law of security of stateanyone who poseds a threat to the security of the state can

now be arrestedno freedome of speech Law of the double vote- the more you pay in taxes you get double the amount (2)

that way the wealthy people who are most supportive of the king will get two votes Law against sacreligwhen someone utters something against the official religon

whether mocks it or offends it and anyone accused with this can end up with the death

penalty and is used as meansto attack university professors o They generally have freedom of expression because they have academic immunity o As a result secret societies pop up and demonstrations happen to fight against these

decrees, students want to arouse the lower class, unfortunately its discovered and the

leaders flee to italy and ultimately join with underground Italian underground movement

in the hope of returning to france with a greater chance of success

Documents

Hist I - Dr. Rosenblum