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The Cold War (1945-1989)Reasons for the Cold War
1. 2 views of national securitya. buffer-zone --Soviet Expansion
into Eastern Europe: Bulgaria, Romania, Poland,Czechoslovakia1947
Truman Doctrine internal subversion (Greece) or external aggression
(Turkey)
George Kennan Containment PolicyGeorge Marshal Marshal Plan 10%
of federal budget for 4 years = $12 billionBerlin Airlift June
1948-May 1949b. international organizationsUnited NationsNorth
Atlantic Treaty Organization (England, France, US)
Warsaw Pact (Russia & its allies)2. Control of Nuclear
Weapons
1949 Soviet Union detonates atomic bomb1953 US creates hydrogen
bomb1955 Soviet Union has hydrogen bomb
3. Post-World War II economic aidResults at home:
Second Red Scare 1945-1953House on Un-American Activities
Committee
1948 Whittaker ChambersAlger Hiss
1950 Julius & Ethel Rosenbergred-baiting 1950 Joseph
McCarthy
1954 Army-McCarthy hearings
Korean War (1950-1953)1950 North Korea captured Seoul, South
Korea
US General Douglas MacArthur in 4 moths returns border to 38US
33,000 casualties & 103,000 wounded or missing in actionSouth
Korea 1 million casualtiesNorth Korea & Chinese 1.5 million
casualties
Lessons from the Korean War1. Containment Policy meant
containing Communism everywhere2. It is difficult to win a civil
war 3. It is difficult to win a limited war
4. Truman learns that presidents who dont quickly win a war lose
popular approval 1951 22nd Amendment1954 Operation Success CIA
GuatemalaUnited FruitGeneral Carlos Castillo Armas
The Cold War in the movies Sci-FiParanoid Style
Invasion of the Body Snatchers
The Vietnam WarFrench Indo-China = Vietnam, Laos &
CambodiaStages of the Vietnam War
1. Harry Truman (1945-1953)Truman DoctrineContainment
PolicyMarshal Plan -- $2 billion to France starting in 1950
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2. Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-61)Secretary of State John
Dulles1954 Dien Bien Phu1954 Geneva Peace conference created Laos,
Cambodia & Vietnam
Vietnam temporarily divided and 17 until elections held in 2
yearsNorth Vietnam Ho Chi Minh
Viet Minh, Viet CongSouth Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem1955 Domino
Theorycovert operations & threat of nuclear war no military
invasion
3. John F. Kennedy (1961-1963)National Liberation Front
(Communist organization within South Vietnam)Green Berets16,000
military advisorsnapalmdefoliants Agent Orangeauthorized a
full-scale invasionNgo Dinh Diem assassinated and General Nguyen
Khanh takes control of South Vietnam
4. Lyndon Johnson (1963-69)1964 U.S.S. Maddox (warship) 1964
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
1965 Viet Minh attack South Vietnamese garrison at PliekuAsian
Development Bank
1966 Johnson forces South Vietnam to promise democratic
government & land redistribution1967 Senator J. Fulbright wrote
The Arrogance of Poweragainst Johnson.Jan. 31 1968 Tet Offensive --
Viet Minh attack 10 major cities including Saigon and HueMay 1968
call for peace negotiations Armistice
Vietnam Veterans Against the War1962 Students for Democratic
Society (SDS)
Port Huron Statement participatory Democracy5. Richard Nixon
(1969-1974)
Kent State (Ohio) -- April 1969 SDS attacked the ROTC
building
The Civil Rights Movement1. Court System
A. Thurgood Marshall1938 Arkansas1939 University of Maryland1944
Smith v. Allwright -- Democratic Party in Texas1946 outlawed
segregation of inter-state buses1948 Restrictive Covenants1948
University of Oklahoma1950 Sweat v. Painter University of Texas
Texas Southern University1954 Brown vs. Board of Education
with all deliberate speed; Southern Manifesto1957 Central High
School (Little Rock, Arkansas)
1959 Cooper vs. AaronB.1955 Rosa Parks (Montgomery, Alabama)
Bus boycott Martin Luther King, Jr.1956 Gayle et al. vs.
Browser
Civil Rights Movement continuedStudent Movements
ParietalsFree Speech Movement1961 Student Non-Violent
Coordinating Committee -- sit-ins
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1961 Congress on Racial Equality --freedom-rides1971 26th
Amendment
2. PresidentialA. Eisenhower
Civil Rights Act of 1957Civil Rights Commission; Civil Rights
Division of the Justice Department
Civil Rights Act of 1960B. John F. Kennedy
Cuba -- Fidel CastroBay of Pigs Invasion; Cuban Missile
Crisis
Lee Harvey OswaldWarren Commission
C. Lyndon JohnsonCivil Rights Act of 1964 employment &
public accommodationsVoting Rights Act of 1965Affirmative
ActionImmigration Act of 1965
Equal Pay ActHead Start ProgramMedicare/MedicaidConsumer
ProtectionAir, Water & Noise Pollution ActHousing and Urban
Development Act of 1965Department of Housing and Urban
Development
Robert WeaverAppalachian Regional Development Act -- $1.1
billionFunding for elementary schools -- $1.5 billionHighway Safety
Act standards on highway constructionTraffic Safety Act standards
on car safetyFunding for higher education
Public Broadcasting System; National Endowment for the Arts
Individuals/GroupsMartin Luther King, Jr. I have a DreamNation
of Islam Elijah Muhammad racial separationMalcolm XWeathermen 1970
Chicago
Womens Rights MovementBetty Friedan The Feminine Mystique1966
National Organization for Women1972 Equal Rights Amendment; Phyllis
Schlafly
Hispanics1946 Mendez et al. vs. Westminster School District
(CA)
Bracero Program1950-55 3.8 million undocumented immigrants
expelled1950 Asociacion Nacional Mexico-Americana1962 United Farm
Workers Cesar Chavez; Delores Huerta1970 La Raza Unida Party
bilingual education, improved public services, hiring bilingual
govt. employees, end to job discriminationNative Americans
1963 American Indian Movement -- George Mitchell & Dennis
Banks (Chippewas)1969 claimed Alcatraz Island1972 sit-in at Bureau
of Indian Affairs Trail of Broken Treaties
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America loses respect for the presidencyWhy?1. Vietnam War 2.
executive agreements3. Civil Rights
A. Violence 164 race riots in the 1960s1965 -- Watts Riot &
Malcolm X assassinated1966 -- Detroit Riot & SNCC and CORE fall
apart1968 Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated1970 Chicago
Weathermen
B. How much should the government do for Civil Rights?1971-4
Swann vs. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education1977 Regents of
the University of California vs. Bakke
4. Watergate Scandal June 17, 1972 Democratic National Committee
OfficeJames McCord Committee for the Re-Election of the
PresidentPresident Richard NixonDonald Segretti dirty tricksJohn
Dean
Special Prosecutors Archibald Cox (-- July 1973), Leon
JaworskiVice President Spiro Agnew former governor of
MarylandGerald FordJuly 24, 1974 House Judiciary committee guilty
of: political favors to businesses for campaign
funds, misuse of public funds, lying to Congress & the
public about secretly bombingCambodia, using illegal surveillance
& espionage equipment against political oppon-ents &
journalists, and attempts to use the FBI & IRS to harass
political opponents.
August 9, 1974 Nixon resignsResults:
1. War Powers Act of 19732. Federal Election Commission Act3.
Congressional Budget Office Act4. Freedom of Information Act
The Presidency after NixonRepublican Gerald Ford (1974-7)
Partial amnesty to draft-dodgers 2 years of public
servicePardoned Nixon Sept. 8, 1974Economic depression (9%
unemployment)
OPECDemocrat Jimmy Carter (1977-81)
full amnestyDepartment of Energynuclear power, wind power, solar
powerDepartment of Education
Revitalized the Environmental Protection AgencyEconomic
problems
1978 Camp David Accords Israel & EgyptSinai Peninsula
1979 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks with Soviet Union1979 Iran
Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Ayatollah KhomeiniNov. 1979 American Embassy at Teheran captured
(66 Americans)Crisis of Confidence
Ronald ReaganEconomic Recovery Tax ActTax Reform Act
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Trickle-Down Theory of EconomicsStrategic Defense Initiative
Star Wars1985 Reagan Doctrine1986 Iran-Contra Affair
NicaraguaSandinistasContras
Fall of the Communist Soviet UnionWhy?1. Bankrupt2. Warfare with
satellite countries -- Afghanistan (1980-1990)3. Leadership
A. Aging Communist Old Guard1985 Mikhail Gorbachev
B. Attempts at reformGlasnost election reformPerestroika
economic reformGiving satellite countries more independence
Nov. 9, 1989 Berlin Wall came down Oct. 3, 1990 Germany
reunifiedMore independence to Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia
(Slovenia,Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia), Czechoslovakia (Czech Republic,
Slovakia), Estonia,Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia,
Tajikistan, Kazakhstan,Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan
Too Much Reform or Not Enough?Aug. 18, 1991 coupAug. 20, 1991
George Bush, sr. agreed to aid Boris Yeltsin
Gorbachev freed, but forced to resign as head of the communist
party1991 Discussion of disarmamentEnd of 1991 Gorbachev
resigned1992 continued military reductions
Bush reduce army by million over 5 years
Joint promise to reduce nuclear weapons
New Type of WarPanama General Manuel Noriega (chief of
Panamanian Defense forces since 1983)
1988 indicted on charges of drug smuggling, gun-running &
money launderingDec. 15, 1989 Panamas National Assembly named him
president & declared war against US
Gulf WarAug. 2, 1990 Saddam Hussain invaded Kuwait
UN Security Council demanded Iraq leave KuwaitUN Security
Council Resolution 661 trade embargoAug 22, 1990 Desert Shield
protect Saudi ArabiaJan. 12, 1991 Congress agreed to use force
Operation Desert Storm attack Iraq to force it out of Kuwait
