What were the M.A.I.N. causes of WWI?

Define Militarism

What was the spark that started WWI

Define Alliances

Assassination of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand

agreements between nations to aid and protect one another

Militarism

Alliances

Imperialism

Nationalism

– policy of building up strong military

forces to prepare for war

Define Imperialism

Who were the Allies

Define Nationalism

Who were the Central Powers?

pride in or devotion to one’s country

Austria-HungaryGermanyOttoman Empire

when one country takes over another country economically and politically

RussiaEnglandFrance

Define Isolationism in the US

Describe trench

warfare in WWI

Schlieffen Plan

No man’s land

• Invade western front 1st

• After defeating France concentrate on the Eastern front

• Avoid fighting a 2 front war

Area between trenches

• Trenches dug from English Channel to Switzerland

• 6,250 miles• 6 to 8 feet deep• Immobilized

both sides for 4 years

New weapons of

WWI

Zimmerman Letter

Lusitania and its impact on

WWI

Important people at the Paris Peace conference and what

they wanted

Ship with many Americans sunk by German U-boat

Angered Americans

David Lloyd George Prime Minister of England wanted revenge

George Clemenceau President of France wanted revenge

Woodrow Wilson President of US wanted an end to all war did not want the treat too harsh because it would

lead to revenge

Other leaders and future leaders wanted to build new nations

Machine guns

Poison Gas (mustard gas)

Hand grenades

Flame Throwers

Tanks

Airplanes

Subs/U-boats

Telegram allegedly sent by Germany to Mexico

encouraging Mexico help to

attack US to get its lands back

Wilson’s 14 Point plan

Impact of Versailles

Treaty

Treaty of Versailles

terms

Mandate System and

New Countries

Pay huge reparations$5 billion within 2 years$28 billion (after the damages

were tallied)Germany’s armed forces

100,000 soldiers6 warshipsno planesno submarinesNo Tanks

The area known as the Rhineland was to be de-militarised

The Allies were to occupy the west bank of the Rhine for fifteen years

War guilt clause German’s had to say they were to blame for war

Compromise over Wilson’s desire for no coloniesPowers would run are until peoples “were ready” to govern themselvesBritish and French mandates- Iraq, Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon

• End of secret treaties • Freedom of the seas• Free Trade • Reduced navies and

armies • Adjustment to colonial

claims to the benefit of those who were colonized

• League of Nations – an international body to negotiate peacefully solutions to world conflicts.

Germans were angry felt humiliatedBreak up of Austrian-Hungarian and Ottoman EmpiresNew Nations Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, YugoslaviaBritish and French mandates- Iraq, Palestine, Jordan, Syria, LebanonAfricans & Asians did not get freedomWorldwide depression

Self Determinism

Impact of WWI

League of Nations

Why was WWI called the War to

End all Wars

A place where nations could come together to discuss issues and problems

Also if one nation was bullying another to put pressure on the bullying nation to stop

Wilson and others believed that the war was so bad that people would never want

to go to war again

Belief that people should be able to determine who governs them

• It contributed to the rise of the Bolsheviks to power in Russia in 1917.

• It fanned the flames of revolts against colonialism in the Middle East and Southeast

Asia.

WWI devastated European economies, giving the U.S. the economic lead

Farmers, whose goods were less in demand than during the war, were hit hard

• The war killed 14 million people and left 7 million men disabled.

• The war drew more than a million women into the U.S. workforce, which helped them pass the Nineteenth Amendment to get the vote.

• It also encouraged African Americans to move to northern cities for factory work.

Causes of WWII

DefineAppeasement

Axis countries

Define Blitzkrieg

JapanItaly

Germany

lightening war” using tanks & aircraft

Attack with a combination of speed and overwhelming force

Treaty of Versailles bankrupted German economy and embarrassed them

Worldwide Depression made German’s debt even worse and desperate

people wanted a strong leader so they chose Adolf Hitler

Isolationism of major powers

Policy of England to allow Hitler to take land in the hope that he would be satisfied and give up

Define Maginot Line

Kristallnacht

Holocaust

Concentration Camps

The NAZI party and Adolf Hitler seized power in 1933 and slowly began their program against the Jews of Germany

In 1933 there were 566,000 Jews living in Germany.

Each new year in Germany led to harsher policies directed towards the Jews.

The Final Solution was Hitler’s attempt to kill all the Jews in the world he ended up enslaving torturing and then killing ½ of all the Jews in the world (6 million)

100 of these in Nazi-occupied Europe

prisoners used for forced labor

prisoners usually lasted less than 1/2 year

communists, homosexuals, criminals, social-democrats, artists.

• The Maginot line were bunkers built in protection against Germany

• Hitler simply went around the Maginot line and invaded through

the Netherlands, Belgium & Luxembourg

• France was caught by surprise leaving the French & British forces

trapped in Belgium

• Night of Broken Glass

• Jewish stores, shops and synagogues burned down

• Took place because a German official was killed in Paris by a

Jew

Causes of Russian

Revolution

Vladimir Lenin

Czar Nicholas II

Communism

Went to war even though the country was weak

Son was sick with hemophiliaRasputin

Economic system where the people (government ) controls the factors of

production

• Group who felt the industrial class of workers would eventually overthrow

the czar, then forming “a dictatorship of the proletariat,”

where the workers rule.

Hunger

WWI

Weakness of Czar Nicholas II

• Bloody Sunday Revolution of 1905 – On Jan. 22, 1905, 200,000 workers marched on czar’s winter palace in St. Petersburg carrying a petition

asking for reforms. Soldiers guarding the palace fire on the crowd killing

1,000 unarmed civilians

Germany actually arranges for Lenin to return to Russia in hopes he will overthrow the provisional government and remove Russia from the warBolshevik slogan- “Peace, Land, and Bread” Lenin begins to gain widespread appealNov. 1917 – Bolshevik Red Guards storm the palace in Petrograd, the Bolshevik Revolution was completed within a matter of hours July 1918- To prevent any chance of the monarchy coming back to power, the Communists execute the entire royal familyLenin set up a secret police force known as the Cheka. Cheka agents spied on the Russian people in factories and villages.Anyone suspected of being anti-Communist could be arrested, tortured and executed without a trial.When opponents tried to assassinate Lenin in 1918, he launched the Red Terror campaign against his enemies. It is said that 50,000 people were arrested and executed in this period.

Russian Civil War

Josef Stalin

Bolsheviks

Collectivization

• Bolsheviks (meaning “majority” in Russian)

supported more radical actions

• a. Vladimir Lenin – Leader of the Bolsheviks, fled to W. Europe in early 1900s to avoid arrest by the czar

In the late 1920s, Russia suffered a food crisis. To feed starving workers, Stalin ordered the seizure of grain from the farmers. But, the peasants hid

food or produced less. In 1929 Stalin announced the collectivisation of farms.Land was joined together and the former owners worked together and shared everything.

Stalin persuaded peasants to join by attacking the Kulaks, peasants that had grown as a result of the

NEP.Collectivisation had limited success and a terrible

human cost, between 10 to 15 million people died as a result. Between 1931 and 1932, there was a famine in Russia as not enough food was being produced. By 1939, Russia was producing the

same amount of food as it had in 1928. Collectivisation was clearly a disaster and

the problem was even worse as its population had increased by 20 million - all

of whom needed feeding.

• Red Army – Led by Leon Trotsky, formed the Bolshevik

resistance• White Army – Wanted to

restore a constitutional monarchy

• Over 3 years of fighting, 15 million Russians died– Red Army emerged victorious although they

faced many problems

Following Lenin’s death Josef Stalin took control of The USSR (Stalin means steel)Stalin was a dictator- leader with absolute power.

Developed the Five Year PlanGovernment controlled all aspects of life

– Ordered factories to be built (Not for consumer goods)

– Government determined what to produce, how to produce it, and who would get it.

(Command Economy)Developed collective farms-

– Government owned, employed large number of workers,& often farmers didn’t receive enough food to feed own families

• Used Secret Police to catch citizens he could not trust.

Stalin used the NKVD, the secret police, to undertake the ‘Great Terror’. Stalin purged: 90% of the army’s top officers,

every admiral in the navy, 1 million Communist Party members,

some 20 million ordinary Russians were killedStalin encouraged a cult of personality

Mikhail Gorbachev

Perestroika

Glasnost

Cold War

freedom of speech, openness

Following WWII, the US and the Soviet Union were known as superpowers.

There was much tension between these 2 countries from 1945-1991. This period was called the Cold War.

2 things caused this tension

– Soviets refused to leave the Eastern European countries they had freed during WWII.

– The Soviets tried to expand communism throughout Europe and the world.

After long period of stagnation he brought reforms to Soviet Union

and ended Cold War

economic restructuring such as private owned

businesses.

Worldwide Depression

Shell shock and other effects on soldiers

Conditions in the Trenches

WetHad to bend a lot

RatsSmell of dead

bodiesTrench footBoredom

After WWI there was a world-wide depression making Germany desperate

and other nations nervous about the costs of going to war

Numbed the brain

Many lost limbs