HISPANIC NORTH AMERICA

Chapter 10, section 2

INDIAN COUNTRY VS. SETTLERS

US government – Louisiana Territory to remain Indian Country1830’s white settlers migrated into Indian territory

CONTINUED……….

So many northern immigrants, states of Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota were created

Southerners migrating west by way of Gulf of Mexico

SPANISH NORTH AMERICAN EMPIRE

Conquest of southwestern U.S. by Spanish not high priority especially after Pueblo revoltPowerful Native American tribes confined Spanish to area in Texas and along Rio Grande

WEAKNESS OF SPANISH

Entire empire in weakened state in North America-late 1700’sThreats from other European countriesAs a result, establish relationship with Comanche and ApacheThere was an uneasy peace between the Spanish and Native Americans

CALIFORNIA

Threats along Pacific coast from British and Russians-1700’sSpanish must hold CaliforniaSoldiers and priests establish network of 21 missions and presidios (forts) from San Diego to San Francisco Colonization in California larger and more successful than New Mexico and Texas

Father Junipero Serra • Franciscan missionary• convert Native Americans to

ChristianityMissions became trading centersNative Americans used as labor Poor living conditionsPhysical abuse by priestsInadequate medical carePopulation declines by half

NATIVE AMERICANS, MISSIONS AND CHRISTIANITY

MEXICAN POPULATION IN CALIFORNIA

While Native American population declined around missions, Mexican population increases.Colonists families much like those of Spain and Mexico

• Strong extended familiesMonterey territorial capital of California with large colonies in Santa Barbara, San Diego, and Los Angeles

NEW MEXICO

Population increased due to long periods of peaceLand harsh /unfit to farm so population mostly nomadicSome craftspeople and traders in large settlements like Albuquerque

SOCIAL CHANGE IN NEW MEXICO

Population growthMore commercial activityParental authority weakenedMiddle-class free to select husbands and wivesWomen granted more freedom and independence

MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE

Mexican independence from Spain-1821• Result of long war and economic devastation• California, New Mexico, Texas share benefits of

independence• All males free to elect representatives in government

Mexican government not friendly toward Catholic church• Missions became secularized – under control of state, not

church

Economic reforms in Mexico did not work• gap between rich and poor widened• trade with United States further encouraged

ECONOMIC INFLUENCE

1821-William Becknell• Brought American goods into Santa Fe, New

Mexico• More American traders follow• Trade route opened between Independence,

Missouri and Santa Fe• Santa Fe became a “lively market town”

Northern Mexico territories become important to fur traders and merchants

1820’s Americans migrate into TexasStephen Austin

• established a colony w/300 settlers-1822

• member Missouri territorial government

• 1824-2,000 immigrants

TEXAS INDEPENDENCE

MEXICO’S RESPONSE

American colonists were initially welcomed into the areaMexican government pass the Mexican Colonization Law of 1824

• immigrants received cheap land, protection, four-year tax exemption

1830’s-7,000 Americans living in TexasMexico fearful of loosing territory

• passed law to stop immigration, outlawed importation of slaves, but migration into area continues

WAR WITH MEXICO1835-30,000 Americans and 3,000 slaves settled in Texas

• people want more political freedom

• wanted slavery to continue

Divisions among the settlers• Stephen Austin vs.

William Travis• Austin-follow Mexican

rules• Travis-fight for

independence

CONTINUED………………………………..

Mexico City:• General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna declared himself dictator

Travis’s supporters fought harder for independence after the take-over

• American settlers unite established the Republic of Texas-March 1836

• Santa Anna responded – army sent to subdue rebellion• Meet at the Alamo• 200 Texans vs. 4,000 Mexican troops• Lasted 12 days; Americans defeated• Travis sent plea for help to Texans: “….to the people of Texas

and all the Americans in the world.”

Killed at the Alamo• William Travis• Davy Crockett

371 prisoners captured at Goliad killed by Mexican troops further angered Texans

CONTINUED…………

“REMEMBER THE ALAMO!”

Santa Anna makes mistake of separating troopsThousands of Texan’s flee east-called the Runaway ScrapeTexans “regroup” at San Jacinto River-commander Sam HoustonSurprise Santa AnnaSeveral Mexican prisoners were killed in retaliationSanta Anna forced to sign treaty recognizing Texas as a republic

1836 -Sam Houston elected first president of the republicAmerican’s established presence from Texas to California individuals want land and independence - win!Westward expansion continued over the next decadebut tensions continued between Mexico and the United States

FINALLY……….