Hindi Sahitya Ka Etihas

V¥{V¶ df© H$bm

[hÝXr àíZnÌ H«$.4 qhXr gm{hË¶ H$m B{Vhmg

S>m°. amOZ doiyH$a S>m°. YZoída h[aM§XZHw$cJwê$ àmÜ`mnH$ Ed§ g§Mmc§H$_w§~B© {díd{dÚmc`, _w§~B©. Xÿa Ed§ _w³V AÜ``Z g§ñWm,

_w§~B© {díd{dÚmc`, _w§~B©.

H$m¶©H«$‘ g‘Ýd¶H$ Ed§$ …- S>m°. g§Ü¶m Eg. JO}

g§nmXH$ g‘Ýd¶H$, {hÝXr {df¶Xÿa Ed§ _w³V AÜ``Z g§ñWm_w§~B© {díd{dÚmc`, _w§~B©.

Aä¶mg coIH$ …- S>m°. nr. Ho$. Yw‘miH$bm, dm{UÁ¶ Am¡a {dkmZ ‘hm{dÚmb¶,{edbo, Vm. ‘wa~mS>.

…- S>m°. XÎmm ‘wê$‘H$aéB©¶m ‘hm{dÚmb¶,‘mQy>§Jm, _§w~B© - 400 019.

…- S>m°. ~mbmOr Jm¶H$dmS>{gÕmW© ‘hm{dÚmb¶,

AmZ§X ^dZ, ’$moQ>©, _w§~B© - 400 001.

{S>g|~a, 2010 V¥{V¶ df© H$cm- qhXr - àíZnÌ-4 qhXr gm{hË¶ H$m B{Vhmg

àH$meH$ …- àmÜ`mnH$ Ed§ g§MmcH$, Xÿa Ed§ _wº$ AÜ``Z g§ñWm_§w~B© {díd{dÚmc`, _§w~B© - 400 098.

Aja OwiUr …- V¥ár J«m\$sŠg²amYm{Zdmg, {’$amoOehm ‘ohVm amoS>,{dconmc} (nyd©), _§w~B© - 400 057

N>nmB© …-

AZwH«$_{UH$m

1.

{hÝXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m H$mb{d^mOZ

2. Am{XH$mc 11

3. ^{ŠV H$m CX²^d Am¡a {dH$mg 401. ^p³VH$mc 433-A g§V H$mì¶ 473-Am gy’$s H$mì¶ 583-B am‘ ̂ p³V H$mì¶ 663-B© H¥$îU ̂ p³V H$mì¶ 74

4. ar{VH$mb 85

5. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb 1025-A ^maVoÝXw - ¶wJrZ H$mì¶ 1155-Am {ÛdoXr ̀ wJrZ- H$mì` 127

6. N>m`mdmX 139

7. àJ{VdmX 163

8. à`moJdmX 186

9. ZB© H${dVm 210

10.ZdJrV 235

11.CnÝ`mg 257

12. {hÝXr H$hmZr … CX²^d Am¡a {dH$mgboIH$ 287

13. {hÝXr ZmQ>H$ H$m {dH$mg 297

14. {hÝXr {Z~ÝY gm{hË` H$m {dH$mg 311

{hÝXr gm{hË¶ : H$mb-{d^mOZ Ed§ Zm‘H$aU

1

H«$_m§H$ {df` n¥ð>. H«$‘m§H$

T.Y.B.A. HIND PART - IVqhXr gm{hË¶ H$m B{Vhmg(History of Hindi Literature)

nmR>çH«$‘ Ho$ {bE {ZYm©[aV {df¶ -

1. {hÝXr gm{hË¶ …

H$mc-{d^mOZ Ed§ Zm‘H$aU

2. Am{XH$mb …

{gÕ gm{hË¶, ZmW gm{hË¶, O¡Z gm{hË¶, bm¡{H$H$ gm{hË¶ Am¡a amgmo gm{hË¶ H$s gm‘mÝ¶ {deofVmE±

3. ^p³VH$mb …

g§V H$mì¶, gy’$s H$mì¶, am‘ ̂ p³V H$mì¶ Am¡a H¥$îU ̂ p³V H$mì¶ H$s à‘wI {deofVmE±

4. ar{VH$mb …

ar{V ~Õ, ar{V {gÕ Am¡a ar{V ‘w³V H$mì¶ H$s à‘wI àd¥{Îm¶m±

5. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb …

(H$) AmYw{ZH$ {hÝXr H$[dVm H$m {dH$mg

(^maVoÝXþ ¶wJ, {ÛdoXr ¶wJ, N>m¶mdmX, àJ{VdmX, à¶moJdmX, Z¶r H${dVm VWm ZdJrV H$s à‘wI àd¥{Îm¶m±)

(I) {hÝXr JÚ H$s {dYmE±

([hÝXr CnÝ¶mg, H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$ Am¡a {Z~ÝY gm{hË¶ H$m H«${‘H$ {dH$mg)

({hÝXr JÚ {dYmAm| Ho$ I§S> go ¶wJ-{d^mOZ AWdm ¶wJ {deof gå~§Yr àíZ Ano{jV Zht h¢&)

{deof gyMZm - Bg àíZnÌ ‘| Mma àíZ {dH$ën g{hV nyN>o OmE±& nm±Mdo§ àíZ ‘| "H$' Am¡a "I' Xmo I§S> hm|& I§S> "H$' ‘| Xmo {Q>ßn{U¶m± nyN>r OmE± {OZ‘| go {H$gr EH$ H$m CÎma Ano{jV hmo Am¡a I§S> "I' Ho$ AÝVJ©V Xg dñVw{Zð> àíZ {ZYm©[aV àíZ gyMr ‘| nyN>o OmE±& g^r àíZm| Ho$ {bE 20 A§H$ {ZYm©[aV h¢&

{ZYm©[aV dñVw{Zð> àíZm| H$s gyMr

1. {hÝXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ Ama§{^H$ ¶wJ H$mo "Am{XH$mc' Ho$ Zm‘ go {H$gZo A{^{hV {H$¶m h¡?- hOmar àgmX {ÛdoXr

2. {hÝXr H$m àW‘ H${d {H$go ‘mZm J¶m h¡? - gahnmX

3. "drgbXod amgmo' Ho$ aM{¶Vm H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& - Zan{V Zmëh

4. "nS>‘ M[aC' {H$gH$s aMZm h¡? - ñd¶§^y5. Am{XH$mb ‘| I‹S>r ~mocr H$mo H$mì¶-^mfm ~ZmZodmbo àW‘ H${d H$m Zm‘ {b{IE&

- A‘ra Iwgamo

6. {H$g H${d H$mo "‘¡{Wb H$mo{H$b' H$hm J¶m h¡? - {dÚmn{V

7. gahnmX H$s gdm©{YH$ à{gÓ aMZm H$m¡Z-gr h¡? - XmohmH$mof8. {hÝXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ {H$g H$mb H$mo "{hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$m ñdU©-¶wJ' H$hm J¶m h¡?

- ̂ p³VH$mb

9. "M§Xm¶Z' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& - ‘w„m XmD$X

10. "XmXÿ' ̂ p³VH$mb H$s {H$g Ymam Ho$ H${d h¡? - {ZJw©U

11. "H${dVmdbr' Ho$ aM{¶Vm H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& - VwbgrXmg

12. "^«‘aJrV' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& - gyaXmg

13. VwbgrXmg Zo {H$g ‘hmH$mì¶ H$s aMZm H$s? - am‘M[aV ‘mZg

14. "ewÕmÛ¡VdmX' H$m gå~§Y {hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$s {H$g Ymam go h¡? - H¥$îU ̂ p³V emIm

(d„^mMm¶©)

15. am‘ ^p³V H$mì¶ na {H$g Xe©Z H$m à^md n‹S>m h¡?- {d{eð>m Û¡VdmX

(am‘mZwOmMm¶©)

16. nwéf àYmZ gm‘§Vr na§nam H$mo {H$g ‘Ü¶¶wJrZ H$d{¶Ìr Zo MwZm¡Vr Xr Wr? - ‘ram

17. AmMm¶© am‘M§Ð ew³b Zo "CÎma ‘Ü¶ H$mb' H$mo H$m¡Z-gm Zm‘ {X¶m h¡? - ar{VH$mb

18. ar{VH$mb H$mo H$mì¶ H$s Ñ{ï> go {H$VZo ̂ mJm| ‘| ~m±Q>m J¶m h¢? - VrZ

19. ar{V {gÕ H$mì¶Ymam Ho$ à‘wI H${d H$m¡Z h¢? - {~hmar

20. ar{VH$mb Ho$ {H$g H${d Zo draag àYmZ aMZmE± H$s h¢? - ̂ yfU

21. KZmZ§X {H$g H$mì¶-Ymam Ho$ H${d h¢? - ar{V‘w³V22. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb ‘| {bIm J¶m I‹S>r ~mobr H$m àW‘ ‘hmH$mì¶ H$m¡Z-gm h¡?

- {à¶ àdmg

23. "gmHo$V' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& - ‘¡{Wbr eaU Jwá

24. "nwîn H$s A{^bmfm' H${dVm H$m H${d H$m¡Z h¡? - ‘mIZbmb MVwd}Xr

25. N>m¶mdmX H$mo "ñWyb Ho$ à{V gyú‘ H$m [dÐmoh' {H$g AmbmoMH$ Zo H$hm h¡? - S>m°. ZJ«|Ð

26. H$m‘m¶Zr ‘| {H$g Xe©Z H$s A{^ì¶{º$ hþB© h¡? - e¡d Xe©Z

27. "gamoO ñ‘¥{V' Zm‘H$ aMZm {H$g H${d Zo H$s h¡? - {Zambm28. "gañdVr' n{ÌH$m Zo {Zambm H$s {H$g aMZm H$mo AñdrH¥$V H$a {X¶m Wm?

- Oyhr H$s H$br

29. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s ‘ram {H$go H$hm OmVm h¡? - ‘hmXodr d‘m©

30. "agd§Vr' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& -"{XZH$a' am‘Ym[a qgh {XZH$a

31. "‘Ywembm' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& - h[ad§eam¶ ~ƒZ

32. àH¥${V H$m gwHw$‘ma H${d {H$go H$hm J¶m h¡? - gw{‘ÌmZ§XZ n§V

33. "Mm±X H$m ‘w±h Q>o‹T>m h¡' H$mì¶ g§J«h Ho$ H${d H$m¡Z h¢?- "‘wp³V~moY' JOmZZ ‘mYd

‘wp³V~moY

34. "A±Yoao ‘|' H${dVm H$m aMZmH$ma H$m¡Z h¡? - ‘wp³V~moY

35. "Am±JZ Ho$ nma Ûma' H$mì¶g§J«h H$mo {H$g H${d Zo {bIm h¡? - Ako¶

36. "g§gX go g‹S>H$ VH$' H$mì¶ g§J«h H$mo {H$gZo {bIm h¡? - Yw{‘b

37. {hÝXr H$m à{V{Z{Y JµObH$ma {H$go ‘mZm OmVm h¡? - Xþî¶§V Hw$‘ma

38. "e~ar' Zm‘H$ H¥${V Ho$ aM{¶Vm H$m¡Z h¢? - OJXre Jwá

39. "{dídmg ~‹T>Vm hr J¶m' H${dVm {H$gZo {bIr h¡? - {ed‘§Jb qgh 'gw‘Z'

40. "~mXb H$mo {KaVo XoIm h¡' H${dVm Ho$ aM{¶Vm H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& - ZmJmOw©Z

41. "{MÝVm‘{U' {H$gHo$ {Z~§Ym| H$m g§H$bZ h¡? - AmMm¶© am‘M§Ð ew³b42. "Am±JZ H$m n§N>r Am¡a ~ZOmam ‘Z' {Z~§Y g§J«h Ho$ boIH$ H$m Zm‘ {b{IE&

- {dÚm{Zdmg {‘l

43. "CgZo H$hm Wm' H$hmZr Ho$ boIH$ H$m¡Z Wo? - M§ÐYa e‘m© "Jwcoar'

44. "‘mZgamoda' {H$gH$s H$hm{Z¶m| H$m g§J«h h¡? - ào‘M§X

45. "ñ‘¥{V H$s aoImE±' Zm‘H$ g§J«h {H$gZo {bIm h¡? - ‘hmXodr d‘m©

46. "A§YoaZJar' ZmQ>H$ H$m boIH$ H$m¡Z h¡? - ̂ maVoÝXþ h[aíM§Ð

47. "EH$ Am¡a ÐmoUmMm¶©' ZmQ>H$ Ho$ boIH$ H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& - e§H$a eof

48. "Ob Qy>Q>Vm hþAm' CnÝ¶mg {H$gZo {bIm h¡? - am‘Xmg {‘l

49. "~oVdm ~hVr ahr' CnÝ¶mg H$s bo{IH$m H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& - ‘¡Ìo¶r nwî¶m

50. "Xÿgar na§nam H$s ImoO' {H$gH$s aMZm h¡? - S>m°. Zm‘da qgh 51. "na‘mb amgmo' Ho$ H${d H$m ³¶m Zm‘ h¡?

(1) MÝX~aXmB© (2) Zan{V Zmëh (3) OJ{ZH$ (4) XbnV [dO¶&52. {hÝXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ Am{XH$mb H$mo "{gÕ gm‘§V H$mb' {H$gZo H$hm h¡?

(1) am‘M§Ð ew³b (2) am‘Hw$‘ma d‘m© (3) amhþb gm§H¥$Ë¶m¶Z (4) S>m°. ZJoÝÐ&53. AmMm¶© am‘M§Ð ew³b Zo {hÝXr H$m àW‘ ‘hmH$mì¶ {H$go ‘mZm h¡?

(1) H$s{V©nVmH$m (2) nX²‘mdV (3) n¥ÏdramO amgmo (4) {à¶àdmg&54. "{hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$m Xÿgam B{Vhmg' {H$gZo {bIm h¡?

(1) {‘l~§Yw (2) amOHw$‘ma e‘m© (3) JUn{VM§Ð Jwá (4) ~ƒZ qgh&

55. "~rOH$' Ho$ aM{¶Vm H$m ³¶m Zm‘ h¡?(1) gyaXmg (2) H$~raXmg (3) Om¶gr (4) X¶mb&

56. {ZåZ{b{IV ‘| go H$m¡Z-gr aMZm Om¶gr H$s Zht h¡?(1) nX²‘mdV (2) AIamdQ> (3) M§Xm¶Z (4) Am{Iar H$bm‘&

57. ^maV ‘| ̂ p³V H$m ómooV H$hm± go àñ’w${Q>V hmoH$a CÎma ̂ maV ‘| Am¶m?(1) nyd© (2) npíM‘ (3) qgY (4) X{jU&

58. "g§VZ H$moo H$hm grH$ar gmo H$mO' {H$gH$s n§p³V h¡?(1) gyaXmg (2) Hw§$^ZXmg (3) MVw^w©OXmg (4) VwbgrXmg&

59. ZmZH$ {H$g H$mì¶-Ymam Ho$ H${d h¡?(1) gy’$s H$mì¶ (2) am‘ H$mì¶ (3) g§V H$mì¶ (4) H¥$îU H$mì¶&

60. "‘mZwg ào‘ ̂ ¶C ~¡Hw§$R>r' {H$g H${d H$s n§p³V h¡?(1) XmXÿ (2) ‘w„m XmCX (3) Hw$Vw~Z (4) Om¶gr&

61. "^«‘aJrV' Ho$ aM{¶Vm H$m¡Z h¡?(1) VwbgrXmg (2) gyaXmg (3) {~hmar (4) H$~raXmg&

62. g¡¶X B~«m{h‘ Zo H¥$îU ̂ p³V Ho$ à^mde AnZm Zm‘ aI {b¶m?(1) H¥$îUXmg (2) am‘Xmg (3) agImZ (4) ào‘Xmg&

63. "nw{ï>‘mJ©' H$m OhmO [H$g H${d H$mo H$hm J¶m h¡?(1) H$~raXmg (2) gyaXmg (3) VwbgrXmg (4) Ho$edXmg&

64. AH$~a Ho$ Xa~ma Ho$ {H$g gXñ¶ Zo "Xmooohmdbr' H$s aMZm H$s?(1) ~ra~b (2) ahr‘ (3) VmZgoZ (4) BZ‘| go {H$gr Zo Zht&

65. {dídZmW àgmX {‘l Zo ar{VH$mb H$mo ³¶m Zm‘ {X¶m h¡?(1) ar{VH$mb (2) l¥§JmaH$mb (3) Ab§H¥$V H$mb (4) CÎma ‘Ü¶H$mb&

66. ar{V‘w³V H$mì¶-Ymam Ho$ à‘wI H${d BZ‘o§ go H$m¡Z h¡?(1) {~hmar (2) Xod (3) KZmZ§X (4) nX²‘mH$a&

67. "am‘M§{ÐH$m' Ho$ aM{¶Vm H$m Zm‘ ³¶m h¡?(1) ZmnmXmg (2) VwbgrXmg (3) Ho$edXmg (4) {ÎmarXmg&

68. nX²‘mH$a ar{VH$mb H$s {H$g H$mì¶Ymam Ho$ H${d h¡?(1) ar{V~Õ (2) ar{V{gÕ (3) ar{V‘w³V (4) BZ‘| go H$mooB© Zht&

69. {ZåZ{b{IV ‘| go H$m¡Z-gr aMZm ‘¡{WbreaU Jwá H$s h¡?(1) {à¶àdmg (2) gmHo$V (3) bha (4) Cd©er&

70. H$m¡Z-gm H${d "EH$ ̂ maVr¶ AmË‘m' Ho$ Zm‘ go à{gÕ h¡?(1) am‘Zaoe {ÌnmR>r (2) Za|Ð e‘m© (3) ‘mIZbmb MVwd}Xr (4) Yy{‘b&

71. BZ‘| go H$m¡Z-gm H${d N>m¶mdmXr h¡?(1) h[ad§eam¶ ~ƒZ (2) O¶e§H$a àgmX (3) Ako¶ (4) Yy{‘b&

72. ^maV ‘| àJ{Verb boIH$ g§K H$s ñWmnZm H$~ hþB© Wr?(1) 1936 (2) 1935 (3) 1938 (4) 1950&

73. àJ{VdmX {H$g Xe©Z go à^m{dV h¡?(1) ApñVËddmX (2) ‘m³g©dmX (3) Jm±YrdmX (4) ‘Zmo{díbofUdmX&

74. à¶moJdmXr H$mì¶Ymam H$m àma§^ {H$g nwñVH$ Ho$ àH$meZ go ‘mZm OmVm h¡?(1) VmagáH$ (2) Xÿgam gáH$ (3) Vrgam gáH$ (4) Mm¡Wm gáH$&

75. Ako¶ Ho$ CnmÝ¶mg§ H$m erf©H$ h¡ -(1) {Xì¶m (2) eoIa EH$ OrdZr (3) ‘¥JZ¶Zr (4) {MÌboIm&

76. "A§Ym ¶wJ' {H$gH$s aMZm h¡?(1) ̂ maVoÝXþ (2) Zaoe ‘ohVm (3) Y‘©dra ̂ maVr (4) Yy{‘b&

77. ‘wp³V~moY Ho$ H$mì¶g§J«h H$m Zm‘ h¡?(1) ~mK (2) g§gX Ho$ g‹S>H$ VH$ (3) Mm±X H$m ‘w±h Q>o‹T>m (4) Hw$AmZmoZXr&

78. "nhm‹S> na bmbQ>oZ' {H$gH$m H$mì¶-g§J«h h¡?(1) CX¶ àH$me (2) ‘§Jboe S>~amb (3) AéU H$‘b (4) amOoe Omoer&

79. "gm¶o ‘| Yyn' Ho$ aMZmH$ma h¡?(1) Hw$‘ma {dH$b (2) {dZmoX Hw$‘ma (3) Xþî¶§V H$‘ma (4) amOoe Omoer&

80. ^maVoÝXþ h[aíM§Ð Ho$ ZmQ>H$ H$m erf©H$ h¡?(1) A§YoaZJar (2) ~H$ar (3) eHw§$Vbm (4) g§¶mo{JVm ñd¶§da&

81. "gañdVr' Ho$ g§nmXH$ BZ‘| go H$m¡Z Wo?(1) àVmnZmam¶U {‘l (2) ‘hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXr (3) hOmar àgmX {ÛdoXr (4) h[aAm¡Y&

82. AmMm¶© am‘M§Ð ew³b H$m {Z~§Y-g§H$bZ BZ‘| go H$m¡Z-gm h¡?(1) AemoH$ Ho$ ’y$b (2) qMVm‘{U (3) {dMma Am¡a {dVH©$ (4) agka§OZ&

83. "nJS>§{S>¶m| H$m O‘mZm' {H$g ì¶§½¶H$ma H$m ì¶§½¶-g§J«h h¡?(1) Jwbm~am¶ (2) eaX Omoer (3) h[ae§H$a nagmB© (4) Za|Ð H$mohbr&

84. ~§J ‘{hbm H$s H$hmZr H$m Zm‘ h¡?(1) {H$ñgm VmoVm-‘¡Zm (2) CgZo H$hm Wm (3) hma H$s OrV (4) XþbmB©dmbr&

85. "g‘m§Va H$hmZr' Ho$ àdV©H$ H$m¡Z h¡?(1) ào‘M§X (2) ‘mohZ amHo$e (3) amO|Ð ¶mXd (4) H$‘boída&

86. BZ‘| go H$m¡¡Z-gm ZmQ>H$ àgmXOr H$m Zhr h¡?(1) ñH§$XJwá (2) M§ÐJwá (3) Y«wdñdm{‘Zr (4) ̂ maV XþX©em&

87. "Amfm‹T> H$m EH$ {XZ' ZmQ>H$ Ho$ ZmQ>H$H$ma H$m Zm‘ ³¶m h¡?(1) e§H$a eof (2) ‘mohZ amHo$e (3) bú‘rZmam¶U bmb (4) CX¶ e§H$a ̂ Å>&

88. "AmR>dm§ gJ©' ZmQ>H$ Ho$ aM{¶Vm H$m Zm‘ {b{IE?(1) ̂ rî‘ gmhZr (2) gwa|Ð d‘m© (3) JmoqdX MmVH$ (4) ‘mohZ amHo$e&

89. "~H$ar' ZmQ>H$ Ho$ ZmQ>H$H$ma H$m Zm‘ {b{IE?(1) OJXreM§Ð ‘mWwa (2) ‘mohZ amHo$e (3) gd}ída X¶mb g³goZm (4) AgJa dµOmhV&

90. {hÝXr H$m nhbm CnÝ¶mg {H$go ‘mZm OmVm h¡?(1) ZyVZ ~«÷Mmar (2) narjm Jwé (3) R>oR> {hÝXr H$m R>mR> (4) M§ÐH$m§Vm&

91. BZ‘| go H$m¡Z-gm CnÝ¶mg ào‘M§X H$m Zht h¡?(1) H$‘©^y{‘ (2) a§J^y{‘ (3) {VVbr (4) JmoXmZ&

92. "Ë¶mJnÌ' CnÝ¶mg Ho$ boIH$ H$m Zm‘ ~VmBE?(1) ¶enmb (2) A‘¥Vbmb ZmJa (3) O¶e§H$a àgmX (4) O¡ZoÝÐ Hw$‘ma&

93. gyaXmg Ho$ OrdZ na AmYm[aV CnÝ¶mg H$m Zm‘ ~VmBE?(1) ‘mZg H$m h§g (2) godm gXZ (3) I§OZ Z¶Z (4) ̂ m½¶dVr&

94. BZ‘| go H$m¡Z-gm CnÝ¶mg Ako¶ H$m Zht h¡?(1) XmXm H$m‘aoS> (2) eoIa EH$ OrdZr (3) ZXr Ho$ Ûrn (4) AnZo-AnZo AOZ~r&

95. "éH$moJr Zht am{YH$m' H$s bo{IH$m H$m¡Z h¡?(1) ‘¥Xþbm JJ© (2) ‘Þy ̂ §S>mar (3) Cfm {à¶§dXm (4) H¥$îUm gmo~Vr&

96. "MmH$' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm‘ {b{IE?(1) ‘¡Ìo¶r nwînm (2) ‘§Owb ̂ JV (3) gy¶©~mbm (4) ‘‘Vm H$m{b¶m&

97. "{Zambm H$s gm{hË¶ gmYZm' {H$gH$s H¥${V h¡?(1) Zm‘da qgh (2) ZJ|Ð (3) am‘{dbmg e‘m© (4) ‘hmXodr d‘m©&

98. "{~„ogwa ~H$[ahm' {H$gH$m g§ñ‘aUmË‘H$ aoIm{MÌ h¡?(1) O¶e§H$a àgmX (2) {Zambm (3) n§V (4) ‘hmXodr d‘m©&

99. {hÝXr H$m nhbm AmË‘H$Wm boIH$ H$m¡Z h¡?(1) {d¶moJr h[a (2) CnoÝÐZmW AíH$ (3) ~ZmagrXmg MVwd}Xr (4) ~ZmagrXmg O¡Z&

100. "Kw‘¸$‹S>emó' Ho$ boIH$ H$m Zm‘ ³¶m h¡?(1) am§Jo¶ amKd (2) Ako¶ (3) amhþb gm§H¥$Ë¶m¶Z (4) ¶enmb&

g§X^© J«§W

1. {hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$m B{Vhmg AmMm¶© am‘M§Ð ew³b

2. {hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$m B{Vhmg g§. S>m°. ZJoÝÐ

3. {hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$m Am{XH$mb Am. hOmar àgmX {ÛdoXr

4. {hÝXr gm{hË¶ : CX²^d Am¡a {dH$mg Am. hOmar àgmX {ÛdoXr

5. {hÝXr gm{hË¶ : ¶wJ Am¡a àd¥{Îm¶m± S>m°. {edHw$‘ma e‘m©

6. {hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$m AmbmoMZmË‘H$ B{Vhmg S>m°. am‘Hw$‘ma d‘m©

7. {hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$m d¡km{ZH$ B{Vhmg S>m°. JUn{V M§Ð Jwá

8. {hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$m B{Vhmg S>m°. bú‘rgmJa dmîU}¶

9. {hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$m B{Vhmg S>m°. {dO¶oÝÐ ñZmVH$

10. {hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$m Xÿgam B{Vhmg S>m°. ~ƒZ qgh

11. {hÝXr gm{hË¶ VWm gm{hË¶o{Vhmg:

A§VamZwemgZm| H$m AZwerbZ S>m°. Xodoe R>mHw$a

12. ñdmV§Í¶moÎma {hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$m B{Vhmg S>m°. bú‘rgmJa dmîU}¶

13. AmYw{ZH$ {hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$m B{Vhmg S>m°. ~ƒZ qgh

14. {hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$m B{Vhmg g§. S>m°. am‘gOZ nm§S>o¶

15. gmR>moÎma {hÝXr H${dVm S>m°. aVZ Hw$‘ma nm§S>o¶

16. ‘Ü¶H$mbrZ H$mì¶ d¡^d S>m°. erVb àgmX Xþ~o



Am{XH$mcboIH$ - S>m°. nr. Ho$. Yw‘mi

1

2



BH$mB© H$s ê$naoIm

1.1. CÔoí¶

1.2 àñVmdZm

1.3 {hÝXr gm{hË¶ … H$mb {d^mOZ Ed§ Zm‘H$aU

1.4 ~moY àíZ

1.1. CÔoí¶

àñVwV I§S> H$s nhbr BH$mB© ‘| {hÝXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m AÜ¶¶Z {H$¶m OmEJm& BgHo$ A{V[a³V {hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$m H$mb {d^mOZ Zm‘H$aU na {dñV¥V MMm© Bg AÜ¶m¶ ‘| H$s J¶r h¡& H$mb {d^mOZ Am¡a Zm‘H$aU Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| {d{^Þ {dÛmZm| Am¡a AmMm¶m] Ho$ ‘V ̂ r Bg AÜ¶m¶ ‘| {X¶o J¶o h¢& Vm{H$ Bg BH$mB© H$m AÜ¶¶Z H$a {dÚmWu ~moY àíZm| H$m CÎma AmgmZr go àmá H$a gH|$Jo&

1.2 àñVmdZm

gm{hË¶ ZXr Ho$ àdmh H$s Vah hmoVm h¡& Omo {Za§Va AmJo ~‹T>Vm h¡& Cg‘| Z H$moB© éH$mdQ> AmVr h¢& Am¡a Z hr H$moB© Cgo ̂ §J H$aVm h¡& hm± g‘¶ Ho$ gmW gmW Cg‘| n[adV©Z AmVo ahVo h¡ Am¡a n[adV©Z Ho$ AZwê$n gm{hË¶ H$mo Z¶r àd¥{Îm¶m±, Z¶r {XemE± {‘bVr h¡&

{H$gr ̂ r gm{hË¶ Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m H$mb-{d^mOZ H$aZo H$s gdm©{YH$ Cn¶wº$ àUmcr Cg gm{hË¶ ‘| àdm{hV gm{hË¶ YmamAmo§, {d{dY àd¥{Îm¶mo|Ho$ AmYma na Cgo {d^m{OV H$aZm h¡& ¶wJ H$s n[apñW{V¶m| Ho$ AZwHy$c gm{hË¶ H$s {df¶ VWm e¡brJV àd¥{V¶m± n[ad{V©V hmoVr ahVr h¡& {hÝXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ {df¶ ‘| ̂ r ¶hr ~mV ¶wp³V¶w³V àVrV hmoVr h¡& EH$ {deof H$mc ‘| g‘mO H$s {deof n{apñW{V¶m± Ed§ VËgå~ÝYr {dMmaYmamE± ahr h¡ Am¡a CÝht Ho$ AZwén gm{hpË¶H$ aMZmE± àñVwV hþB© h¡& AndmX aho Adí¶ naÝVw Jm¡U àd¥{Îm Ho$ én ‘|& H$mb-{d^mOZ H$aVo g‘¶ ñd¶§ AmMm¶© ew³bOr Zo {d^mOZ Ho$ AmYma Ho$ gå~ÝY ‘| AnZm ‘V ñnï> H$a {X¶m h¡& CÝhm|Zo H$hm h¡- ""O~{H$ àË¶oH$ Xoe H$m gm{hË¶ dhm± H$s OZVm H$s {MÎmd¥{Îm H$m g§{MV à{V{~å~ hmoVm h¡ V~ ¶h {ZpíMV h¡ {H$ OZVm H$s {MÎmd¥{Îm Ho$ n[adV©Z Ho$ gmW-gmW gm{hË¶ Ho$ ñdê$n ‘| ̂ r n[adV©Z hmoVm Mcm OmVm h¡& Am{X go AÝV VH$ BÝhr {MÎmd¥{Îm¶m|H$s naånam H$mo naIVo hþE gm{hË¶ naånam Ho$ gmW CZH$m gm‘§Oñ¶ {XImZm hr gm{hË¶ H$m B{Vhmg H$hcmVm h¡&''

1

3

{hÝXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ B{Vhmg H$s gm‘J«r "^³V‘mc', "Mm¡amer d¡îUdZ H$s dmVm©' Am¡a "Xmo gm¡ ~mdZ d¡îUdZ H$s dmVm©' Am{X J«ÝWm| ‘| {‘cVr h¡ qH$Vw H$mc{d^mOZ Am¡a Zm‘H$aU H$s Amoa H$moB© Ñ{ï> Zhr H$s JB© Wr& {hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$m B{Vhmg gd©àW‘ {cIZo H$m lo¶ EH$ ’«|$M {dÛmZ Jmgm© X Vmgr H$mo {X¶m OmVm h¡& BÝhm|Zo ’«o$ÝM ̂ mfm ‘| "Bgdma X cm {gVaoË¶wa ahþB© E {hÝXþñVmZr' Zm‘H$ J«ÝW ‘| A§J«oOr dU© H«$‘mZwgma {hÝXr Am¡a CXÿ© ^mfm Ho$ AZoH$ H$qd¶m| H$m n[aM¶ {X¶m h¡& naÝVw CÝhm|Zo ̂ r H$b{d^mOZ Am¡a Zm‘H$aU H$s Amoa Ü¶mZ Zht {X¶m Wm& Bg naånam H$m Xÿgam ‘hËdnyU© J«ÝW {hÝXr {dÛmZ {edqgh g|Ja H$m "{edqgh gamoO' h¡& Bg‘| cJ^J EH$ hOma ^mfm-H${d¶m| Ho$ OrdZ M[aÌ Am¡a BZH$s H${dVmAm| Ho$ CXmhaU g§J«{hV {H$¶o h¡ qH$Vw H$mc {d^mOZ H$m Bg‘| H$moB© g§Ho$V Zht h¡&

Bg gå~ÝY ‘| g~go nhcm à¶mg H$aZo H$m lo¶ OmO© {½V¶g©Z H$mo h¡& na O¡gm {H$ CÝhm|Zo ñd¶§ AnZo J«ÝW H$s ̂ y{‘H$m ‘| ñdrH$ma {H$¶m h¡, CZHo$ gm‘Zo AZoH$ Eogr H${R>ZmB¶m± Wr {Oggo do H$mc-H«$‘ Ed§ H$mc {d^mOZ Ho$ {Zdm©h ‘| nyU©V: g’$c Zht hmo gHo$& CÝhmo|Zo {cIm h¡ - ""gm‘J«r H$mo ¶Wm g§^d H$mcH«$‘mZwgma àñVwV H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m J¶m h¡& ¶h gd©Ì gac Zht ahm h¡ Am¡a H${Vn¶ ñWcm| na Vmo ¶h Ag§^d {gÕ hþAm h¡& BÝhm|Zo {hÝXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ B{Vhmg H$mo {ZåZ{c{IV ½¶mah erf©H$m| Ho$ A§VJ©V {d^m{OV {H$¶m h¡& - (1) MmaU-H$mc 1702 -1300 B©.) (2) nÝÐhdt eVr H$m Ym{‘©H$ nwZOm©JaU (3) Om¶gr H$s ào‘ H${dVm (4) ~«O H$m H¥$îU-gåàXm¶, (5) ‘wJc Xa~ma (6) VwcgrXmg (7) ar{V H$mì¶ (8) VwcgrXmg Ho$ AÝ¶ nadVu (9) AQ²>R>mahdt eVmãXr (10) H$ånZr Ho$ emgZ ‘| {hÝXþñVmZ Am¡a (1) ‘hmamZr pìh³Q>mo[a¶m Ho$ emgZ ‘| {hÝXþñVmZ& S>m°. {½V¶g©Z Ho$ {d^mOZ ‘| AZoH$ Ag§J{V¶m±, Ý¶yZVm Ed§ Ìw{Q>¶m± hmoVo hþE ̂ r àW‘ à¶mg hmoZo Ho$ H$maU BgH$m AnZm ‘hËd h¡&

AmJo McH$a {‘l ~ÝYwAm| Zo AnZo "{‘l ~ÝYw-{dZmoX' (1913) ‘| H$mc-{d^mOZ H$m Z¶m à¶mg {H$¶m Omo àË¶oH$ Ñ{ï> g| {½V¶g©Z Ho$ à¶mg go ~hþV A{YH$ àm¡‹T> Ed§ {dH${gV H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡& BZH$m {d^mOZ BgàH$ma h¡-

1 Amapå^H$ H$mc / nydm©apå^H$ H$mc (600 - 1343 {d.) CÎmamapå^H$ H$mc (1344 - 1444 {d.)

2. ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ H$mc / nyd© ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ H$mc (1445 - 1560 {d.) àm¡‹T> ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ H$mc (1561 - 1580 {d.)

3. Ac§H¥$V H$mc / nydm©c§H¥$V H$mc (1681 - 1790 {d.)CÎmamc§H¥$V H$mc (1791 - 1889 {d.)

4. n[adV©Z H$mc - (1890 - 1925 {d.)

5. dV©‘mZ H$mc - (1926 {d. go A~ VH$)

{‘l ~ÝYwAmo Ho$ níMmV² AmMm¶© am‘MÝÐ ew³cOr Zo gZ² 1929 ‘| "{hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$m B{Vhmg' àñVwV H$aVo hþE H$mc-{d^mOZ H$m Z¶m à¶mg {H$¶m& BZHo$ H$mc-{d^mOZ ‘| A{YH$ gacVm, ñnï>Vm Ed§ gw~mooYVm h¡& AnZr Bgr {deofVm Ho$ H$maU dh AmO VH$

4

gd©‘mÝ¶ Ed§ gd©Ì àM{cV h¡& CZH$m H$mc-{d^mOZ BgàH$ma h¡ -1. Am{XH$mc (draJmWm H$mc) g§dV² 1050 go 1375

2. nyd© ‘Ü¶H$mc (^{º$H$mc) g§dV² 1375 go 1700

3. CÎma ‘Ü¶H$mc (ar{VH$c) g§dV² 1700 Vo 1900

4. AmYw{ZH$ H$mc (JÚH$mc) g§dV² 1900 go A~ VH$&Am. ew³cOr Ho$ níMmV² S>m°. am‘Hw$‘ma d‘m© H$m Zm‘ Bg àg§J ‘| C„oIZr¶ h¡, {OÝhm|Zo

AnZm Z¶m- H$mc {d^mOZ àñVwV {H$¶m Omo BgàH$ma h¡ -1. gpÝYH$mc (750 - 100 {d.)2. MmaU H$mc (1000 - 1375 {d.)3. ^{º$H$mc (1375 - 1700 {d.)4. ar{VH$mc (1700 - 1900 {d.)5. AmYw{ZH$ H$mc (1900 go A~ VH$) S>m°. d‘m© Ho$ {d^mOZ Ho$ A§{V‘ VrZ H$mc-{d^mOZ AmMm¶© ew³cOr Ho$ hr {d^mOZ Ho$

AZwê$n h¡, Ho$dc "draJmWmH$mc' Ho$ ñWmZ na "MmaUH$mc' Ed§ "gpÝYH$mc' Zm‘ XoH$a AnZm Z¶mnU ñWm{nV {H$¶m h¡&

Bg naånam ‘| ~m~y í¶m‘gwÝXa Xmg Ûmam {H$¶m hþAm H$mc-{d^mOZ ̂ r C„oIZr¶ h¡& CZHo$ H$mc-{d^mOZ ‘| Am. ew³cOr go H$moB© A{YH$ {^ÞVm Zht h¡& CZH$m H$mc-{d^mOZ BgàH$ma h¡ -

1. Am{XH$mc (draJmWm H$m ¶wJ g§dV² 1000 go g§dV² 1400 VH$)2. nyd© ‘Ü¶¶wJ (^{º$ H$m ¶wJ, g§dV² 1400 go g§dV² 1700 VH$)3. CÎma ‘Ü¶¶wJ (ar{V J«ÝWm| H$m ¶wJ, g§dV² 1700 go, g§dV² 1900 VH$)4. AmYw{ZH$ ¶wJ (ZdrZ {dH$mg H$m ¶wJ, g§dV² 1900 go A~ VH$)Cn¶w©º$ H$mc-{d^mOZ H$s naånam ‘| Am. ew³cOr Ho$ ~mX Hw$‹N> {dÛmZmo| Zo Wmo‹S>m-~hþV

n[adV©Z H$aHo$ AnZm H$mc-{d^mOZ àñVwV H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m h¡& na§Vw ew³cOr H$m B{Vhmg coIZ H$m AmYma hr A{YH$ d¡km{ZH$, VH©$g§JV Am¡a Cn¶w³V àVrV hmoVm h¡& S>m°. JUn{VMÝÐ Jwá Zo AnZo J«ÝW "{hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$m d¡km{ZH$ B{Vhmg' ‘| CgH$m AZw‘moXZ {H$¶m h¡& CZH$m H$mc-{d^mOZ BgàH$ma h¡ -

1. àmapå^H$ H$mc (1184 - 1350 B©.)2. nyd© ‘Ü¶H$mc (1350 - 1600 B©.)3. CÎma ‘Ü¶H$mc (1600 - 1857 B©.)4. AmYw{ZH$ H$mc (1857 B©. A~ VH$) Bg naånam ‘o§ S>m°. ZJoÝÐ H$m Zm‘ ̂ r C„oIZr¶ h¡& CÝhm|Zo {hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$m H$mc-

{d^mOZ VWm Zm‘H$aU BgàH$ma {H$¶m h¡ -1. Am{XH$mc - 7 dt eVr Ho$ ‘Ü¶ go 14 dt eVr Ho$ ‘Ü¶ VH$&2. ^p³VH$mc - 14 dt eVr Ho$ ‘Ü¶ go 17 dt eVr Ho$ ‘Ü¶ VH$&3. ar{VH$mc - 17 dt eVr Ho$ ‘Ü¶ go 19 dt eVr Ho$ ‘Ü¶ VH$&4. AmYw{ZH$ H$mc - 19 dt eVr Ho$ ‘Ü¶ go A~ VH$&

5

A) nwZOm©JaU H$mc (^maVoÝXþ H$mc) g§. 1877 - 1900 B©.~) OmJaU-gwYma H$mc ({ÛdoXr H$mc) g§. 1900 - 1918 B©.H$) N>m¶mdmX H$mc g§. 1918 - 1938 B©. S>) N>m¶mdmXmoÎma H$mc

1. àJ{V-à¶moJ H$mc - g§. 1938 - 1953 B©.2. ZdcoIZ H$mc g§. 1953 B©. go A~ VH$&

Cn¶w©³V g^r {dÛmZm| Ho$ H$mc-{d^mOZ ‘| Am. ew³cOr H$m H$mc-{d^mOZ hr gd©gå‘V Ed§ Cn¶w©³V ‘mZm J¶m h¡&

1.3 {hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$m Zm‘H$aU

{hÝXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ H$mc-{d^mOZ H$mo coH$a {dÛmZmo ‘| A{YH$ ‘VôX Zhr h¡, Ho$dc {hÝXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ Amaå^ H$mo coH$a ‘VôX h¡& Cg‘| ̂ r ‘w»¶V: Xm|o dJ© h¡ - EH$ dJ© {hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$m àmaå^ gmVdt eVmãXr go ‘mZVm h¡, Am¡a Xÿgam dJ© Xgdt eVmãXr go& dmñVd ‘| gmVdr eVmãXr go Xgdr eVmãXr Ho$ H$mcIÊS> H$mo {hÝXr gm[hË¶ H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ Ho$ én ‘| ñdrH$ma H$a {c¶m Om¶ Vmo ¶h ‘VôX ̂ r g‘má hmo OmVm h¡ ³¶m|{H$ Bg H$mcIÊ‹S> H$s aMZmE± An^«§e ‘| h¡ Am¡a An^«§e go hr {hÝXr ̂ mfm H$m OÝ‘ hþAm h¡& {hÝXr ̂ mfm Ed§ gm{hË¶ H$s ‘yc MoVZm H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {cE Bg H$mcIÊ‹S> H$s ̂ mfm Ho$ ñdén Ed§ gm{hË¶-Ymam H$mo g‘PZm A{V Amdí¶H$ h¡&

{hÝXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ {d{^Þ H$mcIÊ‹S>mo§ Ho$ Zm‘H$aU H$mo coH$a {dÛmZm| ‘| ‘VôX h¡& ‘w»¶V: Xgdt eVmãXr go Mm¡Xhdt eVmãXr VH$ Ho$ Amapå^H$ H$mcIÊ‹S> (Am{XH$mc) Am¡a gÌhdr eVmãXr go CÞrgdt eVmãXr VH$ Ho$ H$mcIÊ‹S> (ar{VH$mc) Ho$ Zm‘H$aU H$mo coH$a hr A{YH$ ‘VôX h¡&

A) Xgdt eVmãXr go Mm¡Xhdt eVmãXr VH$ Ho$ H$mcIÊ‹S> H$m {d{^Þ {dÛmZm| Ûmam {H$¶m

J¶m Zm‘H$aU BgàH$ma h¡ -MmaUH$mc - {J«¶g©Zàmapå^H$ H$mc - {‘l~ÝYwdraJmWmH$mc - Am. am‘MÝÐ ew³c{gÕgm‘§V H$mc - amhþc gm§H¥$Ë¶m¶Z~rOdnZ H$mc - ‘hmdraàgmX {ÛdoXrdraH$mc - {dídZmWàgmX {‘lAm{XH$mc - hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXrg§{YH$mc Ed§ MmaUH$mc - S>m°. am‘Hw$‘ma d‘m©

MmaUH$mc …- {J«¶g©Z Zo gd©àW‘ {hÝXr gm{hË¶o{Vhmg Ho$ Amapå^H$ H$mc H$m Zm‘H$aU "MmaUH$mc' {H$¶m h¡, qH$Vw Bg Zm‘H$aU H$m H$moB© R>mog à‘mU do àñVwV Zhr H$a gHo$ h¡& CÝhm|Zo MmaUH$mc 643 B©gdr go ‘mZm h¡ O~{H$ 1000 B©gdr VH$ MmaU H${d¶m|

6

Ûmam {c{IV H$moB© aMZm CncãY Zhr§ hmoVr& ¶V: ¶h Zm‘H$aU Cn¶w³V Zht h¡&

àmapå^H$ H$mc …- {‘l~ÝYwAm| Zo 643 B©gdr go 1387 B©gdr VH$ Ho$ H$mc H$mo "àmapå^H$ H$mc' Zm‘ go A{^{hV {H$¶m h¡& ¶h Zm‘ {H$gr gm{hpË¶H$ àd¥{Îm H$m ÚmoVH$ Zhr h¡& ¶h EH$ gm‘mÝ¶ g§km h¡ Omo {hÝXr ^mfm Ho$ àmaå^ H$mo ~VmVr h¡& AV: ¶h Zm‘ ^r VH©$g§JV Zhr h¡&

draJmWmH$mc …- Am. am‘MÝÐ ew³c Zo AnZo {hÝXr gm[hË¶ Ho$ B{Vhmg ‘| g§dV² 1050 go coH$a 1375 B©gdr VH$ H$s H$mcmd{Y H$mo "draJmWm H$mc' Zm‘ {X¶m h¡& AnZo ‘V Ho$ g‘W©Z ‘| CÝhm|Zo H$hm h¡ - ""Am{XH$mc H$s XrK© naånam Ho$ ~rM àW‘ S>o‹T>-Xmo gm¡ dfm} Ho$ ^rVa Vmo aMZm H$s {H$gr {deof àd¥{Îm H$m {ZíM¶ Zhr hmo nmVm h¡ - Y‘©, Zr{V, l¥ÝJma, dra g~ àH$ma H$s aMZmE± Xmohmo§ ‘| {‘cVr h¡& Bg A{Z{X©ï> cmoH$-àd¥{Îm Ho$ CnamÝV O~ go ‘wgc‘mZm| H$s M‹T>mB¶m± Ama§^ hmoVr h¡ V~ go h‘ {hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$r àd¥{Îm {deof ê$n ‘| ~±YVr hþB© nmVo h¡& amOm{lV H${d Am¡a MmaU {Og àH$ma ar{V, l¥ÝJma Am{X Ho$ ’w$Q>H$c Xmoho amOg^mAm| ‘| gwZm¶m H$aVo Wo, Cgr àH$ma AnZo Aml¶XmVm amOmAm| Ho$ namH«$‘ nyU© M[aVm| ¶m JmWmAm| H$m ̂ r dU©Z {H$¶m H$aVo Wo& ¶h à~ÝY naånam "amgmo' Ho$ Zm‘ go nmB© OmVr h¡, {Ogo cú¶ H$aHo$ Bg H$mc H$mo h‘Zo "draJmWm H$mc' H$hm h¡& ew³cOr Zo Bg ¶wJ H$m Zm‘H$aU H$aZo Ho$ {cE {OZ ~mah J«ÝWm| H$mo AmYma ~Zm¶m do J«ÝW h¢ -

1. {dO¶nmc amgmo 7. n¥ÏdramO amgmo2. hå‘ra amgmo 8. O¶MÝX àH$me3. H$s{V©cVm 9. O¶‘¶§H$ OgMpÝÐH$m4. H$s{V©nVmH$m 10. na‘mc amgmo5. Iw‘mZ amgmo 11. Iwgamo H$s nho{c¶m±6.~rgcXod amgmo 12. {dÚmn{V H$s nXmdcr {OZ ~mah aMZmAmo§ H$moo ew³c Or Zo Zm‘H$aU H$m AmYma ‘mZm. AmMm¶© hOmaràgmX

{ÛdoXr Or Zo CZ aMZmAm| H$mo Aàm‘m{UH$ {gÕ H$aVo hþE "draJmWmH$mc' Zm‘H$aU H$mo {ZaW©H$ {gÕ {H$¶m h¡& O¡go ~rgcXod amgmo Am¡a Iw‘mZ amgmo Z¶o emoY n[aUm‘m| Ho$ AmYma na gmochdt eVmãXr ‘| a{MV ‘mZo JE h¢& hå‘ra amgmo, O¶MÝÐàH$me Am¡a O¶‘¶§H$ OgMpÝÐH$m Zmo{Q>g ‘mÌ h¡& BgràH$ma à{gÕ ‘hmH$mì¶ n¥ÏdramO amgmo H$moo ^r AY© àm‘m{UH$ ‘mZ {c¶m J¶m h¡& na‘mc amgmo ¶m AmëhmI§S> Ho$ ‘yc H$m AmO H$hr nVm Zhr cJVm Am¡a Iwgamo H$s nho{c¶m± VWm {dÚmn{V H$s nXmdcr ^r draJmWmË‘H$ Zhr h¡& BgHo$ A{V[aº$ Bg H$mc ‘| Ho$dc draH$mì¶ hr Zhr {cIo J¶o A{nVw Ym{‘©H$, l¥ÝJm[aH$ Am¡a cm¡{H$H$ gm{hË¶ H$s ̂ r aMZmE± hþB© h¡&

{gÕgm‘§V H$mc …- amhþc gm§H¥$Ë¶m¶Z Zo Bg H$mc H$m Zm‘H$aU "{gÕ gm‘ÝV H$mc' {H$¶m h¡& BZHo$ ‘VmZwgma Bg H$mcIÊ‹S> Ho$ g‘mO OrdZ na {gÕm| H$m Am¡a amOZr{V na gm‘ÝVm| H$m EH$m{YH$ma Wm& Bg ¶wJ Ho$ H${d¶m| Zo AnZr aMZmAm| ‘| gm‘ÝVm§o H$m ¶emoJmZ hr à‘wI ê$n go {H$¶m h¡& Bg ¶wJ H$s AÝV~m©ø àd¥{Îm¶mo§ H$m AÜ¶¶Z H$aZo na nVm McVm h¡ {H$ dhm± {gÕm| Am¡a gm‘ÝVm| H$m hr dM©ñd Wm&

Bg Zm‘H$aU go VËH$mcrZ gm‘ÝVr dmVmdaU H$m Vmo nVm McVm h¡ na§Vw {H$gr gm{hpË¶H$ àd¥{Îm H$m CX²KmQ>Z Zht hmo nmVm& Bg Zm‘H$aU go ZmW n§Wr Am¡a ÑT> ¶moJr H${d¶m| VWm Iwgamo Am{X H$s H$mì¶ àd¥{Îm¶m| H$m g‘mdoe Zhr hmo nmVm&

~rOdnZ H$mc …- Am. ‘hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXr Or Zo Bg H$mc H$m Zm‘H$aU "~rOdnZ H$mc' {H$¶m h¡& na§Vw ¶h Zm‘ ̂ r Cn¶w³V Zht h¡& ̂ mfm H$s Ñ{ï> go ¶h H$mc ̂ co hr ~rOdnZ H$m H$mc hmo, na§Vw gm{hpË¶H$ àd¥{Îm H$s Ñ{ï> go pñW{V Eogr Zhr Wr& Bg Zm‘ go ¶h A^mg hmooVm h¡ {H$ Cg g‘¶ gm{hpË¶H$ n«d¥{Îm¶m± e¡ed ‘| Wr, O~{H$ Eogm Zhr h¡& gm{hË¶ Cg ¶wJ ‘o§ ^r àm¡‹T>Vm H$mo àmá ¶m A§V: ¶h Zm‘ C{MV Zhr h¡&

draH$mc …- Am. {dídZmW àgmX {‘Ì Or Zo Bg H$mc H$m Zm‘ "draH$mc' {H$¶m h¡& ¶h Zm‘ Am. am‘MÝÐ ew³c Ûmam {X¶o J¶o Zm‘ "dra JmWm H$mc' H$m énmÝVa ‘mÌ h¡, {H$gr ZdrZ VÏ¶ H$mo àñVwV H$aZo dmcm Zht h¡& A§V: ¶h Zm‘H$aU ̂ r g‘rMrZ Zhr h¡&

gpÝY Ed§ MmaUH$mc …- S>m°. am‘Hw$‘ma d‘m© Zo Am{XH$mc H$mo Xmo IÊS>m| ‘o {d^m{OV H$a "gpÝYH$mc' Ed§ "MmaUH$mc' Zm‘ {X¶m h¡& gpÝYH$mc ̂ mfm H$s Amoa g§Ho$V H$aVm h¡ Am¡a MmaUH$mc go EH$ dJ© {deof H$m ~mooY hmooVm h¡& Bg Zm‘H$aU ‘| ̂ r ¶h Ìw{Q> h¡ {H$ Bg‘| {H$gr gm{h{Ë¶H$ àd¥{Îm H$mo AmYma Zht ~Zm¶m J¶m& {H$gr Om{V {deof Ho$ Zm‘ na gm{hË¶ ‘| Cg H$mc H$m Zm‘H$aU C{MV Zht& AV: ¶h Zm‘H$aU ̂ r R>rH$ Zht h¡&

Am{XH$mc …- Am. hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr Or Zo Bg H$mc Ho$ gm{hË¶ H$mo A{YH$m§eV: g§{X½Y Am¡a Aàm‘m{UH$ ‘mZVo hþE ̂ r Cg‘| Xmo {deofVmAm| H$mo aoIm§{H$V {H$¶m& ZdrZ VmOJr Am¡a Anyd© VoOpñdVm& BZ XmoZm| {deofVmAm| H$mo Ü¶mZ ‘| aIVo hwE Bg H$mc H$m Zm‘ CÝhm|Zo "Am{XH$mc' aIm& AnZo Bg ‘V H$mo ñnï> H$aVo hþE CÝhm|Zo H$hm h¡ {H$- dñVwV: {hÝXr H$m Am{XH$mc eãX EH$ àH$ma H$s ̂ «m‘H$ YmaUm H$s g¥{ï> H$aVm h¡ Am¡a lmoVm Ho$ {MÎm ‘| ¶h ̂ md n¡Xm H$aVm h¡ {H$ ¶h H$mc H$moB© Am{X‘ ‘Zmo^mdmnZ naånam{d{Z‘w©º$ H$mì¶ ê${‹T>¶m| go AN>yVo gm{hË¶ H$m H$mc h¡& ¶h R>rH$ Zht h¡& ¶h H$mc ~hþV A{YH$ naånam ào‘r, ê${‹T>J«ñV Am¡a gMoV H${d¶m| H$m H$mc h¡&''

Bg àH$ma dmñVd ‘| "Am{XH$mc' àmaå^ H$m Z hmoH$a naånam Ho$ {dH$mg H$m gyMH$ h¡& Bg Zm‘ go gmVdr-AmR>dt eVmãXr Ho$ ~m¡Õ, {gÕ, ZmW¶mo{J¶m| Ho$ gmW dra JmWm H$mì¶m| Am¡a AãXþa©h‘mZ, {dÚmn{V VWm Iwgamo Am{X H$mo EH$ gyÌVm ‘| g‘oQ>m Om gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a ’w$Q>H$a H${d¶m| Ho$ Zm‘ {JZmZo go ~Mm Om gH$Vm h¡& Am{XH$mc Zm‘ ‘| {hÝXr H$mì¶énm| Ed§ ^mfm Ho$ A§Hw$[aV hmoZo H$m ̂ md ̂ r Am OmVm h¡& AV: ¶hr Zm‘ Cn¶w³V R>haVm h¡& A{YH$m§e {dÛmZm| Ûmam ̂ r "Am{XH$mc' Zm‘ hr ‘mÝ¶ ahm h¡&

~) Mm¡Xhdt eVmãXr go gÌhdt eVmãXr VH$ Ho$ H$mcIÊS> H$m Zm‘H$aU …-Am. am‘MÝÐ ew³c Or Zo gd§V² 1375 go coH$a 1700 B. VH$ Ho$ H$mcIÊS>

H$mo nyd©‘Ü¶H$mc H$s g§km go A{^{hV {H$¶m h¡& Bg ¶wJ Ho$ gm{hË¶ ‘| ̂ p³V H$s ‘w»¶ àd¥{Îm H$mo XoIVo hþE Bg H$mcmd{Y H$m Zm‘H$aU "^p³VH$mc' {H$¶m h¡& Bgo nadVu g^r {dÛmZm| Zo

7

ñdrH$ma {H$¶m h¡ Am¡a AmO ̂ r "^p³VH$mc' Zm‘H$aU gd©‘mÝ¶ h¡&

H$) gÌhdt eVmãXr go CÞrgdt eVmãXr VH$ Ho$ H$mcIÊS> (ar{VH$mc) Ho$

Zm‘H$aU {df¶H$ ‘VôX …-Am. ew³cOr Zo gd§V² 1700 go coH$a 1900 B. VH$ Ho$ g‘¶ H$mo CÎma

‘Ü¶H$mc Zm‘ {X¶m h¡& Bg ¶wJ Ho$ gm{hË¶ ‘| ar{V (cjU) J«ÝWm| Ho$ coIZ H$s naånam H$mo XoIVo hwE Bgo "ar{VH$mc' H$hZm VH©$g§JV ‘mZm h¡& Bg H$mc Ho$ Zm‘H$aU H$moo coH$a ^r {dÛmZm| ‘| ‘VôX h¡-

Ac§H¥$VH$mc - {‘l~ÝYwar{VH$mc - Am. am‘MÝÐ ew³cH$cmH$mc - a‘me§H$a ew³c "agmc'l¥ÝJma H$mc - n§. {dídZmW àgmX {‘l

Ac§H¥$VH$mc …- {‘l~ÝYwAm| Zo Bg ¶wJ H$m Zm‘H$aU "Ac§H¥$V H$mc' H$aVo hþE H$hm h¡ {H$ - ""ar{VH$mcrZ H${d¶mo'' Zo {OVZo AmJ«h Ho$ gmW aMZm e¡cr H$mo Ac§H¥$V H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m h¡. CVZm AÝ¶ {H$gr ^r H$mc Ho$ H${d¶m| Zo Zht& Bg àd¥{Îm Ho$ H$maU ¶h Ac§H¥$VH$mc h¡& Bg H$mc H$mo Ac§H¥$VH$mc H$hZo H$m Xÿgam H$maU ¶h h¡ {H$ Bg H$mc Ho$ H${d¶m| Zo Ac§H$ma {Zê$nH$ J«ÝWm| Ho$ coIZ ‘| {deof ê${M àX{e©V H$s& ‘hmamOm Ogd§Vqgh H$m "^mfm ^yfU', ‘{Vam‘ H$m "c{cV ccm‘', Ho$ed H$s "H${d{à¶m', "a{gH${à¶m' VWm gya{V {‘l H$s "Ac§H$ma ‘mcm' Am{X J«ÝW ‘hËdnyU© h¡&

na§Vw Bg H$mc H$mo "Ac§H¥$VH$mc' Zm‘ XoZm C{MV Zht h¡ ³¶m|{H$ Ac§H$aU H$s àd¥{Îm Bg H$mc H$s {deof àd¥{Îm Zht h¡& ¶h àd¥{Îm Vmo {hÝXr Ho$ Am{XH$mc go coH$a AmO VH$ Mcr Am ahr h¡& Xygao ¶h Zm‘H$aU H${dVm Ho$ Ho$dc ~{ha§J nj H$m gyMH$ h¡& Bggo H${dVm Ho$ A§Va§J nj ̂ md Ed§ ag H$s AdhocZm hmoVr h¡ VWm {~hmar Am¡a ‘{Vam‘ O¡go ag{gÕ H${d, {OZH$s H${dVm ‘| ^md H$s àYmZVm h¡, CZH$s H${dVm Ho$ gmW Ý¶m¶ Zht hmo nmVm& BgHo$ A{V[aº$ Ac§H¥$VH$mc Zm‘ H$mo ñdrH$ma H$a coZo go Bg H$mc H$s {deof àd¥{Îm l¥ÝJma Am¡a emór¶Vm H$s nyU© Cnojm hmo OmVr h¡&

H$cmH$mc …-a‘me§H$a ew³c "agmc' Zo Bg H$mc H$mo "H$cmH$mc' Zm‘ {X¶m h¡& CZH$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ ""‘wJc g‘«mQ> emhOhm± H$m gånyU© emgZ H$mc H$cm do{ï>V Wm& Bg ¶wJ ‘| EH$ Amoa ñWmnË¶ H$cm H$m Ma‘ {~ÝXþ VmO‘hc Ho$ ê$n ‘| "H$mc Ho$ Jmc H$m Aly' ~ZH$a àH$Q> hþAm Vmo Xÿgar Amoa {hÝXr H${dVm ̂ r H$cmË‘H$Vm go g§¶wº$ hþB©& Bg H$mc Ho$ H${d¶m| Zo {df¶ H$s Anojm e¡cr H$s Amoa A[YH$ Ü¶mZ {X¶m& CZH$s H${dVm ‘| {MÌH$cm H$m ̂ r ¶moJ hþE {~Zm Z ah gH$m& AV:Ed§ ¶h H$cmH$mc h¡&''

H$cmH$mc Zm‘ go ^r dñVwV: H${dVm Ho$ ~mø nj H$s {deofVm H$m hr ~moY hmoVm h¡& H${dVm H$m Am§V[aH$ nj Cno{jV ah OmVm h¡& gmW hr Bg ¶wJ H$s ì¶mnH$ l¥§Jm[aH$ MoVZm H$s Ad‘mZZm hmo OmVr h¡&

8

l¥§Jma H$mc …- n§. {dídZmWàgmX {‘l Zo Bg H$mc H$mo "l¥§Jma H$mc' H$hZm A{YH$ Cn¶w³V g‘Pm h¡& CZHo$ Ûmam {X¶m J¶m ¶h Zm‘H$aU Bg H$mc ‘| à¶w³V l¥§ÝJma ag H$s àYmZVm H$moo cú¶ H$a {X¶m J¶m h¡& na§Vw ¶h Zm‘ ̂ r ¶wp³Vg§JV Zhr h¡ ³¶mo§{H$ ar{VH$mcrZ H${d¶m| Zo l¥§ÝJma Ho$ A{V[a³V dra ag H$r H${dVm ^r {cIr h¡& gmW hr ^p³VnaH$, Zr{VnaH$ aMZmE± ̂ r Bg ¶wJ ‘| {cIr JB© h¡& ar{VH$mcrZ H${d¶m| H$m ‘yc ñda l¥§Jma H$^r Zht ahm& CZH$m CÔoí¶ Vmoo AnZo Aml¶XmVmAm| H$mo àgÞ H$a AWm}nmO©Z H$aZm Wm& Aml¶XmVm {dcmgr d¥{Îm Ho$ Wo& l¥§Jma ‘| CZH$s ê${M H$mo XoIVo hþE BÝhm|Zo l¥§JmanaH$ H${dVmE± {cIr& ¶Ú{n Bg H$mc ‘| l¥§Jma ag H$s àYmZVm h¡, na§Vw dh ñdV§Ì Z hmoH$a gd©Ì ar[V na Am{lV h¡& AV: ¶h Zm‘H$aU C{MV Zht h¡&

ar{VH$mc …- Am. am‘MÝÐ ew³cOr Zo Bg ¶wJ H$m Zm‘H$aU "ar{VH$mc' {H$¶m h¡& CZH$m ‘V h¡ {H$- ""BZ ar{VJ«ÝWmo'' Ho$ H$Vm© ^mdwH$, göX¶ Am¡a {ZnwU H${d Wo& CZH$m CÔoí¶ H${dVm H$aZm Wm, Z {H$ H$mì¶m§Jmo H$m emór¶ nÕ{V na {ZénU H$aZm& AV: CZHo$ Ûmam ~‹S>m ̂ mar H$m¶© ¶h hþAm {H$ agm| ({deofV: l¥§Jma ag) Am¡a Ac§H$mam| Ho$ ~hþV hr gag Am¡a öX¶J«mhr CXmhaU AË¶ÝV àMwa n[aUm‘ ‘| àmá hþE&'' ew³cOr Ho$ Bg Zm‘H$aU H$m AmYma Bg H$mc ‘| ar{VJ«ÝWm| Am¡a ar{VJ«ÝWH$mam| H$s gwXrK© naånam h¡& Bg Zm‘ H$moo g^r {dÛmZm| Zo cJ^J EH$‘V go ñdrH$ma {H$¶m h¡& Am. hOmar àgmX {ÛdoXr, S>m°. ZJoÝÐ Am{X {dÛmZm| Zo ̂ r ew³cOr Ûmam {X¶o J¶o Bg Zm‘ H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$¶m h¡& S>m°. ̂ JraW {‘l Or Zo Bg ¶wJ Ho$ "ar{VH$mc' Zm‘ H$s gmW©H$Vm H$mo ñnï> H$aVo hþE H$hm h¡ - ""H$cmH$mc H$hZo go H${d¶m| H$s a{gH$Vm H$s Cnojm hmoVr h¡& l¥§Jma H$mc H$hZo go dra ag Am¡a amO àe§gm H$s, qH$Vw ar{VH$mc H$aZo go àm¶: H$moB© ^r ‘hÎdnyU© dñVwJV {deofVm Cno{jV Zht hmoVr Am¡a à‘wI àd¥{Îm gm‘Zo Am OmVr h¡& ¶h ¶wJ ar{V-nÕ{V H$m ¶wJ Wm, ¶h YmaUm dmñV{dH$ ê$n go ghr h¡&'' BgàH$ma "ar{VH$mc' Zm‘H$aU A{YH$ VH©$g§JV Ed§‘² d¡km{ZH$ àVrV hmoVm h¡&

S>) 19 dt eVmãXr go A~VH$ Ho$ H$mcIÊ‹S> H$m Zm‘H$aU …-g§dV² 1900 go Amaå^ hþE AmYw{ZH$ H$mc H$mo Am. am‘MÝÐ ew³cOr Zo JÚ

Ho$ nyU© {dH$mg Ed§ àYmZVm H$moo XoIVo hþE "JÚH$mc' Zm‘ {X¶m h¡& Am. hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr àog Ho$ CX²^d H$mo hr AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m dmhZ ‘mZVo h¡& í¶m‘gwÝXa Xmg Bgo "ZdrZ {dH$mg H$m ¶wJ' H$hVo h¡& JÚ H$m {dH$mg Bg H$mc H$s g~go ‘hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm h¡& ¶Ú{n Bg H$mc ‘| H${dVm Ho$ joÌ ‘| ^r {d{dY ZdrZ àd¥{Îm¶m| H$m {dH$mg hþAm h¡, qH$Vw O¡gm {dH$mg JÚ Ho$ {d{^Þ A§Jm| H$m hþAm h¡, d¡gm H${dVm H$m Zht hmo gH$m h¡&

"AmYw{ZH$ H$mc' H$mo Am. ew³cOr Zo VrZ MaUm| ‘| {d^³V {H$¶m h¡ Am¡a BÝho§ àW‘ CËWmZ, {ÛVr¶ CËWmZ VWm V¥Vr¶ CËWmZ H$hm h¡& A[YH$m§e AmYw{ZH$ {dÛmZ BÝh| "^maVoÝXþ ¶wJ' AWdm "nwZOm©JaU H$mc', "{ÛdoXr ¶wJ' AWdm "OmJaU-gwYma H$mc', "N>m¶mdmXr ¶wJ' VWm "N>m¶mdmXmoÎma ¶wJ' ‘| àJ{V, à¶moJ H$mc, ZdcoIZ H$mc ‘mZVo h¡& {ÛdoXr ¶wJ VH$ Vmo AmYw{ZH$ ¶wJ H$s Ymam grYr ahr qH$Vw N>m¶mdmX Ho$ OÝ‘ Ho$ gmW hr Cg‘| ZmZm dmXm| Am¡a àd¥{Îm¶m| H$s ~mT> gr Am JB© h¡& AmYw{ZH$ H$mc H$s àJ{V BVZr {demc Am¡a ~hþ‘wIr h¡ {H$ Cgo {H$gr {d{eï> dmX ¶m àd¥{Îm H$s g§Hw${MV gr‘m ‘| Zht ~m±Ym Om gH$Vm&

9

Bgr H$maU Am{XH$mc Ho$ g‘mZ Bg H$mc H$mo ̂ r "AmYw{ZH$ H$mc' H$hZm hr A{YH$ VH©$g§JV àVrV hmoVm h¡&

1.4 ~moY àíZ …-

1. {hÝXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ H$mb {d^mOZ na {dñV¥V boI {b{IE?

2. {d{^Þ {dÛmZm| Zo {hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$m H$mb {d^mOZ {H$g àH$ma {H$¶m h¡?

10

Am{XH$mc

2.0 BH$mB© H$s ê$naoIm

2.1 CÔoí¶

2.2 àñVmdZm

2.3 Am{XH$mcrZ gm{hË¶ H$m {dñV¥V AÜ¶¶Z

2.4 ~moY àíZ

2.1 CÔoí¶

Bg BH$mB© Ho$ A§VJ©V Am{XH$mcrZ {dÚmWu gm{hË¶ H$m {dñV¥V AÜ¶¶Z H$a gH|$Jo& Am{XH$mcrZ H$mì¶ ‘| VrZ àH$ma H$s gm{hË¶ aMZm à‘wI ê$n g| hþB© h¢- Ym{‘©H$ gm{hË¶, cm¡{H$H$ gm{hË¶ Am¡a amgmo gm{hË¶ Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ¶¶Z g| {dÚmWu¶m| H$mo {gÕ gm{hË¶, ZmW gm{hË¶ Am¡a amgmo gm{hË¶ H$s gånyU© OmZH$mar {‘c gHo$Jr Am¡a {deofVmAm| H$m ^r {dñV¥V AÜ¶¶Z {dÚmWu H$a gH|$Jo&

2.2 àñVmdZm

{hÝXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ Ama§{^H$ H$mc H$mo Am{XH$mc H$hm OmVm h¡& {hÝXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ Ama§{^H$ g‘¶ H$s aMZmE± gm{hË¶ Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ AÜ¶¶Z Ho$ {cE AË¶§V Amdí¶H$ h¡& na§Vw A{YH$m§e Am{XH$mcrZ J«§Wm| H$m CncãY Z hmoZm, à‘m{UH$Vm ‘| g§{X½YVm, H$mc{ZYm©aU ‘| gm‘§Oñ¶ Z ~¡R>Zm Am{X H${R>ZmB©¶m| Ho$ gmW gm{hË¶ Ho$ {dÛmZm|, AmMm¶m] Ûmam ì¶dpñWV YmaUm ~Zm coZm ~hþV hr Hw$ecVm H$m H$m¶© h¡&

{hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$m Am{XH$mc {Ogo draJmWm H$mc, MmaUH$mc, {gÕ gm‘ÝV ¶wJ, ~rOdnZ H$mc, draH$mc Am{U AZoH$ g§kmAm| go {d^w{fV {H$¶m h¡, {hÝXr H$m g~go {ddmXJ«ñV H$mc ahm h¡& Bg H$mc ‘| EH$ Va’$ g§ñH¥$V Ho$ Eogo ~S>o-~S>o H${d CËnÞ hþE {OZH$s aMZmE± g§ñH¥$V H$mì¶-naånam H$s Ma‘ gr‘m na nhþ±M J¶r Wr Vmo Xÿgar Amoa An^«§e Ho$ H${d CËnÞ hþE Omo AË¶ÝV gac Ed§ ghO ̂ mfm ‘| AË¶ÝV g§{já eãXm| ‘| AnZo ‘m{‘©H$ ^md àH$Q> H$a aho Wo& dñVwV: Bg H$mc ‘| Ohm± EH$ Amoa {gÕ, ZmW Am¡a O¡Z gm{hË¶ H$m {Z‘m©U hþAm {Ogo Y‘m©l¶ àmá hmoZo Ho$ H$maU dh ’y$cVm-’$cVm ahm. dhm± Xÿgar Amoa amOñWmZ Ho$ MmaU H${d¶m| Ûmam M[aV H$mì¶ ̂ r aMo J¶o, {OÝh| amOml¶ {‘cZo Ho$ H$maU dh àe§gm H$m {df¶ ~Zm& naÝVw Bg H$mc ‘| BZ XmoZm| H$mì¶-YmamAm| go {^Þ cmoH$ gm{hË¶ H$r ^r aMZm hþB©, dh cmoH$m{lV hmoZo go gwa{jV Z ah gH$m& AZoH$ H$maUm| go ¶h gm{hË¶ cwá gm hmo J¶m& Cggo BVZm Adí¶ kmV hmoVm h¡ {H$ Am{XH$mc ‘| cmoH$ gm{hË¶ ̂ r cmoH$ àM{cV ahm h¡& Cn¶w³V Am{XH$mcrZ g^r gm{hË¶ H$mo àd¥{Îm¶mo| Ho$ AmYma na {ZåZ én ‘| dJuH¥$V

11 2

{H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡ …-

Am{XH$mcrZ gm{hË¶

Ym{‘©H$ gm{hË¶ cm¡{H$H$ gm{hË¶ amgmo gm{hË¶ (dra H$mì¶)

1) {gÕ gm{hË¶, 1) T>mocm ‘mé am Xÿhm 1) Iw‘mZ amgmo2) ZmW gm{hË¶ 2) ~rgcXod amgmo 2) na‘mc amgmo3) O¡Z gm{hË¶& 3) dg§V {dcmg 3) hå‘ra amgmo

4) amCc doc 4) {dO¶nmc amgmo5) Cp³V-ì¶p³V àH$aU 5) ~rgcXod amgmo6) dU© - aËZmH$a 6) n¥ÏdmamO amgmo&7) Iwgamo H$m H$mì¶8) {dÚmn{V nXmdcr&

(1) {gÕ gm{hË¶ …-^maVr¶ gmYZm Ho$ B{Vhmg ‘| 8 dt eVr ‘| {gÕm| H$s gÎmm XoIr Om gH$Vr h¡&

{gÕ naånam H$m OÝ‘ ~m¡Õ Y‘© H$s Kmoa {dH¥${V Ho$ ’$cñdê$n ‘mZm OmVm h¡& ~wÕ H$m {Zdm©U 483 B©. nyd© ‘| hþAm& CZHo$ {Zdm©U Ho$ cJ^J 45 df© VH$ ~m¡Õ Y‘© Ho$ {gÕmÝVm| H$m Iy~ àMma hþAm& Bg Y‘© H$s {dO¶-XþXþ§{^ Xoe VWm {dXoem| ‘| ~OVr ahr& ~m¡Õ Y‘© H$m CX¶ d¡{XH$ H$‘©H$mÊ‹S> H$s O{Q>cVm Ed§ qhgm H$s à{V{H«$¶m Ho$ ê$n ‘| hþAm Wm& ¶h Y‘© ghmZw^y{V Am¡a gXmMma Ho$ ‘yc VËdm| na AmYm[aV Wm& naÝVw AmJo McH$a Bg Y‘© Ho$ AZw¶m{¶¶m| ‘| H${Vn¶ g¡ÕmpÝVH$ Am¡a gmYZmÎ‘H$ àíZm| H$mo coH$a ‘VôX Amaå^ hmo J¶m& B©gm H$s àW‘ eVmãXr ‘o§ ~m¡Õ ‘hm¶mZ VWm {hZ¶mZ Xmo emImAm| ‘| {d^m{OV hmo J¶m& ‘hm¶mZ ~‹S>o aWm| Ho$ Amamohr Wo Am¡a {hZ¶mZr N>moQ>o aWm| Ho$ Amamohr& ‘hm¶mZ ‘| ì¶dhm[aH$Vm H$m àmYmÝ¶ ahm O~{H$ hrZ¶mZ ‘| {gÕm§V nj H$m àmYmÝ¶ ahm& BZ‘| ‘hm¶mZr cmoH$ {Zdm©U Ho$ g‘W©H$ Wo Am¡a hrZ¶mZr ì¶º$sJV gmYZm Ho$ g‘W©H$& ‘hm¶mZ dmco AnZo aW ‘| C±Mo-ZrMo, N>moQ>o-~S>o, J¥hñWr-g§Ý¶mgr g~H$mo ~¡R>mH$a {Zdm©U VH$ nhþ±MmZo H$m Xmdm H$aVo W|& hrZ¶mZ Ho$dc {da³V Am¡a gÝ¶m{g¶m| H$mo Aml¶ XoVm Wm& BZH$m OrdZ gac Wm, {H$ÝVw ‘hm¶m{Z¶m| Zo ‘R>m| Am¡a {dhmam| Ho$ {Z‘m©U na Omoa {X¶m& CgZo {ó¶m| Ed§ J¥hñWm| Ho$ {cE ‘moj H$m Ûma Imoc {X¶m& Bgr H$maU A{YH$mA{YH$ cmoJ CgH$s Amoa AmH¥$ï> hmoZo cJo& ñdU© Am¡a gwÝXar ho ¶moJ go Cg‘| ̂ «ï>mMma H$m àdoe hmo J¶m& OmXÿ-Q>moUm Am¡a ‘§ÌmMma ~T>Zo cJm& ‘§Ìmo Ho$ Bg ‘hËd Ed§ àMma Ho$ H$maU ‘hm¶mZ ¶§Ì¶mZ ~Z J¶m&

gmVdt eVmãXr Ho$ Amgnmg ‘§Ì¶mZ> go EH$ AÝ¶ Cn¶mZ {ZH$cm, {Ogo dO«¶mZ ¶m ghO¶mZ H$hVo h¡& H§$MZ-H$m{‘Zr Ho$ ¶moJ go ‘§Ì¶mZ H$s cmoH${à¶Vm ~‹T> MwH$s Wr Am¡a Cg‘| ì¶{^Mma ̂ r ~‹T> ahm Wm& Yrao Yrao H$m‘naH$ ̂ mdZmAm| H$mo g¡ÕmpÝVH$ Am¡a Xme©{ZH$ ê$n XoZo

12

H$s Moï>m H$s JB©& dO«¶mZ n§M‘H$mam| ‘o ~§Y J¶m& ‘§Ì,‘Y, ‘¡WwZ, ‘m§g Am¡a ‘wÐm dO«¶mZ Ho$ ‘yc AmYma ~Z J¶o& Bg àH$ma dO«¶mZ ‘| ¶m¡Z g§~§ÝYm| H$s ñdÀN>§ÝXVm H$mo ~‹T>mdm {X¶m& g‘mO na BgH$m Xÿ{fV à^md n‹S>m& BgVah ~m¡Õ Y‘© ‘hm¶mZ, ¶§Ì¶mZ, dO«¶mZ Am{X ‘| {d^³V hmoVm hþAm H«$‘e: nVZmoÝ‘wI hmoVm J¶m&

V§Ìm| ‘§ÌmoÛmam {g{Õ MmhZodmco {gÕ H$hcm¶o& ¶o {gÕ dO«¶mZr AWdm ghO¶mZr hr Wo& dO«¶mZr {gÕm| Zo AnZo ‘V-àMma Ho$ {cE Omo gm{hË¶ {cIm, dh Am{XH$mcrZ {gÕ-gm{hË¶ H$hcmVm h¡& {gÕm| H$s g§»¶m 84 ‘mZr OmVr h¡ {OZ‘| go 23 {gÕm| H$s aMZmE± CncãY hmoVr h¡& àË¶oH$ {gÕ Ho$ Zm‘ Ho$ nrN>o "¶m' eãX IS>m hþAm h¡& gah¶m {hÝXr Ho$ àW‘ {gÕ ‘mZo OmVo h¡& CZH$m "XohmH$moe' J«ÝW {d»¶mV h¡& BZHo$ Acmdm e~a¶m, cwP°, S>mo§{~¶°, H$i¶°, Hw$Hw$[anm, ‘w§S>[a¶°,em§{Vnm Am¡a dmUmnm Am{X {gÕ H${d¶m| ‘o ̂ r Am{XH$mcrZ {gÕ gm{hË¶ H$mo g‘¥Õ ~ZmZo ‘| AnZm ¶moJXmZ {X¶m h¡&

BZ {gÕm| Zo J¥hñW OrdZ na ~c {X¶m& BgHo$ {cE ór H$m godZ, g§gma én {df¶ go ~MZo Ho$ {cE Wm& OrdZ Ho$ ñdm^m{dH$ ^moJm| ‘| àd¥{Îm Ho$ H$maU {gÕ gm{hË¶ ‘| ^moJ ‘o§ {Zdm©U H$s ̂ mdZm {‘cVr h¡& OrdZ H$s ñdm^m{dH$ àd¥{Îm¶m| ‘| {dídmg Ho$ H$maU BZ {gÕm| H$m {gÕmÝV nj ghO ‘mJ© H$hcm¶m&

{gÕ àm¶: A{e{jV Am¡a hrZ Om{V go g§~ÝY aIVo Wo, AV: CZH$s gmYZm H$s gmYZ^yV ‘wÐm¶| H$mnmcr, S>moå~r Am{X Zm{¶H$m¶| ̂ r {ZåZ Om{V H$s Wr ³¶m¢{H$ BZHo$ {cE ¶o gwc^ Wr& CÝhm|Zo Y‘© Am¡a AmÜ¶mË‘ H$s Am‹S> ‘| OZ-OrdZ Ho$ gmW {d‹S>å~Zm H$aVo Zmar H$m Cn^moJ {H$¶m& CZHo$ H$‘c Am¡a H${ce ¶mo{Z Am¡a {eíZ Ho$ àVrH$ ‘mÌ h¡& {gÕm| Zo gac ¶m ghO OrdZ na Omoa {X¶m h¡& g‘ñV ~mø AZwð>mZm| Ed§ fQ²>Xe©Z H$m {damoY {H$¶m h¡, Jwê$-H¥$nm H$s H$m‘Zm H$s h¡, nwñVH$s¶ kmZ go ~«÷ gmjmËH$ma ‘| g§Xoh ì¶º$ {H$¶m h¡& eara H$mo g‘ñV gmYZmAm| H$m Ho$ÝÐ VWm n{dÌ VrW© ~Vm¶m h¡, AmË‘m-na‘mË‘m H$s EH$Vm ‘| {dídmg ì¶º$ {H$¶m h¡, gm‘añ¶ ̂ md VWm ‘hmgwI H$s MMm© H$s h¡ Am¡a nmn-nwÊ¶ XmoZm| H$mo ~ÝYZ H$m H$maU ~Vm¶m h¡& {gÕ gm{hË¶ H$m ‘yë¶m§H$Z H$aVo hþE S>m°. am‘Hw$‘ma d‘m© {cIVo h¡- ""{gÕ gm{hË¶ H$m ‘hËd Bg ~mV ‘| ~hþV A{YH$ h¡ {H$ Cggo h‘mao gm{hË¶ Ho$ Am{Xê$n H$s gm‘J«r àm‘m{UH$ ‹T>§J go àmá hmoVr h¡& MmaUH$mcrZ gm{hË¶ Vmo Ho$dc ‘mÌ VËH$mcrZ amOZr{VH$ OrdZ H$s à{VÀN>m¶m h¡& ¶h {gÕ gm{hË¶ eVmpãX¶mo§ go AmZodmcr Ym{‘©H$ Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dMmaYmam H$m ñnï> én h¡& g§jon ‘| Omo OZVm Zaoem| H$s ñdoÀN>mMm[aVm namO¶ ¶m nVZ go ÌñV hmoH$a {ZamemdmX Ho$ JV© ‘| {Jar hwB© Wr, CgHo$ {cE BZ {gÕmo| H$s dmUr Zo g§OrdZr H$m H$m¶© {H$¶m&''

{gÕ gm{hË¶ H$s {deofVmE± …-

{gÕ gm{hË¶ AnZr àd¥{Îm Am¡a à^md Ho$ H$maU {hÝXr gm{hË¶ ‘| {deof ‘hËd aIVm h¡& BZ {gÕm|Zo AnZo gåàXm¶ Ho$ {gÕmÝVmo H$m {X½Xe©Z H$aZodmco gmYZmnaH$ gm{hË¶ H$m {Z‘m©U {H$¶m& {gÕ-gm{hË¶ H$s gm‘mÝ¶ àd¥{Îm¶m° BgàH$ma h¡ …-

13

1) OrdZ H$s ghOVm Am¡a ñdm^m{dH$Vm ‘o ÑT> {dídmg …-{gÕ H$[d¶m| Zo OrdZ H$s ghOVm Am¡a ñdm^m{dH$Vm ‘| Ñ‹T>{dídmg ì¶³V

{H$¶m h¡& AÝ¶ Y‘© Ho$ AZw¶m{¶¶m| Zo OrdZ na H$B© à{V~ÝY cJmH$a OrdZ H$mo H¥${Ì‘ ~Zm¶m Wm& {deofH$a H$ZH$ H$m{‘Zr H$mo gmYZm ‘mJ© H$s ~mYmE± ‘mZr Wr& {d{^Þ H$‘©H$mÊ‹S>m| go gmYZm ‘mJ© H$mo ̂ r H¥${Ì‘ ~Zm¶m Wm& {gÕm| Zo BZ g^r H¥${Ì‘VmAm| H$m {damoY H$a OrdZ H$s ghOVm Am¡a ñdm^m{dH$Vm na ~c {X¶m& CZHo$ ‘VmZwgma ghO gwI go hr ‘hmgwI H$s àm{á hmoVr h¡& Bg{cE {gÕm| Zo ghO ‘mJ© H$m àMma {H$¶m& ghO ‘mJ© Ho$ AZwgma àË¶oH$ Zmar àkm Am¡a àË¶oH$ Za H$ê$Um (Cnm¶) H$m àVrH$ h¡, Bg{cE Za-Zmar {‘cZ àkm Am¡a H$ê$Um {Zd¥{Îm Am¡a àd¥{Îm H$m {‘cZ h¡, XmoZm| H$mo AôXVm hr "‘hmgwI' H$s pñW{V h¡&

2) Jwê$ ‘{h‘m H$m à{VnmXZ …-{gÕm|Zo Jwê$-‘{h‘m H$m n¶m©á dU©Z {H$¶m h¡& {gÕm| Ho$ AZwgma Jwê$ H$m ñWmZ

doX Am¡a emóm| go ̂ r D±$Mm h¡& gah¶m go H$hm h¡ {H$ Jwê$ H$s H¥$nm go hr ghOmZÝX H$s àm{á hmoVr h¡& Jwê$ Ho$ {~Zm Hw$N> ̂ r àmá Zht hmoJm& {OgZo Jwê$nXoe H$m A‘¥VnmZ Zht {H$¶m, dh emóm| H$s ‘ê$^y{‘ ‘| ß¶mg go ì¶mHw$c hmoH$a ‘J OmEJm& -

""Jwê$ CdE{g A{‘ag YmdU nrES> Oo hr&~hþ gË¶Ë¶ ‘ê$ ñWc{h {V{g¶ ‘[a¶S> Vo hr&&

3) ~mømS>å~am| nmIÊ‹S>m| H$s H$Qw> AmcmoMZm …-{gÕm| Zo nwamZr ê${‹T>¶m| naånamAm| Am¡a ~mø AmS>å~am|, nmIÊ‹S>mo§ H$m O‘H$a

{damoY {H$¶m h¡& B{g{cE BÝhm|Zo doXm|, nwamUm|, emóm| H$s IwcH$a {Z§Xm H$s h¡& dU© ì¶dñWm, D°$M-ZrM Am¡a ~«m÷U Y‘m] Ho$ H$‘©H$mÊ‹S>m| na àhma H$aVo hþE gah¶m Zo H$hm h¡ - ""~«m÷U ~«÷m Ho$ ‘wI go V~ n¡Xm hþE Wo, A~ Vmo do ̂ r d¡go hr n¡Xm hmoVo h¢, O¡go AÝ¶ cmoJ& Vmo {’$a ~«m÷UËd H$hm± ahm? ¶{X H$hm {H$ g§ñH$mam| go ~«m÷UËd hmoVm h¡ Vmo MmÊ‹S>mc H$mo AÀN>o g§ñH$ma XoH$a ~«m÷U H$m| Z§Xr ~Zm XoVo? ¶{X AmJ ‘| Kr S>mcZo go ‘wp³V {‘cVr h¡ Vmo g~H$mo ³¶m| Zht ‹S>mcZo XoVo? hmo‘ H$aZo go ‘wp³V {‘cVr h¡ ¶h nVm Zht co{H$Z YwAm± cJZo go Am±Im| H$mo H$ï> Oê$a hmoVm h¡&''

{XJå~a gmYwAm| H$mo cú¶ H$aVo hþE gah¶m H$hVo h¢ {H$ ""¶{X Z§Jo ahZo go ‘wp³V hmoo OmE Vmo {g¶ma, Hw$Îmm| H$mo ̂ r ‘w{º$ Adí¶ hmoZr Mm{hE& Ho$e ~‹T>mZo go ¶{X ‘wp³V hmoo gHo$ Vmo ‘¶wa CgHo$ g~go ~‹S>o A{YH$mar h¡& ¶{X H§$Y ̂ moOZ go ‘wp³V hmo Vmo hmWr, Kmo‹S>mo§ H$mo ‘wp³V nhco hmoZr Mm{hE&'' BgVah BZ {gÕm| Zo doX, nwamU Am¡a npÊ‹S>Vm| H$s H$Qw> AmcmoMZm H$s h¡&

4) VËH$mcrZ OrdZ ‘| AmemdmXr g§Mma …- {gÕ gm{hË¶ H$m ‘wë¶m§H$Z H$aVo hþE S>m°. hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXrOr Zo {cIm h¡ -

""Omo OZVm Zaoem| H$s ñd¡ÀN>mMm[aVm, namO¶ ¶m nVZ go ÌñV hmoH$a {ZamemdmX Ho$ JV© ‘| {Jar hþB© Wr, CgHo$ {cE BZ {gÕm| H$s dmUr Zo g§OrdZr H$m H$m¶© {H$¶m& ... OrdZ H$s ̂ ¶mZH$

14

dmñV{dH$Vm H$s A{¾ go {ZH$mcH$a ‘Zwî¶ H$mo ‘hmgwI Ho$ erVc gamoda ‘| AdJmhZ H$amZo H$m ‘hËdnyU© H$m¶© BÝhm|Zo {H$¶m&'' AmJo McH$a {gÕm|‘| ñd¡amMma ’¡$c J¶m, {OgH$m ~yam Aga OZ-OrdZ na n‹S> J¶m&

5) ahñ¶mË‘H$ AZw^y{V …-{gÕm| Zoo àkm Am¡a Cnm¶ (H$ê$Um) Ho$ {‘cZmonamÝV àmá ‘hmgwI H$m dU©Z

Am¡a {ddoMZ AZoH$ énH$m| Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go {H$¶m h¡& Zm¡H$m, drUm, Myhm, [haU Am{X ê$nH$m| H$m à¶moJ BÝhm|Zo ahñ¶mZw^y{V H$s ì¶m»¶m Ho$ [cE [H$¶m h¡& a{d, e{e, H$‘c, Hw${ce, àmU, AdYyV Am{X Vm§{ÌH$ eãXm| H$m à¶mooJ ̂ r Bgr ì¶m»¶m Ho$ {cE hþAm h¡& S>m°. Y‘©dra ̂ maVr Zo AnZo emoY J«ÝW "{gÕ gm{hË¶' ‘| {gÕm| H$s eãXmdcr H$s Xme©{ZH$ ì¶m»¶m H$a CgHo$ AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ nj H$mo ñnï> {H$¶m h¡&

6) l¥§Jma Am¡a em§V ag …-{gÕ H${d¶m| H$s aMZm ‘| l¥§Jma Am¡a em§V ag H$m gwÝXa à¶moJ hþAm h¡& H$ht

H$ht na CËWmZ l¥§Jma {MÌU {‘cVm h¡& Acm¡{H$H$ AmZÝX H$s àm{á H$m dU©Z H$aVo g‘¶ Eogm hþAm h¡&

7) OZ^mfm H$m à¶moJ …-{gÕm| H$s aMZmAmo§ ‘| g§ñH¥$V VWm An^«§e {‘{lV Xoer ^mfm H$m à¶moJ

{‘cVm h¡& S>m°. am‘Hw$‘ma d‘m© BZH$s ̂ mfm H$mo OZ g‘wXm¶ H$s ̂ mfm ‘mZVo h¡& OZ^mfm H$mo AnZmZo Ho$ ~mdOyX Ohm± do AnZr ghO gmYZm H$s ì¶m»¶m H$aVo h¡, dhm± CZH$s ̂ mfm p³cï> ~Z OmVr h¡& {gÕm| H$s ̂ mfm H$mo haràgmX emór Zo "g§Ym-^mfm' H$hm h¡& gm±P Ho$ g‘¶ {Og àH$ma MrO| Hw$N> ñnï> Am¡a Hw$N> Añnï> {XImB© XoVr h¡, Cgr àH$ma ¶h ̂ mfm Hw$N> ñnîQ> Am¡a Hw$N> Añnï> AW©-~mooY XoVr h¡& ¶hr ‘V A{YH$ àM{cV h¡&

8) N>ÝX à¶moJ …-{gÕm| H$s A{YH$m§e aMZm M¶m© JrVmo ‘| hþB© h¡, VWm{n Bg‘o§ Xmohm, Mm¡nmB© O¡go

cmoH${à¶ N>ÝX ̂ r à¶w³V hþE h¡& {gÕm| Ho$ {cE Xmohm ~hþV hr {à¶ N>ÝX ahm h¡& CZH$s aMZmAmo§ ‘o§ H$ht H$ht gmoaR>m Am¡a N>ßn¶ H$m ̂ r à¶moJ nm¶m OmVm h¡&

9) gm{hË¶ Ho$ Am{X ê$n H$s àm‘m{UH$ gm‘J«r …- {gÕ gm{hË¶ H$m ‘hËd Bg ~mV ‘| ~hþV A{YH$ h¡ {H$ Cggo h‘mao gm{hË¶ Ho$

Am{X ê$n H$s gm‘J«r àm‘m{UH$ ‹T>§J go àmßV hmooVr h¡& MmaU H$mcrZ gm{hË¶ Vmo Ho$dc VËH$mcrZ amOZr{VH$ OrdZ H$s à{VN>m¶m h¡& co{H$Z {gÕ gm{hË¶ eVmpãX¶m| go AmZodmcr Y{‘©H$ Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dMmaYmam H$m EH$ ghr XñVmdoO h¡&

15

ZmW gm{hË¶

{gÕ gm{hË¶ ‘| Am JB© {dH¥${V¶m| Ho$ {damoY ‘| ZmW gm{hË¶ H$m OÝ‘ hþAm& ¶Ú{n BZH$m ‘yc ̂ r ~m¡Õm| H$s dO«¶mZ emIm hr h¡& {gÕm| Zo "¶moJ-gmYZm' H$mo Zrao ‘¡WyZ H$m ñdê$n XoH$a g‘mO ‘| AnZo ñd¡amMma H$mo "dm‘‘mJ©' H$s eaU Xr Wr& ZmW-gåàXm¶ Zo ¶moJ-gmYZm H$mo EH$ ñdñW gmYZm Ho$ ê$n ‘| AnZm¶m Am¡a Am{XH$mcrZ Ym{‘©H$, gm‘m{OH$ OrdZ ‘| ì¶má AZmMma H$mo IË‘ H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m& ¶Ú{n ZmW cmoJ Bg ‘V Ho$ OZH$ "Am{XZmW {ed' H$mo ‘mZVo h¡, co{H$Z ghr AW© ‘| Bg ‘V H$mo EH$ gwì¶dpñWV én XoZo H$m lo¶ JmoaIZmW H$mo {X¶m OmVm h¡& JmooaIZmW Zo AnZo Bg gåàXm¶ H$mo {gÕ gåàXm¶ go AcJ H$a {X¶m Am¡a BgH$m Zm‘ "ZmW gåàXm¶' aIm&

"ZmW' eãX ‘| go "Zm' H$m AW© h¡ "AZm{X ê$n' Am¡a "W' H$m AW© h¡ "^ydZÌ¶ ‘| ñWm{nV hmoZm& BgàH$ma "ZmW' eãX H$m AW© h¡- dh AZm{X Y‘©, Omo ̂ ydZÌ¶ H$s pñW{V H$m H$maU h¡& Xÿgar ì¶m»¶m Ho$ AZwgma - "ZmW' dh VËd h¡, Omo ‘moj àXmZ H$aVm h¡& ZmW ~«÷ H$m CX²~moYZ H$aVm h¡, VWm AkmZ H$m Xé‘Z H$aVm h¡& ZmW gåàXm¶ CZ gmYH$m| H$m gåàXm¶ h¡ Omoo "ZmW' H$moo na‘VËd ñdrH$ma H$a CgH$s àm[á Ho$ {cE ¶moJ gmYZm H$aVo Wo VWm Bg gåàXm¶ ‘| Xr{jV hmoH$a AnZo Zm‘ Ho$ AÝV ‘| "ZmW' Cnm{Y Omo‹S>Vo Wo& ZmW eãX H$m à¶mooJ ~«÷ Ho$ {cE ̂ r hþAm h¡ Am¡a gX²Jwê$ Ho$ {cE ̂ r& BZ ¶mo{J¶m| H$s EH$ {d{eð> doe^yfm hmooVr h¡& àË¶oH$ ¶moJr EH$ {ZpíMV {V{W H$mo H$mZ {MaIm H$a Hw§$‹S>c YmaU H$aVm h¡ {Ogo ‘wÐm H$hVo h¡& BZHo$ hmW ‘| qH$H$ar {ga na OQ>m, eara na ̂ ñ‘, H§$R> ‘| ê$Ðmj H$s ‘mcm, hmW ‘| H$‘Ê‹S>c, H$ÝYo na ì¶mK«M‘© Am¡a ~µJc ‘o Ißna ahVm h¡&

ZmW gåàXmg ‘| Zm¡ ZmW AmVo h¡, {OZHo$ Zm‘ h¡ - (1) Am{XZmW (ñd¶§ {ed), (2) ‘Ëñ¶ÝÐZmW, (3) JmoaIZmW, (4) J{hUrZmW, (5) Mn©Q>ZmW, (6) Mm¡a§JrZmW, (7) Omc§YaZmW, (8) ^V¥©ZmW (âWarZmW) Am¡a (9) JmonrMÝX ZmW& BZ ZmWm|Zo AnZo gåàXm¶ ‘| ^moJ H$m {VañH$ma, BpÝÐ¶ g§¶‘, ‘Z:gmYZm, àmUgmYZm, Hw$ÊS>{cZr OmJaU, ¶moJ gmYZm H$mo A{YH$ ‘hËd {X¶m h¡& BZH$r gmYZm H$m ‘yc ñda erc, g§¶‘ Am¡a ewÕVmdmXr Wm& Bg gåàXm¶ ‘| BpÝÐ¶ {ZJ«h na {deof ~c {X¶m J¶m h¡& BpÝÐ¶m| Ho$ {cE g~go ~‹S>m AmH$f©U Zmar h¡, AV: Zmar go Xÿa ahZm H$s ̂ agH$ {ejm Xr JB© h¡& g§^d h¡ {H$ JmoaIZmW Zo ~m¡Õ {dhmam| ‘| {^jw{Z¶m| Ho$ àdoe H$m n[aUm‘ Am¡a CZH$m M[a{ÌH$ nVZ XoIm hmo& Bg gåàXm¶ ‘| {Zd¥{Îm Am¡a ‘wp³V Jwê$ Ho$ àgmX go hr g§^d ‘mZr JB© h¡& AV: Jwê$ H$m {deof ‘hËd h¡& ZmW n§{W¶m| Ho$ ‘w»¶ {gÕmÝV BpÝX«¶ -g§J‘, ‘Z:gmYZm, hR>¶moJ gmYZm Am{X H$m à^md H$~ra Ed§ AÝ¶ gÝVm| H$s aMZmAm| ‘o XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& JmoaIZmW Am{X Zo {OZ àVrH$m| H$mo nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm| H$mo, IÊ‹S>Z - ‘Ê‹S>ZmË‘H$ e¡cr H$mo AnZm¶m CgH$m {dH$mg g§V gm{hË¶ ‘| {‘cVm h¡&

ZmWm| H$s gmYZm-àUmcr "hR>¶moJ' na AmYm[aV h¡& "h' H$m AW© gy¶© Am¡a "R>' H$m AW© MÝÐ ~Vcm¶m J¶m h¡& gy¶© Am¡a MÝÐ Ho$ ¶moJm| H$mo hR>¶moJ H$hVo h¡& ¶hm± gy¶© B‹S>m ZmS>r H$m Am¡a MÝÐ qnJcm ZmS>r H$m àVrH$ h¡& Bg gmYZm nÕ{V Ho$ AZwgma àË¶oH$ ì¶{º$ Hw$Ê‹S>[cZr Am¡a àmUe{º$ coH$a n¡Xm hmoVm h¡& gm‘mÝ¶ V¶m Hw$Ê‹S>{cZr e{º$ gwfwá ahVr h¡&

16

gmYH$ àmUm¶m‘ Ho$ Ûmam Hw$Ê‹S>{cZr H$mo OmJ¥V H$a D$Üd©‘wI H$aVm h¡& eara ‘| N>h MH«$m| Am¡a VrZ Zm{‹S>¶m| H$s ~mV H$hr J¶r h¡& O~ ¶moJr àU¶mZ Ho$ Ûmam B‹S>m qnJcm Zm‘H$ ídmg ‘mJm] H$mo amoH$ coVm h¡& V~ BZHo$ ‘Ü¶ ‘| pñWV gwfwåZm Zm‹S>r H$m Ûma IwcVm h¡& Hw$Ê‹S>{cZr ep³V Bgr Zm‹S>r Ho$ ‘mJ© go AmJo ~‹T>Vr h¡ Am¡a N>.MH«$m| H$mo nma H$a ‘{VîH$ Ho$ {ZH$Q> pñWV eyÝ¶MH«$ ‘| nhþ±MVr h¡& ¶hr na OrdmË‘m H$mo nhþ±Mm XoZm ¶moJr H$m Ma‘ cú¶ hmoVm h¡& ¶hr na‘mZÝX VWm ~«÷mZw^y{V H$s AdñWm h¡& ¶hr hR>¶moJ gmYZm h¡&

ZmW gm{hË¶ H$s {deofVmE± …-ZmW ‘V H$m Xme©{ZH$ nj e¡d ‘V go Am¡a ì¶mdhm[aH$ nj hR>¶moJ go

gå~pÝYV h¡& BZ ZmWm| H$s aMZmAm| ‘| Z¡{VH$ AmMaU, d¡am½¶ ^md, BpÝÐ¶ {ZJ«h, àmU-gmYZm, ‘Z gmYZm Am¡a Jwê$ ‘{h‘m H$m CnXoe {‘cVm h¡& BZ {df¶m|§ ‘| Zr{V Am¡a gmYZm H$s ì¶mnH$Vm h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ gmW hr OrdZ H$s AZw^y{V¶m| H$m gYZ {MÌU ̂ r h¡& Bg Ñ{ï> go ZmW gm{hË¶ H$s {ZåZ{c{IV {deofVmE± H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ -

1) {MÎm ew{Õ Am¡a gXmMma ‘| {dídmg …-ZmWm| Zo {gÕm| Ûmam Y‘© Am¡a g‘mO ‘| ’$m¡cmB© hþB© Aqhgm H$s, {dfdo{c H$mo

H$mQ>H$a Mm[a{ÌH$ Ñ‹T>Vm Am¡a ‘mZ{gH$ n{dÌVm na ̂ a {X¶m& BÝhm|Zo Z¡{VH$ AmMaU Am¡a ‘Z H$s ewÕVm na A{YH$ ~c {X¶m h¡& AnZo ‘VmZw¶m{f¶m| Ho$ ercdmZ hmoZo H$m CnXoe {X¶m h¡& ‘Ú ̂ m±J YVyam Am{X ‘mXH$ dñVwAm| Ho$ godZ H$m n[aË¶mJ ¶mo{J¶m| Ho$ {cE A{Zdm¶© ‘mZm J¶m h¡& ¶moJ-gmYZm ‘| Zmar H$m AmH$f©U g~go ~‹S>r ~mYm hmoVr h¡, Bg{cE Zmar go Xÿa ahZo H$m CnXoe {X¶m J¶m h¡&

2) naånamJV ê${‹T>¶mo Ed§ ~møS>å~§am| H$m {damoY …-ZmWm| Zo Y‘© à{UV ~møS>å~a Am¡a é{‹T>¶m| H$m IwcH$a {damoY {H$¶m h¡& CZHo$

AZwgma {nÊS> ‘| ~«÷mÊ‹S>> h¡ Bg{cE na‘VËd H$mo ~mha ImoµOZm ì¶W© h¡& ‘Z H$s ewÕVm Am¡a Ñ‹T>Vm Ho$ gmW hR>¶moJ Ho$ Ûmam Cg na‘VËd H$m AZw^d [H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡& Y‘© Ho$ joÌ ‘| ~møS>å~a Ho$ {cE H$moB© ñWmZ Zht h¡& Bgr{cE ZmWm| Zo ‘y{V©nyOm, ‘wÊS>Z {d{eï> dó nhZZm, C±M ZrM, doX nwamU n‹T>Zm Am{X H$m [damoY {H$¶m h¡&

3) Jwê$ ‘{h‘m …-ZmW gåàXm¶ ‘| Jwê$ H$m ñWmZ gdm}n[a ‘mZm h¡& Bg{cE Jwê$-{eî¶ naånam

H$mo ZmW gåàXm¶ ‘| AË¶m{YH$ ‘hËd {X¶m OmVm h¡& CZH$s ‘mÝ¶Vm h¡ {H$ d¡am½¶^md H$m Ñ‹T>rH$aU Am¡a {Ì{dY gmYZm Jwê$ kmZ go hr g§^d hmo nmVr h¡& JmoaIZmW Zo H$hm h¡ {H$ Jwê$ hr AmË‘m~«÷ go AdJV H$amVo h¡& Jwê$ go àmá kmZ Ho$ àH$me ‘| VrZm| cmoH$ H$m ahñ¶ àH$Q> hmo gH$Vm h¡&

17

4) CcQ>dm[g¶m± …-ZmWm| H$s gmYZm H$m H«$‘ BpÝÐ¶ {ZJ«h Ho$ ~mX àmU gmYZm VWm CgHo$

níMmV² ‘Z:gmYZm h¡& ‘Z:gmYZm go VmËn¶© h¡ ‘Z H$mo g§gma Ho$ ItM H$a AÝV:H$aU H$s Amoa CÝ‘wI H$a XoZm& ‘Z H$s ñdm^m{dH$ J{V h¡ ~mhar OJV H$s Amoa ahZm Cgo ncQ>H$a A§Va OJV H$s Amoa H$aZodmcr Bg à{H«$¶m H$mo CcQ>dmgr H$hVo h¡& ZmWm| Zo CcQ>dm{g¶m| H$m à¶moJ AnZr gmYZm H$s A{^ì¶p³V Ho$ {cE {H$¶m h¡& CcQ>dm{g¶m± H$ht-H$ht p³cï> Oê$a h¡, co{H$Z AX²^yV ag go AmoV-àmoV h¡&

5) OZ^mfm H$m n[aîH$ma …-Am{XH$mcrZ {hÝXr H$mo g‘¥Õ H$amZo ‘| ZmW gm{hË¶ H$m ‘hËdnyU© ¶moJXmZ

ahm h¡& ¶Ú{n ZmWm| Zo g§ñH¥$V ^mfm ‘| ^r {dnwc ‘mÌm ‘| aMZmE± {cIr h¢, co{H$Z gm‘mÝ¶ OZm| Ho$ {cE CÝhm|Zo AnZo {dMma OZ-^mfm ‘| hr A{^ì¶³V {H$¶o h¡& {Og àH$ma CZHo$ {dMma naånamJV é‹T>r {dMmam| go AcJ h¡ Cgr Vah CZH$s ̂ mfm ̂ r& Am. ew³cOrZo BZH$s ^mfm H$mo I‹S>r~mocr Ho$ {cE amOñWmZr ‘mZm h¡&

Hw$c {‘cmH$a h‘ H$h gH$Vo h¡ {H$ ZmW gm{hË¶ ‘| ñdÀN>ÝX ̂ md Am¡a {dMmam| H$s àm‘m{UH$ A{^ì¶p³V hþB© h¡& ZmW gm{hË¶ H$s XoZ H$mo ñnï> H$aVo hþE S>m°. am‘Hw$‘ma d‘m© {cIVo h¢ - ""JmoaIZmW Zo ZmW gåàXm¶ H$mo {Og AmÝXmocZ H$m ê$n {X¶m dh ^maVr¶ ‘Zmod¥{Îm Ho$ gd©Wm AZwHy$c {gÕ hþAm h¡& Cg‘| Ohm± EH$ Amoa B©œadmX H$s {ZpíMV YmaUm CnpñWV H$s JB© dhm± Xÿgar Amoa {dH¥$V H$aZo dmcr g‘ñV naånamJV ê${‹T>¶m| na ̂ r AmKmV {H$¶m& OrdZ H$mo A{YH$ go A{YH$ g§¶‘ Am¡a gXmMma Ho$ AZwemgZ ‘| aIH$a Am{Ë‘H$ AZw^y{V¶m| Ho$ {cE ghO ‘mJ© H$s ì¶dñWm H$aZo H$m e{º$emcr à¶moJ JmoaIZmW Zo {H$¶m&''

18

O¡Z gm{hË¶

Am{XH$mc H$s CncãY gm‘J«r ‘| g~go A{YH$ J«§Wmo H$s g§»¶m O¡Z J«ÝWm| H$s h¡& O¡Z Y‘© Ho$ àdV©H$ ‘hmdra ñdm‘r h¡& BZH$m g‘¶ N>R>r eVmãXr ‘mZm OmVm h¡& ~m¡Õm| H$s Vah BÝhm|Zo ̂ r g§gma Ho$ Xþ:Imo§ H$s Amoa ~hþV Ü¶mZ {X¶m& gwI-Xþ:I Ho$ ~ÝYZm| na BÝhm|Zo OrV nmB© {Oggo ¶o "{OÞ' H$hcm¶o& {OÞ eãX go hr O¡Z eãX H$s CËn{Îm hþB© h¡& BÝhm|Zo 30 df© VH$ AnZo CnXoe {X¶o& ‘hmdra O¡Z Zo Aqhgm na A{YH$ ~c {X¶m Am¡a Xod nyOm H$m {damoY {H$¶m& O¡Z Y‘© Ho$ ‘yc {gÕmÝV Mma ~mVm| na AmYm[aV h¢ - Aqhgm, gË¶ ̂ mfU , AñVo¶ Am¡a AZmg{º$& ~mX ‘| ~«÷mM¶© ̂ r Bg‘| gm{‘c H$a {c¶m J¶m& Bg Y‘© ‘| ~hþV go AmMm¶© Am¡a VrW©H$ma hþE. {OZH$s g§»¶m 24 ‘mZr OmVr h¡& BÝhm|Zo Bg Y‘© H$mo ’¡$cmZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m& AmJo McH$a O¡Z Y‘© Xmo emImAm| {XJ§~a Am¡a ídoVm§~a ‘| ~±Q> J¶m& O¡Z Y‘© H$s BZ Xmo emImAm| Zo Y‘© àgma Ho$ {cE Omo gm{hË¶ {cIm dh O¡Z gm{hË¶ Ho$ Zm‘ go OmZm OmVm h¡& {XJå~a O¡Z gmYwAm| Am¡a H${d¶m| H$m joÌ X{jU ̂ maV Am¡a ‘Ü¶ Xoe ahm h¡ Am¡a ídoVmå~a O¡Z gmYwAm| VWm H${d¶m| H$m joÌ A{YH$Va amOñWmZ Am¡a JwOamV ahm h¡&

BZ O¡Z ‘w{Z¶m| Ûmam An^«§e ‘| {c{IV O¡Z gm{hË¶ Ym{‘©H$ X¥{ï> go hr Zhr gm{hpË¶H$ Am¡a ̂ mfm d¡km{ZH$ X¥{ï> go ̂ r ~‹S>m ‘hËd aIVm h¡& ‘hmdra ñdm‘r H$m O¡Z Y‘© {hÝXþ Y‘© Ho$ A{YH$ g‘rn h¡& O¡Zm| Ho$ ¶hm± ̂ r na‘mË‘m h¡ na§Vw dh g¥{ï> H$m {Z¶m‘H$ Z hmoH$a {MÎm Am¡a AmZÝX H$m ómoV h¡& CgH$m g§gma go H$moB© gå~Y Zht& àË¶oH$ ‘Zwî¶ AnZr gmYZm Am¡a nm¡ê$f go na‘mË‘m ~Z gH$Vm h¡& Cgo na‘mË‘m go {‘cZo H$s H$moB© Amdí¶H$Vm Zht& BÝhm|Zo OrdZ Ho$ à{V lÕm OJmB© Am¡a Cg‘| AmMma H$s gwX¥T> {^{V H$s ñWmnZm H$s& Aqhgm, H$éUm, X¶m Am¡a Ë¶mJ H$m OrdZ ‘| ‘hËdnyU© ñWmZ ~Vm¶m& Ë¶mJ BpÝÐ¶m| Ho$ AZwemgZ ‘| Zhr H$ï> ghZo ‘| h¡& CÝhm|Zo Cndmg VWm d«Vm{X H$‘© na AmYm[aV gmYZm na A{YH$ ~c {X¶m Am¡a H$‘©H$mÊ‹S> H$s O{Q>cVm H$mo hQ>mH$a ~«m÷U VWm eyÐ XmoZm| H$mo ‘w{º$ H$m g‘mZ ̂ mJr R>ham¶m& O¡Z H${d¶m| Zo OZgm‘mÝ¶ VH$ gXmMma Ho$ {gÕmÝVmo H$mo nhþ±MmZo Ho$ {cE M[aV H$mì¶, H$WmË‘H$ H$mì¶, amg, J«ÝW, CnXoe àYmZ AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ J«ÝWm| H$s aMZm H$s& H$WmAm| Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go ecmH$m nwê$fm| Ho$ AmXe© M[aÌ H$mo àñVwV H$aZm, OZgmYmaU H$m Ym{‘©H$ Ed§ Mm[a{ÌH$ {dH$mg H$aZm, gXmMma, Aqhgm, g§¶‘ Am{X JwUm| H$s ‘hÎmm ~VmZm Am¡a CÝh| OrdZ ‘| YmaU H$aZo Ho$ {cE ào[aV H$aZm H${d¶mo| H$m ‘w»¶ CÔoí¶ Wm&

O¡Z H${d¶m| Zo AmMma, amg, nme, M[aV Am{X {d{^Þ e¡{c¶m| ‘| gm{hË¶ {cIm h¡, co{H$Z O¡Z gm{hË¶ H$m g~go A{YH$ cmooH${à¶ én "amg' J«ÝW ‘mZo OmVo h¡& ¶h amg J«ÝW draJmWm amgmo go AcJ h¡& amg EH$ Vah go Jo¶énH$ h¡& O¡Z ‘§{Xam| ‘| lmdH$ cmoJ amÌr Ho$ g‘¶ Vmc XoH$a amg H$m Jm¶Z H$aVo Wo& Bg amg ‘| O¡Z VrW©H$mam| Ho$ OrdZM[aV, d¡îUd AdVmam| H$s H$WmE± VWm O¡Z AmXem] H$m à{VnmXZ hþAm H$aVm Wm& AmJo McH$a "amg H$mì¶' EH$ Eogo H$mì¶ én Ho$ én ‘| {ZpíMV hmo J¶m Omo Jo¶ hmo& {hÝXr ‘| Bg naånam H$m àdV©Z O¡Z gmYw em{c^Ð gy[a Ûmam {c{IV ""âVoída ~mhþ~cr amg'' go ‘mZm OmVm h¡&

O¡Z H${d¶m| Zo am‘m¶U Am¡a ‘hm^maV Ho$ H$WmZH$m| Am¡a H$WmZm¶H$m| H$mo AnZo {dídmg Am¡a ‘mÝ¶VmAm| Ho$ gm±Mo ‘| T>mcH$a àñVwV [H$¶m h¡& BÝhmoo|Zo nm¡am{UH$ nwéfm| Ho$ A{V[aº$ AnZo

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gåàXm¶ Ho$ ‘hmnwéfm| Ho$ OrdZ H$mo ^r H$mì¶~Õ {H$¶m& BgHo$ gmW-gmW àM{cV cmooH$H$WmAm| H$mo ^r H$mì¶mË‘H$ àl¶ {X¶m& ‘w{Z am‘qgh (nmhþS> Xmohm) Am¡a ¶mo{JÝXþ (na‘mË‘m àH$me) Am{X H${d¶m| Zo ahñ¶mË‘H$ H$mì¶m| H$s ̂ r aMZm H$s& O¡Z An^«§e gm{hË¶ H$s aMZm H$aZodmco VrZ à{gÕ H${d h¡ - ñd¶§^y nwînXÝV Am¡a YZnmc& BÝhm|Zo CËH¥$ï> H$mì¶mo| H$s aMZm H$s& BZHo$ A{V[aº$ XodgoZ, {OZXÎm gw[a, ho‘MÝÐ, h[a^Ð gy[a, gmo‘à^y gy[a, Agam H${d, {OZ Y‘© gy[a, {dnZMÝÐ gy[a Am{X Bg gåàXm¶ Ho$ à»¶m{V aMZmH$ma ‘mZo OmVo h¡&

‘hmH${d ñd¶§^y An^«§e Ho$ gd©loð> H${d h¡& BZH$m g‘¶ AmR>dt eVr ‘mZm OmVm h¡& BZHo$ Ûmam a{MV Mma H¥${V¶m± ‘mZr OmVr h¡& nX‘M[aÌ (nX²‘M[aV) ¶m am‘M[aV), [aQ‰>Uo{‘M[aV (A[aï>Zo{‘M[aV AWdm h[ad§enwamU), n§M‘moM[aV (ZmJHw$‘ma M[aV) Am¡a ñd¶§^y N>ÝX& BZH$s H$s{V© H$m AYmañV§^ nX‘M[aV' h¡& Bg‘| am‘ H$Wm h¡& Bg J«ÝW Ho$ H$maU ñd¶§^y H$mo An^«§e H$m dmë‘rH$s H$hm OmVm h¡& ñd¶§^y Zo AnZr am‘H$Wm H$mo nm±M IÊ‹S>mo ‘| aIm h¡ Omo dmë‘r{H$ am‘m¶U Ho$ H$m§Ê‹S>mo go {‘cVm h¡& BÝhm|Zo ~mcH$mÊS> H$m Zm‘ {dÚmYa H$mÊS> aIm h¡ Am¡a AaÊ¶ VWm {H${îH$ÝYm H$mÊS> H$mo EH$X‘ hQ>m {X¶m h¡& O¡Z Y‘© H$s à{Vð>m Ho$ {cE CÝhm|Zo am‘-H$Wm ‘| ¶Ì-VÌ n[adV©Z H$a {XE h¡ VWm Hw$N> ZE àg§J ̂ r Omo‹S> {XE h¡& ñd¶§^y Ho$ am‘ dmë‘r{H$ Ho$ am‘ H$s Vah AnZr gånyU© ‘mZdr¶ Xw~©cVmAm| Am¡a ‘mZdr¶ ep³V Ho$ à{V{Z{Y ~ZH$a AmVo h¡& Zmar Ho$ à{V nwê$f ‘mÌ H$m X¥{ï>H$mooU ³¶m Wm, ¶h grVm Ho$ "A¾rnarjm' dmco àg§J ‘| am‘ Am¡a grVm Ho$ H$WZmo§ go àH$Q> hmoVm h¡& grVm Ho$ M[aÌ H$mo CXmaVm {XImZo ‘| H${d Zo H$‘mc H$a {X¶m h¡ & H${d Zo am‘H$Wm H$m A§V em§V ag go {H$¶m h¡ VWm am‘ grVm OZH$ Am{X g^r nmÌm| H$mo O¡Z Y‘© ‘| Xrjm coVo hþE {XIm¶m h¡& "A[aï>Zo{‘M[aV' (h[ad§enwamU) ‘| O¡Z naånam Ho$ ~mB©gd| VrW©H$ma A[aï>Zo{‘ VWm H¥$îU Am¡a H$m¡ad. nmÊS>dm| H$s H$Wm d{U©V h¡& Bg‘| H${d Zo Ðm¡nXr Ho$ M[aÌ H$mo EH$X‘ {ZIma {X¶m h¡& Zmar M[aÌm| Ho$ à{V H${d H$s AmVrH$ ghmZw^y{V ñnîQ> gm‘Zo AmVr h¡&

O¡Z gm{hË¶ H$s gm‘mÝ¶ {deofVmE±

An^«§e gm{hË¶ H$mo O¡Z gm{hË¶ H$hm OmVm h¡, ³¶m|{H$ An^«§e gm{hË¶ Ho$ aM{¶Vm O¡Z AmMm¶© Wo& O¡Z H${d¶mo| H$s aMZmAm| ‘| Y‘© Am¡a gm{hË¶ H$m ‘{UH$m§MZ ¶moJ {XImB© XoVm h¡& O¡Z H${d O~ gm{hË¶ {Z‘m©U ‘| OwQ> OmVm h¡ Vmo Cg g‘¶ CgH$s aMZm gag H$mì¶ H$m ê$n YmaU H$a coVr h¡ Am¡a O~ dh Y‘m}nXoe H$s Amoa PwH$ OmVm h¡ Vmo dh nÚ ~Õ Y‘© CnXoemË‘H$ aMZm ~Z OmVr h¡& Bg CnXoe àYmZ gm{hË¶ ‘| ̂ r ̂ maVr¶ OZOrdZ Ho$ gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ nj Ho$ Xe©Z hmooVo h¡& Bg gm{hË¶ H$s gm‘mÝ¶ {deofVmE± BgàH$ma h¡ …-

1) CnXoe ‘ycH$Vm …- CnXoemË‘H$Vm O¡Z gm{hË¶ H$s ‘w»¶ àd¥{Îm h¡, {OgHo$ ‘yc ‘| O¡Z Y‘© Ho$ à{V Ñ‹T> AmñWm Am¡a CgH$m àMma h¡& BgHo$ {cE O¡Z H${d¶m| Zo X¡{ZH$ OrdZ H$s à^mdmoËnmXH$ KQ>ZmE±, AmÜ¶mË‘ Ho$ nmofH$ VËd, M[aV Zm¶H$m|, ecmH$m nwê$fm|, AmXe©

20

lmdH$m|, Vnpñd¶m| VWm nmÌm| Ho$ OrdZ H$m dU©Z {H$¶m h¡& Bgr{cE Bg gm{hË¶ ‘| CnXoemË‘H$Vm H$m ñda ‘w»¶ ~Z J¶m h¡&

2) {df¶ H$s {d{dYVm …- O¡Z gm{hË¶ Ym{‘©H$ gm{hË¶ hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX gm‘m{OH$, Ym{‘©H$, Eo{Vhm{gH$ {df¶m| Ho$ gmW hr cmoH$-Am»¶mZ H$s H$B© H$WmAm| H$mo AnZmVm h¡& am‘m¶U, ‘hm^maV gå~ÝYr H$WmAm| H$moo ^r O¡Z H${d¶m| Zo AË¶m{YH$ XjVm Ho$ gmW AnZm¶m h¡& Ohm± VH$ gm‘m{OH$ {df¶m| H$m gå~ÝY h¡, O¡Z aMZmAm| ‘| cJ^J g^r àH$ma Ho$ {df¶mo§ H$m g‘mdoe hmo J¶m h¡&

3) VËH$mcrZ pñW{V¶m| H$m ¶WmW© {MÌU …- O¡Z H${d amOm{lV Zht Wo, AV: amOml¶ H$m X~md Am¡a Xa~mar A{Va§OZm go BZH$s aMZmE± ‘wº$ h¡& ¶hr H$maU h¡ {H$ BZH$s aMZmAm| ‘| VËH$mcrZ pñW{V¶m| H$m ¶WmW© A§H$Z hþAm h¡& Am{XH$mcrZ AmMma-{dMma, g‘mO, Y‘©, amOZr{V Am{X H$s ghr pñW{V¶m| H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {cE ¶h aMZmE± n¶m©á ê$n ‘| ghmæ¶H$ {gÕ hmoVr h¡&

4) H$‘©H$mÊ‹S> ê${‹T>¶m| VWm naånamAm| H$m {damoY …- O¡Z An^«§e H${d¶m| Zo ~mø CnmgZm, nyOm-nmR>, emór¶ kmZ, ê${‹T>¶m| Am¡a naånamAm| H$m Kmoa {damoY {H$¶m h¡, {H$ÝVw BZHo$ ñda ‘| H$Qw>Vm ¶m naI‹S>Vm Zhr {‘cVr& ‘§{Xa, VrW© emór¶ kmZ, ‘y{V©, dof, Om{V, dU©, ‘§Ì, V§Ì, ¶moJ Am{X {H$gr ̂ r g§ñWm H$mo ¶h Zhr ‘mZVo& Mm[a{ÌH$ AWdm ‘Z H$s ewÕVm H$mo ¶o ha ì¶p³V Ho$ {cE EH$ Amdí¶H$ dñVw ‘mZVo h¡& YZ-gån{Îm H$s j{UH$Vm, {df¶m| H$s {ZÝXm, ‘mZd Xoh H$s ZídaVm, g§gma Ho$ gå~ÝYm| H$m {‘Ï¶mnZ Am{X H$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE BZ H${d¶m| Zo ewÕ AmË‘m na ~c {X¶m h¡&

5) AmË‘mZw^y{V na {dídmg …- AmË‘mZw^d H$mo O¡Z H${d¶m| Zo Ma‘ àmáì¶ H$hm h¡ Am¡a ¶h eara ‘| ahVm h¡& AmË‘m H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {cE ew^mew^ H$‘m] H$m j¶ H$aZm Amdí¶H$ h¡& AmË‘m na‘mË‘m EH$ hr h¡& AmË‘m H$mo OmZ coZo Ho$ níMmV² Hw$N> OmZZo Ho$ {cE Zht ahVm& AmË‘mZÝX hr gagr^md ¶m ghOmZÝX h¡& AnZo gmYZ-nW H$s ì¶m»¶m H$aZo Ho$ {cE BÝhm|Zo Ohm±-Vhm± ào‘-^mdZm Ho$ ÚmooVH$ {à¶-{à¶V‘ H$s H$ënZm H$m Aml¶ {c¶m h¡& BgàH$ma BZ O¡Z H${d¶m| Zo ̂ moJ go Ë¶mJ H$s, emókmZ go AmË‘kmZ H$s Am¡a H$‘©H$mÊ‹S> go AmË‘mZw^y{V H$s loð>Vm {gÕ H$s h¡&

6) ahñ¶dmXr {dMmaYmam H$m g‘mdoe …- O¡Z H${d¶m| H$s Hw$N> aMZmE± ahñ¶dmXr {dMma ̂ mdZm go AmoV àmoV h¡& ¶mo{JÝÐ ‘w{Z am‘qgh, gwÌ^mMm¶©, ‘hmZpÝX ‘hM¶ Am{X Bg H$mo{Q> Ho$ H${d h¡& BZH$mo ahñ¶dmXr aMZmAm| ‘| ~mø AmMma, H$‘©H$mÊ‹S>, VrW©d«V, ‘y{V© H$m ~{hîH$ma, Xohê$nr Xodmc¶ ‘| hr B©œa H$s pñW{V ~VmZm, VWm AnZo eara ‘| pñWV na‘mË‘m H$s AZw^y{V nmH$a na‘ g‘m{Y énr AmZÝX àmá H$aZm Am{X BZH$s gmYZm H$m ‘w»¶ ñda h¡& ¶h AmZÝX eara ‘| pñWV na‘mË‘m Jwê$ ({OZ Jwê$) H$s H¥$nm go àmá hmooVm h¡, ¶h BZH$s

21

YmaZm h¡&

7) H$mì¶ ê$nm| ‘| {d{dYVm …- H$mì¶ ê$nm| Ho$ joÌ ‘| O¡Z gm{hË¶ {d{dY ê$nm| go gånÞ h¡& Bg‘| amg, ’$mJw, N>ßn¶, MVwîn{XH$m, à~ÝY, JmWm, OåZar, Jwdm©dcr, JrV, ñVw{V, ‘mhmËå¶, CËgmh Am{X àH$ma nm¶o OmVo h¡& An^«§e Ho$ H$B© H$mì¶-énm| H$m à¶moJ O¡Z H${d¶m| Zo {H$¶m h¡ co{H$Z A{YH$m§e H$mì¶ én Eogo ^r h¡, {OZHo$ {Z‘m©U H$m lo¶ O¡Z gm{hË¶ H$mo OmVm h¡&

8) em§V ¶m {Zd}X ag H$m àmYmÝ¶ …- O¡Z gm{hË¶ ‘| H$éU, dra, l¥§Jma, emÝV Am{X g^r agm| H$m g’$c {Zdm©h hþAm h¡& "Zo{‘MÝX MCnB©' ‘| H$éU, "âVoída ~mhþ~cr amg' ‘| dra VWm "lrñWy{c^Ð ’$mJw ‘| l¥ÝJma Bg H$s g’$c {Zîn{Îm nm¶r OmVr h¡, {H$ÝVw BZ g^r H¥${V¶m| Ho$ AÝV ‘| emÝV ¶m {Zd}X g^r agmo§ na hmdr hmo OmVm h¡& Bgr{cE ¶h H$hZm Ag§JV Zht hmoJm {H$ O¡Z gm{hË¶ ‘| agamO emÝV ¶m {Zd}X h¡&

9) ào‘ Ho$ {d{dY énm| H$m {MÌU …- O¡Z An^«§e gm{hË¶ ‘| ào‘ Ho$ nm±M ê$n {‘cVo h¢- {ddmh Ho$ {cE ào‘, {ddmh Ho$ ~mX ào‘, Agm‘m{OH$ ào‘, amo‘mpÊQ>H$ ào‘ Am¡a {df‘ ào‘& àW‘ àH$ma Ho$ ào‘ H$m {MÌU "H$aH§$Sw>M[aC' ‘| hþAm h¡& Xÿgao àH$ma Ho$ ào‘ H$m CXmhaU "nC‘m{g[aM[aC>' ‘| g‘wÐ Am¡a nX²‘lr Ho$ ào‘nyd©H$ {ddmh ‘| {‘cVm h¡& "OhgaM[aC>' ‘| amZr A‘¥V‘¶r H$m Hw$~‹S>o go Omo ào‘ Wm, dh Agm‘m{OH$ H$s H$mo{Q> ‘| AmVm h¡& ào‘ H$s {df‘Vm H$m ÁdcÝV CXmhaU "nC‘M[aC' ‘| amdU H$m ào‘ h¡, qH$Vw amo‘mpÊQ>H$ ào‘ H$m hr Bg gm{hË¶ ‘| A{YH$ àñ’w$Q>V hþAm h¡& BgHo$ Xmo H$maU h¢ - àW‘, gm‘§VdmXr Bg ¶wJ ‘| ~hþnËZr àWm Wr, Xÿgam, Y‘© H$s ‘{h‘m ~VmZo Ho$ {cE&

10) JrV VËd H$s àYmZVm …- O¡Z H$[d¶m| H$s aMZmE± e¡cr, ñdê$n Am¡a cú¶ H$s Ñ{ï> go JrV H$mì¶ Ho$ A{YH$ {ZH$Q> h¡& ¶h ñdm^m{dH$ ̂ r h¡, ³¶mo|{H$ Jo¶Vm Bg ¶wJ H$s à‘wI {deofVm Wr& O¡Z H${d¶m| Ûmam à¶w³V N>ÝXm| ‘| c¶ Am¡a Jo¶Vm H$m Ü¶mZ aIm J¶m h¡& ‘§JcmMaU Ho$ A{V[a³V ñVw{V Am¡a d§XZm Bg H$mì¶ H$m Amdí¶H$ A§J h¡& N>ÝXm| ‘| g§JrV H$m nwQ> nwînXÝV Am¡a ñd¶§^y Zo {X¶m h¡& H$‹S>dH$ Ho$ N>ÝXmo H$s J{V H«$‘e: g§JrV Ho$ ñda Am¡a dmÚmo| Ho$ c¶ na hr McVr h¡&

11) Ac§H$ma -¶moOZm …- O¡Z gm{hË¶ ‘| AWm©cÝH$ma Am¡a eãXmcÝH$ma XmoZm| à¶wº$ hþE h¡, na§Vw à‘wIVm AWm©cÝH$mam| H$s hr h¡& AWm©cÝH$mam| ‘| Cn‘m, ê$nH$, CËàojm, ì¶p³VaoH$, C„oI, AZÝd¶, {ZXe©Zm, {damoYm^mg, ñd^mdmop³V, ^«mpÝV, gÝXoh Am{X H$m à¶moJ g’$cVmnyd©H$ hþAm h¡& A{YH$m§e O¡Z H${d Cn‘mZ Ho$ MwZmd ‘| {deof n[aM¶ XoVo h¡& eãXmcÝH$mam| ‘| ícof, ¶‘H$, Am¡a AZwàmg H$s ~hþcVm h¡&

22

12) N>ÝX-{dYmZ …- O¡Z H$mì¶ N>ÝX H$s Ñ{ï> go g‘¥Õ h¡& ñd¶§^y H¥$V "ñd¶§^yN>ÝX' Am¡a ho‘MÝÐ {da{MV "N>ÝXmo@ZwemgZ' J«ÝWm| ‘| n¶m©á g§»¶m ‘| N>ÝXmo H$s {d{eï> {ddoMZm H$s JB© h¡& O¡Z H$mì¶ ‘| H$‹S>dH$, nQ²>nXr, MVwînXr, YÎmm ~XVH$, A{hë¶, {~c{gZr, ñH$ÝXH$, Xþ~B©, amgm, Xmohm, C„mcm, gmoaR>m, MCnÚ Am{X N>ÝXmo H$m à¶moJ {‘cVm h¡&

13) cmoH$^mfm H$s à{Vð>m …- O¡Z gmYw J«m‘, ZJa-ZJa Ky‘H$a Y‘©-àMma H$aVo Wo, Bgr{cE CÝhm|Zo AnZr A{^ì¶p³V Ho$ {cE cmoH$^mfm H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m Am¡a Cgo à{Vð>m àXmZ H$s&

23

Am{XH$mcrZ cm¡{H$H$ gm{hË¶

{hÝXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ Am{XH$mc ‘o O¡Z Ed§ {gÕ gm{hË¶ Y‘©{lV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU VWm amgmo gm{hË¶ amO{lV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU gwa{jV ah J¶m. na§Vw Bg H$mc ‘| BZ XmoZm| H$mì¶ YmamAm| go {^Þ cmoH$ gm{hË¶ H$s ̂ r aMZm hþB© co[H$Z dh cmoH$m{lV hmoZo go gwa{jV Z ah gH$m& AZoH$ H$maUm| go dh gm{hË¶ cwá hmo J¶m& {d{^Þ cmoH$JrVmo§ Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go cmoH$ ‘| Omo Wmo‹S>m-~hþV eof ah J¶m Cgg| BVZm Adí¶ kmV hmoVm h¡ {H$ Am{XH$mc ‘| cm¡{H$H$ gm{hË¶ ^r cmoH$ àM{cV ahm h¡& CncãY cmoH$ gm{hË¶ ‘| ""T>mocm ‘mê$ am Xÿhm'', ""~rgcXod amgmo'', ""~gÝV [dcmg'' ""amCcdoc'', ""Cp³V ì¶p³V àH$aU'', ""dU© aËZmH$a'', ""A‘ra Iwgamo H$s aMZmE±'' VWm ""{dÚmn{V H$s nXmdcr'' H$mo XoIH$a VËH$mcrZ cmoH$ gm{hË¶ Ho$ {df¶ ‘| AZw‘mZ cJm¶m Om gH$Vm h¡&

T>mocm ‘mê$ am Xÿhm …-

amOñWmZ ‘| OZ-OZ H$m H$ð>hma ""T>mocm ‘mê$ am Xÿhm'' h¡ {Og‘| H$N>dmhm d§e Ho$ amOm Zc Ho$ nwÌ T>mocm Am¡a nyJc Ho$ amOm qnJc H$s ê$ndVr H$Ý¶m ‘madm‹S>r H$s ào‘H$Wm h¡& ¶Ú{n ‘yc H$Wm H$m gå~ÝY Eo{Vhm{gH$ ì¶p³V¶m| go h¡, {H$ÝVw amOñWmZ Ho$ cmoH$ OrdZ go Ow‹S>Zo Ho$ H$maU ¶h H$mì¶ H¥${V npíM‘r amOñWmZ ‘| A{V cmoH${à¶ h¡& ¶h EH$ cmoH$JmWm H$mì¶ h¡ Omo amOñWmZ ‘| AË¶ÝV à{gÕ h¡& amOñWmZ ‘| T>mocm Am¡a ‘madUr H$mo ào‘ Ho$ à{VH$ Ho$ ê$n ‘| ñ‘aU {H$¶m OmVm h¡& ""gÝXoe amgH$'' Ed§ ""~rgcXod amgmo'' H$s ^m±{V ¶h ^r EH$ {dahH$mì¶ h¡ {OgH$m H$Wmgma BgàH$ma h¡- ~MnZ ‘| hr ‹T>mocm Am¡a ‘madUr H$m {ddmh hmo OmVm h¡& ¶wdm hmoZo na ‘madUr AnZo ~MnZ Ho$ n{V T>mocm H$s MMm© gwZVr h¡ Vmo CgHo$ {dah ‘| ì¶mHw$c hmo OmVr h¡& dh AnZo n{V H$m nVm cJmZo Ho$ {cE H$B© g§XoedmhH$ ̂ oOVr h¡ co{H$Z H$moB© cm¡Q>H$a Zht AmVm& g^r g§Xoe dmhH$m| H$mo ‘madUr H$s gm¡V ‘mcdUr ‘adm XoVr h¡ Am¡a T>mocm VH$ g§Xoe nhþ±MZo Zht XoVr& AÝV ‘| ‘madUr cmoH$JrV Ho$ Jm¶H$ T>m‹T>r H$mo g§Xoe XoH$a ôOVr h¡& dh T>mocm VH$ nhþ±MZo ‘| g’$c hmo OmVr h¡& T>m‹T>r Ho$ à¶ËZ go T>mocm Am¡a ‘madUr H$m nwZ{‘©cZ hmoVm h¡&

""T>mocm ‘mê$ am Xÿhm"" ‘| naånamJV ~mah‘mgm H$m dU©Z Zht {‘cVm& Bg‘| Ho$dc nmdg F$Vw H$m dU©Z h¡ Am¡a dh ̂ r {dñVma go& ""T>mocm ‘mê$ am Xÿhm'' ‘| ‘madm‹S> H$m dmñV{dH$ OrdZ à{V{~på~V hmo CR>m h¡& Bg‘| amOñWmZr OZOrdZ, àH¥${V, g‘mO, dmVmdaU, cmoH$mMma Ed§ cmoH${dídmgm| H$m O¡gm gag gOrd Am¡a ñdm^m{dH$ {MÌ Câm h¡, d¡gm AÝ¶Ì Xþc©j h¡& e¡cr H$s Ñ{ï> go ""T>mocm ‘mê$ am Xÿhm'' cmoH$JrV H$s loUr ‘| AmVm h¡&

1) ~rgcXod amgmo …- {hÝXr Ho$ Am{XH$mc H$s Bg loð> aMZm Ho$ aMZmH$ma Za n[V Zmëh h¡& ¶h EH$

ào‘ H$mì¶ h¡, {Og‘| g§¶moJ-{d¶moJ Ho$ JrV Jm¶o JE h¡& Bg H¥${V ‘| AO‘oa Ho$ Mm¡hmZ amOm {dJ«hamO (~rgcXod) VWm ̂ moO na‘ma H$s nwÌr amO‘Vr Ho$ {ddmh, {d¶moJ Ed§ nwZ{‘©cZ H$s H$Wm gac Ed§ gag e¡cr ‘| àñVwV H$s JB© h¡& amOm ~rgcXod AnZr Zd{ddm{hVm amZr

24

amO‘Vr Ho$ ì¶§½¶ ~mUm| go ê$ï> hmoH$a C{‹S>gm amÁ¶ Mcm OmVm h¡ VWm ~mah df© VH$ cm¡Q>H$a Zht AmVm& n{V Ho$ {d¶moJ go AË¶ÝV Xþ:{IV amZr EH$ n§{S>V Ûmam AnZo n{V ~rgcXod H$mo gÝXoe ̂ oOVr h¡& AÝV ‘| ~rgcXod Ho$ cm¡Q> AmZo na XmoZm| H$m nwZ{‘©cZ hmo OmVm h¡& gånyU© H$Wm 120 N>ÝXmo Am¡a Mma IÊS>m| ‘| {d^º$ h¡&

~rgcXod amgmo ‘| l¥ÝJma ag Ho$ g§¶moJ Am¡a {d¶moJ XmoZm| njm| H$m ~‹S>m hr gwÝXa Ed§ öX¶J«mhr dU©Z H${d Zo àñVwV {H$¶m h¡& ào{fVn{VH$m H$s {dah ì¶ÝOZm ~‹S>r ‘m{‘©H$ ~Z JB© h¡& ~mah‘mgm dU©Z Ho$ AÝVJ©V àH¥${V H$m {MÌU ~‹T>m hr gOrd ~Z J¶m h¡& {dah H$mì¶ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ~rgcXod amgmo ‘| g§¶moJ Ho$ ‘§gcVm nyU© {MÎmm| H$m àm¶: A^md h¡& Bg H$mì¶ H$s Zm{¶H$m amO‘Vr H$s AmË‘m {dÐmo{hUr‘Z A{^‘mZr Am¡a O~mZ àIa h¡& CZH$m M[aÌ ~‹S>m hr gOrd VWm {dcjU ~Z n‹S>m h¡& ""‘Ü¶¶wJ Ho$ g‘yMo {hÝXr gm{hË¶ ‘| O~mZ H$s BVZr VoO Am¡a ‘Z H$s BVZr Iar Zm{¶H$m Zht XrI n‹S>Vr h¡& ""A{^ì¶p³V H$s VmOJr Am¡a ^mJm| H$s Vrd«Vm Ho$ H$maU ¶h aMZm cmoH$‘mZg ‘| AnZm Ajw^ ñWmZ ~ZmE± hþB© h¡&

2) ~gÝV {dcmg …- S>m°. ‘mVmàgmX Jwá Zo {d{^Þ à‘mU XoH$a ""~gÝV {dcmg'' H$m aMZm-H$mc

13 dr 14dr eVr Ho$ ‘Ü¶ H$m ‘mZm h¡& Bg H¥${V Ho$ aM{¶Vm H$m nVm Zht Mc nm¶m h¡& ""¶h EH$ AË¶{YH$ gag gm{hpË¶H$ H¥${V h¡ Am¡a AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr¶ Am¶©-^mfm-gm{hË¶ Ho$ Am{XH$mc Ho$ B{Vhmg ‘| ~oOmo‹S> h¡&'' Bg aMZm ‘| Mm¡amgr Xmoohm| ‘| ~gÝV F$Vw Am¡a {ó¶m| na CgHo$ {dcmgnyU© à^md H$m ‘Zmohmar dU©Z hþAm h¢& Bg H$mì¶ ‘| àH¥${V Am¡a Zmar XmoZm| H$m ‘XmoÝ‘Îm ê$n l¥§Jma ag H$s Vrd« Ymam àdm{hV H$aVm h¡& S>m°. am‘Jmonmc e‘m© "{XZoe' Ho$ eãXm| ‘|- "ór-nwê$f-àH¥${V-VrZm| ‘| AOó ~‹hVr ‘XmoÝ‘ÎmVm H$m Bg H$mì¶ ‘| O¡gm dU©Z {‘cVm h¡, d¡gm ar{VH$mcrZ {hÝXr H${d ^r Zht H$a gHo$& BgH$s ^mfm gag ~«O^mfm h¡ {OgH$m {dH$mg nadVu ̂ {º$H$mcrZ H¥$îUH$mì¶ ‘| Am¡a ar{VH$mì¶ ‘| {XImB© XoVm h¡&''

3) amS>cdoc …-dh JÚ-nÚ {‘{lV Måny-H$mì¶ H$s àmMrZV‘ {hÝXr H¥${V h¡& BgH$m

aM{¶Vm amo‹T>m Zm‘H$ H${d ‘mZm OmVm h¡& {dÛmZm| Zo BgH$m aMZm-H$mc Xgdt eVmãXr ‘mZm h¡& BgH$s aMZm ""amCc'' Zm{¶H$m Ho$ ZI{eI dU©Z Ho$ àg§J ‘| hþB© h¡& Amaå^ ‘| H${d Zo amCc Ho$ gm¢X¶© H$m dU©Z nÚ ‘| {H$¶m h¡ Am¡a {’$a JÚ H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m J¶m h¡& Bg H¥${V go hr {hÝXr ‘| ZI{eI dU©Z naånam Amaå^ hmoVr h¡& BgH$s ̂ mfm ‘| {hÝXr H$s gmV ~mo{c¶m| Ho$ eãX {‘cVo h¡, {OZ‘| amOñWmZr àYmZ h¡& H${d Zo {df¶ dU©Z ~‹S>r VÝ‘¶Vm go {H$¶m h¡& Zm{¶H$m amCc H$m l¥ÝJma AmH$f©U go ̂ am hþAm h¡& dh ghO ê$n ‘| {OVZr gwÝXa h¡ CVZr hr ghO-gwÝXa CgH$s g‚mm ̂ r h¡& Bg gm¡ÝX¶© Ho$ AZwHy$c hr CgH$s ̂ md-Xem ̂ r h¡&

3) C{º$-ì¶{º$ àH$aU …-Bg J«ÝW H$s aMZm Xm‘moXa e‘m© Zo H$s h¡& 12 dt eVmãXr H$m ¶h EH$

‘hËdnyU© ""ì¶mH$aU J«ÝW'' ‘mZm OmVm h¡, Bg‘| ~Zmag Am¡a Amgnmg Ho$ àXoem| H$r VËH$mcrZ g§ñH¥${V Am¡a ̂ mfm Am{X na n¶m©á àH$me ‹S>mcm J¶m h¡& BgH$s ̂ mfm Ho$ AÜ¶¶Z

25

go VËH$mcrZ JÚ Am¡a nÚ XmoZmo| e¡{c¶m| H$s {hÝXr ̂ mfm ‘| VËg‘ nXmdcr Ho$ à¶moJ H$s ~‹T>Vr hþB© àd¥{Îm H$m nVm McVm h¡& AV: {hÝXr ̂ mfm Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ AÜ¶¶Z ‘| ¶h J«ÝW AË¶ÝV ghm¶H$ {gÕ hþAm h¡&

4) dU©aËZmH$a …-‘¡{Wcr {hÝXr ‘| a{MV JÚ H$m ¶h EH$ ‘hËdnyU© J«ÝW h¡& BgH$m coIH$

Á¶mo{VeoIa R>mHw$a Zm‘H$ ‘¡{Wc H${d Wm& S>m°. hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr Ho$ ‘VmZwgma BgH$s aMZm Mm¡Xhdr eVmãXr ‘| hþB© hmoJr& ¶h EH$ eãXH$moeZw‘m J«ÝW h¡, naÝVw gm¡ÝX¶© J«m{hUr à{V^m ̂ r Cg‘| {Z{hV h¡& CgH$s ̂ mfm ‘| H${dËd, Ac§H$m[aH$Vm, VWm eãXm| H$s VËg‘Vm H$s àd¥{Îm¶m± {‘cVr h¡& {hÝXr JÚ Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| "amS>cdoc' Ho$ níMmV ""dU©aËZmH$a'' H$m ¶moJXmZ ̂ r H$‘ Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm&

5) A‘ra Iwgamo H$s aMZmE± …-Am{XH$mc ‘| {eï> hmñ¶ VWm {dZmoX ‘ycH$ aMmZmE± I‹S>r ~mocr ‘| àñVwV H$aZo

H$m lo¶ A‘ra Iwgamo H$mo h¡& BZH$m dmñV{dH$ Zm‘ A~wc hgZ Wm& Am{XH$mc ‘| I‹S>r~mocr H$mo H$mì¶ H$s ^mfm ~ZmZo dmco A‘ra Iwgamo àW‘ H${d h¡& BÝhm|Zo {hÝXÿ-‘wpñc‘m| Ho$ ~rM EH$Vm ñWm{nV H$aZo H$m gd©àW‘ à¶mg {H$¶m Wm& Iwgam| AZoH$ ^mfmAm| Ho$ {dÛmZ Wo& VwH$s©, Aa~r, ’$magr ~«O Am¡a I‹S>r~mocr na BÝh| g‘mZ A{YH$ma àmá Wm& ‘Zmoa§OZ Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go cmoH$-ì¶dhma H$s {ejm XoZm hr CZHo$ gm{hË¶ H$m CÔoí¶ Wm& H${dVm Ho$ amOml¶ ‘| ncZo Ho$ H$maU gm‘mÝ¶ OZVm go CgH$m gå~ÝY Qy>Q> MwH$m Wm& Iwgamo Ho$ à¶ËZ go dh {’$a go OZgm‘mÝ¶ Ho$ g‘rn Am J¶r& BZHo$ {df¶ ‘| S>m°. am‘Hw$‘ma d‘m© H$m H$WZ gQ>rH$ OmZ n‹S>Vm h¡- ""MmaUH$mcrZ aº$a§{OV B{Vhmg ‘| O~ npíM‘ Ho$ MmaUm| H$s q‹S>Jc H$[dVm CÕV ñdam| ‘o§ Jy±O ahr Wr Am¡a à{VÜd{Z Am¡a ̂ r CJ« Wr& nyd© ‘| JmoaIZmW H$s Jå^ra Ym{‘©H$ àd¥{Îm AmË‘emgZ H$s {ejm Xo ahr Wr, Cg H$mc ‘| A‘ra Iwgamo H$s {dZmoXnyU© àd¥{Îm {hÝXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ B{Vhmg H$s EH$ ‘hmZ {Z{Y h¡& ‘Zmoa§OZ Am¡a a{gH$Vm H$m AdVma ¶h H${d A‘ra Iwgamo AnZr ‘m¡{cH$Vm Ho$ H$maU ñ‘aUr¶ ahoJm&''

Iwgamo Ûmam a{MV gm¡ Ho$ cJ^J aMZmE± ‘mZr OmVr h¢, {H$ÝVw CncãY aMZmAm| H$s g§»¶m ~rg-~mB©g go A{YH$ Zht h¡& {OZ‘| ’y$Q>H$a nho{c¶m±, ‘wH$[a¶m±, Xmo gwIZo‹ ‹T>H$mogcm Am{X à{gÕ h¡& BZHo$ Hw$N> CXmhaU àñVwV h¢ -

nho{c¶m± - 1) ""EH$ Ymc ‘mo{c¶m| go ̂ am, g~Ho$ Cna Am¢Ym Yam&Mmam| Va’$ dh Wmc {’$a¡, EH$ ̂ r ‘moVr ZrMo Z {Jao &&'' (AmH$me)

2) ""EH$ H$hmZr ‘¢ ~hÿ±, gwZ co Vy ‘oao nwV&{~Zm nam| Ho$ dh C‹S> J¶m, ~m±Y Jco ‘| gyV&&'' (nV§J)

‘wI[a¶m± - 1) ""dh Amdo V~ emXr hmo¶, Cg {~Z XÿOm Am¡a Z H$mo¶&‘rR>o cmJo ~mHo$ ~moc, ³¶m| g{I gmOZ Z g{I T>moc&&''

2) ""O~ ‘oao ‘pÝXa ‘| Amdo, gmoVo ‘wPH$mo AmZ OJmdo&n‹T>V {’$aV dh {dah Ho$ AÀN>a g{I gmOZ Zm g{I ‘ÀN>a&&''

26

Xmo gwIZo …- 1) nmZ g‹S>m ³¶m|? Kmo‹S>m A‹S>m ³¶mo|? (’o$am Z Wm)2) ~«m÷U ß¶mgm ³¶m|? JYm CXmgm ³¶m|? (cmoQ>m Z Wm)

‹T>H$mogcm …- ""Ira nH$mB© OVZ go, MIm© {X¶m Mcm¶&Am¶m Hw$Îmm Im J¶m Vw ~¡R>r ‹T>moc ~Om¶&&''

6) {dÚmn{V H$s nXmdcr …-{~hma Ho$ Xa^§Jm {Oco ‘| {dgnr Jm±d ‘| OÝ‘o {dÚmn{V {hÝXr Ho$ Am{X-

Jr{VH$ma ‘mZo OmVo h¢& ‘Ywa JrVm| Ho$ aM{¶Vm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU BÝh| A{^Zd O¶Xod Ho$ Zm‘ go ̂ r OmZm OmVm h¡& {dÚmn{V ‘hmZ npÊS>V Wo& CÝhm|Zo AnZr aMZmE± g§ñH¥$V, AdhÅ> Am¡a ‘¡{Wcr ^mfm ‘| {cIr& {hÝXr gm{hË¶ ‘| {dÚmn{V H$s AewÊU H$s{V© H$m AmYma CZHo$ VrZ J«ÝW h¡- H$s{V©cVm, H$s{V©nVmH$m Am¡a nXmdcr& {dÚmn{V nXmdcr ‘| CÝhm|Zo amYm-H¥$îU àU¶-crcmAm| H$m AË¶ÝV öX¶hmar dU©Z {H$¶m h¡& Bg gå~ÝY ‘| BZHo$ AmXe© H${d O¶Xod aho h¢& O¶Xod Ho$ JrV-Jmo{dÝX go à^m{dV hmoH$a CÝhm|Zo nXmdcr H$m àU¶Z {H$¶m h¡& nXmdcr ‘| BZH$m l¥§Jmar ê$n nyU©V: Câ Am¶m h¡& d¡go Vmo l¥§Jma Ho$ XmoZmo njm|-g§¶moJ Am¡a {d¶mooJ H$m dU©Z Bg J«ÝW ‘| CncãY hmoVm h¡ na Omo VÝ‘¶Vm g§¶moJ l¥§Jma Ho$ {MÌU ‘| {XImB© XoVr h¡, dh {d¶moJ nj ‘| Zht& dñVwV: {dÚmn{V g§¶moJ nj Ho$ g’$c Jm¶H$ h¡ Am¡a ào‘ Ho$ na‘ nmaIr h¡& {dÚmn{V AnZo amYm-H¥$îU gå~ÝYr ‘Ywa JrVm| Ho$ {cE {hÝXr gm{hË¶ ‘| gX¡d A‘a ah|Jo&

cm¡{H$H$ gm{hË¶ H$s gm‘mÝ¶ {deofVmE± …-

Am{XH$mcrZ gm{hË¶ ‘| amgmo gm{hË¶ VWm Ym{‘©H$ gm{hË¶ Ho$ gmW-gmW gm{hË¶ H$s EH$ AÝ¶ Ymam ̂ r àdm{hV hmoVr {XImB© XoVr h¡, {Ogo cm¡{H$H$ gm{hË¶ Ho$ Zm‘ go OmZm OmVm h¡& amOml¶ Am¡a Y‘m©l¶ go gd©Wm {d‘wI ¶h gm{hË¶ cmoH$ml¶ ‘| nwpî‘V Ed§ n„{dV hþAm h¡& Bg gm{hË¶ H$s gm‘mÝ¶ {deofVmE± {ZåZ{c{IV h¡ …-

1) ñdmÝV:gwIm¶ g¥OZ …-Am{XH$mc H$m cm¡{H$H$ gm{hË¶ Z Vmo amgmo gm{hË¶ Ho$ g‘mZ amOmAm|,

gm‘ÝVm| H$s draVm H$m dU©Z H$aZo Ho$ {cE {cIm J¶m h¡, Z Ym{‘©H$ gm{hË¶ Ho$ g‘mZ {H$gr {d{eï> Y‘©-‘V Ho$ àMma Ho$ {cE {cIm J¶m h¡& ¶h H${d Ho$ ̂ mdm| H$m ghO A{dîH$ma h¡& Mmho dh amo‹S>m H${d H$m "amCcdoc' hmo ¶m {dÚmn{V O¡go amO{lV H${d H$m nXmdcr gm{hË¶ hmo ¶m "‹T>mocm ‘mam am Xÿhm', "~gÝV [dcmg' O¡go Jw‘Zm‘ H$[d¶m| H$m gm{hË¶ hmo BgH$s A{^ì¶p³V na H$moB© ~mø-à¶moOZ H$m ~mooP Zhr h¡& ¶h gm{hË¶ BZ H${d¶m| H$m ImÝV:gwIm¶ g¥OZ h¡&

2) cmoH$‘mZg go Amßc{dV gm{hË¶ …-cmoH$VËd Ho$ g§ñne© go ImÝV: gwIm¶ cm¡{H$H$ gm{hË¶ AË¶m{YH$ gag Am¡a

à^mdH$mar ~Z J¶m h¡& amgmo gm{hË¶ ‘| Ohm± amOmAm|-gm‘ÝVm| Ho$ ‘Z Ho$ hmg-C„mg H$m {MÌU h¡, dhm± Bg H$mì¶ ‘| cmoH$-‘mZg ‘| CR>Zo dmcr hmg-C„mg H$s Va§Jo h¡& ¶hm± H$s

27

amO‘Vr ‹T>mocm, ¶m amYm ‘| gm‘mÝ¶ Zmar AnZo ̂ mdm| H$mo à{V{~på~V nmVr h¡& Mmho dh ̂ md g§¶mooJ Ho$ hmo ¶m {d¶moJ Ho$& ê$R>o n{V Ho$ C[‹S>gm Mco OmZo Ho$ ~mX amO‘Vr O~ ¶h H$hZo cJVr h¡ {H$ - ""ho ‘hoe! ‘wPo ór H$m OÝ‘ Vw‘Zo ³¶m| {X¶m? XoZo Ho$ {cE Vmo Vwåhmao nmg Am¡a ̂ r AZoH$ OÝ‘ Wo&'' Vmo Cg‘| Ho$dc amO‘Vr H$s hm doXZm H$s A{^ì¶p³V Zhr hmooVr, ~pëH$ dmgZm{^^yV nwê$f Ho$ ñdmW© Am¡a H$m‘wH$Vm‘¶r a{gH$Vm H$s {eH$ma VËH$mcrZ ha Zmar H$s AmË‘m H$m H$ê$U H«$ÝXZ Ed§ {MËH$ma A{^ì¶º$ hmoVm h¡& "‹T>mocm ‘mê$ am Xÿhm' H$s "‘mê$' H$s doXZm ̂ r VËH$mcrZ Zmar doXZm H$m hr EH$ Am¡a ñWa h¡& BZ H¥${V¶m| ‘| d{U©V ào‘ ‘hO EH$ earamH${f©V dmgZm Zhr h¡ Am¡a Aearar H$mën{ZH$ ̂ r Zht h¡, dh EH$ cm¡{H$H$ ̂ md h¡ {Og‘| ‘Z Am¡a eara A{^Þ h¡& amgmo Am¡a Ym{‘©H$ gm{hË¶ VËH$mcrZ amOZ¡{VH$ Ym{‘©H$ n[adoe H$s CnO h¡ Am¡a cm¡{H$H$ gm{hË¶ VËH$mcrZ OZ-g‘mO H$s gm§ñH¥${VH$ J[a‘m H$mo A{^ì¶³V H$aVm h¡&

3) g§¶mooJ Am¡a {d¶moJ H$m gag {MÌU …-Am{XH$mcrZ cm¡{H$H$ gm{hË¶ ‘| l¥ÝJma Ho$ XmoZmo njmo§ - g§¶moJ Am¡a {d¶moJ H$m

gag {MÌU hþAm h¡& "dgÝV-{dcmg' Am¡a "{dÚmn{V H$s nXmdcr' H$m g§¶moJ l¥ÝJma ‘mÌ Bg H$mc H$mo hr à^m{dV Zht H$aVm ~pëH$ nadVu H$mì¶ H$mo ̂ r n¶m©á ‘mÌm ‘| à^m{dV H$aVm h¡& "dg§V {dcmg' ‘| dg§V Am¡a {ó¶m| na CgHo$ {dcmgnyU© à^md H$m ‘Zmohar {MÌU hþAm h¡ dh AÝ¶Ì Xþc©j h¡& {dÚmn{V H$s nXmdcr ‘| g§¶moJ l¥§Jma H$s g^r H«$sS>mAm| -^mdm| H$m AZwnZ {MÌU hþAm h¡& {dÚmn{V g§¶moJ l¥§Jma Ho$ H${d h¡& g§¶mooJ l¥§Jma H$m BVZm ~oOmo‹S> {MÌU ar{VH$mc ‘| ̂ r Xþc©^ h¡&

cm¡{H$H$ gm{hË¶ H$m g§¶moJ l¥§Jma {OVZm nwï> h¡, Cggo H$ht A{YH$ {d¶moJ l¥§Jma g‘¥Õ h¡& ~rgcXod amgmo, ‹T>mocm ‘mê$ am Xÿhm {dah-doXZm Ho$ ghO Am¡a ñdm^m{dH$ CÀN>dmg h¡&

4) ZI-{eI dU©Z - naånam H$m àU¶Z …-"amS>cdoc' Am{XH$mcrZ cm¡{H$H$ gm{hË¶ H$s EH$ ‘hËdnyU© aMZm ‘mZr OmVr

h¡ Omo JÚ-nÚ {‘{lV Måny H$mì¶ h¡& Bgr aMZm go {hÝXr ‘| ZI-{eI dU©Z H$s naånam H$m Amaå^ hmoVm h¡& ~rgcXod amgmo, dgÝV {dcmg, ‹T>mocm ‘mê$ am Xÿhm Am¡a {dÚmn{V H$s nXmdcr ‘| Bg naånam H$m {dH$mg XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& ¶hm± EH$ ~mV {deof ñ‘a{U¶ h¡ {H$ amCc, amO‘{V Am¡a ‘mê$ H$m ZI-{eI dU©Z H$ht ^r CÔm‘ ê$n ‘| Zht hþAm h¡& BZ Zm{¶H$mAm| Ho$ gm¡ÝX¶© dU©Z ‘| Hw$crZm J¥hUr H$s ‘¶m©Xm H$mo A~m{YV aIm J¶m h¡&

5) àH¥${V {MÌU …-Am{XH$mcrZ cm¡{H$H$ gm{hË¶ ‘| àH¥${V H$m {MÌU Amcå~Z Am¡a CÔrnZ

XmoZm| ê$nm| ‘| n¶m©á ‘mÌm ‘| nm¶m OmVm h¡& l¥§Jma Am¡a àH¥${V H$m [aíVm AQy>Q> h¡& "~rgcXod amgmo' ‘| ~mah ‘mgm| VWm F$VwAm| Ho$ àmH¥${VH$ {MÌ g§¶moJ Am¡a {d¶moJ ‘| CÔrnZ H$m H$m¶© H$aVo h¡& {dah H$s {d{^Þ XemAm| Ho$ dU©Z ‘| {~O{c¶m±, ~mXc {à¶{d{hV Zm{¶H$m H$s {d¶moJ Xem Ho$ dU©Z ‘| Mma Mm±X cJm XoVo h¡& "~gÝV {dcmg' ‘| àH¥${V Am¡a Zmar XmoZm| H$m ‘XmoÝ‘Îm

28

ñdê$n l¥ÝJma ag H$s Vrd« Ymam àdm{hV H$aVm h¡&

6) Jo¶Vm Ed§ g§JrVmË‘H$Vm …-^md-àdUVm ñd¶§ Jo¶ hmoVr h¡& Bgr{cE Bg Ymam H$s cJ^J g^r aMZmAm|

‘| Jo¶Vm Am¡a g§JrVmË‘H$Vm nm¶r OmVr h¡& Zmar Ho$ ghO l¥§Jma go coH$a CgHo$ ‘mZ{gH$ gm¡ÝX¶© VH$ nhþ±MZo H$s àd¥{Îm Am{XH$mcrZ cm¡{H$H$ gm{hË¶ ‘| àñ’w${Q>V hþB© h¡& ZI-{eI dU©Z, {dah Ho$ {d{^Þ ê$n, {da{hUr Zm{¶H$m Ûmam {à¶V‘ Ho$ nmg gÝXoe àofU ¶o cm¡{H$H$ gm{hË¶ Ho$ {d{^Þ Am¶m‘ h¡& BgrH$maU Jo¶Vm Am¡a g§JrVmË‘H$Vm H$m g‘mdoe Bg gm{hË¶ ‘| hþAm h¡&

7) ~mocr ̂ mfm H$m n[aîH$ma …-Am{XH$mcrZ cm¡{H$H$ gm{hË¶ ‘| VËH$mcrZ H$mì¶-^mfm H$s Anojm OZ-

~mo{c¶m| H$m à¶moJ hþAm h¡& Bg Ymam H$s àmMrZV‘² H¥${V "amS>cdoc' go ‘mÌ cm¡{H$H$ gm{hË¶ H$s naånam hr ewê$ Zhr hmoVr ~pëH$ ~mocMmc H$s ̂ mfm H$m gm{hË¶ Ho$ {cE à¶moJ H$aZo H$s EH$ naånam ^r ewê$ hmo OmVr h¡& ~rgcXod amgmo, ‹T>mocm ‘mê$ am Xÿhm Am¡a {dÚmn{V H$s nXmdcr ‘| ̂ r VËH$mcrZ ñdrH¥$V H$mì¶-^mfm go hQ>H$a ~moc-Mmc H$s ̂ mfm H$m gag Am¡a geº$ à¶moJ hþAm h¡&

29

amgmo H$mì`

{hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ Amapå^H$ H$mb _| àmßV J«ÝWm| Ho$ AÜ``Z go `h ~mV ñnï> hmo OmVr h¡ {H$ Bg ̀ wJ Ho$ A{YH$m§e J«ÝWm| _| 'amgmo' eãX Zm_ Ho$ AÝV _| OwS>m hþAm h¡, Omo 'H$mì`' eãX H$m n`m©`dmMr h¡& 'amgmo' eãX H$s ì`wËn{Îm Ho$ gå~ÝY _| {dÛmZm| _| _VôX h¡& àW_ \«|$M B{VhmgH$ma Jmgm© X Vmgr Zo Bg eãX H$s ì`wËn{Îm 'amOgy`' ̀ k go _mZr h¡& Am. am_MÝÐ ewŠb Bg eãX H$s ì`wËn{Îm 'agmÙ' go _mZVo h¡& CZH$m H$hZm h¡ {H$- ''Hw$N> bmoJ Bg eãX H$m gå~ÝY 'ahñ`' go OmoS>Vo h¡& na '~rgbXod amgmo' _| H$mì` Ho$ AW© _| 'agmÙ' eãX ~ma-~ma Am`m h¡& AV: h_mar g_P _| Bgr 'agmÙ' eãX go hmoVo hmoVo 'amgmo' hmo J`m h¡& S>m°. _moVrbmb _oZ[a`m Zo Bg eãX H$m gå~ÝY 'ahñ`' go _mZm h¡& lr ZamoÎm_ ñdm_r Bg eãX H$s ì`wËn{Îm 'a{gH$' go _mZVo h¡& àmMrZ amOñWmZr _| 'a{gH$' H$m AW©-H$Wm-H$mì` _mZm OmVm Wm& ̀ hr eãX H«$_e: 'amgC', Am¡a 'amgmo' hmo J`m& ̀ h _V h_| gË` Ho$ H$m\$s ZOXrH$ nhþ±Mm XoVm h¡& àYmZ én go H$Wm-J«ÝWm| Ho$ {bE hr 'amgm', 'amgH$', 'amgmo' eãX H$m à`moJ hmoVm Am`m h¡& Hw$N> {dÛmZ Bg eãX H$m gå~ÝY 'amg' ̀ m 'amgH$' go OmoS>Vo hþE BgH$m AW©-Üd{Z, H«$sS>m, {dbmg, Z¥Ë`, JO©Z Am¡a l¥ÝIbm Am{X XoVo h¡& Am. hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr amgH$ H$mo EH$ eãX ̂ r _mZVo h¢ Am¡a H$mì`-ôX ̂ r& CZHo$ AZwgma Omo H$mì` amgH$ N>ÝX _| {bIo OmVo Wo, do hr {hÝXr _| 'amgmo' H$hbmZo bJo&

Eogm àVrV hmoVm h¡ {H$ Cg H$mb H$s H${dVm Ho$ gå~ÝY _| AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ N>ÝXm| H$m à`moJ hþAm H$aVm Wm& ̀ o H$mì` M[aÌàYmZ h¡& BZ M[aÌm| H$mo H$mì` _| ~m±YZo Ho$ {bE hr Bg N>ÝX H$m à`moJ hmoVm ahm h¡& dñVwV: amgmo H$mì` _ybV: amgH$ N>ÝX H$m g_wÀM` h¡& An^«§e _| CZVrg _mÌm H$m EH$ amgm ̀ m amg N>ÝX àMm{bV Wm& Eogo AZoH$ N>ÝXm| Ho$ JmZ H$s naånam H$Xm{MV bmoH$JrVm| _| ahr hmoJr& EH$agVm Z aho, Bg{bE ~rM ~rM _| Xygao N>ÝX OmoS>Zo Am¡a JmZo H$s àWm ̂ r Cg g_` go Mbr hmoJr& 'gÝXoeamgH$' BgH$m gwÝXa Z_yZm h¡& nhbo amgmo H$mì` N>ÝX _| {bIo Jò& H$mbmÝVa _| BZ_| ~Xbmd Am`m hmoJm {OZHo$ \$bñdén Jo` _wŠVH$ N>ÝXm| H$m Cn^moJ {H$`m OmZo bJm& '~rgbXod amgmo' EH$ Eogm hr ào_ àYmZ H$mì` h¡ {Og_| amgHo$Va N>ÝX H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡& AmJo MbH$a H$mì` H$m ̀ h én H$mo_b ̂ mdZmAm| Ho$ A{V[aŠV AÝ` ^mdm| H$s A{^ì`{ŠV H$m dmhH$ ~Zm& ào_ ^md Ho$ gmW BZ_| dram| H$s JmWmË_H$ MoVZmAm| H$mo ñWmZ {_bm& Bg Vah Bg H$mb Ho$ amgmo H$mì` _| EH$ gmW {damo{MV Am¡a l¥§Jmamo{MV ̂ mdZmAm| Ho$ dU©Z gwb^Vmnyd©H$ {_b OmVo h¡&

amgmo gm{hË` _ybV: gm_§Vr-ì`dñWm, àH¥${V Am¡a g§ñH$ma go CnOm hþAm gm{hË` h¡, {Ogo 'Xoer^mfm H$mì`' Ho$ Zm_ go ̂ r OmZm OmVm h¡& Bg gm{hË` Ho$ aMZmH$ma {hÝXy amOnyV amOml` _| ahZodmbo MmaU ̀ m ̂ mQ> Wo& g_mO _| CZH$m ñWmZ Am¡a gå_mZ Wm, Š`m|{H$ CZH$m OwS>md grYo amOm go hmoVm Wm& ̀ o MmaU ̀ m ̂ mQ> H$bmnmaIr Am¡a H$bmaMZm _| {ZnwU hmoVo Wo& ̀ o Hw$ebVm go ̀ wÜX H$aZm ̂ r OmZVo Wo Am¡a ̀ wÜX ewé hmoZo na AnZr goZm H$s AJwdmB© {déXmdbr Jm- JmH$a {H$`m H$aVo Wo& ò amOmAm|, Aml`XmVmAm|, dra nwéfm| VWm g¡{ZH$m| Ho$ dramo{MV `wÜX KQ>ZmAm| H$mo Ho$db ~‹T>m> MT>mH$a hr Zht, CgH$s `WmW©naH$ pñW{V`m| Ed§ gÝX^m] H$mo ̂ r ~marH$s Ho$ gmW {M{ÌV H$aVo Wo& dramo{MV ̂ mdZmAm| Ho$ dU©Z Ho$

30

{bE BÝhm|Zo 'amgH$ `m amgmo' N>ÝX H$m à`moJ {H$`m Wm, Š`m|{H$ `h N>ÝX Bg ^mdZm H$mo gåào{fV H$aZo Ho$ {bE AZwHy$b Wm& Bg{bE BZHo$ Ûmam a{MV H$mì` H$mo 'amgmo H$mì`' H$hm J`m& amgmo H$mì` naånam Ho$ à{V{Z{Y J«ÝW Bg àH$ma h¡-

1. Iw_mU amgmo :- amgmo H$mì` naånam H$s àmapå^H$ aMZmAmo§ _| 'Iw_mUamgmo' H$m ñWmZ

gdm}n[a h¡& BgH$m gd©àW_ CëboI {edqgh g|Ja H$s H¥${V '{edqgh gamoO' _| {_bVm h¡& BgHo$ aM{`Vm Xbn{V {dO` h¢& Am. am_MÝÐ ewŠb BgH$mo Zdt eVmãXr (gZ² 812 B©.) H$s aMZm _mZVo h¢& Bg_| amOñWmZ Ho$ {MVm¡S>-Zaoe Iw_U (Iwå_mU) {ÛVr` Ho$ `wÜXm| H$m gOrd dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡& Bg J«ÝW ^r àm_m{UH$ hñV{b{IV à{V nyZm-g§J«hmb` _| gya{jV h¡& Iw_mU amgmo 'nm±M hOma N>ÝXmo§ H$m EH$ {demb J«ÝW h¢& Bg_| g_H$mbrZ amOmAmo§ Ho$ Amngr {ddmXm| Ho$ ~mX hþE EH$Vm Ho$ gmW Aã~m{g`m d§e Amb_m_y§ Ibr\$m Am¡a Iw_mU Ho$ gmW hþE ̀ wÜX H$m {MÌU {_bVm h¡& Bg H¥${V H$m à_wI à{VnmÚ amOm Iw_mU H$m M[aÌmÝH$Z H$aZm h¡ CZHo$ M[aÌ Ho$ Xmo àñWmZ {~ÝXw h¢-EH$ `wÜX Am¡a Xygam ào_& Iw_mU Ho$ ào_ H$mo Xem©Zo Ho$ {bE hr H¥${VH$ma Zo {ddmh, Zm{`H$m ̂ oX, fQ²>F$VwdU©Z H$m {dñV¥V dU©Z {H$`m h¡ Omo a_Ur` h¡& AÝ` amgmo J«ÝWm| Ho$ g_mZ Bg_| ̂ r l¥ÝJma Am¡a dra -XmoZm| ag àYmZ aho h¢& Bg_| Xmohm, gd¡`m, H${dÎm Am{X {d{dY N>ÝXm| H$m gwMmI à`moJ hþAm h¡& BgH$s ^mfm amOñWmZr {hÝXr ahr h¡ H$mì` gm¡ÝX¶© ̂ mfme¡br H$s Ñ{ï>g| ¶h EH$ gab Am¡a g’$b H$mì¶ _mZm OmVm h¡& BgH$s gag,gab ̂ mfm e¡br H$m CXmhaU Ñï>ì` h¡ -

'' {nC {MVm¡S> Z Am{dD$, gmdU nhbr VrO& Omod¡ dmQ> {dahrUr, {IU {IU AUd¡ IrO&&gÝXogmo {nC gm{h~m, nmN>mo {\$[a` Z Xoh& n§N>r Kmë`m qnOa|, Ny>Q>U amo gÝXoh&&''

2. na_mb amgmo :-amgmo H$mì` naånam H$s à_wI H¥${V Ho$ én _| 'na_mb amgmo' H$m Zm_ ̂ r

{b`m OmVm h¡& Bgo 'AmëhmIÊS>' ̂ r H$hVo h¡& Am. am_MÝÐ ewŠb Zo Bgo '~¡boS>' VWm S>m°. am_Hw$_ma d_m© Zo Bgo 'draJmWm' H$mì` H$hm h¡& Hw$N> {dÛmZ Bgo '{dH$gZerb bmoH$ _hmH$mì`' _mZVo h¡& BgH$s OZVm _| AË`{YH$ bmoH${à`Vm H$mo XoI S>m°. {J«`g©Z Zo Bgo dV©_mZ `wJ H$m gdm©{YH$ bmoH${à` _hmH$mì` _mZm Wm& A^r VH$ BgH$s àm_m{UH$ à{V CnbãY Zht hþB© h¡& BgHo$ aM{`Vm OJ{ZH$ h¡, Omo _hmo~m Ho$ Zaoe na_{X© Xod do Am{lV Wo& aMZmH$ma Zo Bg H$mì` _| _hmo~m Xoe Ho$ Xmo bmoH$-à{gÜX dram|- Amëhm Am¡a D$Xb Ho$ dra M[aÌ H$mo ̀ WmW© T>§J go àñVwV {H$`m h¡& BZHo$ Ûmam {H$ò Jò {d{^ÝZ ̀ wÜXm| H$m ~S>r CÎmoOH$ ^mfm _| dU©Z Bg J«ÝW H$s {deofVm h¡& Bg _| Amëhm N>ÝX (dra N>ÝX) H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡& BgH$s ^mfm ~¡gdmS>r h¡& `h H$mì` {e{jV g_mO H$s Anojm A{e{jV `m AÜX©-{e{jV g_mO _| hr A{YH$ bmoH${à` ahm h¡& ̀ h gX¡d Jm`H$m| H$s naånam Ûmam hr {dH${gV hmoVm ahm h¡& `h EH$ Jo`-H$mì` h¡& BgH$s _yb àoaUm d¡`{ŠVH$ dra ^mdZm, ñdm{^_mZ, XX© Am¡a

31

gmhgnyU© ̂ mdm| H$m dU©Z H$aZo H$s ahr h¡-''~mah ~[ag h¡ Hy$Hw$a {OE±, Am¡ Voah b¡ {OE± {g`ma&~[ag AR>mah N>Ìr {OE±, AmJo OrdZ H$mo {YŠH$ma&&''gXm Va¡`m Z ~Z \y$b¡, _mamo gXm Z gmdZ hmo`& ñdJ© _S>¡`m g~ H$mSy>± H$mo, ̀ mamo gXm Z Ord¡ H$mo`&&''

3. hå_ra amgmo :-'hå_ra amgmo' A^r VH$ EH$ ñdV§Ì H¥${V Ho$ én _| CnbãY Zht hmo gH$m

h¡& An^«§e Ho$ 'àmH¥$V n¢Jb_²' Zm_H$ EH$ g§J«h-J«ÝW _| g§J«hrV hå_ra {df`H$ 8 N>ÝXm| H$mo XoI Am. ewŠbOr Zo Bgo EH$ ñdV§Ì J«ÝW _mZ {b`m Wm& àM{bV YmaUm Ho$ AZwgma Bg H¥${V Ho$ aM{`Vm emS>©J:Ya _mZo OmVo h¡& naÝVw Hw$N> nXm| _| 'OÁOb ̂ Uh' dmŠ`m§e XoI n§. amhþb ñmm§H¥$Ë`m`Z Zo Bg_| OÁOb Zm_H$ {H$gr H${d H$s aMZm _mZm h¡& Am. hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ 'àmH¥$V n¢Jb_²' H$s Q>rH$m _| ̂ r BÝh| OÁOb H$s hr C{ŠV _mZm J`m h¡; AV: BgHo$ aM{`Vm emS>©J:Ya Z hmoH$a OÁOb h¡& Bg H${d _| hå_ra Xod Am¡a AëbmCÔrZ Ho$ `wÜX H$m dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡& BgH$m aMZmH$mb 13 dt eVr _mZm OmVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ hå_ra Xod gZ² 1300 B©. _o§ AëbmCÔrZ H$s MT>mB© _| _mao Jò Wo& Bg H¥${V H$m CÔoí` hå_ra Xod H$s draVm H$m dU©Z H$aZm h¡&

4. {dO`nmb amgmo :-{_l~ÝYwAm| Zo AnZo J«ÝW '{_l~ÝYw {dZmoX' _| Bg naånam H$s EH$ aMZm

'{dO`nmb amgmo' H$m CëboI {H$`m h¡& BgHo$ aM{`Vm Zëhqgh ^mQ> _mZo OmVo h¡& BgH$m aMZmH$mb gZ² 1298 B©. _mZm OmVm h¡& S>m°. amOZmW e_m© Ho$ AZwgma Bg H¥${V _| {dO`nmb qgh Am¡a ~§J amOm Ho$ ̀ wÜX H$m dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡& S>m°. amO~br nmÊS>o` Ho$ AZwgma Bg aMZm _| aMZmH$ma Zo amOm {dO`nmb qgh Am¡a ~§J amOm Ho$ ~rM hþE ̀ wÜXm| H$mo gOrd én _| {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡& Bg H¥${V _| Ho$db 42 N>ÝX hr CnbãY h¡&

5. ~rgbXod amgmo :-'~rgbXod amgmo' Bg H$mì`-naånam H$s nm±Mdr H¥${V h¡& BgH$s aMZm-

''~mah go ~amoÎmam _§Pm[a& OoR> ~Xr Zd_r ~w{Ydmar'' Ho$ AZwgma Ooð> dXr Zd_r, {XZ ~wYdma gZ² 1155 B©. (g§db 1212) _| hþB© Wr& BgHo$ aM{`Vm Zan{V Zmëh _mZo OmVo h¢, Omo AO_oa Ho$ Mm¡hmU amOm ~rgbXod ({dJ«hamO MVwW©) Ho$ g_H$mbrZ Wo& Bg_| AO_oa Zaoe {dJ«hamO, CnZm_ ~rgbXod Am¡a CZH$s nËZr, amOm ^moO H$s nwÌr amO_Vr Ho$ {ddmh, H$bh, {dah Am¡a {_bZ Ho$ _m{_©H$ {MÌ A§{H$V {H$ò Jò h¡& Bg J«ÝW H$s g~go {Zambr {deofVm ̀ h h¡ {H$ ̀ h {hÝXr Ho$ AÝ` amgm| J«ÝWm| Ho$ g_mZ draVm H$m àepñVJm`Z Z hmoH$a H$mo_b ào_ Ho$ _Ywa, _m{_©H$ Am¡a g§doXZerb én H$m A_a {MÌ h¡& {dàbå^-l¥ÝJma BgH$m àYmZ dÊ`© {df` h¡& Mma IÊS>m| _| {d^m{OV gdm gm¡ N>ÝXm| H$m `h N>moQ>m gm H$mì` àU` gådoXZm H$m ÐdUerb, öX`J«mhr én àñVwV H$aVm h¡& BgHo$ àW_ IÊS> _| ~rgbXod Am¡a

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_mbdm Ho$ ̂ moO na_ma H$s H$Ý`m amO_Vr H$m {ddmh dU©Z, Xygao IÊS> _| ~rgbXod H$m amZr go éT>H$a C{S>gm OmZm VWm dhm± ~mah dfm] VH$ ahZm, Vrgao IÊS> _| amO_Vr H$m {dah dU©Z VWm ~rgbXod H$m CS>rgm go bm¡Q>Zm Am¡a Mm¡Wo IÊS> _| ̂ moO H$m AnZr nwÌr H$mo AnZo Ka bo AmZo H$s H$Wm VWm ~rgbXod H$m Cgo nwZ: {MÎmm¡S> bm¡Q>m bmZo H$m àg§J d{U©V h¡& ̀ h gmar H$Wm b{bV _wŠVH$m| _| H$hr JB© h¡&

'gÝXoe amgH$' H$s ^m±{V ~rgbXod amgmo ^r _w»`V: {dah H$mì` h¡& `h J«ÝW {dah Ho$ ñdm^m{dH$ {MÌ, g§`moJ Am¡a {dàbå^ l¥ÝJma H$s g\$b CX²^mdZm Am¡a gmW hr àH¥${V Ho$ én {MÌm| go n[anyU© h¡& Bg J«ÝW H$s g~go ~S>r {deofVm `h h¡ {H$ {d{dY KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ dU©Zm| Ho$ hmoVo hþE ̂ r Bg H$mì` _| B{Vd¥ÎmmË_H$Vm Zht h¡& Zm{`H$m amO_Vr H$m M[aÌ ~S>m hr gOrd VWm {dbjU ~Z nS>m h¡& ''_Ü` ̀ wJ Ho$ g_yMo qhXr gm{hË` _| O~mZ H$s BVZr VoO Am¡a _Z H$s BVZr Iar Zm{`H$m Zht XrI nS>Vr h¡& '' amOm ~rgbXod Zo EH$ {XZ amOH$s` A{^_mZ H$s am¡ _| H$hm {H$ _oao g_mZ Xygam ^ynmb Zht& amZr amO_Vr go `h {_Ï`m{^_mZ Z gh>m J`m& CgZo H$hm {H$ CS>rgm H$m amOm Vw_go YZr h¡& {Og àH$ma Vwåhmao amÁ` _o§ Z_H$ {ZH$bVm h¡, Cgr Vah CgHo$ Ka _| hrao H$s admZm| go hram {ZH$bVm h¡& amOm Bg na Ob-^yZ J`m Am¡a éQ>> J`m VWm amZr H|$ bmI AZwZ`-{dZ` H$aZo na ̂ r C{S>gm {ZH$b J`m& amO_Vr O~mZ H$s VoO h¡ Vmo Š`m hþAm, Am{Ia h¡ Vmo Zmar hr& {dah go CgH$m öX` drXrU© hmo OmVm h¡, Cgo AnZo ór-OrdZ na amoZm AmVm h¡& _hoe (na_oída) H$mo CbmhZm XoVr hþB© dh H$hVr h¡ {H$-

""Aór` OZ_ H$mB© XrKC> _hoeAda OZ_ YmaB KZm ao Zaoe,am{Z Z {gaOr` amoPS>r,KUh Z {gaOr` Ydw{b` JmB©&''

AWm©V ''ór H$m OÝ_ Vw_Zo Š`m| {X`m ? XoZo Ho$ {bò Vmo Vwåhmao nmg Am¡a ̂ r AZoH$ OÝ_ Wo& amOamUr H$m OÝ_ Z XoH$a ̀ {X dZ IÊS> H$s H$mbr H$mo`b ̂ r ~Zm`m hmoVm Vmo Am_ Am¡a Månm H$s S>mbr na Vmo ~¡R>Vr, A§Jya Am¡a ~rOmoar Ho$ \$b Vmo ImVr& dmñVd _| amO_Vr H$m ̀ h H$WZ dmgZm{^^yV _Ü``wJrZ nwéf Ho$ ñdmW© Am¡a CgH$s A{V H$m_w_Vm_`r agrH$Vm H$s {eH$ma ~Zr hþB© _Ü``wJrZ Zmar H$s AmË_m H$m H$ê$U H«$ÝXZ Ed§ MrËH$ma h¡& amO_Vr H$s AmË_m {dÐmo{hUr, _Z A{^_mZr Am¡a O~mZ àIa h¡& ~mah df© Ho$ níMmV² amOm Ho$ dmng bm¡Q>Zo na amZr H$s H¡$Mr O¡gr O~mZ Zo {\$a ~ma H$a {X`m, CgZo amOm H$mo VmZm _ma hr {X`m {H$- 'ñdm_r Kr {dUmOo ̀ h ZB Or{V`S> Vob'& AWm©V² ho ñdm_r! Vw_Zo dm{UÁ` Vmo Kr H$m Oéa {H$`m {H$ÝVw ñd`§ Im`m Vob hr& BVZr gwÝXa Zmar go {ddmh Vmo {H$`m, {H$ÝVw CgHo$ Cn`moJ H$aZo H$m gm¡^m½` Vwåh| Z {_b gH$m& A{^ì`{ŠV H$s VmOJr Am¡a ̂ mdm| H$s Vrd«Vm Ho$ H$maU ~rgbXod amgmo bmoH$OrdZ Ho$ a§J _| A{YH$ a§Jm hþAm h¡& amO_Vr Ho$ {d`moJ dU©Z Ho$ {bE H${d Zo Omo ~mah_mgm {X`m h¡ dh AnZo T>§J H$m AHo$bm h¡&

6. n¥ÏdramO amgmo :-amgmo H$mì` naånam H$m gd©loð> Ed§ à{V{Z{Y J«ÝW n¥ÏdramO amgmo h¡& Am.

ewŠbOr Zo Bgo {hÝXr H$m àW_ _hmH$mì` Am¡a BgHo$ aM{`Vm M§XdaXmB© H$mo {hÝXr H$m àW_

33

H${d _mZm h¡& M§XdaXmB© {Xëbr Zaoe n¥ÏdramO Mm¡hmU Ho$ à_wI gm_§V gbmhH$ma, {_Ì Am¡a amO H${d Wo& BZHo$ {df` _| à{gÜX h¡ {H$ n¥ÏdramO Am¡a M§XdaXmB© XmoZm| H$m OÝ_ EH$ hr {XZ Am¡a _¥Ë`w ̂ r EH$ hr {XZ hþB© Wr& H${d MÝX Ho$ Mma nwÌ Wo, {OZ_| go MVwW© nwÌ OëhU Wm& {Og g_` n¥ÏdramO H$mo _whå_X Jm¡ar ~ÝXr ~ZmH$a JOZr bo J`m Vmo Cg g_` MÝXdaXmB© ^r CgHo$ nrN>o JE Am¡a AnZo nwÌ OëhU H$mo AnZr AYyar aMZm 'n¥ÏdramO amgmo' gm¢n JE Wo& Bg gå~ÝY _| ̀ h C{ŠV à{gÜX h¡-

'nwñVH$ OëhU hmW X¡, M{b JÁOZ Z¥n H$mO& ' ~mX _| OëhU Zo Bg AYyar aMZm H$mo nyam {H$`m Wm&

n¥ÏdramO amgmo Ho$ ~¥hV, _Ü`_, bKw Am¡a bKwV_ Mma g§ñH$aU à{gÜX h¡& BZ Mmam| g§ñH$aUm| H$mo XoIH$a n¥ÏdramO amgmo H$s àm_m{UH$Vm H$mo boH$a {dÛmZm| Ho$ VrZ dJ© h¡& {dÛmZm| H$m EH$ dJ© n¥ÏdramO amgmo H$mo nyU©V`m Ombr Ed§ Aàm_m{UH$ _mZZo dmbm| H$m h¡ {Og_| S>m°. ~yba, Jm¡are§H$a hramMÝX AmoPm, _w§er XodràgmX, Am. am_MÝÐ ewŠb Am{X {dÛmZ à_wI h¡& Xygam dJ© n¥ÏdramO amgmo H$mo àm_m{UH$ aMZm _mZZo dmbo {dÛmZm| H$m h¡& Bg dJ© _| S>m°. í`m_gwÝXaXmg, _mohZbmb {dîUwbmb n§S>`m, {_l ~ÝYw, H$Z©b Q>mS> Am{X {dÛmZ AmVo h¡& {dÛmZm| H$m Vrgam dJ© n¥ÏdramO amgmo H$mo AÜX©àm_m{UH$ aMZm _mZZo dmbm| H$m h¡& Bg dJ© _| Am. hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr, S>m°. gwZr{VHw$_ma MQ>Ou Am{X. {dÛmZ h¡&

n¥ÏdramO amgmo H$s àm_m{UH$Vm ̂ bo hr g§{X½Y hmo, na§Vw H$mì`-gm¡ÝX`© H$s Ñ{ï> go ̀ h ~oOmoS> h¡& Bgo _hm^maV Ho$ g_mZ {dH$gZerb _hmH$mì` _mZm OmVm h¡& ag H$s Ñ{ï> go Bg_| l¥§Jma Am¡a dra ag XmoZm| H$m gwÝXa n[anmH$ hþAm h¡& ò XmoZm| ag n¥ÏdramO Mm¡hmU Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd Ho$ Xmo nhbwAm| H$mo CX²Km{Q>V H$aVo h¡& dra Am¡a l¥§Jma ag XmoZm| agm| H$s n¥ð>^y{_ _| Zmar h¡& Cgo nmZo Ho$ {bE ̀ wÜX hmoVo h¡ Am¡a nm boZo na OrdZ H$m {dbmg nj AnZr nyar a_Ur`Vm Ho$ gmW CâVm h¡& `wÜX dU©Z _| Ohm± H${d Zo em¡`© Ed§ draVm Ho$ àXe©Z _| AnZr H$b_ H$s e{ŠV {XImB© h¡ dhm± l¥ÝJma ag Ho$ gag dU©Zm| _| ^r AnZr AX²^yV H$ënZm-e{ŠV H$m n[aM` {X`m h¡& dra ag H$m dU©Z hmo AWdm l¥ÝJma ag H$m, H${d Zo Z¡{VH$Vm H$s gr_m H$m Cëb§KZ Zht {H$`m h¡, {Oggo XmoZm| agm| H$m {Zdm©h g§Vw{bV Ed§ gmpËdH$ hþAm h¡& ehm~wÔrZ H$s goZm Ho$ gmW hþE n¥ÏdramO Ho$ ̀ wÜX H$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE H${d n¥ÏdramO Ho$ ̀ wÜX- H$m¡eb H$s {deofVm ~VmVo hþE H$hVo h¡-

''W{H$ aho gya H$m¡{VH$ {JJZ, aJZ-_JZ ̂ B© l¥moZ Ya& h{X haUo dra O½Jo hþbg, hþaoS> a§{J ZdaÎm da&&''

AWm©V² n¥ÏdramO Mm¡hmZ Ho$ ̀ wÜX, H$m¡eb Ed§ draVm H$mo XoIH$a gy`© ̂ r ñV§{^V hmoH$a R>ha J`m& Bg ̀ wÜX _| hþE Zag§hma go gmar YaVr aŠV go ̂ a JB©& Eogo ̀ wÜX H$mo XoIH$a dra ̀ moÜXm Cëbmg go ̂ a CR>o VWm CZHo$ Moham| na àgÝZVm go aŠV H$s bm{b_m N>m JB©&

BpÀN>Zr, g§`mo{JVm Am¡a e{ed«Vm Ho$ {ddmh àg§Jm| _|, Zm{`H$m Ho$ gm¡ÝX`©-dU©Z _|, {ddmhmonamÝV àW_ a{V Ho$ Ñí`m| _o§ l¥ÝJma ag H$m gag dU©Z H${d Zo {H$`m h¡& H${d Zo BpÀN>Zr H$s gm¡ÝX`© emo^m H$m, àW_ g_mJ_ H$s C_§J Ho$ gmW hr ̂ `, H§$nZ Am{X H$m ~S>m gwÝXa dU©Z {H$`m h¡& dh gdmªJ _| H$m_ H$s Va§J Ho$ ahVo hþE ^r àW_ Ho${b Ho$ g_` Eogo H$m±nVr h¡, O¡go _§X dm`w Ho$ hbHo$ PH$moao go bVm-

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''hb hb¡ bVm H$Nw> _§X dm`. Zd dYy Ho${b ̂ ` H§$n nm`& Cn_m Ca H$pìd H${h` Vm§_, OwìdZ Va§J A§{J A§{J H$m_&&''

dra Am¡a l¥ÝJma ag Ho$ A{V[aŠV AÝ` agm| H$éU, am¡ÝÐ, ~r^Ëg Am{X H$s ̂ r gå`H$ ̀ moOZm H$s h¡& n¥ÏdramO O~ e{ed«Vm H$mo Ir§MH$a KmoS>o H$s nrR> na ~¡R>m boVm h¡, Vmo Cg g_` à{VamoY Ho$ H$maU n¥ÏdramO _| am¡Ð, e{ed«Vm _| H$éU, gm_ÝVm| _| dra, g{I`m| _| hmñ`, eÌwAm| _| dr^Ëg Am¡a H$_YÁO draMÝX _| ̂ `mZH$ ag EH$ gmW {XImB© nS>Vo h¡&

dñVw-dU©Z H$s Ñ{ï> go ^r amgmo H$m gm¡ÝX`© AVwbZr` h¡& Bg_| ZJa, CndZ, dZ, goZm, ̀ wÜX Ho$ dU©Zm| Ho$ A{V[aŠV F$VwdU©Z, ZI-{eI gm¡ÝX`© dU©Z ̂ r A{V gag h¡& n¥ÏdramO amgmo _| ̀ wÜX dU©Z Ho$ {bE qS>Jb ̂ mfm VWm l¥ÝJma dU©Zm| _| qnJb ̂ mfm H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡& amgmo-H$mì` naånam _| ̀ h EH$ A{ÛVr` H$mì` h¡ Am¡a Am{XH$mbrZ H$mì` H$s àd¥{Îm`m| H$m {ddoMZ _w»`V: Bg H$mì` H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a hr {H$`m OmVm h¡ {Oggo BgH$m _hËd ñdV: {gÜX hmo OmVm h¡&

amgmo gm{hË`/ H$mì` H$s gm_mÝ` {deofVmE±

amgmo gm{hË` _ybV: gm_ÝVr ì`dñWm, àH¥${V Am¡a g§ñH$ma go CnOm hþAm gm{hË` h¡ {OgH$m _w»` ñda draËd H$m ahm h¡& Bg gm{hË` Ho$ aMZmH$ma {hÝXy amOnyV amOml` _| ahZo dmbo MmaU ̀ m ̂ mQ> Wo& g_mO _| CZH$m ñWmZ gå_mZ H$m Wm, Š`m|{H$ CZH$m OwS>md grYo amOm go hmoVm Wm& ̀ o MmaU ̀ m ̂ mQ> H$bmnmaIr Am¡a H$bm- aMZm _| {ZnwU hmoVo Wo& ̀ o ̀ wÜX H$bm ̂ r OmZVo Wo, Omo ̀ wÜX hmoZo na AnZr goZm H$s AJwdmB© {déXmdbr Jm-JmH$a {H$`m H$aVo Wo& ò amOmAm|, Aml`XmVmAm|, dra nwéfm| VWm g¡{ZH$m| Ho$ dramo{MV `wÜX KQ>ZmAm| H$mo Ho$db ~T>m-MT>mH$a hr Zhr§, CgH$s ̀ WmW©naH$ pñW{VAm| Ed§ gÝX^m] H$mo ̂ r ~marH$s Ho$ gmW {M{ÌV H$aVo Wo& dramo{MV ^mdZmAm| Ho$ dU©Z Ho$ {bE BÝhm|Zo ''amgH$ `m amgmo'' N>ÝX H$m à`moJ {H$`m Wm, Š`m|{H$ `h N>ÝX Bg ^mdZm H$mo gåào{fV H$aZo Ho$ {bE AZwHy$b Wm& Bgr{bE BZHo$ Ûmam a{MV gm{hË` H$mo 'amgmo gm{hË`' H$hm J`m& Bg H$mì` H$s gm_mÝ` {deofVmE± Bg àH$ma h¡:-

1. g§{X½Y aMZmE° :-Bg H$mb _| CnbãY hmoZodmbr àm`… g^r amgmo aMZmE± Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm H$s

Ñ{ï> go g§{X½Y _mZr OmVr h¡& Bg H$mb _| a{MV Mma H$mì` J«ÝW àmßV hþE h¢ - 'Iw_mZ amgmo', '{~gbXod amgmo' 'n¥ÏdramO amgmo' VWm 'na_mb amgmo'& ^mfm e¡br Am¡a {df` gm_J«r H$s Ñ{ï> go BZ J«ÝWm| Ho$ gå~ÝY _| H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ BZ_| {ZaÝVa H$B© eVmpãX`m| VH$ n[adV©Z Am¡a n[adY©Z hmoVo aho h¢& ̀ h n[adV©Z Am¡a n[adY©Z BVZo àMwa _mÌm _| hþE h¢ {H$ BZH$m _yë` én hr X~ J`m h¡& ̀ h ̂ r {ZpíMV Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm {H$ ̀ o J«ÝW Aml`XmVmAm| Ho$ g_` _| hr {bIo Jò hmo&

35

2. Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm H$m A^md :-Am{XH$mbrZ amgmo aMZmAm| _| B{Vhmg à{gÜX M[aÌ Zm`H$m| H$mo {b`m J`m

h¡ {H$ÝVw CZH$m dU©Z ̀ wÜX B{Vhmg H$s H$gm¡Q>r na Iam Zht CVaVm& BZ H${d`m| Ûmam {Xò JE g§dV² Am¡a {V{W`m± B{Vhmg go _ob Zht aIVr& BZ H$mì`m| _| B{Vhmg H$s Anojm H$ënZm H$m ~mhþë` h¡& B{Vhmg Ho$ {df` H$mo boH$a MbZodmbo H${d`m| _o Omo gmdYZVm Ano{jV hmoVr h¡, dh BZ H$mì` {Z_m©VmAmo§ _| Zhr& BZ H${d`m| Zo B{Vhmg H$mo A{Ve`mo{ŠV Am¡a H$ënZm na Zm¡N>mH$a H$a {X`m h¡& ̀ hm± VH$ {H$ n¥ÏdramO amgmo _| n¥ÏdramO H$mo CZ amOmAm| H$m ̂ r {dO`r _mZm J`m h¡ Omo CZgo H$hr eVmpãX`m| nyd© AWdm níMmV {dÚ_mZ Wo&

3. `wÜXm| H$m gOrd dU©Z :-`wÜXm| H$m gOrd dU©Z BZ J«ÝWm| H$m à_wI {df` h¡ Am¡a `h dU©Z BVZm

gOrd ~Z nS>m h¡ {H$ H$Xm{MV g§ñH¥$V gm{hË` ̂ r Bg {Xem _| BZ H$mì`m| H$s AmoS> Zht H$a gH$Vm& BZ H${d`m| H$m `wÜX dU©Z AË¶ÝV gOrd ~Z n‹S>m h¡, H$maU MmaU H${d Ho$db _{gOrdr hr Zht Wm g_` AmZo na hmW _| Vbdma boH$a bT>Zm ̂ r OmZVm Wm& XmoZm| Amoa H$s goZmAm| H$mo bT>Vo g_` ̀ wÜX _| à`wŠV AmH«$_U H$s ar{V`m| H$m O¡gm gOrd {MÌU Bg ̀ wJ Ho$ H${d`m| Zo {H$`m h¡ d¡gm n[adVu H${d`m| _| Zht {XImB© XoVm& CZH$s dra aMZmdbr _| eóm| H$s PZH$ma ñnï> {XImB© nS>Vr h¡ Am¡a CZHo$ ̀ wÜX dU©Z Ho$ gOrd {MÌU dra öX` _| AmO ̂ r draVm n¡Xm H$aVo h¡& `h g_` A§V[aH$ H$bhmo' Am¡a ~mhar AmH«$_Um| H$m g_` Wm, AV: AnZo AnZo Aml`XmVmAm| H$mo `wÜX Ho$ {bE CÎmo{OV H$aZm Bg H$mb Ho$ H${d H$m à_wI H$V©ì`-gm ~Z J`m Wm&

4. `wÜXm| H$m _yb H$ZH$, H$m{_Zr Am¡a ̂ y{_ :-draJmWm H$mb H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo Ho$ níMmV² ̀ h ~mV ñnï> én go {XImB©

XoVr h¡ {H$ Bg ̀ wJ _| ̀ wÜX {ZaÝVa hþAm H$aZo Wo& ̀ wÜX Ho$ _yb _| H$ZH$, H$m{_Zr AWdm ̂ y{_ _| go H$moB© EH$ _w»` H$maU Ho$ én _| H$m`© H$aVo hþE {XImB© XoVr h¡& A{YH$Va Zm[a`m± hr ̀ wÜX H$m à_wI H$maU hþAm H$aVr Wr& gmW hr gmW dra JmWm H$mì` _| Hw$N> Eogo ̂ r Zaoe Wo Omo AnZm gm_«mÁ` {dñVma H$aZm MmhVo Wo& H$^r-H$^r amOH$mO MbmZo Ho$ {bE YZ H$s Amdí`H$Vm nS>Vr Wr& VmËn`©, ̀ wÜX Ho$ _yb _| ̀ h VrZm| MrO| H$m`©aV Wr& amgmo H$mì` BgH$m à_mU h¡&

5. g§Hw${MV amï´>r`Vm :-Am{XH$mbrZ amOm ñd`_² ewadra nm¡éf go n[anyU© Wo bo{H$Z CZ_| g§Hw${MV

amï´>r`Vm Wr& Cg g_` Ho$ amOmAm| Zo AnZo nMmg gm¡ Jm±dm| H$mo hr amï´> g_P aI Wm, CZ_|§ ì`mnH$ amï´>r`Vm H$s ̂ mdZm H$m A^md Wm& AO_oa Am¡a {Xëbr Ho$ amOmAm| H$mo H$ÝZmoO Am¡a H$qbJ Ho$ g_¥ÜX hmoZo AWdm COmS> OmZo na H$moB© hf© ̀ m {dfmX (Xw…I) Zht hmoVm Wm& BgH$m à^md BZ MmaU H${d`m| na ^r nS>m Wm& BZ H${d`m| Zo Or{dH$m àm{ßV Ho$ {bE AnZo Aml`XmVmAm| H$s ñVw{V _wŠV H§$R> go H$s h¡& XoeÐmohr O`M§X H$mo ̂ r Xoeào_r H$hbmZo dmbo

36

dra MmaU Cg g_` Wo& VmËn`© ̀ h h¡ {H$ ̀ {X Cg g_` amï´> H$m AW© ì`mnH$ én _| {b`m J`m hmoVm, Vmo {ZpíMV én go h_mao Xoe H$m _mZ{MÌ AmO Hw$N> Am¡a hmoVm, na Cg g_` Ho$ amOmAmo§ Zo Bg ~mV na H$moB© {deof Ü`mZ Zht {X`m& ̀ h h_mao Xoe H$m _hmXw^m©½` Wm&

6. dra Am¡a l¥ÝJma ag :- BZ amgmo J«ÝWm| _| dra VWm l¥ÝJma ag H$m AX²^yV gpå_lU h¡& Cg g_`

`wÜX H$m ~mOma Mmam| Amoa J_© Wm& dra ag H$m {OVZm gwÝXa n[anmH$ Bg H$mì` _| {_bVm h¡, CVZm {hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ {H$gr ̂ r H$mb _| Zhr {_bVm& Cg g_` H$s draVm H$m AmXe© {ZåZ n§pŠV`m| _|§ ñnï> hmoVm h¡ :-

''~mah ~ag b¡ Hw$H$a {Oò Am¡a Voah b¡ {Oò {g`ma& ~ag AR>mah jÌr {Oò AmJo OrdZ H$mo {YŠH$ma&&''

Am{XH$mbrZ ̀ wÜXm| H$m EH$_mÌ H$maU Zmar {bßgm h¡& ̀ wÜXm| H$m _yb H$maU Zmar H$mo H$pënV {H$`m J`m h¡, AV… l¥ÝJma ag H$m ̂ r Bg gm{hË` _| O_H$a gOrd dU©Z hþAm h¡&

7. Zmar Ho$ dra én H$m dU©Z :-draJmWmH$mbrZ H${d`m| Zo Zmar Ho$ dra én H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡& Cg O_mZo

_| Zm[a`m± dra nwéf H$mo n{V AWdm nwÌ Ho$ én _| nmZm AnZm gm¡^m½` g_PVr Wr& AnZo Y_© Am¡a H$V©ì` H$m nmbZ H$aVo hþE draJ{V H$mo àmßV H$aZo dmbo AnZo n{V H$m g_mMma àmßV H$aHo$ (nmH$a) amOnyV a_{U`m± àgÝZVm H$m AZw^d H$aVr Wr& Zmar AnZo n{V H$mo ha én go dra én _| XoIZoHo$ {bò AmVwa ahVr Wr& dh ̀ h Zhr§ MmhVr Wr {H$ CgH$m n{V ̀ wÜX ̂ y{_ go _w±h _moS> H$a namO` H$mo ñdrH$ma H$a Ho$ dmng AmE& Eogm hmoZo na dh IwX H$mo b{‚mV g_PVr Wr& draJmWmH$mbrZ Zmar H$m dra én {ZåZ n§{ŠV`m| _| ñnï> hmo OmVm h¡ -

'' ̂ ëbm hþAm Oy± _m[a`m ~{h{Z hdmam H§$Vw,bÁOoO§ Vw d`m§{gAhþ O¡ ̂ ½Jm Yê$ E§Vw&

(ho ~{hZ ! ̂ bm hþAm Omo _oam n{V ̀ wÜX _| _mam J`m ̀ {X dh ̂ mJH$a Am OmVm Vmo _wPo AnZr g{I`m| go b{ÁOV hmoZm nS>Vm&)

8. Aml`XmVmAm| H$s A{Vím`mo{ŠVnyU© àe§gm :- draJmWmH$mbrZ MmaU `m ^mQ> H${d`m| Zo AnZo AnZo Aml`XmVmAm| H$s

_wŠVH§$R> go PyR>r àe§gm H$s h¡& BZ H${d`m| Zo AnZo amOmAm| H$mo ~«÷, BÝÐ Am{X XodVmAm| go ^r ~T>H$a eya VWm dra ~Vm`m h¡& Cg g_` gm_ÝVdmX H$m ~mob~mbm Wm& amOm H$mo gdm}n[a _mZm OmVm Wm& Cg g_` Omo N>moQ>o N>moQ>o amOm Wo do h_oem gm_«mÁ` {dñVma Ho$ {bE Amng _| bT>Vo Wo& CZ_| Ho$pÝÐ` gÎmm H$mo hm{W`mZo H$s EH$ AmoT> gr bJr hþB© Wr& BZ amOm{lV H${d`m| Zo AnZo AnZo Aml`XmVmAm| H$s IwbH$a àe§gm H$s h¡, Omo dmñV{dH$Vm go CËnÝZ A{Ve`mo{ŠV go n[anyU© h¡&

37

9. OZ-OrdZ go gånH©$ Zhr§ :-MmaU H${d AnZo Aml`XmVmAm| H$s ñVw{V _| bJo hþE Wo, AV… BZH$s

aMZmAm| _| amOmAm| VWm gm_ÝVm| H$m OrdZ hr Câ H$a gm_Zo Am`m h¡& BZ H${d`m| Zo 'ñdm{_Z gwIm`' H$mì` H$s aMZm H$s h¡, 'gm_mÝ` OZ gwIm` ' H$s Zht& AV… BZH$s aMZmAm| _| gm_mÝ` OZ OrdZ Ho$ KmV-à{VKmVm| H$m A^md h¡& amOmAm| H$m JwUJmZ H$aZm hr BZ H${d`m| H$m CÔoí` Wm& n[aUm_V… gmYmaU OZVm Ho$ à{V BZH$m ÑpîQ>H$moZ AnojmH¥$V hrZ hr ahm& Cg H$mb _| OZ g_wXm` H$s pñW{V gmYaU Wr& BgH$m dU©Z H$aZo Ho$ {bò Am{XH$mb Ho$ H${d`m| Ho$ nmg AdH$me Zht Wm& MmaU H${d`m| H$s {dñVma ̂ ar A{^ì`{ŠV _| _ybV… amOm, gm_ÝV, ̀ moÜXm Am¡a ̀ wÜX Ho$ dU© {df` aho h¡, g_mO H$s àm`… Cnojm hþB© h¡&

10 àH¥${V-{MÌU :- Bg gm{hË` _| àH¥${V H$m Ambå~Z Am¡a CÔrnZ XmoZm| énm| _| {MÌU {H$`m

h¡& ZJa, ZXr,nd©V Am{X H$m dñVwdU©Z ̂ r gwÝXa ~Z nS>m h¡& A{YH$Va BZ H${d`m| Zo àH¥${V H$m {MÌU CÔrnZ én _| hr {H$`m h¢& àH¥${V H$m ñdV§Ì én _| {MÌU {H$ò hþE ñWmZ BZ H$mì`m| _| WmoS>o hmo {_bVo h¡& àH¥${V {MÌU H$s Omo CXmÎm e¡br N>m`mdmXr H$mì` _| {_bVr h¡, dh Bg H$mb Ho$ H$mì` _| Zht& H$ht H$ht Vmo BZ H${d`m| Zo àH¥${V {MÌU _| Zm_ n[aJV e¡br H$mo AnZm`m h¡, Ohm± agmoÝÐoH$ Ho$ ñWmZ na {ZagVm Am JB© h¡&

11 H$mì` Ho$ Xmo én :- Am{XH$mbrZ amgmo aMZmE± _wŠVH$ Am¡a à~ÝY XmoZm| énm| _| {_bVr h¢&

_wŠVH$ H$mì` H$m àmMrZ CnbãY J«ÝW '~rgbXod amgmo' h¡ VWm à~ÝY H$mì` H$m àmMrZ CnbãY J«ÝW {Ogo _hmH$mì` H$hm OmVm h¡ 'n¥ÏdramO amgmo ' h¡& BZ Xmo H$mì` énm| Ho$ A{V[aŠV Bg gm{hË` _| Am¡a Xygam H$mì` H$m H$moB© én Zhr {_bVm h¡& BZ_| H$mì` énm| H$s {d{dYVm H$m A^md h¡& Z Vmo Bg g_` Ñí` H$mì` {bIm J`m Am¡a Z hr JÚ {bIZo H$m à`ËZ {H$gr Zo {H$`m& Bg g_` H$s Hw$N> aMZmE± Aàm_m{UH$ Am¡a Hw$N> Zmo{Q>g _mÌ h¡& 'O`MÝX àH$me' VWm 'O`_`§H$ OgM§{ÐH$m' Bg H$mo{Q> Ho$ J«§W h¢&

12 amgmo J«ÝW :- Am{XH$mbrZ gm{hpË`H$ J«ÝWm| Ho$ gmW 'amgmo' eãX OwS>m hþAm h¡& Omo {H$

H$mì` eãX H$m n`m©`dmMr h¡& 'amgmo' eãX H$s ìæmwËn{Îm {d{^ÝZ {dÛmZ AnZo-AnZo T>§J go AbJ AbJ _mZVo h¢& Am. ewŠbOr 'amgmo' eãX H$m gå~ÝY ahñ` go _mZVo h¢, bo{H$Z 'drgbXod amgmo' ‘| BgH$m AW© agm`Z H$m n[aMm`H$ h¡ {OgH$m gå~ÝY _yb H$WmZH$ go h¡& _yb én _| amgmo eãX EH$ N>ÝX Ho$ {bò à`wŠV hþAm h¡, {OgH$m Cn`moJ An^«§e gm{hË` _| hþAm h¡&

13 N>ÝXmo§ H$m {d{dY _wIr à`moJ :- draJmWmH$mbrZ amgmo gm{hË` _| N>ÝX Ho$ joÌ _| Vmo _mZm| EH$ H«$mpÝV hr hmo

J`r h¡& N>ÝXm| H$m {OVZm {d{dY_wIr à`moJ Cg gm{hË` _| hþAm h¡ CVZm CgHo$ nyd©dVu gm{hË` _| Zht hþAm& Xmohm, ÌmoQ>H$,gmoaR>m, N>ßn`, JmWm, gQ>H$, amobm, Cëbmbm Am¡a

38

Hw$ÊS>{b`m± Am{X N>ÝXm| H$m à`moJ ~S>r H$bmË_H$Vm Ho$ gmW {H$`m J`m h¡& 'n¥ÏdramO amgmo' _| N>ÝXm| H$m n[adV©Z Am¡a à`moJ ~hþV A{YH$ _mÌm _| hþAm h¡, bo{H$Z H$ht ̂ r _yb H$WmZH$ _| ~mYm CËnÝZ Zht hmoVr& S>m°.hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr n¥ÏdramO amgmo Ho$ gå~ÝY _| {bIVo h¢- ""amgmo Ho$ N>ÝX O~ ~XbVo h¢, Vmo lmoVm Ho$ öX` _| àg§JmZwHy$b H$ånZ CËnÝZ H$aVo h¢&''

14 AbÝH$ma :- draJmWmH$mbrZ MmaU H${d`m| Zo AbÝH$mam| na {deof Ü`mZ Zht {X`m,

{\$a ̂ r Cn_m, énH$, CËàojm Am{X AbÝH$mam| H$m ñWmZ-ñWmZ na gwÝXa à`moJ XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& n¥ÏdramO amgmo _| ~hþV gmao AbÝH$mam| H$m {MÌU Z hmoVo hþE ̂ r Hw$N> AbÝH$mam| H$m à`moJ gwÝXa én _| hþAm h¡, Omo gOrd Ed§ gwÝXa h¢& CËàojm VWm A{Ve`mo{ŠV AbÝH$mam| H$m gwÝXa dU©Z Xo{Iò -

'' _Zhþ H$ÝV g{g_mZ H$bm gmobh gmo ~pÝh_m&~m¡h d¡g g{OVm g{_n A_¥V ag {nÝZrnm&&''

Bg Vah Bg gm{hË` _| AbÝH$mam| H$m à`moJ Mmho H$_ g§»`m _| hþAm h¡, bo{H$Z {OVZo ̂ r AbÝH$mam| H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡, dh gOrd Ed§ gwÝXa h¢&

15 qS>Jb Am¡a qnJb ̂ mfm :-draJmWmH$mbrZ amgmo H$mì` H$s EH$ AÝ` CëboI{Z` {deofVm h¡ qS>Jb

Am¡a qnJb ^mfm H$m à`moJ& Cg g_` H$s gm{hpË`H$ amOñWmZr ^mfm H$mo AmO Ho$ {dÛmZ {S>§Jb Zm_ go OmZVo h¢& ̀ h ̂ mfm draËd Ho$ ñda Ho$ {bò ~hþV Cn`wŠV ̂ mfm h¡& draJmWmAm| Ho$ aM{`Vm MmaU H${d AnZr H${dVm amOXa~ma _| D$°§Mo ñda _| JmVo ̀ m nT>Vo Wo& qS>Jb ̂ mfm CgHo$ Cn`wŠV Wr& àm`… BgH$m à`moJ ̀ wÜX dU©Z Ho$ {bE hr hþAm h¡& qnJb ̂ mfm H$m à`moJ àm`… {ddmh Am¡a ào_ Ho$ àg§Jmo§ Ho$ dU©Z Ho$ {bE {H$`m OmVm Wm& Bg Vah ̀ wÜX dU©Z Ho$ {bò {S>§Jb Am¡a ào_ ̀ m {ddmh dU©Z Ho$ {bò qnJb ̂ mfm H$m à`moJ hmoVm Wm&

2.4 ~moY àíZ …-

1. Am{XH$mc-Zm‘H$aU na {d{^Þ {dÛmZmo Ho$ ‘V Ho$ gmW Am{XH$mcrZ gm{hË¶ na {dñV¥V coI {c[IE&

2. cm¡{H$H$ gm{hË¶ H$s à‘wI {deofVmE± {c{IE?3. {ZåZ {c{IV na {Q>ßnUr {c{IE&

A. {gÕ gm{hË¶Am. ZmW gm{hË¶B. O¡Z gm{hË¶B©. amgmo gm{hË¶

39

boIH$ - S>m°. ~mbmOr Jm¶H$dm‹S>

40

^{ŠV H$m CX²^d Am¡a {dH$mg

^p³VH$mc

41

^{ŠV H$m CX²^d Am¡a {dH$mg

^maVr` Y_© gmYZm ào_ ̂ {ŠV H$mo {d{eï> ñWmZ h¡Ÿ& ̂ {ŠV Ho$ CX²^d Ho$ g§X^© _| H$B© {dX²>dmZm| Zo AnZo-AnZo _V ì`ŠV {H$E h¡Ÿ& _mo{Zà {d{b`åg Ho$ AZwgma ̂ {ŠV eãX H$s CËn{Îm "Ô²' eãX go hþB© h¡ {Og H$m AW© hmoVm h¡- "^mJ boZm'Ÿ& ̂ {ŠV Ho$ àW_ CëboI Ho$ g§~§Y _| Am. naewam_ MVwd}Xr {bIVo h¢- ''^{ŠVH$m gd©àW_ CëboI 'ídoVmídoVa Cn{ZfX²' (6/33) _| {_bVm h¡Ÿ& ̀ h ̂ r CëboI{Z` h¡ {H$ Am`m] Ho$ ̂ maV AmZo na CÝh| ̀ hm± H$s `j, {H$ÝZa, J§Yd©, Agwa, d«mË`, {dÚmYa Am{X Om{V`m| H$s ZmJa g§ñH¥${VH$m n[aM` {_bm WmŸ& Am`© bmoJ _w»`V… g¡{ZH$ OrdZ Ho$ Aä`mgr Wo Am¡a CZH$m OmVr` OrdZ J«m_rU g§ñH¥${V na AmYm[aV WmŸ& BZ XmoZm| Ho$ {_bZ Am¡a nmañn[aH$ AmXmZ-àXmZ go ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$m {dH$mg hþAm, {OgH$s N>Ì N>m`m _| ^{ŠV naånam H$m ~rO {dH${gV hþAmŸ&'' Hw$N> {dX²dmZm| H$m {dMma h¡ {H$ ^{ŠV`wJ H$m Am{d^m©d amOZr{VH$ nam^d VWm A{d{ÀNÝZ Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ ^mdZm H$m n[aUm_ _mZm h¡Ÿ& '' Xoe _| _wgb_mZm| H$s gÎmm Ho$ Xm¡amZ {hÝXy Xod_y{V©`m± VmoS>r Om ahr Wr Am¡a {hÝXy OZVm hVme hmo JB© WrŸ& Am. am_M§Ð ewŠbOr {bIVo h¢- ''amOZr{VH$ CbQ> \o$a Ho$ nrN>o {hÝXy OZg_wXm` na ~hþV {XZmo§ VH$ CXmgr N>mB© ahrŸ& AnZo nm¡éf go hVme Om{V Ho$ {bE ̂ JdmZ H$s e{ŠV Am¡a H$éUm H$s Amoa Ü`mZ bo OmZo Ho$ A{V[aŠV Xygam _mJ© hr Š`m Wm?''> ~m~y Jwbm~ am` H$m _V h¡- '' _Zmod¡km{ZH$ VÏ` Ho$ AZwgma hma H$s _Zmod¥{Îm _| Xmo ~mVo§ g§^d h¡ ̀ m Vmo AnZr AÜ`mpË_H$ loð>Vm {XImZm `m ^moJ{dbmg _o§ nS>H$a hma H$mo ^yb OmZmŸ& ^{ŠVH$mb _o§ bmoJmo§ _| nhbo àH$ma H$s àd¥{Îm nmB© JB©Ÿ&'' nmíMmË` {dX²dmZm| Zo ̂ maVr` Y_© gmYZm _| ̂ {ŠV H$m CX` Ho$ g§X^© _| nmíMmË` {dX²dmZ doda, H$sW, {J«`g©Z VWm {dëgZ Am{X Zo ̂ {ŠV H$mo B©gmB© Y_© H$s XoZ ~Vm`m h¡Ÿ& {J«`g©Z H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ B©gm H$s Xygar-Vrgar eVr _| Hw$N> B©gmB© _Ðmg AmH$a ~go Wo {OZHo$ à^md go ̂ {ŠV H$m {dH$mg hþAmŸ& Hw$N> {dX²dmZm| Zo H$hm {H$ ̂ maVr` ̂ {ŠV Am§XmobZ _wpñb_ g§ñH¥${V Ho$ gånH©$ H$s XoZ h¡ Am¡a e§H$amMm`©, {Zå~mH©$, am_mZwO, am_mZ§X, dëb^mMm`©, Ambdma g§V VWm drae¡d Am¡a qbJm`V Am{X e¡d gåàXm`m| H$s Xme©{ZH$ _mÝ`VmAm| na _wpñb_ à^md h¡Ÿ&' h_mao ̂ maVr` {dX²dmZm| Zo nmíMmË` {dX²dmZm| Ho$ CŠV _Vm| H$m I§S>U H$a ̂ {ŠV H$m _yb CX²J_ àmMrZ ̂ maVr` ómoVm| go {gÜX {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Am. hOmar àgmX {ÛdoXrZo {hÝXr gm{hË` _o§ ̂ {ŠV Ho$ CX` Ho$ g§~§Y _| {bIm h¡- '' ̀ h ~mV AË`§V CnhmñnX h¡ {H$ O~ _wgb_mZ bmoJ CÎma ̂ maV Ho$ _§{Xa VmoS> aho Wo Vmo Cgr g_` AnojmH¥$V {ZamnX X{jU _o§ ̂ ŠV bmoJm| Zo ̂ JdmZ H$s eaUmJ{V H$s àmW©Zm H$sŸ& _wgb_mZm| Ho$ AË`mMma go ̀ {X ̂ {ŠV H$s ̂ md Ymam H$mo C_S>Zm Wm Vmo nhbo Cgo {gÝY _| Am¡a {\$a Cgo CÎma ̂ maV _| àH$Q> hmoZm Mm{hE Wm, na hþB© X{jU _|Ÿ&'' S>m°. gËòÝÐ ̂ {ŠVH$m CX` Ðm{dS>m| go _mZVo hþE {bIVo h¢- ''^{ŠV Ðm{dS>r CnOr bmò am_mZÝXŸ&'' Bg C{ŠV Ho$ AZwgma ^{ŠV H$m A{d^m©d Ðm{dS>mo§ _| hþAmŸ& C{ŠV H$Vm© gå^dV… Zht OmZVm Wm {H$ dh BZ eãXm| na {H$VZo Jhao gË` H$mo àH$Q> H$a ahm h¡Ÿ& CgH$m Ðm{dS> go A{^àm` g§^dV… X{jU Xoe go hr Wm, {H$ÝVw O¡gm g§Ho$V {H$`m Om MwH$m h¡, ZB©

3

42

àmJ¡{Vhm{gH$ ImoOm| _| ̀ h {gÜX-gm hmoVm h¡ {H$ ̂ {ŠV H$m _yb Ðm{dS>m| _| h¡ Am¡a X{jU Ho$ Ðm{dS>m| _o§ hr Zht, CZHo$ _hmZ nyd©O "_mohZOmoXS>m§o' Am¡a "hS>ßnm'Ho$ Ðm{dS>m| _| ^rŸ& A^r g§gma H$mo {OVZo ̂ r à_mU àmßV h¡ CZgo ̀ h {gÜX hmoVm h¡ {H$ _mohZ OmoX‹S>mo Am¡a hS>ßnm Ho$ Ðm{dS,> AWdm d«mË` EHo$ídadmXr WoŸ& CZHo$ B©ída H$m Zm_ {ed WmŸ& ... Am`m} Zo ̂ {ŠV H$m ^md X{jU go àmßV {H$`m WmŸ&'' ̂ {ŠV H$m à{VnmXZ _hm^maV Am¡a JrVm _| àmßV hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Cg_o§ dmgwXod H$s CnmgZm-nÜX{V H$m {ZénU {H$`m J`m h¡, dh ̂ {ŠV ̂ mdZm H$m àma§{^H$ ñdén h¡Ÿ& ZmaX^{ŠV gyÌ _| ̂ r ̂ {ŠV H$m {ddoMZ {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& ̂ {ŠV Ho$ àmßV hmoZo na _Zwî` Z {H$gr dñVw H$s BÀN>m H$aVm h¡ Z emoH$ H$aVm h¡, Z Ûof H$aVm h¡ Z {H$gr dñVw _| AmgŠV hmoVm h¡Ÿ& ZmaX Zo ̂ {ŠV H$mo H$_©-kmZ Am¡a ̀ moJ H$s Anojm loð>Îma ~Vm`m h¡Ÿ&Ambdma gåàXm` Ho$ én _| X{jU _| ̂ {ŠV H$s naånam ~hþV hr àmMrZ WrŸ& Ambdma ̂ {ŠV gåàXm` _| O{V Ho$ ~ÝYZ Zht WoŸ& AS>mb Zm_H$ ̂ {ŠVZ hþB© Omo H¥$îU H$mo AnZm n{V _mZVr WrŸ&~mahdr eVm×r _| AmMm`© _ÜdmMm`© Zo e§H$a Ho$ AÛ¡VdmX H$m à~b {damoY H$a Û¡VdmX H$s ñWmnZm H$sŸ& CÝhmo§Zo _m`mdmX H$m I§S>U H$aHo$ {dîUwH$s ̂ {ŠV H$m àMma {H$`m Û¡VmÛ¡V dmX Ho$ g§ñWmnH$ {Zå~mH$mMm`© Zo bú_r Am¡a {dîUw H$s ̂ {ŠV Ho$ ñWmZ na amYmH¥$îU H$s ̂ {ŠV H$m àMma {H$`m gwÜXm Û¡VdmX Ho$ à{Vð>mnH$ dëb^mMm`© Zo ~mbH¥$îU H$s CnmgZm na ~b {X`m Am¡a nw{ï> _mJ© H$m àdV©Z {H$`mŸ& nÝÐhdr-gmobhdr eVmãXr _o§ ^{ŠV Am§XmobZ ~‹S>o CËgmh Ho$ gmW ^maV _| \¡$bZo bJmŸ& M¡VÝ` gåàXm`, gIr gåàXm`, amYm dëb^ gåàXm` Zo H¥$îU H$s _mYw`© ̂ {ŠV H$m àMma {H$`mŸ& H$~ra, XmXy, ZmZH$ Am{X g§Vm| Zo B©ída Ho$ gJwU-{ZJw©U {_{lV én H$s CnmgZm na ~b {X`mŸ& gw{\$`m| Zo ào_ H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go B©ída Ho$ ào_ ñdén H$m àMma {H$`mŸ& Bg ^{ŠV gm{hË` H$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE hOmar àgmX {ÛdoXr {bIVo h¢- "" Z`m gm{hË` _Zwî` OrdZ Ho$ EH$ {ZpíMV bj Am¡a AmXe© H$mo boH$a MbmŸ& `h bú` h¡ ^JdX²^{ŠV; AmXe© h¡ ewÜX gmpËdH$ OrdZ Am¡a gmYZ h¡ ^JdmZ Ho$ {Z_©b M[aÌ Am¡a gab brbmAm| H$m JmZŸ& Bg gm{hË` H$mo àoaUm XoZodmbm VËd ^{ŠV h¡ Bg{bE ̀ h gm{hË` AnZo nyd©dVu gm{hË` go g~ àH$ma go {^ÝZ h¡Ÿ&''

{hÝXr ̂ {ŠVH$mb H$m gm{hË` ^{ŠVH$mb H$m Ama§^ A{YH$m§e {dX²dmZ gZ² 1350 _mZVo h¢ {H$ÝVw Am. ewŠbOr gZ² 1318(g§ 1375) _mZVo h¢Ÿ& Bg H$mb H$mo ̂ {ŠV H$m gwdU© ̀ wJ H$hm J`m h¡ Š`m|{H$ Bg H$mb _| g§V H$~ra, Om`gr, VwbgrXmg, gyaXmg BZ g_H$mbrZ H${d`m| Zo AnZr aMZmAm| H$m {Z_m©U {H$`mŸ& CnmgZm ̂ oX H$s Ñ{ï> go Bg H$mb Ho$ gm{hË` H$mo Xmo ̂ mJm| _| ~m±Q>m J`m h¡Ÿ& EH$ gJwU ̂ {ŠV Am¡a Xygam {ZJw©U ̂ {ŠVŸ& {ZJw©U Ho$ Xmo ̂ oX {H$E JE h¡Ÿ& g§Vmo H$s {ZJw©U CnmgZm AWm©V kmZ_mJu emIm VWm gy{\$`m| H$s {ZJw©U CnmgZm AWm©V ào__mJu emImŸ& gJwU _| {dîUw Ho$ Xmo AdVma am_ Am¡a H¥$îU H$s CnmgZm gm{hË` g¥{OV h¡Ÿ&

43

^p³VH$mc (g§.1375-1700)

2. ^p³V H$mb H$s n[apñW{V¶m±

{hÝXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ nyd© ‘Ü¶H$mc H$mo ̂ {º$ H$mc H$hm± OmVm h¡& Bg H$mc ‘| ̂ p³V H$mì¶ Ymam Ho$ gmW H$mì¶ H$s AÝ¶ naånamE± ̂ r ahr h¢& ̂ maV ‘| ‘Ü¶ H$mc ‘| ̂ mJdV nwamU ^p³V à‘wIVm go ahr ? ^mJdV ^p³V X{jU go hmoH$a CÎmar ^maV ^p³V naånam go EH$ê$n hmoH$a nyao ̂ maV df© ‘| ì¶má hmo JB©& ‘Ü¶H$mcrZ ̂ maVr¶ gm{hË¶ H$m ‘yc ñda ̂ p³V ahr h¢& ̂ JdmZ H$s {ZJw©U Ed§ gJwU ̂ p³V na ~c {X¶m J¶m Wm& VËH$mcrZ ̂ maV H$s g^r à‘wI ‘amR>r, JwOamVr, n§Om~r, ~§Jcm, V{‘c, ‘ë¶mc‘ Am¡a H$ÞS> Am{X ̂ mfmAm| ‘| ̂ {º$ H$m gm{hË¶ {cIm J¶m& ew³cOr Zo kmZml¶r, ào‘ml¶r, am‘ ^p³V H$mì¶, H¥$îU ^p³V H$mì¶ Am{X ^p³V H$s YmamAm| H$m CëboI {H$¶m h¢& ^p³VH$mcrZ gm{hË¶ Ho$ CX²^d Am¡a {dH$mg H$mo g‘w{MV én ‘| AdJV H$aZo Ho$ {cE VËH$mcrZ n[apñWVr¶m± OmZZm A{Zdm¶© h¡§& AV… VËH$mcrZ {d{^Þ n[apñWVr¶m| H$m {ddoMZ {H$¶m Om ahm h¢&

1) amOZ¡{VH$ n[apñW{V¶m± …

{hÝXr gm{hË¶ ‘| ̂ p³VH$mc VH$ CÎmar ̂ maV ‘| ‘w{ñc‘ gm‘«mÁ¶ H$s ñWmnZm hmo MwH$s Wr& {H$ÝVw BZ {XZm| ‘wJcm| Am¡a A’$JmZm| ‘| nañna g§Kf© Omar hþAm& Bg g‘¶ ‘wpñc‘m| Z| {hÝXþAm| go g§~§Y ñWm{nV H$a AnZm emgZ ÑT> H$aZm ewé {H$¶m&

^p³VH$mc H$m g‘¶ g§. 1375 go 1700 VH$ Ho$ H$mbIÊS> ‘| ‘mZm OmVm h¢& Bg H$mbIÊS> H$mo Xmo ̂ mJm| ‘o§ {d^m{OV {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¢& àW‘ ̂ mJ g§ 1375 go 1583 VH$ Am¡a Xþgam g§. 1583 go 1700 VH$& àW‘ ^mJ ‘| {X„r na VwJbH$ Am¡a bmoYr d§e H$m emgZ Wm& Xþgao ̂ mJ ‘| ‘wJbd§e Ho$ ~m~a, hþ‘m¶w±, AH$~a, Ohm±Jra Am¡a emhOhm± H$m emgZ ahm h¢& ‘wJbd§e H$mc amOZr{VH$ Ñï>r go àm¶… ¶h H$mb AemÝV Am¡a g§Kf©‘¶ ahm Wm&

1295 ‘| A„mCÔrZ {IcOr {X„r H$s JÔr na ~¡R>m& CgZo ‘mbdm à§mV Am¡a ‘hmamï´> H$mo OrV {c¶m& JwOamV OrVH$a amOnwVmZo KamZo H$m| Koa {c¶m Am¡a X{jU ̂ maV ‘| ‘w[ñc‘ emgZ nhþ±Mm& A„mCÔrZ {IcOr H$s ‘¥Ë¶w Ho$ níMmV {X„r H$m emgZ ~chrZ hþAm& gZ 1320 ‘| J¶mgwÔrZ VwJbH$ Zo Cg ‘| e{º$ àXmZ H$s& Hw$N> H$mc Ho$ CnamÝV àmpÝVH$ emgH$m| ‘| ñdV§Ì ApñVËd ~ZmZo ‘| cJ| ah|& ‘odmS> ‘| hå‘ra {ggmo{X¶m 1326 ‘| ñdV§Ì hmo J¶m& BÝht {XZm| {dO¶ZJa ‘| {hÝXÿ amÁ¶ H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& ‘Xþam Am¡a ~§Jmc ‘| {X„r gëVZV Ho$ gw~oXma ñdV§Ì gwëVmZ ~Z JE& X{jU ‘| ~hm‘Zr amÁ¶ H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& H$í‘ra ‘| emh‘ra Zo AnZm ñdV§Ì amÁ¶ ñWm{nV {H$¶m&

15 dr eVmãXr àmÝVr¶ emgH$m| H$m ¶wJ ahm h¡& Bg H$mc ‘| amOñWmZ Am¡a ‘odmS> H$s CÞ{V hþB©& ‘hmamUm cmIm, MyS>m Am¡a Hw§$^m Ho$ emgZ H$mc ‘| dh EH$ à‘wI e{º$ ~Zm& ‘mcdm, JwOamV,~§Jmc Am¡a H$í‘ra Ho$ emgH$ ñdV§Ì ApñVËd ~ZmE hþE Wo& ~w§Xoc IÊS> ‘|

Jh‹S>dmc d§eO ~w§Xoc gaXma amÁ¶ H$aZo cJm Wm& C‹S>rgm ‘| gw¶©d§er H${ncoÝÐ Zo ñdV§Ì amÁ¶ H$s ñWmnZm H$s& ~m~a Zo 1526 ‘| nm{ZnV Ho$ ‘¡XmZ ‘| ZdrZ CnH$aUm| Ho$ à¶moJ go B~«m{h‘ cmoYr H$mo nam{OV {H$¶m& ~m~a Zo amUm gm§Jm H$mo ̂ r nam{OV {H$¶m& naÝVw ~m~a Ho$ nwÌ hþ‘m±¶w H$mo eoaemh gwar Zo nam{OV {H$¶m& eoaemh Ho$ g‘¶ ‘| hr {hÝXr H$m A‘aH$mì¶ "nX²‘mdV' [cIm J¶m& eoaemh gwar Ho$ CÎmam{YH$mar A¶mo½¶ {ZH$co n[aUm‘V… ‘wJcm| ‘| AH$~a O¡gm emgH$ hþAm& VËH$mcrZ N>moQ>o N>moQ>o amOmAm| Zo AH$~a H$m A{YZËd ñdrH$ma H$a {c¶m& ‘odm‹S>> Ho$ ‘hmamUm àVmn AHo$co ah H$a A§V VH$ g§Kf©aV aho& ‘hmamUm àVmn H$m nwÌ A‘aqgh O§hmJra go 16 df© c‹S>m na AÝV ‘| CgZo AYrZVm ‘mZ cr& emhOhm± Ho$ ApÝV‘ {XZm| ‘| ~wÝXocIÊS> ‘| M§nVam¶ d ‘hmamï´> ‘| N>Ìn{V {edmOr ‘hmamO H$s gÎmm ñWm{nV hþB©&

^p³VH$mc H$m gm{hË¶ amOZr{VH$ dmVmdaU Ho$ à{VHw b h¡& H$~ra, Om¶gr, Vwbgr Am¡a gya BZ H${d¶m| H$mo Z Vmo grH$ar go H$m‘ Wm Am¡a Z àmH¥$V OZ JwU-JmZ go gamoH$ma Wm&

gm‘m{OH$ n[apñW{V¶m± …

15dr eVmãXr VH$ AmVo AmVo {hÝXÿ Am¡a ‘w{ñb‘m| Ho$ ~rM gm‘§Oñ¶ H$s ^mdZm {Z‘m©U hþB© Wr& OrdZ Ho$ H$B© joÌ ‘| AmXmZ-àXmZ H$a aho Wo& Hw$N> n[adma nwd©dV {hÝXÿ ~ZZo Ho$ {cE à¶ËZerc Wo& BZHo$ ~rM {ddmh gå~ÝY ̂ r hmoZo cJo Wo& H$í‘ra gwbVmZ emh ‘ra Ho$ nyd©O {hÝXÿ Wo& CÝhm|Zo AnZr bS>{H$¶m| H$m {ddmh {hÝXÿ gmåmÝVm| go H$a {X¶m Wm& bS>Ho$ C„oeoa H$m {ddmh {hÝXy goZmn{V H$s b‹S>H$s go hþAm& b‹S>H$s n{V Y‘© ñdrH$ma H$a boVr Wr& ¶h d¡dm{hH$ gå~ÝY gm‘ÝV dJ© VH$ gr{‘V Wo& OZgm‘mÝ¶ ‘| Om{V-nm{V H$s ^mdZm A{YH$ ÑT> Wr& Bg H$mb ‘| g§V H$~ra Zo Om{V-nm{V ôX, AÝY{dídmg H$m àIa {damoY {H$¶m& ImZ-nmZ Ho$ H$moB© ~ÝYZ Zht Wo& Mm¡Xhdr eVmãXr VH$ ¶h ~ÝYZ H$‹S>o Zht Wo& {H$ÝVw AmJo Nw>AmNy>V Am¡a ImZ-nmZ Ho$ ~ÝYZ A{YH$ H$‹S>o hmoVo JE&

eoaemh Zo O‘tXmar àWm H$mo ~ÝX {H$¶m Wm& {H$ÝVw ‘wJbm| Zo Bgo {’$a go ewê$ {H$¶m& ~mXemh d OmJraXmam| H$m OrdZ ̂ moJ {dbmg VWm E¡íd¶©nyU© Wm& ~mXemh H$mo àOm H$s gwI-XþI H$s Amoa Ü¶mZ Z Wm& JwOamV, ImZXoe, Am¡a X{jU ‘| AH$mb nS>Zo na bJmZ ‘| Ny>Q> XoH$a AZmO ~Q>±dm¶m J¶m Wm& {dbmgr ‘wpñb‘ A{YH$mar¶m| H$s gñVr a{gH$Vm go ajm nmZo Ho$ {bE {hÝXÿÿ g‘mO ‘| nXm©àWm Am¡a ~mb {ddmh H$m àMbZ hþAm& Hw$N> ‘wpñb‘ emgH$m| ‘| én-{bßgm Am¡a H$m‘-{nnmgm ̂ r H$‘ Zht Wr& A„mCÔrZ Zo 50 à{VeV ̂ mJ H$a Ho$ én ‘| ~S>r H$R>moaVm go CJmhm Wm& {hÝXÿ Am¡a ‘wpñb‘m| Ho$ ~rM em{gV Am¡a emgH$ H$m ̂ oX Wm dh±m Yrao Yrao EH$ Xþgao Ho$ à{V CXma ̂ r hmoZo bJo Wo&

Ym{‘©H$ n[apñWVr¶m± …

Bg H$mb H$s Ym{‘©H$ n[apñWVr ~S>r emoMZr¶ Wr& {d{dY Y‘© Am¡a gåàXm¶m| H$m àMbZ Wm& BZ Y‘m} Z| nañna g‘Ýd¶ H$s ̂ mdZm Zht Wr& Bg H$mb ‘| d¡îUd Y‘© naånam H$s O‹S>o ‘O~yV H$a ahm Wm& ~m¡ÜX Y‘© H$m {dH¥$V ê$n Câm Wm& gy’$s Y‘© ^r AnZr O‹S>o ‘O~yV ~Zm ahm Wm&

44

1) ~m¡ÜX Y‘© … - ~m¡ÜX Y‘© Ho$ g§ñWmnH$ VWmJV ^JdmZ J¡mV‘ ~wÜX h¡& ^JdmZ ~wÜX Ho$ ‘hm{Zdm©U Ho$ níMmV Y‘© H$m ‘hm¶mZ Am¡a hrZ¶mZ BZ Xmo ̂ mJm| ‘| {d^mOZ hþAm& hrZ¶mZ ‘| {gÜXm§V nj H$s Xme©{ZH$ OQ>rbVm Wr& n[aUm‘V… H$‘ bmoJm| H$r AmñWm Cg gåàXm¶ Ho$ à{V ~Zr ahr& ‘hm¶mZ ‘| {gÜXm§Vm| H$s Anojm ì¶dhma nj H$mo àYmZVm Xr J¶r Wr& H$mbm§Va ‘| hrZ ¶mZ ‘| H$Å>aVm Ed§ g§H$sU©Vm AmB©& hrZ¶mZ A{YH$ H$Å>aVm Ho$ H$maU g§Hw${MV hmoVm Mbm J¶m Am¡a ‘hm¶mZ A{YH$ CXmaVm Ho$ H$maU {dH¥$V& ~m¡ÜX Y‘© H$s Bg pñW{V H$m nwam ’$m¶Xm e§H$amMm¶© Am¡a Hw$‘m[ab ^Å> Zo CR>m¶m Am¡a d¡{XH$ {hÝXÿ Y‘© H$m nwZéÜXma {H$¶m& gwg§ñH¥$V OZVm e§H$amMm¶© H$s Amoa AmH¥$ï> hþB©& ‘hm¶mZ gåàXm¶ Ho$ H$maU Ag§ñH¥$V dJ© ‘| V§Ì-‘§Ì VWm ì¶{^Mma~mOr go der^yV {H$¶o aIm& Bgr{bE BgH$m H$mbm§Va ‘| ‘§Ì¶mZ Zm‘ n‹S>m& ‘§Ì¶mZ Zo dm‘ ‘mJ© H$s ‘Ú, ‘§mg, ‘¡WyZ,‘wÐm Am{X AZoH$ ‘wÐmAm| H$mo AnZm {b¶m& Zmar Ho$ à{V dmgZm d¥{Îm H$mo gmYZm H$m Amdí¶H$ A§J ‘mZm J¶m& ‘§Ì¶mZ go dO«¶mZ {ZH$bm Am¡a Cg‘| Mm¡amgr {gÜX hþE& BZ ‘| JmoaIZmW à‘wI aho& BÝhm| Zo {gÜX Ed§ ZmW gåàXm¶ Mbm¶m&

2) d¡îUd Y‘© …- e§H$amMm¶© Ho$ nyd© X{jU go AmE Abdma g§Vm| Zo ^p³V H$m àMma Ed§ àgma {H$¶m& Bg g‘¶ AZoH$ Ym{‘©H$ gåàXm¶ {Z‘m©U hþE& {OZ ‘| {dîUy ̂ p³V H$mo A{YH$ ‘hËd {X¶m J¶m& {dîUy Ho$ AdVmam| ‘| am‘ Am¡a H¥$îU H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& am‘mÝmÝX Zo ̂ p³V Ho$ Ûma g~ Ho$ {bE Imobo Am¡a OZ^mfm ‘| AnZo {gÜXm§Vm| H$m àMma {H$¶m& BZHo$ nyd© am‘mZwO, ‘ÜdmMm¶©, {Zå~mH©$ Am{X Zo g§ñH¥$V ‘| AnZo {gÜXm§Vmo H$m àMma {H$¶m& {dîUw Ho$ AdVma ^JdmZ lr H¥$îU H$s CnmgZm Ho$ {d{dY ̂ oX {Z‘m©U hþE& ̂ JdmZ H¥$îU H$mo ̂ mJdV nwamU Ho$ Xe‘ ñH§$Y ‘| d{U©V H¥$îU Ho$ én ‘| AnZm AmamÜ¶ ‘mZm J¶m& H$mbmÝVa ‘| ̂ {º$ nÜXVr ‘| {dbm{gVm d ̂ moJ H$s àYmZVm ~Zr aht&

3) gy’$s Y‘© …- ^maV na ‘wpñb‘m| Ho$ AmH«$‘U nyd© hr gy’$s g§V H${d¶m| Zo Bñbm‘r dmVmdaU V¡¶ma {H$¶m Wm& Hw$N> gåàXm¶ àM{bV aho& gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo ̂ maVr¶ AÜ¶m[Ë‘H$ Am¡a AÛ¡V H$mo AnZo T>§J go ñdrH$ma {H$¶m Am¡a ào‘ñdén {ZamH$ma, {ZJw©U B©ída H$m àMma àgma {H$¶m& gy’$s g§V H${d gƒ[aV, {dÛmZ Am¡a ghZerb Wo& {hÝXÿ Y‘© Ho$ à{V CZH$s AmñWm Ed§ {dídmg Wm& BgHo$ ’$bñdê$n gy{’$¶m| Zo ̂ maVr¶ OZVm Ho$ ‘Z H$mo OrVm h¡& ZmW gåàXm¶ Ho$ à^md Ho$ H$maU gy{’$¶m| Zo CZHo$ {dMma d EHo$ídadmXr {dMmam| H$mo AnZmVo hþE Bñbm‘ Ho$ gmW g‘Ýd¶ H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m& AV… BÝhm|Z| {hÝXÿ-‘wpñb‘ Ho$ AOZ~rnZ H$mo {‘Q>m¶m&

gm[hpË¶H$ n[apñWVr¶m± … -

^{º$H$mb Ho$ {dMmaH$m| Zo JÚ ‘| AnZo {dMma ì¶³V Z H$aHo CÝh| N>§X-~ÜXén ‘| ì¶³V {H$¶m& g§ñH¥$V ‘| Bg g§~§Y ‘| {Q>H$mAm|, ì¶m»¶mAm| H$s g¥ï>r hmoVr ahr& {H$gr ZdrZ ‘m¡{bH$ CX²^mdZmAm| go H$m‘ Zht {b¶m J¶m& {gÜXm§V à{VnmXZ VWm ̂ p³V àMma H$s ̂ mdZm Cg g‘¶ Ho$ g‘ñV gm{hË¶ ‘| H$m‘ H$a ahr h¢& H$~ra, Om¶gr, gya, Vwbgr O¡go ^mdwH$

45

H$dr ̂ r Bg ‘Zmod¥Îmr go ANw>Vo Zht ah|& Bg ¶wJ ‘| {hÝXÿAm| H$m Cƒ dJ© g§ñH¥$V ̂ mfm ì¶dhma ‘| Cn¶moJ H$a ahm Wm& ‘wgb‘mZ ̂ r ‘w»¶V… ‘wJbgÎmm Ho$ H$maU amO H$mO ‘| ’$magr H$mo ñdrH¥$V {H$¶m J¶m Wm& ’$bV… B{Vhmg Ho$ AZoH$ J«§Wmo H$m {Z‘m©U ’$magr ‘| {H$¶m J¶m& Bg H$mb ‘| JÚ H$m à¶moJ amOñWmZ H$s ̂ mfmAm| ‘| Am¡a Hw$N> ~«O ̂ mfm H$s dM{ZH$mAm| ‘| hþAm& ~mXemhm| VWm amOmAm| Ho$ Am{lV H${d¶m| Z| àempñV, lw§Jma, ar{V, Zr{V Am{X go g§~§{YV ‘wº$ Am¡a à~§Y XmoZm| àH$ma H$s aMZmE± H$s h¢&

gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[apñW{V¶m± …

g‘Ýd¶mË‘H$Vm ̂ maVr¶ g§ñH¥${V H$s ‘yb^yV {deofVm h¡& gm§ñH¥${VH$ MoVZm H$s gd©loð> A{^ì¶{º$ gmd©^m¡‘ gË¶ Ho$ AmYma na à{V{ð>V Ym{‘©H$ ^mdZm Am¡a Xme©{ZH$ {MÝVmYma Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go hþB© h¢& H$bm, {eën, gm{hË¶ Am¡a g§JrV BÝhr H$s XoZ h¡& e¡d, emº$, ^mJdV Am¡a JmUnË¶ O¡go à‘wI Y‘m} ‘| kmZ ¶moJV§Ì Am¡a ̂ {º$ H$s àd¥{Îm¶m| H$m g‘Ýd¶ hmoZo bJm& ¶moJ H$m à^md Cg g‘¶ BVZm ~T>m {H$ ̂ {º$ kmZ Am¡a H$‘© Ho$ gmW ̂ r ¶moJ eãX H$mo OmoS>m OmZm Amdí¶H$ g‘Pm OmZo bJm& g‘Ýd¶mË‘H$Vm H$s àd¥{Îm Y‘© Ho$ g‘mZ ‘w{V© Ed§ dmñVwH$bmAm| ‘| ^r XoIr Om gH$Vr h¢& IOwamhm| Ho$ d¡ÚZmW ‘pÝXa Ho$ {ebmboI ‘| ~«åh, {OZ, ~wÜX VWm dm‘Z H$mo {ed H$m én H$hm J¶m h¡& ̂ {º$ Am§XmobZ Bgr g‘Ýd¶mË‘H$ àd¥{Îm H$m n[aUm‘ h¡&

Bgr H$mb ‘| {hÝXÿ Am¡a ‘wpñb‘ g§ñH¥${V¶m± EH$ Xþgao Ho$ {ZH$Q> Am¶r& g§JrV, {MÌ VWm ^dZ {Z‘m©U ‘| g‘Ýd¶ Ama§^ hþAm& gm{hË¶ ^r EH$ Xþgao go à^m{dV ahm& Zm¶H$ Zm{¶H$mAm| Ho Z¶Zm{âm‘ {MÌm| VWm {d{dY H$bmAm| Ho$ ê$n ‘| XmoZm| H$s {MÌH$bmAm| H$m g‘mJ‘ Xe©Zr¶ h¡& H$mì¶m| ‘| ̂ r amJ-am{J{Z¶m| H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m OmZo bJm&

^p³VH$mb H$mo gm{hË¶ H$s Ñï>r go gwdU© ¶wJ H$hm± J¶m h¡& Bg H$mb ‘| ̂ maV H$s bJ^J g^r ̂ mfmAm| H$m gm{hË¶ g¥OZ hþAm h¡& ̂ p³VH$mb Z| {hÝXr H$mo gwa, Vwbgr, H$~ra, Om¶gr, ‘ram, ahr‘, agImZ O¡go à{V^m gånÞ gm{hË¶H$ma {XE h¢& ^p³V gm{hË¶ EH$ gmW •X¶, ‘Z Am¡a AmË‘m H$s ̂ yI H$mo j‘Vm h¡&

46

47

g§V H$mì¶

3A. 1 àñVmdZm

3A. 2 à‘wI g§V H${d

3A. 3 g§V H$mì¶ H$s {deofVmE±

3A. 4 Aä¶mg

3A.1 àñVmdZm

{hÝXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ ^p³VH$mb ‘| ^p³V H$s gJwU Am¡a {ZJw©U ¶h Xmo YmamE± {dH${gV hþB©& gJwU ̂ p³VYmam Ho$ A§VJ©V am‘ Am¡a H¥$îU H$m ̂ p³V H$mì¶ AmVm h¡, {ZJ©wU Ho$ A§VJ©V g§V H$mì¶ VWm gy’$s H$mì¶ AmVm h¡& g§V H$mì¶ Ho$ àdV©H$ g§V H$~ra h¡& g§V H$mì¶ H$mo {dÛmZm|Zo H$B© Zm‘m| go g§~mo{YV {H$¶m h¡& AmMm¶© am‘M§Ð ew³b g§V H$mì¶ H$mo "{ZJw©U kmZml¶r emIm', S>m°. hOmar àgmX {ÛdoXr Zo Bgo {ZJw©U ̂ p³VH$mì¶' VWm am‘Hw$‘ma d‘m© Zo Bgo "g§V H$mì¶ naånam' Zm‘ go A{^{hV {H$¶m h¡&

lr nrVmå~a XÎm ~S>Ïdmb Zo g§V eãX H$s CËn{Îm em§V eãX go ‘mZr h¡ Am¡a BgH$m AW© {Zd¥{V ‘mJ© ¶m d¡amJr ‘mZm h¡& Bg g§~§Y ‘| naewam‘ MVwd}Xr Zo {bIm h¡ - ""g§V eãX Cg ì¶{º$ H$s Amoa g§Ho$V H$aVm h¡ {OgZo "gV' ê$nr na‘ VÎd H$m AZw^d H$a {b¶m hmo Am¡a Omo Bg àH$ma AnZo ì¶p³VËd go D$na CR>H$a CgHo$ gmW VX²ê$n hmo J¶m hmo, Omo g§V ñdén {ZË¶ {gÕ dñVw H$m gmjmËH$ma H$a MwH$m hmo AWdm Anamoj H$s CnbpãY Ho$ ’$b ñdén AIÊS> gË¶ ‘| à{V{ð>V hmo J¶m hmo dhr g§V h¡&'' AV: {ZJw©UmonmgH$m| Ho$ {bE "g§V' VWm gJwUmonmgH$m| Ho$ {bE "^³V' eãX à¶moJ {H$¶m J¶m h¡&

S>m°. {ÌbmoH$sZmW Xr{jV Zo g§VH$mì¶ Ymam H$m Xme©{ZH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ AmYma Cn{ZfX² e§H$amMm¶© H$m AÛ¡V Xe©Z ZmW-n§W, Bñbm‘Y‘© VWm gy’$s Xe©Z Am{X H$mo ‘mZm h¡& S>m°. Xr{jV Zo {ZJw©U ̂ p³V {dH$mg Ho$ n§MVËd H$mo C„o{IV {H$¶m h¡ - ""{ZJw©U ̂ p³V H$m ‘yb VËd h¡ - {ZJw©U gJwU go nao AZm{X, AZÝV, AZm‘, AOmV ~«÷ H$m Zm‘ On& g§Vm| Zo Zm‘ On H$mo gmYZm H$m AmYma ‘mZm h¡& "Zm‘' g‘ñV g§e¶m| Am¡a ~ÝYZmo§ H$mo {d{N>Þ H$a XoVm h¡& "Zm‘' hr ̂ p³V Am¡a ‘wp³V H$m XmVm h¡& {ÛVr¶ ‘ybVÎd ‘mZ{gH$ ̂ p³V& V¥Vr¶ ‘yb VËd h¡ - ào‘ Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go H$‘©H$mÊS> H$s AZno{jV XéhVmAm| H$mo Xÿa H$aZm& MVwW© VÎd h¡- ‘mZd H$s Eogo {dídì¶mnr Y‘© Ho$ gyÌm| ‘| {Z~Õ H$aZm Ohm± Om{V, dJ© Am¡a dU© g§~§Yr ̂ oX Z hmo& n§M‘ VËd h¡ - ghO gmYZm& BZ VÎdm| go {ZJw©U ̂ p³V H$m {dH$mg hþAm h¡&

3A.2 g§V H$mì¶ Ho$ à‘wI H${d

g§V H$mì¶ Ho$ àdV©H$ g§V H$~ra ‘mZo OmVo h¢& Bg {dMmaYmam Ho$ ~rO Am{XH$mb Ho$ ZmW H${d¶m| VWm g§V Zm‘Xod H$s aMZmAm| ‘| {‘bVo h¢& ̂ p³V H$mbrZ {ZJw©U g§V H${d¶m| ‘| H$~ra, XmXÿ, ZmZH$, a¡Xmg, gwÝXaXmg, ‘byH$Xmg Am{X g§Vmo Zo Bg Ymam Ho$ àMma-àgma

3-A

VWm {dH$mg ‘| AnZm ~hþV ~‹S>m ¶moooJXmZ {X¶m h¢& ¶hm± g^r à‘wI g§V H${d¶mo§ H$m n[aM¶ g§{jV ê$n ‘| {X¶m Om ahm h¡&

kmZ_mJu {ZJw©U Ymam Ho$ à_wI g§V H$~ra

g§V H$~raXmg Ho$ OÝ_ gå~ÝY _| AZoH$ àdmX h¡Ÿ& A§Vagmú` Am¡a H$~ra M[aV ~moY Ho$ AmYma na BZH$m OÝ_ gZ² 1398 _mZm J`m h¡Ÿ& bha Vmbm~ Ho$ Vmb Ho$ nmg {_bo ~mbH$ H$mo Zré Zm_ Ho$ OwbmhmZo AnZo Ka bo OmH$a CgH$m nmbZ {H$`m Zré H$s nËZr Zr_m Zo _mVm H$m ñZoh {X`mŸ& n[aUm_ ñdén H$~ra Xmg H$s Om{V Owbmhm WrŸ& H$~ra Zo AnZo OrdZ _| Xmo {ddmh {H$E WoŸ& CZH$s nËZr H$m Zm_ 'bmoB©' Wm, {Oggo CÝh| H$_mb Am¡a H$_mbr Zm_H$ g§ÝVmZ àmßV hþB© WrŸ& BZ H$m XohmdgmZ H$mb gZ² 1518 B©. _mZm J`m h¡Ÿ&

H$~raXmgOr Ho$ Jwé Ho$ gå~ÝY _| AZoH$ {dX²dmZm| Zo "am_mZÝX' H$mo ñdrH$mam h¡Ÿ& VËH$mbrZ {hÝXr ̂ {ŠV gm{hË` Am§XmobZ _| am_mZ§XOr H$m ~hþV ~‹S>m ̀ moJXmZ h¡Ÿ& am_mZ§XOr Zo XeXm^{ŠV Ho$ gmW hr kmZ _mJ© H$m CnXoe XoH$a gm_m{OH$ hrZVm H$s ̂ mdZm H$mo g_yb Zð> H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m Am¡a gmYZm Ed§ ̂ {ŠV H$mo g^r dJm] VH$ VWm g^r dUm] Ho$ {bE Iwbm H$a {X`mŸ& ̀ hr Jwé _§Ì boH$a H$~ra Zo VËH$m{bZ gm_m{OH$ é{T>, naånam Hw$ar{V`m±, Ym{_©H$-gm_m{OH$ {dg§J{V`m| na H$amam AmKmV {H$`m h¡Ÿ& ''_{gH$mJX YwAm| Zht, H$bm_ Jh`m| Zht hmWŸ&'' Bg ~mV H$mo ñdrH$maZo dmbo H$~ra Zo AnZr dmUr Ho$ _mÜ`_ go g_mO OZ OmJaU H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo AnZr aMZmAm| H$mo {b{n~ÜX Zht {H$`mŸ& CZHo$ nadVu {eî`m¡ Zo OZ _mZg _| àMm{bV aMZmAm| H$mo {b{n~ÜX {H$`mŸ& H$~ra H$s aMZmAm| _| "~rOH$' H$mo àm_m{UH$ _mZm J`m h¡Ÿ& Bg_| H$~ra Ho$ CnXoem| H$mo {eî`m| Zo g§H${bV {H$`m h¡Ÿ& gmIr, g~X, a_¡Zr ~r ̀ h ~rOH$ Ho$ VrZ ̂ mJ h¡Ÿ& H$~ra Ho$ J«§Wm| H$s g§»`m bJ-^J gmR> _mZr OmVr h¡Ÿ&

H$~ra Ho$ H$mì` H$s {dahmZw^y{V CÀM H$moQ>r H$s WrŸ& dh AnZo am_ Ho$ AZÝ` {dahr WoŸ& CÝh| {dah H$s {d{^Þ XemAm| H$s doXZm ghZr nS>r WrŸ& {dahmZw^y{V Ho$ {~Zm gmYH$ _| {à`-{_bZ H$s CËH$ÊR>m OmJ¥V hr Zht hmo gH$VrŸ& H$~ra H$hVo h¡-

"{dahm H$h¡ H$~ra gy±, Vy {OZ N>m±S>o _mo{hŸ&nmn ~«åh Ho$ VoO _| Vhm± b¡ amImo Vmo{hŸ&&'

H$~ra H$mì` _| ZmaXr ̂ {ŠV H$mo _mZm h¡Ÿ& H$~ra H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$, {Z_©b _Z go ̂ {ŠV na hr 'am_' {_b gH$Vo h¡-

H$_© H$aV ~ÜXo Ah_odŸ& nmWa H$mo H$aqh godŸ&&H$hþ H$~ra ̂ J{V H$a nm`mŸ& ̂ mobo ̂ m` {_bo aKwam`mŸ&&

H$~ra gm{hË` Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX ̀ h nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ CÝhm|Zo {d{^Þ Y_© Am¡a gm_m{OH$ {dg§J{V A§Y{dídmg na H$amam AKmV {H$`m h¡Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo {H$gr ̂ r Y_© H$mo ~Šem Zht h¡Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo {hÝXwAm| H$s _w{V©nyOm, VrW© ̀ mÌm, d«V d¡’$ë`, AdVmadmX, nmoWr nwamZ, nR>Z Am{X na AmKmV {H$`m h¡ Am¡a _wpñb_ Y_© _| ì`mßV nmIÊS>m| amoOm, Z_mO, hO`mÌm Am{X

48

na àhma {H$`m h¡Ÿ& S>m°. hOmar àgmX Ho$ eãXmo _|- "H$~ra Eogo hr {_bZ q~Xy na IS>o Wo, Ohm± go EH$ Amoa {hÝXwËd {ZH$b OmVm h¡ Am¡a Xygar Amoa _wgb_mZËd, Ohm± go EH$ Amoa kmZ {ZH$b OmVm h¡ Am¡a Xygar Amoa A{ejm, Ohm± EH$ Amoa ̂ {ŠV _mJ© {ZH$b OmVm h¡ Am¡a Xygar Amoa ̀ moJ _mJ©, Ohm± go EH$ Amoa {ZJw©U ̂ mdZm {ZH$b OmVr h¡ Am¡a Xygar Amoa gJwU gmYZm, àeñV Mm¡amho na do IS>o XmoZm| Amoa XoI gH$Vo Wo Am¡a nañna {déÜX {Xem_| Jò hþE _mJm] Ho$ Xmof, JwU CÝh| ñnï> {XImB© Xo aho WoŸ& H$~ra H$m ̀ h gm¡^m½` WmŸ& CÝhm|Zo BgH$m Iy~ Cn`moJ ^r {H$`mŸ&' g§V H$~ra Xmg Or do Om{V, Y_©, gåàXm` {da{hV g_mO H$m {Z_m©U H$aZm MmhVo h¡Ÿ&

"Om{V-nm±{V nyN>o Zqh H$moB©, h[a H$mo ̂ Oo gmo h[a H$m hmoB©Ÿ&'do qhXy Y_© H$s {dg§J{V na àhma H$aVo hþE H$hVo h¢-

'Xw{Z`m Eogr ~mdar nmWa nyOZ Om`Ÿ&Ka H$s M{H$`m H$moB© Z nyO¡ Oo{hH$m nrgm Im`Ÿ&'

Cgr àH$ma _wpñb_ Y_© H$s {dg§J{V na àhma H$aVo hþE do H$hVo h¡-'H$m§H$a nmWa Omo[a H¡$ _pñOX bB© MwZm`Ÿ&Vmna _wëbm ~m±J Xo Š`m ~{ham hþAm IwXm`Ÿ&&''{XZ ̂ a amoOm ahV h¡ am{V hZV h¢ Jm`Ÿ&`h Vmo IyZ dh ~ÝXJr, H¡$go Iwgr IwXm`Ÿ&&'

g§V H$~ra ̀ mo{J`m| Am¡a O¡{Z`m| H$mo bVmS>Vo hþE H$hVo h¢-"Zm§Jo {\$ao OmoJ Oo hmoB© ~Z H$m _¥J _wH$Vr J`m H$moB©Ÿ&_y±S> _w§S>mò Omo {g{Y hmoB©, ñdJ© hr ̂ oS>Z nhþ±Mr H$moB©Ÿ&&'

do {gÜXm| Ho$ ̂ oX ImobVo hþE H$hVo h¡-""ZmarH$s Pm±B© naV AÝYm hmo` ̂ wO§JŸ&H$~ram {VZ H$mo H$m¡Z J{V Omo {ZV Zmar Ho$ g§JŸ&&'Om{V, Y_©, gåàXm`, é{T>, naånamdmXr ~møAmS>§~a na àhma H$a EH$ _mZdVm

dmXr g_mO H$m {Z_m©U g§V H$~raXmg H$aZm MmhVo WoŸ&g§V H$~ra H$s ^mfm _| n§Om~r, ^moOnyar, ~§Jbm, _¡{Wbr, amOñWmZr, bh§Xm,

IS>r ~mobr, Am{X H$m à`moJ {_bVm h¡Ÿ& Bg g§X^© _| S>m°. JmoqdX {ÌJwUm`V Zo {bIm h¡-''_oam Vmo AZw_mZ h¡ H$~ra H$s ̂ mfm _| ̀ {X XoIm OmE Am¡a ImoO H$s Om` Vmo ̂ maV

H$s àËòH$ ^mfm H$m Hw$N> Z Hw$N> à^md {XImB© XoJmŸ&'' (H$~ra H$s {dMmaYmam- JmoqdX {ÌJwUm`V- n¥ 297) do Am_OZm| H$mo OZ ~mo{b`mo§ _|, do npÊS>Vm| H$mo ewÜX {hÝXr _|, _wgb_mZ H$mo \$magr {_{lV CXy© H$m à`moJ H$a AnZr ~mV g_PmVo h¢Ÿ&

S>m°. hOmaràgmX Ho$ eãXmo _|- ''^mfm na H$~ra H$m O~aXñV A{YH$ma WmŸ& do dmUr Ho$ {S>ŠQ>oQ>a WoŸ& {Og ~mV H$mo CÝhm|Zo {Og én _o§ àH$Q> H$aZm Mmhm, Cgo Cgr én _| ^mfm go H$hbdm {X`mŸ&'' H$~ra H$s ̂ mfm l¥§Jma agnyU© h¡ 'Xwb{hZ Jmdhþ _§JbmMma' Bg nX go ñnï> hmoVm h¡Ÿ& H$~ra Ho$ H$mì` _| ghO én go N>§Xm| H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡Ÿ& gmIr, g~X, a_¡Ur, ~gÝV {hS>m|bm, MmMa ~o{b, Am{X N>§Xm| H$m à`moJ CZH$s aMZm _| nm`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& CZH$s aMZmAm| _| énH$ Am¡a Cn_m Ab§H$ma H$m A{YH$ à`moJ hþAm h¡Ÿ& AV: H$~ra H$s à{V^m _| H$moB© g§Xoh Zhr§ h¡Ÿ&

49

a¡Xmg (a{dXmg) …

a¡Xmg am_mZÝX H$s {eî` naånam Am¡a H$~ra Ho$ g_H$mbrZ H${d WoŸ& a¡Xmg H$m OÝ_ gZ² 1299 B©. _| H$mer _| hþAm h¡Ÿ& a¡Xmg {ddm{hV Wo CZH$s nËZr H$m Zm_ bmoZm WmŸ& BÝhm|Zo ñd§` AnZr Om{V H$m CëboI {H$`m h¡- ''H$h a¡Xmg Ibmg M_mam'' g§V a¡Xmg nT>o {bIo Zht WoŸ& BÝhm|Zo à`mJ, _Wwam, d¥§XmdZ, âVnwa, {MVm¡S> Am{X ñWmZm| H$m ^«_U H$a {ZJw©U ~«åh H$m OZgmYmaU H$s ^mfm_| àMma-àgma {H$`mŸ& {MÎmm¡S> H$s amZr Am¡a _ram±~mB© BZH$s {eî`m WrŸ&

a¡Xmg _| g§Vm| H$s ghOVm, {Zñn¥hVm, CXmaVm, {dídào_, ÑT> {dídmg Am¡a gmpËdH$ OrdZ Ho$ ̂ md BZH$s aMZmAm| _| {_bVo h¡Ÿ& BZH$s aMZmE± g§V_Z H$s, {d{^Þ g§J«hm| _| g§H${bV {_bVr h¡Ÿ& BZHo$ \w$Q>H$a nX '~mZr' Ho$ Zm_ go 'g§V~mZr grarO' _| g§J«{hV {_bVo h¡Ÿ& BZHo$ '' Am{X Jwé J«§W gm{h~'' _| bJ^J Mmbrg nX {_bVo h¢Ÿ& BÝhm|Zo g§V H$~ra Ho$ g_mZ _y{V©nyOm, VrW©`mÌm Am{X ~møAmS>§~amo H$m {damoY {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Hw$N> nX ZrMo CÕ¥V h¡-

''VraW ~aV Z H$am¡ A§XoemŸ& Vwåhmao MaU H$_b ̂ amogmŸ&&Oh± Vh± OmAmo Vwåhar nyOm & Vw_gm Xod Am¡a Zht XyOmŸ&&''

g§V a¡Xmg Zo O{V-àWm na ̂ r àhma {H$`m h¡ AnZo An_mZ Am¡a AmoN>o nZ H$mo boH$a CÝhm|Zo {bIm h¡-

'OmVr AmoN>m nmVr AmoN>m, AmoN>m OZ_w h_mamŸ&am_ amO H$s godm H$sÝht, H${h a{dXmg M_mamŸ&

g§V a¡Xmg Zo VËH$mbrZ Om{VdU©JZ ̂ oX ̂ md H$mo ̂ r d{U©V H$aVo h¡-'OmHo$ Hw$Qw>§~ g~ T>moa Xmod§V{\$ahr AOhÿ± ~Zmagr AmgnmgAmMma g{hV {dà H$aht S>§S>S>{V{VZ dZ¡ a{dXmg XmgmZwXmgŸ&&'

AnZo ^mdm|, Am¡a {dMmam| H$s A{^ì`{ŠV Ho$ {bE gab ì`mdhm[aH$ ~«O^mfm H$mo AnZm`m h¡ {Og_| AdYr, amOñWmZr IS>r ~mobr H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡Ÿ& gmW hr BZ_| H$ht-H$hr§ CXy©, \$magr Ho$ eãXm| H$m ̂ r {_lU {_bVm h¡Ÿ&

ZmZH$ nÝW : ZmZH$ Xod (1469-1538)ZmZH$ nÝW Ho$ àdV©H$ VWm {g³I _V Ho$ àdV©H$ Jwé ZmZH$ Xod AmÚ Jwé _mZo

OmVo h¢Ÿ& Jwé ZmZH$ H$m OÝ_ g§dV 1526 _| Vbd§S>r Zm_H$ Jm±d _| hþAmŸ& BZHo$ _mVm-{nVm H$m Zm_ V¥ám d H$mbyam_ WmŸ& BZ H$m {ddmh JwéXmg nya Ho$ _ybMÝÐIÌr H$s ~oQ>r gwbjUr go gÌh df© H$s Am`w_| hþAm WmŸ& BZ H$m Xmo nwÌ Wo- lrMÝX Am¡a bú_rM§XŸ& ~më`mdñWm _| hr CÝho g§ñH¥$V, n§Om~r, \$magr Ed§ {hÝXr H$s {ejm àmá hþB© WrŸ& do Ama§^ go hr g§V godm, B©ída ^{ŠV, AmË_ qMVZ H$s Amoa CÝ_wI ahoŸ& CÝh| é{T>, naånam§JV Om{V ~ÝYZ, AZmMma, Ho$ à{V {damoY WmŸ& CZH$m ì`{ŠVËd AgmYmaU WmŸ& CZ_| J¥hñW, Ë`mJr,

50

Y_©gwYmaH$, g_mOgwYmaH$, Xoe^ŠV Am{X JwU WoŸ&Jwé ZmZH$ Xod Ho$ ~hþV go nX, gm{I`m± VWm ÔZ {bIo h¢Ÿ& CZH$m g§H$bZ

{g³Im| Ho$ N>Q>o Jwé AOw©Z XodZo gZ² 1604 _| 'Jwé J§«W gm{h~' _| g§H${bV {H$ò h¢Ÿ&ZmZH$ Xod H$s H$mì` ̂ mfm {hÝXr, \$magr Am¡a n§Om~r h¡Ÿ& CZH$s ̂ mfm _| ghOVm h¡Ÿ& Am. h. à {ÛdoXr {bIVo h¢- ''{OZ dm{U`m| go _Zwî` Ho$ A§Xa BVZm ~S>m AnamOo` AmË_~b Am¡a H$^r g_má Z hmoZodmbm gmhg àmá hmo gH$Vm h¡, CZH$s _{h_m {Z:g§Xoh AVwbZr` h¡Ÿ& gÎdo èhX` go {ZH$bo hþE ̂ ŠV Ho$ AË`§V grYo CX²Jma Am¡a gË` Ho$ à{V ÑT> ahZo Ho$ CnXoe {H$VZo e{ŠVembr hmo gH$Vo h¢, ̀ h ZmZH$ H$s dm{U`m| Zo ñnï> H$a {X`m h¡Ÿ&''

BZ _hmZ gÝVm| Ho$ A{V[aŠV g§V-gm{hË` Ymam Ho$ {dH$mg _| H${d`m| H$m `moJXmZ ahm h¡Ÿ& CZ_| gåàXm` ñWmnH$ H${d ̂ r h¡Ÿ& {díZmoB© gåàXm` Ho$ OÝ^ZXmg, gmY gåàXm` Ho$ dra^mZ Am¡a OmoJrXmg, bmb nÝW Ho$ bmbXmg, XmXy n§W Ho$ XmXyX`mb, _byH$ n§W Ho$ _byH$Xmg, dmaH$ar gåàXm` Ho$ kmZoída, Zm_Xod, VwH$mam_, EH$ZmW Am{X gåàXm` Ed§ gåà` à_wIm| Zo g§V gm{hË` Ymam Ho$ {dH$mg _| ̀ moJXmZ {X`m h¡Ÿ&

3A. 3 g§V H$mì¶ H$s gm‘mÝ¶ {deofVmE±

{hÝXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ ̂ p³VH$mb H$mo {ZJw©U Am¡a gJwU ̂ p³V H$mì¶Ymam BZ Xmo ̂ mJm|‘| {d^m{OV {H$¶m OmVm h¡ & Bg H$mb ‘| {ZJw©U ̂ p³V nÕ{V AË¶m{YH$ à^mdr ahr h¢& {ZJw©U ^p³VYmam ‘| Xmo emImE± {dH${gV hþB© EH$ kmZml¶r emIm Am¡a Xþgar ào‘‘mJu emIm& kmZml¶r emIm H$mo g§V H$mì¶ Zm‘ go g§~mo{YV {H$¶m OmVm h¢& AV… {ZJw©U ̂ p³V, kmZml¶r emIm VWm g§V H$mì¶ Am{X Zm‘ g§~moYZ ̂ p³VH$mb Ho$ EH$ {d{ímï> H$mì¶ Ymam H$mo hr {XE JE h¢& BgHo$ àdV©H$ g§V H$~ra ‘mZo OmVo h¢& Bg H$mì¶ H$s ¶h {deofVm ‘mZr OmVr h¢ {H$ Bg‘| H$ht na ̂ r H¥${Ì‘Vm Zht {XImB© XoVr h¢& Bg‘| ghO àmH¥${VH$ gm¢X¶© h¡ Omo ‘Z ‘pñVîH$ H$mo EH$ gmW ha boVm h¢& g§V gm{hË¶ ‘| A{YH$ Va AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ {df¶m| H$s A{^ì¶p³V hþB© h¡& {ZJw©U g§V H$mì¶ Zo AZoH$ Ym{‘©H$ gåàXm¶m| Ho$ à^mdm| H$mo J«hU {H$¶m h¡& ¶h gmYZm VWm H$mì¶d¡^d XmoZmo Ñ{ï> go ~hþV hr gånÞ h¢& g§V H${d¶m| H$s {dMmaYmam ZrOr kmZ Am¡a AZw^y{V¶m± na AmYm[aV h¡& Bg H$mì¶ Ymam H$s gm‘mÝ¶ àd¥{Îm¶m± Ed§ gm‘mÝ¶ {deofVmAm| H$mo {ddoMZ {ZåZ àH$ma {X¶m Om ahm h¢ &

{ZJw©U B©ída ‘| {dídmg …

g^r g§V H${d¶m| Zo B©ída Ho$ gå~ÝY ‘o AnZo {dMma ì¶³V {H$E h¢ & g^r dUm} Am¡a g‘wMr Om{V¶m| Ho$ {bE dh {ZJw©U EH$ ‘mÌ kmZJå¶ h¢ & dh A{dJV h¢ & doX nwamU VWm ñ‘¥{V¶m± Ohm± VH$ Zhr nhþ±M gH$Vr -

"‘{ZJw©U am‘ Onhþao ̂ mB©, A{dJV H$s J{V bIr Z OmB© &'¶o gÝV H${d gya Am¡a Vwbgr Ho$ g‘mZ gJwU Am¡a {ZJw©U Ho$ g‘Ýd¶dmXr Zhr h¡ &

51

BÝhm|Zo B©ída Ho$ gJwU én H$m {damoY {H$¶m h¢ & H${d H$m H$hZm h¡ - XeaW gwV {Vhþ± bmoH$ ~ImZm,am‘ Zm‘ H$m ‘a‘ h¡ OmZm &

{ZJw©U ~«åh Ho$ gå~ÝY ‘| gÝV H$~raXmgOr Zo CËH¥$ï> CXmhaU XoH$a g‘Pm¶m h¡ -

"Om H$mo ‘w±h ‘mWm Zhr, Zmhr én Hw$én &nwîn J§Y Vo nmVam, Eogm én AZwn &&'

g§V H$~ra Ed§ g§V H${d¶m| Ho$ AZwgma B©ída H$m AË¶§V gyú‘ én h¡ dh {XImB© Zhr XoVm & {Og àH$ma H$moB© nwîn h¡ na§Vw Cg‘| g‘m{hV J§Y {XImB© Zhr XoVr Cgr àH$ma B©ída Ka Ka‘| {damO‘mZ h¡ & dh àË¶oH$ ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ •X¶ ‘| dmg H$aVm h¡ &

~hþXod dmX VWm AdVmadmX H$m {damoY …

^p³VH$mbrZ {ZJw©U g§V H${d¶m|Zo ~hþXoddmX VWm AdVmadmX H$m {damoY {H$¶m h¡& CÝhm|Zo Bg ^mdZm H$m {Z{^©H$Vm nwd©H$ IÝS>Z {H$¶m h¡& BgH$m H$maU amOZr{VH$Vm H$m n[aUm‘ VWm e§H$amMm¶© Ho$ AX²d¡V H$m à^md Wm& emgH$ dJ© ‘wgb‘mZ EHo$ída dmXr Wm& {hÝXþ-‘wpñb‘ Y‘m} ‘| {dÛofm{¾H$mo em§V H$a EH$Vm H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ {bE BZ H${d¶m| Zo EHo$ída dmX H$m g§Xoe XoH$a ~hþXoddmX VWm AdVma H$m {damoY H$a ~«åhm, {dîUy, ‘hoe H$mo ‘m¶mJ«ñV H$hm Am¡a CZH$s qZXm H$s h¡& CZH$m {dídmg Wm {H$ g¥[ï> H$m H$Vm© {ZamH$ma ~«åh h¡& MaUXmg Z| ~«åh Ho$ gå~ÝY ‘| {bIm h¡ -

"¶h {ga Zdo Z am‘ Xÿ§, Zmhr {Jar¶mo Qy>Q> &AmZ Xod Zhr na{g¶o, ¶h VZ Om¶o Ny>Q> &&'

gX²Jwé H$m ‘hËd …

g§V H${d¶m| Zo AnZr aMZmAm| ‘| Jwê$ H$mo A{YH$ ‘hËd {X¶m h¡ & CZHo$ AZwgma Jwê$ hr gd©loð> h¡ & CÝhm|Zo Jwé H$mo kmZr ~VmVo hþE B©ída go ̂ r A{YH$ ‘hËd {X¶m h¡ & Jwé H$m ‘hËd H$mo ñnï> H$aVo hþE H$~raXmg Or Zo {bIm h¡ -

"Jwê$ Jmo{dÝX XmoD$ IS>o H$mHo$ bmJw± nmB &~{bhmar Jwé AmnZo {OZ Jmo{dÝX {X¶mo ~VmB© &&'

BZ H${d¶m| H$m {dídmg h¡ {H$ am‘ H$s H¥$nm ̂ r V^r hmoVr h¡ O~ Jwé H$s H¥$nm hmoVr h¡ & {~Zm Jwé H$s H¥$nm na‘mË‘m H$s H¥$nm gå^d Zhr h¡ & B{g{bE g§V H${d¶m| Zo Jwé H$mo gmjmV na‘mË‘m ‘mZm h¡ & AV… {ZJw©U ^³V H${d gJwU ^³V H${d¶m| H$s Anojm Jwé H$mo A{YH$ ‘ôËd XoVo h¢&

52

Om{V-nm{V H$m {damoY …

{ZJw©U g§V H${d¶m| Zo Om{V-nm{V H$m {damoY {H$¶m h¡ & ‘Ü¶ ¶wJ H$mbrZ g‘mO ‘| dU© ̂ oX Am¡a dJ© ̂ oX VWm Om{V ̂ oX H$m A{YH$ àm~ë¶ Wm, {’$a g§V H$~ra Zo BZH$m H$gH$a {damoY {H$¶m & g§V H$~ra ~wÜX H$s g‘VmdmXr Ñï>r Ho$ nwañH$Vm© Wo & CZHo$ AZwgma Z H$moB© N>moQ>m h¡ Z H$moB© ~S>m h¡, B©ída H$s nyOm VWm AmamYZm H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma àË¶oH$ ‘Zwî¶‘mÌ H$mo h¡ & Bg Ñï>r‘| ̂ JdV ̂ p³V ‘| g~H$mo g‘mZ A{YH$ma h¡ & H$~ra Ho$ AZwgma -

"Om{V-nm{V nwN>o Zht H$moB© ,h[a H$mo Ôo gmo h[a H$m hmoB© &'

BZ gÝVm| H$mo {hÝXÿ-‘wgb‘mZm| ‘o EH$Vm ñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$ {bE gm‘mÝ¶ ^p³V ‘mJ© H$s à{VîR>m ̂ r H$aZr Wr & Bg ̂ oX Ho$ {ZdmaUmW© BZHo$ ñda ‘| àIaVm Am¡a H$Qw>Vm AmB© -

Aao BZ XmCZ amhZ nmB© &{hÝXþAZ H$s {hÝXþAmB© XoIr, VwaH$Z H$s VwaH$mB© &&

H$~ra XmgOr Bgr àH$ma H$hVo h¡ - ""Vy ~«måhU ‘¢ H$mer H$m Owbmhm MrÝh Z ‘moa {J¶mZm &

Vy Omo ~m‘U ~m‘Ur Om¶m Am¡a amh h¡ ³¶m| Zhr Am¶m &&''

é[T>¶m| Am¡a AmS>å~am| H$m {damoY …

g^r {ZJw©U g§V H${d¶m| Zo é{T>¶m|, {‘Ï¶m AmS>å~am| VWm A§Y{dídmgm| H$s H$Qy> AmbmoMZm H$s h¡ & BZ H${d¶m| Zo VËH$mbrZ g‘mO ‘| nmB© OmZodmbr BZ Hw$àd¥{Îm¶m| H$m S>Q>H$a {damoY {H$¶m h¡ & BÝhm|Zo ‘y{V©nyOm, Y‘© Ho$ Zm‘ na H$s OmZodmbr qhgm, VrW©, d«V, amoOm, Z‘mO, hO¶mÌm Am{X ~møS>å~am| H$m S>§Ho$ H$s MmoQ> na {damoY {H$¶m & BÝhm|Zo {Z^©¶Vm go VËH$mbrZ g‘mO H$mo ghr amñVm {XImZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m VWm VËH$mbrZ Y‘© Am¡a gåàXm¶m| ‘| Zr{hV PyR>r ‘mÝ¶VmAm| H$m {damoY {H$¶m & n[aUm‘V… g§V H${d¶m| H$mo {hÝXÿ VWm ‘wgb‘mZ XmoZm| H$s Amoa go àVmS>Zm ghZr nS>r & àm¶… BÝhm| Zo AnZo ¶wJ Ho$ d¡îUd gåàXm¶ H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a eof g^r Y‘© gåàXm¶ H$s H$Qw> AmbmoMZm H$s h¡ -

"~H$ar nmVr ImV h¡, VmH$s H$mT>r Imb &Oo OZ ~H$ar ImV h¡, {VZ H$mo H$m¡Z hdmb &&'

H$~ra ‘wpñb‘ Y‘© gåàXm¶ H$s AmbmoMZm H$aVo hþE± H$hVo h¡ - "H$m§H$a nmWa Omo[aHo$, ‘pñOX bB© ~Zm¶ &Vm M{T> ‘w„m ~m§J Xo, ~{ham hþAm IwXm¶ &&'

{hÝXÿ Y‘© H$s AmbmoMZm H$aVo hþE° H$hVo h¡ -"nËWa nwO¡ h[a {‘b|, Vmo ‘¢ nwOw± nhma &VmVo dh M¸$s ^br nrg Im¶ g§gma &&'

53

ahñ¶dmX …

{ZJw©U g§V H${d¶m| ‘o| ahñ¶dmX H$s ̂ mdZm ‘w»¶ én ‘| {XImB© XoVr h¡ & ahñ¶ H$s Ñï>r go BZH$m gm{hË¶ AZwn‘ h¡ & g§V gåàXm¶ ‘| ào‘mgp³V Am¡a ahñ¶‘¶Vm H$s àd¥{Îm¶m±§ {dÇ>b gåàXm¶ go Am¶r h¡ & àU¶m^y{V Ho$ joÌ ‘| nhþ±MH$a ¶o IÊS>Z-‘ÊS>Z H$s àH¥${V H$mo ^yb OmVo h¡ Am¡a BZH$m ‘¥Xþb-•X¶ Vab hmo OmVm h¡ & {dahmZw^y{V H$s A{^ì¶p³V ‘| BÝh| n¶m©á g’$bVm {‘br h¡ & gÝV H$mì¶ ‘| ‘w»¶V… Abm¡{H$H$ ào‘ H$s A{^ì¶§OZm hþB© {Ogo ahñ¶dmX H$s ^r g§km Xr JB© h¡ & gmYZm Ho$ joÌ ‘| Omo ~«åh h¡, gm{hË¶ Ho$ joÌ ‘| dhr ahñ¶dmX h¡ & gÝVm| H$m ahñ¶dmX e§H$a Ho$ AÛ¡VdmX go à^m{dV h¡ -

"Ob ‘| Hw$å^ Hw$å^ ‘| Ob h¡ ^rVa ~mha nmZr &’y$Q>m Hw$å^ Ob Obqh g‘mZm, ¶h VV H$Wm¡ J¶mZr &&'

g§V H${d¶m| Ho$ ahñ¶dmX na ¶moJ H$m ñnï> à^md h¡ Ohm± H$s B§Jbm,qnJbm Am¡a ghóXb H$‘b Am{X àVrH$m| H$m à¶moJ h¡ & AV… XmoZm| àH$ma H$s ~«åhmZw^y{V ¶moJmË‘H$ ahñ¶dmX Ho$ AÝVJ©V Am¶oJr & BZ‘| {dewÜX ^mdmË‘H$ ahñ¶dmX ^r {‘bVm h¡, Ohm± àU¶mZw^y{V H$s {ZíMb A{^ì¶p³V hþB© h¡ -

"Am¶r Z gH$m¡ VwÁP n¡, gHw§$ Z VwÁP ~wbmB© &{O¶am ¶m| hr boh|Jo {dah VnmB© VnmB© &&'

g§V H${d¶m| H$m ahñ¶dmX ^maVr¶ naånam Ho$ AZwHw$b h¡ Am¡a Cg na doXm| H$m à^md h¡ &

ÔZ VWm Zm‘ñ‘aU

{ZJw©U g§V H${d¶m| Zo ̂ OZ VWm Zm‘ñ‘aU H$mo A{YH$ ‘hËd {X¶m h¡ & ̂ OZ VWm Zm‘ñ‘aU Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| CZH$s ¶h YmaUm h¡ {H$ ̂ OZ, {H$V©Z ¶m Zm‘ñ‘aU ‘Z hr ‘Z ‘| hmoZm Mm{hE & Cg‘| {H$gr ̂ r àH$ma H$m {XImdm ¶m T>m|J Z hmo & ̂ OZ VWm Zm‘ñ‘aU go na‘oída H$s àm{á hmoVr h¡ & ha ì¶{º$ H$mo ̂ OZ, {H$V©Z VWm Zm‘ñ‘aU H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma h¡ dh AJa gƒo ‘Z go B©ída H$m ñ‘aU H$aVm h¡ Vmo Cgo CgH$s àm{á g§^d h¡ & Bg g§~§Y ‘| H$~ra H$m H$hZm h¡ -

""ghOmo gw{‘aZ H$s{O¶o {haX¡ ‘mhr {N>nmB© &hmoR> hmoR> gy§Zm {hb¡, gH¡$ Zhr H$moB© nmB© &''

ào‘ H$s Amdí¶H$Vm H$mo ‘hËd XoVo hþE H$~ra H$hVo h¡ -""nmoWr n{‹T> n{‹T> OJ‘wAm, n§{S>V ^¶m Z H$moB©,T>mB© AmIa ào‘ Ho$, nT>¡ gmo n§{S>V hmoB© &&''

bmoH$g§J«h H$s ̂ mdZm …

{ZJw©U g§V H${d nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ OrZodmbo ì¶p³V aho h¢ & do ZmW n§{W¶m| Ho$ g‘mZ Ho$db ¶moJr Zhr Wo & ¶hr H$maU h¡ {H$ BZH$s dmUr ‘| OrdZJV AZw^d H$s gdmªJrUVm h¡, gÝVm| H$s gmYZm ‘| d¡¶p³VH$Vm H$r Anojm gm‘m{OH$ A{YH$ h¡ & gÝVm| Zo AmË‘ewpÜX na

54

A{YH$ ~b {X¶m h¡ & ¶o bmoJ g§V, H${d Am¡a ̂ p³V Am§XmobZ Ho$ CÞm¶H$ h¡, dhm± do g‘mO gwYmaH$ ̂ r h¡ & ¶hr H$maU h¡ {H$ {hÝXr Ho$ AZoH$ {dMmaH$m| Zo H$~ra H$mo H«$m§{VH$mar gm‘m{OH$ ZoVm ̂ r ‘mZm h¡ & H¥$îU Ymam Ho$ H${d¶m| Ho$ g‘mZ g§V H${d¶m| Zo g‘mO go AnZr Am±Io Zht {’$am br Wr & gÝV H$mì¶ ‘| Cg g‘¶ H$m g‘mO à{V{~på~V h¡ & BZH$s g‘ñV dmUr H$m gma hr H$‘©Ê¶Vm h¡ &

l¥§Jma dU©Z Ed§ {dah dU©Z H$s ‘m{‘©H$ C{º$¶m± …

gånyU© g§V gm{hË¶ ‘| l¥§Jma Ed§ emÝV ag H$m {MÌU A{YH$ én ‘| hþAm h¡ & BZ H${d¶m| Zo g§¶moJ Am¡a {d¶moJ Bg àU¶ H$s XmoZm| AdñWmAm| H$m AË¶§V H$bmË‘H$ Ed§ ‘Zmohmar {MÌU {H$¶m h¡ & CnXoe naH$ gyp³V¶m| ‘| emÝV ag H$s ì¶§OZm hþB© h¡ & H$ht-H$ht BZH$m ñda H$H©$e hþAm h¡ {H$ÝVw dhm± bmoH$ H$ë¶mU H$s ̂ mdZm ahr h¡ & g§V dm{U¶m| H$m H$mì¶ nj CZH$s àU¶mop³V¶m| ‘| hr ¶WmW© éngo {ZIa nm¶m h¡ & ZrMo Hw$N> n§{º$¶m± Ñï>ì¶ h¡ -

"{da{hZ C^r n§W {ga n§Wr ~wP¡ YmB &EH$ ewÜX H${h nrd H$m H$~ao {‘b|Jo AmB &&'

g§V gm{hË¶ ‘| g§¶moJ nj Ho$ A§VJ©V énmH$f©Z, {à¶m{‘bZ, àW‘ g‘mJ‘, hfm}„mg, {‘bZmoËH$ÊR>m, Pwbm-PwbZm Am{X H$m dU©Z {‘bVm h¡ & Bg H$mì¶ ‘| {d¶moJ nj ‘| {à¶ H$mo {dXoe OmZo go amoH$Zm, {dah-O{ZV H$m‘-XemAm| H$m dU©Z, H$m‘ Am{X Ho$ Ûmam {à¶V‘ H$m g§Xoe àofU Am{X dU©Z {H$¶m h¡ & g§V H${d¶m| H$m l¥§Jma ag Mmho bm¡{H$H$ hmo ¶m Abm¡{H$H$, Cg‘| EH$ AZwn‘ ‘mYw¶© ag h¡ & dh bm¡{H$H$ én‘| {OVZm AmëhmXXm¶H$ h¡, Abm¡{H$H$ én ‘| CVZm hr AmZ§XXm¶H$ h¡ & g§V H${d¶m| H$m l¥§Jma dU©Z ̂ r BZHo$ ì¶p³VËd Y‘© Am¡a Xe©Z Ho$ g‘mZ Hw$N> {dbjU VWm {Zambm h¡ & BZHo$ l¥§Jma ‘| {Xì¶ ag H$s AmÐ©Vm h¡ - dmgZm H$s A{dbVm Zht &

Zmar Ho$ à{V Ñï>rH$moU …

{ZJw©U gÝV H${d¶m| Zo Zmar g§~§Yr AnZo {dMmam| H$mo IwbH$a ì¶³V {H$¶m h¡ & BZ H${d¶m| Zo EH$ Amoa Zmar H$s qZXm-ZmbñVr H$s h¡, Vmo Xþgar Amoa n{Vd«Vm Zmar H$s ‘w³V H$ÊR> go àe§gm ̂ r H$s h¡ & gÝV H${d¶m| Zo Zmar H$mo ‘m¶m H$m àVrH$ ‘mZm h¡ & BÝhm|Zo H$ZH$ Am¡a H$m{‘Zr H$mo XþJ©‘ Km{Q>¶±m ‘mZm h¡ & H$~ra H$m H$hZm h¡ -

"Zmar H$s PmB© naV AÝYm hmoV ^wO§J &H${~am {VZH$s H$hm J{V {ZV Zmar Ho$ g§J &&'

n[Vd«Vm Zmar H$s àe§gm H$aVo hþE H$~ra H$hVo h¡ -"n{Vd«Vm ‘¡br ^br, H$mZr Hw${MV Hw$én &n{Vd«Vm Ho$ én na dmam| H$moQ>r gén &&'

H$~ra H$m ¶h Ñï>rH$moU CXmaVm H$m n[aMm¶H$ h¡ & CZH$s Ñï>r ‘| n{Vd«Vm H$m AmXe© CZHo$ gmYZm Ho$ {ZH$Q> nS>Vm h¡ & g{V Am¡a n{Vd«Vm Zmar ‘§o EH$ Ho$ à{V {Zð>mdmZ,

55

Amgp³V, A{g‘ ào‘ gmhg Am¡a Ë¶mJ ̂ mdZm go do à^m{dV Wo & H$~ra ‘m¶m Ho$ Xmo én gV² ‘m¶m VWm AgV² ‘m¶m ‘mZVo h¡ & g§V H${d¶m| Zo gV² H$mo ñdrH$ma H$a AgV² H$mo AñdrH$ma H$a CgH$s K¥Um H$s h¡ &

‘m¶m go gmdYmZVm …

{ZJw©U g§V H${d¶m| Zo ‘m¶mgo gmdYmZ ahZo H$m CnXoe {X¶m h¡ & ³¶m| {H$ a‘¡¶m H$s XþëhZ Zo g~H$mo ~mOma ‘| bwQ> {b¶m h¡ Am¡a ~«åh, {dîUw Am¡a ‘hoe ̂ r Cgr Ho$ der^yV h¡ & ¶h ^JdmZ go {‘bZo H$m ‘mJ© ‘| ~hþV ~S>r ~mYm h¡ & ¶h ‘m¶m ‘hm R>{JZr h¡ & BgZo ‘Ywa dmUr ~mobH$a AnZr {VaJwU ’$m§g ‘| g~H$mo ’± gm {b¶m h¡ &

"‘m¶m ‘hm R>{JZr h‘ OmZr {VaJwZ ’±$mg {bE dh S>mobo, ~mobo ‘mYwar ~mZr'

^mfm Ed§ e¡br …

{ZJw©U g§V H${d¶m|H$s ^mfm OZ gm‘mÝ¶ H$s ^mfm h¡ & BZHo$ H$mì¶ ‘| ‘w»¶V… Jo¶‘w³VH$ e¡brH$m à¶moJ hþAm h¡ & g^r H${d A{e{jV Wo & BÝhm|Zo ~mobMmb H$s ̂ mfm H$mo hr AnZo A{^ì¶p³V H$m gmYZ ‘mZm & g§V H${d AnZo ‘V H$m àMma H$aZo hoVw ̂ «‘U H$aVo Wo, AV… BZH$s ^mfm {IMS>r ¶m gmYw¸$S>r Wr & Bg‘| AdYr, ~«O IS>r ~mobr, nydu {hÝXr, ’$magr, Aa~r, amOñWmZr, n§Om~r ̂ mfmAm| Ho$ eãXm| H$m gpå‘lU hmo J¶m h¡ &

g§V H${d¶m| H$s ̂ mfm ‘| nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm| H$m à¶moJ ̂ r {‘bVm h¡ Omo {H$ BÝhm|Zo AnZo nwd©dVr gåàXm¶ go {bE hþE h¡& O¡go-ewÝ¶, AZhX, {ZJw©U, gJwU Am¡a AdYwV Am{X& ZmW n§{W¶mo Ûmam à¶w³V B§Jbm,qnJbm, Am{X eãXm| H$m ^r BÝhm|Zo ¶WmdV à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡& S>m°. {edHw$‘ma e‘m© BZH$s ̂ mfm Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| {bIVo h¢ - ""BZH$s ̂ mfm AmS>å~a {dhrZ gab h¡& BÝhm| Zo Cgo H$ht ^r Amb§H$m[aVm go bmXZo H$m à¶ËZ Zhr {H$¶m h¡ {H$ÝVw AZw^y{V H$s Vrd«Vm Ho$ H$maU Cg‘| H$mì¶mo{MV g^r JwU Am J¶o h¡&''

e¡br …

g§V H$mì¶ ‘| Jo¶ ‘w³VH$ e¡br H$m à¶moJ hþAm h¡ & ar{V H$mì¶ Ho$ g^r VËd, ^mdmË‘H$Vm, gyú‘Vm, g§JrVmË‘H$Vm, d¡¶p³VH$Vm Am¡a H$mo‘bVm Am{X BZH$s dmUr ‘| {‘bVo h¡ &

Ab§H$ma …

{ZJw©U g§V H${d¶m| H$s H$mì¶ aMZmAm| ‘| énH$, Cn‘m, Ñï>m§V, g‘mgmop³V, AÝ¶mop³V, dH«$mop³V, CËàojm ì¶{VaoH$, {damoYm^mg Am{X Ab§H$mam| H$m à¶moJ hþAm h¡ &

56

N>§X …

{ZJw©U g§V H${d¶m| Zo AnZo {dMmam| H$s A{^ì¶p³V "gmIr Am¡a g~X' Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go H$s h¡ & gm{I¶m|H$s aMZm Xmohm, N>§X ‘| hþB© h¡ & gmW hr Mm¡nmB©, H${dVm, h§g nX Am{X N>§Xmo H$m à¶moJ hþAm h¡ &

3A. 4 Aä¶mg

à. 1. g§V H$mì¶ H$s à‘wI {deofVmE± {b{IE&à. 2. kmZ‘mJu emIm H$s à‘wI àd¥{Îm¶m|H$m n[aM¶ Xr{OE&à. 3. {ZåZ{b{IV na {Q>ßnUr {b{IE&

A) g§V H$~ra

57

58

gy’$s H$mì¶

3Am. 1 àñVmdZm

3Am. 2 à‘wI gy’$s H${d

3Am. 3 gy’$s H$mì¶ H$s {deofVmE±

3Am. 4 Aä¶mg

3Am. 1 àñVmdZm

^p³VH$mb Ho$ {ZJw©U g§V H$mì¶ Ho$ A§VJ©V gy’$s H$mì¶ H$mo {dÛmZm| Zo H$B© Zm‘m| go g§~moo{YV {H$¶m h¡& AmMm¶© am‘M§Ð ew³b Zo Bgo "ào‘‘mJu gy’$s emIm' Bg Zm‘ go g§~mo{YV {H$¶m h¡& AÝ¶ Zm‘m| ‘| ào‘m»¶mZ H$mì¶, ào‘ H$mì¶, Am{X à‘wI h¡& Bg H$mì¶ naånam H$mo gy’$s g§Vmo H$s XoZ ‘mZm OmVm h¡&

gy’$s eãX H$s CËn{Îm Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| {dÛmZmo§ ‘| {d{^Þ ‘V h¡& Hw$N> {dÛmZ "gy’$' H$mo g’$ eãX go {ZH$bm hþAm ‘mZVo h¢ {OgH$m AW© h¡, Omo A{J«‘ n§{º$ ‘| I‹S>o hm|Jo, do gy’$s hm|Jo& Hw$N> EH$ {dÛmZ ‘XrZm H$s ‘pñOX Ho$ g‘j gwâ’$m-M~wVao na ~¡R>Zo dmbo ’$H$sam| H$mo gy’$s H$hVo h¡& gy’$s eãXm| H$mo gmo{’$¶m H$m énmÝVa ‘mZm J¶m h¡& Hw$N> {dÛmZm| Zo gy’$s eãX H$m g§~§Y g’$m go Omo‹S>m h¡ {OgH$m AW© n{dÌ Am¡a eÕVm h¡& Hw$N> Zo VH©$ g§J{V Ho$ AmYma na gy’$s eãX H$m g§~§Y gy’$ AWm©V "CZ' H$n‹S>o go ‘mZm J¶m h¡&

AmMm¶© ew³b Zo ^p³VH$mbrZ {hÝXr H$s Bg ào‘m»¶mZ naånam H$mo ’$magr-‘gZ{d¶m| go ào[aV ‘mZm h¡& Bg H$mì¶ Ymam Ho$ à‘wI àdV©H$ ‘{bH$ ‘whå‘X Om¶gr h¡&

3Am. 2 gy’$s H$mì¶ Ho$ à‘wI H${d

gy’$s H$mì¶ Ho$ àdV©H$ ‘{bH$ ‘whå‘X Om¶gr ‘mZo OmVo h¢& ¶h {ZJw©UmonmgH$ H${d¶m| H$s Xÿgar emIm h¡& gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo ào‘ H$WmAm| Ho$ bm¡{H$H$ ào‘ Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go Abm¡{H$H$ B©ída ̂ p³V H$s h¡& ̂ p³V H$mbrZ {ZJw©U gy’$s H${d¶m| ‘| Om¶gr, Hw$Vw~Z, ‘§PZ, eoI Z~r, H$m{g‘ emh, Zya ‘whå‘X Am{X à‘wI H${d¶m| Zo "ào‘‘mJu H$mì¶' H$mo {dH${gV H$aZo ‘| AnZm ~hþV ~‹S>m ¶moJXmZ {X¶m h¡& ¶hm± g^r à‘wI gy’$s H${d¶m| H$m n[aM¶ {X¶m Om ahm h¡&

‘{cH$ ‘whå‘X² Om¶gr

^p³VH$mbrZ ào‘m»¶mZ H$mì¶ Ho$ à‘wI H${d Om¶gr h¡& CZHo$ OÝ‘ Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| {dÛmZm| ‘| ‘VôX h¡& A§V:gmú¶ Ho$ AmYmana Om¶gr H$m OÝ‘ gZ² 1495 ‘mZm J¶m h¡, am¶~aobr ‘| Om¶g ZJa ‘| BZH$m OÝ‘ hþAm Wm& Om¶g ZJa ‘| OÝ‘ boZo Ho$ H$maU hr ¶o

3-Am

Om¶gr H$hbm¶o& BZHo$ {nVm H$m Zm‘ ‘{bH$ eoI ‘‘aoO ¶m ‘{bH$ amOo Aea’$ Wm& ‘mVm-{nVm H$s ~MnZ ‘| hr ‘¥Ë¶w hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU ¶o ’$H$samo| Am¡a gmYwg§J{V ‘| ahZo bJo& Hw$N> {dÛmZm| H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$, Om¶gr H$m {ddmh hþAm Wm, CÝh| nwÌ ̂ r Wo {H$ÝVw do {H$gr XþK©Q>Zm ‘| ‘a J¶o& AÝV:gmú¶ Ho$ AmYma na Om¶gr XoIZo ‘| Hw$én Wo& do EH$ Am±I VWm H$mZ go a{hV Wo& EH$ ~ma eoa emh Zo CZH$s Hw$énVm H$m Cnhmg CS>m¶m V~ CÝhm|Zo CÎma {X¶m, ""‘mo{h H$m h±go{g {H$ H$moha{hV' eoaemh b{‚mV hþE Am¡a BZH$m AË¶m{YH$ gÝ‘mZ {H$¶m& BÝht Ho$ H$mb ‘| BZHo$ H$B© {eî¶ ~Z JE Wo {eî¶ nX²‘mdV Ho$ nÚ Jm JmH$a {^jmQ>Z H$aVo Wo& EH$ {XZ Eogm hr EH$ Mobm A‘oR>r ‘| ZmJ‘Vr H$m ~mah‘mgm JmVm {’$a ahm Wm-

"H±$db Omo {dJgm ‘mZ{ga, {~ZwOb JEC gwImB©&gy{I ~o{b nw{Z nbwh¡, Omo {nC gtMo AmB&&'

amOm ¶h Xmohm gwZ H$a Om¶gr H$mo ~‹S>o AmXa^md go A‘oR>r bo AmE& Am¡a do A§V g‘¶ VH$ dht ah|& Om¶gr H$s ‘¥Ë¶w dht na A‘oR>r Ho$ O§Jb ‘| ~ho{bE Ho$ Vra go hþB©& A‘oR>r Zaoe Zo Om¶gr H$s ¶ht na EH$ g‘m{Y ~Zdm Xr, Omo A~ ̂ r ‘m¡OyX h¡&

Om¶gr H$s aMZmAm| Ho$ gÝX^© ‘| {dÛmZm| Ûmam bJ^J 21 aMZmAm| H$m C„oI {‘bVm h¡& nÙmdV, AIamdQ> Am¡a Am{Iar H$bm‘ ¶o VrZ aMmZmE± àH$m{eV hmo MyH$s h¡& AÝ¶ aMZmAm| ‘| MånmdV, BamdV, gIamdV, ‘aH$mdV, {MÌmdV, ‘moamB©-Zm‘m, ‘wH$hamZm‘m, nm¡ñVrZm‘m, gwdm©Zm‘m, Z¡ZmdV, H$haZm‘m, ‘oIamdQ>Zm‘m, YZmdV, gmoaR>, na‘mW© OnZr Am¡a ñ’w$Q N>§X Am{X H$m C„oI {H$¶m OmVm h¡& CZH$s "nX²‘mdV' ‘| aËZgoZ Am¡a nX²‘mdVr H$s bm¡{H$H$ ào‘ H$hmZr Ûmam Abm¡{H$H$ ào‘ H$s A{^ì¶§OZm H$s JB© h¡& "AIamdQ>' ‘| dU©‘mbm Ho$ EH$ EH$ AYma H$mo boH$a {gÕm§V g§~§Yr VËdm| go ̂ ar Mm¡nmB©¶m± H$hr JB© h¢ Am¡a gmW hr B©ída, g¥{ï>, Ord, B©ída ào‘ Am{X {df¶m| na [dMma àH$Q> {H$E h¢& "Am{Iar H$bm‘' ‘| H$¶m‘V Ho$ dU©Z Ho$ gmW Om¶gr H$s Aj¶ H$s{V© H$m AmYma h¡&

Om¶gr Zo AnZr aMZmAm| ‘| R>oR> AdYr Ho$ nydunZ H$mo AnZm¶m h¡& Om¶gr H$s ̂ mfm àgmX Am¡a ‘mYw¶©JwU go n[anyU© h¡& Om¶gr Zo AnZr aMZmAm| ‘| Xmohm, Mm¡nmB© N>§Xm| H$m à¶mooJ H$a AdYr ^mfm ‘| g’$b à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡& Ab§H$mam| ‘| Cn‘m, énH$, CËàojm, ñd^mdmo{º$, AÝ¶mo{º$, ì¶{VaoH$, {d^mdZm, g§Xoh AZwàmg, {ZXe©Zm Am{X H$m g’$b à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡& {Z:g§Xoh Om¶gr H$m gm{hË¶ ‘| {deof ñWmZ h¡& ~m~y Jwbm~am¶ Ho$ eãXm|‘| - ""Om¶gr EH$ ‘hmZ H${d h¡& CZ‘| H${d Ho$ ghO JwU {dÚ‘mZ h¡& CgZo gm‘m{¶H$ g‘ñ¶m Ho$ {bE ào‘ H$s nra H$mo XoZ Xr& Cgnra H$mo AnZo ep³Vembr ‘hmH$mì¶ Ho$ Ûmam CnpñWV {H$¶m& dh A‘a H${d h¡&''

AÝ¶ gy{’$ H${d

Hw$Vw~Z H$m A{d^m©d g‘¶ gZ² 1493 B©. Wm& do eoI ~wahmZ Ho$ {eî¶ Wo& CÝhm|Zo "‘¥JmdVr' ào‘m»¶mZ H$s aMZm H$s& Bg‘| M§ÐZJa H$m amOHw$‘ma Am¡a H§$MZ nwa H$s "‘¥JmdVr' H$s ào‘ H$Wm d{U©V h¡& H${d "‘§PZ' Zo gZ² 1545 B©. ‘| "‘Yw‘mbVr' {bIm h¡& Bg‘| H$Zoga

59

ZJa Ho$ amOHw$‘ma Am¡a ‘hmagZJa H$s amOHw$‘mar "‘Yw‘mbVr' H$s ào‘ H$Wm h¡&

H${d "Cg‘mZ' Ohm±Jra H$mbrZ H${d Wo& hmOr ~m~m BZHo$ Jwê$ Wo& CÝhm|Zo "{MÌmdbr' Zm‘H$ ào‘m»¶mZ {bIm h¡& Bg‘| Zonmb amOHw$‘ma gwOmZ Am¡a énZJa H$s amOHw$‘mar {MÌmdVr H$s ào‘H$Wm d{U©V h¡& H${d eoI Z~r Zo gZ² 1619 B©. ‘| "kmZÛrn' H$s aMZm H$s Wr& Bg‘| amOHw$‘ma kmZÛrn Am¡a amOHw$‘mar Xod¶mZr H$s ào‘ H$Wm {M{ÌV h¡& H${d "‘w„mdOhr' Zo gZ² 1609 B©. ‘| "Hw$Ë~ ‘wíVar' ào‘m»¶mZ H$mì¶ h¡& Bg‘| JmobHw$ÊS>m Ho$ amOnwÌ ‘whå‘X Hw$br Hw$Ë~emh Am¡a ~§Jmb H$s gw§Xar ‘wíVar H$s ào‘-H$Wm d{U©V h¡& H${d "ZwóVr' Zo gZ² 1658 B©. H$mo "JwbeZo BíH$' ào‘m»¶mZ H$mì¶ {bIm& Bg‘| H$ZH${J[a Ho$ amOHw$‘ma ‘Zha Am¡a Y‘©amO H$s nwÌr ‘X‘mbVr H$s ào‘H$Wm d{U©V h¡& H${d "‘wH$s‘r' Zo "MÝXa~XZ d ‘h¶ma' ào‘m»¶mZ {bIm& Bg‘| gwÝXanQ>Z Ho$ {hÝXÿ amOm H$s nwÌr "MÝXa~XZ' Am¡a ‘wpñb‘ ì¶mnmar nwÌ ‘ha¶ma H$s Xw:ImÝV ào‘ H$hmZr h¡& H${d "‘ramhme‘r' Zo gZ² 1688 B©. ‘| "¶wgy’$-OwboIm' ào‘m»¶mZ {bIm&

BZ ào‘m»¶mZm| Ho$ Abmdm gy{’$ gÝVm| Zo Xmohm|, JµObm|, ñ’w$Q> nXm|, H$s aMZmE± àmá hmoVr&

3Am. 3 gy’$s H$mì¶ H$s {deofVmE±

^p³VH$mbrZ {ZJw©U Ymam H$s ¶h ào‘‘mJu emIm H$hbm¶r OmVr h¡ & Bg H$mì¶ Ymam Ho$ à‘wI H${d "Om¶gr' h¡ & ào‘‘mJu gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo H$pënV H$hm{Z¶m| Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go ào‘‘mJ© H$m ‘hËd à{VnmXZ {H$¶m h¡ & BZ H${d¶m| Zo bm¡{H$H$ ào‘ Ho$ ~hmZo Cg ào‘ VËd H$m A^mg {X¶m h¡ & BZ H$mì¶ ‘| a{MV ào‘ H$hm{Z¶m| H$m {df¶ Vmo gmYmaU hmoVm h¡ & {H$gr amOHw$‘ma H$m {H$gr amOHw$‘mar Ho$ ào‘ ‘| nmJb hmoZm Am¡a Ka ~ma N>moS>H$a {ZH$b nS>Zm& AnZr ào{‘H$m H$mo nmZo Ho$ {bE AZoH$ H$ï> Am¡a Amn{Îm¶m± PobH$a A§V ‘| Cg ào{‘H$m amOHw$‘mar H$mo àmá H$aZm & gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo Omo ào‘ H$hm{Z¶m± br h¡ do g~ {hÝXÿ n[admapñWV H$B© {XZm| go MbVr Am¶r ào‘ H$hm{Z¶m± h¡ & AV… H$hm{Z¶m| H$m AmYma {hÝXÿ h¡ & gy’$s ào‘ H$mì¶ H$s à‘wI àd¥{Îm¶m± Ed§ {deofVmE± {ZåZ àH$ma h¡ &

H$mì¶ àoaUm Ed§ à¶moOZ

ào‘‘mJu emIm Ho$ gy’$s H$mì¶Ymam Ho$ H${d¶m| Zo gy’$s ‘V H$m àMma àgma AnZr H$mì¶ H$s aMZm Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m h¡ & Bg naånam‘| {hÝXÿ H${d ̂ r Wo CÝhmoZo H$mì¶ma§^ ‘| {hÝXÿ Xodr-XodVmAm| H$s d§XZm ̂ r H$s h¡ & {H$ÝVw ‘wpñb‘ H${d¶m| Zo gy’$s ‘V H$m àMma H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m Wm & gmW hr BZH$m H$mì¶-à¶moOZ ¶e àm{á, H$mì¶ H$bm H$m àXe©Z Am¡a ¶wdmAm| H$m ‘Zmoa§OZ ahm h¡ & BZ H${d¶m| Zo ^maVr¶ emóm| H$m AmYma boH$a aMZmAm| H$m {Z‘m©U {H$¶m h¡ &

60

H$WmdñVw

ào‘m»¶mZm| ‘| Mma ómoVm|go àmá gm‘J«r H$m H$WmdñVw Ho$ én ‘| Cn¶moJ {H$¶m h¡ & 1) ‘hm^maV, h[ad§enwamU, {dîUwnwamU Am{X & 2) àmH¥$V - g§ñH¥$V Ho$ naånamJV H$WmZH$ 3) CX¶Z, {dH«$‘, aËZgoZ Am{X Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmÌm| H$s JmWmE± & 4) bmoH$ àM{bV ào‘H$WmE± BZ ‘| H$ënZm e{º$ H$m à¶moJ ̂ r {H$¶m h¡ & AV… BZH$m AmYma ̂ maVr¶ gm{hË¶ H$mo ‘mZZm Mm{hE &

à~ÝY H$ënZm

gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo bm¡{H$H$ ào‘ H$hm{Z¶m| Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go Abm¡{H$H$ ào‘ H$s A{^ì¶§OZm H$s h¡& BZ H$s ¶h ào‘ H$hm{Z¶m± à~ÝY H$mì¶ H$s H$mo{Q> ‘| AmVr h¡& BZ H${d¶m| H$m CÔoe H$moar ào‘ H$hmZr Z hmoH$a ào‘VËd H$m [ZénU H$aZm VWm CgH$m ‘hËd {ZYm©[aV H$aZm h¡& gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo AnZo ào‘ nmÌ Ho$ gm¢X¶© H$mo Á¶mo{V‘¶ nw§O Ho$ én ‘| {M{ÌV {H$¶m h¡, {H$ àË¶oH$ Ord CgH$s Amoa AmH${f©V hmoH$a AnZm gd©ñd Cg na Ý¶moN>mda H$aZo Ho$ {bE V¡¶ma hmo OmVm h¡& Bg H$mì¶ H$s ào{‘H$mE± Am¡a ào‘r nW na AmZodmbr ~mYmAm|H$mo nmaH$a {gpÜXnW na MT>Vo OmVo h¢& BZ H$WmAm| ‘| n{j¶m|, Xodm|, Am¡a AßgamAm| H$m C„oI {H$¶m J¶m h¢&

à~ÝY H$mì¶mo{MV dñVw Ed§ KQ>Zm dU©Z ‘| Omo àdmh J{V Ano{jV h¡, àm¶… BZ H$mì¶m| ‘| CgH$m A^md h¡ & H$WmdñVw Ho$ dñVw dU©Z ‘| g~ Zo à~ÝY é{T>¶m| H$s eaU br h¡ & ào‘m»¶mZm| àm¶… gd©Ì g‘wÐ, Vy’$mZ, ’w$bdm[a¶m±, dZ Am¡a ‘H$mZ O¡go h¡ & BZ H$mì¶m| H$s H«$‘ ¶moOZm àm¶… EH$ O¡gr h¡ & gd©àW‘ ‘§JbmMaU ‘| B©ída H$s gd©ep³V‘Îmm H$m dU©Z, VËníMmV hOaV ‘whå‘X Am¡a CZHo$ gh¶mo{J¶m| H$s àe§gm H$s OmVr h¡ & g§àXm¶ Ho$ C„oI Ho$ ~mX H$Wma§^ amJmg{º$ Am¡a Zm¶H$-Zm{¶H$m H$s àm{á Ho$ {bE gd©ñd Ë¶mJH$a Am±Yr Vw’$mZ H$m gm‘Zm H$aZo {ZH$bVm h¡& ào‘r ào{‘H$m Ho$ {‘bZ Ho$ níMmV A{YH$Va ào‘m»¶mZm| H$m AÝV XþImÝV hmoVm h¡§&

^md nj

ào‘ ‘mJu gy’$s H${d¶m| H$m ‘w»¶ {df¶ ào‘ h¡ & ào‘ Ho$ {d¶moJ nj H$mo A{YH$ ‘hËd BZ H${d¶m| Zo {X¶m h¡ & {OVZm Ü¶mZ ào‘r Am¡a ào{‘H$mAm| Ho$ {d¶moJ, CgH$s Ad{Y ‘| Pobo OmZodmbo H$ï>m| VWm CZH$m AÝV H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$E J¶o {d{dY à¶ËZm| H$mo dU©Z H$aZo ‘| {X¶m h¡ CVZm CZHo$ ApÝV‘ {‘bZ na Zhr§ {X¶m J¶m & BÝhm|Zo ~mah-‘mg H$mo ‘hËd {X¶m h¡ Am¡a ^maVr¶ nÕ{V H$m ì¶dhma {H$¶m h¡ & H$ht-H$ht ̂ maVr¶ à^md ñnï> én go {XImB© XoVm h¡ & gy{’$¶m| Zo d¡îUdm| H$s Aqhgm H$mo {H«$¶mË‘H$ én go AnZm¶m h¡ & Cn{ZfXm| Ho$ à{V[~§~ dmX Ho$ AZwgma ZmZm énmË‘H$ OJV ~«åh H$m à{V{~å~ h¡ & Om¶gr Zo AZoH$ ñWbm|na O¡go ""Z¶Z Omo XoIm H$‘b ^m ......'' ‘| à{V {~å~dmX Ho$ gmW hr {dMma gmå¶ {XIm¶m h¡ & g¥{ï> H$s CËn{Îm Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| n§M‘hm^yVm| ‘| go AmH$me N>moS>H$a AÝ¶ H$mo ñdrH$mam h¡ & hR>¶moJ H$m

61

à^md BZ na ñnï> hr h¡ & BZHo$ l¥§Jma H$m ZI-{eI dU©Z H$m‘emó go à^m{dV h¡ & CZH$s àU¶ ̂ mdZm ’$magr go Zht H$a ̂ maVr¶ l¥§Jma ag H$s naånam go AmVr h¡ &

H$mì¶ én

H$mì¶ àH$ma H$s Ñï>r go gy’$s H$mì¶ ^maVr¶ H$Wm H$mì¶ naånam ‘| AmVo h¡ & BgH$s nwï>r AZoH$ bjUm| go hmo OmVr h¡ & AZoH$ H${d¶m| Zo AnZr aMZmAm| H$mo H$Wm H$s g§km Xr h¡ & O¡go Xm‘moXa a{MV bIZgoZ nÙmdVr H$Wm, B©ídaXmg-gË¶dVr H$Wm, OmZH${d-H$Wm aËZmdVr, H$Wm H$m‘bVm, H$WmH$ZH$mdVr, ì¶mg-Zb X‘¶§Vr H$Wm Am{X & Hw$N> H${d¶m| Zo H$Wm eãX à¶moJ {ef©H$ ‘| ZmH$a H$mì¶ Ho$ AÝVJ©V {H$¶m h¡ - Om¶gr - ào‘ H$Wm Eht ^m±{V {~Mma hþ±, ‘§PZ- H$Wm OJV Oo Vr H${d AmB©, Cg‘mZ - OmH$s ~wpÜX hmoB© A{YH$mB©, Amb‘ - H$hm¢ ~mV gwZm| g~ bmoJ& H$Wm-H$Wm qgJma {d¶moJ & naewam‘ MVwd}Xr Zo gy{’$¶m| Ho$ H$mì¶ àH$mam| H$mo A{YH$ ñnï> H$aVo hþE± {bIm h¡ - ""gy’$s ào‘m»¶mZ VH$ E¡gr aMZm h¡, {Og‘| {H$gr à~ÝY H$mì¶ Ho$ àm¶… g^r VËd dV©‘mZ h¡, {H$ÝVw {Og‘| BgHo$ gmW hr H$Wm Am»¶m{¶H$m, O¡Z M[aV H$mì¶, Ed§ ‘gZdr H$s ̂ r {deofVmAm| H$m ̂ r g‘Ýd¶ hmo J¶m h¡, Am¡a ¶hr BgH$s g~go ~‹S>r {deofVm h¡&''

’$magr é{‹T>¶m| H$m à^md {‘bVm h¡ & H$B© àg§Jmo ‘| a³V H$s A{Va§{OVVm {~^Ëg bJZo bJVr h¡ & H$B© ñWbm| na g§¶moJ AdñWm H$m dU©Z Aíbrb bJZo bJVm h¡ & BZ H${d¶m| Zo g§¶moJ AdñWmAm| H$mo ̂ moJ {dbmg Ho$ {bE Cn¶w³V dmVmdaU ‘mZ {b¶m Vmo H$^r CgH$m ahñ¶mË‘H$ AW© ̂ r H$a S>mbm & àm¶… gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo ào‘ VËd H$s ì¶m»¶m H$aVo hþE gm¢X¶© Ho$ ñdén Ed§ à^md na ~hþV Hw$N> H$h S>mbm h¡ &

M[aÌ-{MÌU

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bmoH$ nj Ed§ {hÝXÿ g§ñH¥${V

ào‘‘mJu gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo bmoH$ OrdZ H$m ghO {MÌU {H$¶m h¡ & O¡go - AÝY {dídmg, ‘Zm¡{V¶m±, ¶§Ì-V§Ì à¶moJ, OmXÿ Q>moZm, S>m¶Zm| H$s H$aVyVo, {d{^Þ bmoH$moËgd, bmoH$ ì¶dhma, VrW©, d«V gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmVmdaU ~S>r g’$bVm go A§{H$V {H$¶m J¶m h¡ &

62

ào‘ H$mì¶m| Ho$ aM{¶VmAm| Z| {hÝXÿ KamZm| H$s ào‘ H$hm{Z¶m± boH$a CZH$m VXZwén dU©Z {H$¶m h¡ & gm‘mÝ¶V… g^r gy’$s H${d¶m| H$mo {hÝXÿ g§ñH¥${V, naånam Am¡a Y‘© H$m ¶WmdV n[aM¶ Wm & Bg H$maU {hÝXÿ Y‘© Ho$ {gÜXm§Vm| Am¡a AmMma-{dMma H$m gw§Xa dU©Z {H$¶m h¡& {hÝXþ M[aÌm| ‘| {hÝXw AmXe© H$s ñWmnZm H$s h¡ & gy’$s H${d¶m| H$m ZI{eI dU©Z ̂ r g§ñH¥$V Ho$ H$m‘emóm| Ho$ J§«Wmona AmYm[aV h¡& àg§JmZwén BZ H${d¶m| Zo ^maVr¶ Á¶mo{Vf, agm¶Z emó, Am¶wd}X H$m ̂ r dU©Z {H$¶m h¡& H${d Om¶gr H$m kmZ H$ht na AYwam Wm O¡go AbH$mnwar H$mo Hw$~oa ZJar H$hm VWm ZmaX H$mo e¡VmZ Ho$ én ‘| ~Vm¶m h¡ & CÝhm|Zo ñdJ© H$mo Amg‘mZ H$hm h¡ Am¡a aËZgoZ H$s Cn‘m amdU go Xr h¡ & Bg àH$ma H$s Jb{V¶m± gy’$s H$mì¶m|‘| ImoOr Om gH$Vr h¡ &

e¡VmZ

{ZJw©U g§V H${d¶m| Zo {Ogo ‘m¶m ñdén ‘mZm h¡, Cgo hr gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo e¡VmZ H$hm h¡& ‘m¶m Ho$ g‘mZ e¡VmZ H$mo gmYZm ‘mJ© go ̂ «ï> H$aZodmbm ‘mZVo h§¡ & e¡VmZ Ûmam {Z‘m©U g§H$Q>m| go ‘wp³V - EH$ gmYH$ H$mo Jwé Ho$ Amerdm©X go {‘bVr h¡§ & H${d H$s Ñï>r ‘| e¡VmZ H$m AgmYmaU ‘hËd h¢ & nÙmdV H$mì¶ ‘| amKd MoVZ e¡VmZ Ho$ én ‘| {M{ÌV h¢ & gy’$s¶m| Z| e¡VmZ H$mo Ë¶mJZo ¶mo½¶ Zhr§ ‘mZm h¢, ³¶m| {H$ e¡VmZ Ho$ Ûmam CnpñWV ì¶dYmZm| go gmYH$ H$s A{¾narjm hmoVr h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ ào‘ ‘| ÑT>Vm Am¡a C‚dbVm AmVr h¢&

‘ÊS>ZmË‘H$Vm

g§V H${d¶m| Z| {hÝXÿ-‘wpñb‘m| Ho$ ~rM Ym{‘©H$ EH$Vm ñWm{nV H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m Wm {H$ÝVw CÝh| CVZr g’$bVm Zht {‘br {OVZr gy’$s H$mì¶m| H$mo {‘br h¡ & g§V H${d¶m| ‘| IÊS>ZmË‘H$Vm Wr {Oggo {hÝXÿ Am¡a ‘wgb‘mZ XmoZm| H«$mo{YV hmoVo Wo & gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo ‘mÌ Hw$ebVm go H$m‘ {b¶m & CÝhm| Zo XmoZm| H$m {damoY VWm {deof IÊS>Z Zht {H$¶m & BZ H${d¶m| Zo XmoZm| H$mo B©ída H$m g‘mZ én ‘| Xe©Z H$am H$a XmoZm| gåàXm¶ Ho$ ̂ oX^md {‘Q>mZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m & XmoZm| H$mo ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ gm‘mÝ¶ én ‘| {XIm¶m & gy’$s¶m| Zo XyaX{e©Vm go H$m‘ {b¶m h¡ & {Oggo CÝh| XmoZmo Y‘m} H$s Amoa go C{MV à{VgmX {‘bm h¡ & ̂ maV ‘| ‘wgb‘mZ Y‘© Ho$ àMma Am¡a àgma ‘| Bgr ‘ÊS>ZmË‘H$ e¡br Ho$ H$maU CÝh| A^yVnyd© g’$bVm àmá hþB© h¡ &

Zmar-{MÌU

gy’$s H$mì¶m| H$s ¶h ~S>r {deofVm h¢ {H$, CZ‘| ào‘ H$m à‘wI ñWmZ Zmar nmÌ H$mo R>ham¶m h¡ & Zmar H$mo na‘mË‘m H$m àVrH$ ‘mZm h¢ & dñVwV… gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo ào‘ gmYZm ‘| Zmar H$mo ghm¶H$ ê$n ‘o§ ñdrH$ma {H$¶m h¢ & ’$bñdén ¶hm± na Zmar gmYH$m| H$s Ñï>r ‘| ñd¶§ EH$ {gÜXr ~ZH$a AmVr h¢ & Bgr H$maU gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo Zmar gmYH$m| H$mo AZoH$ Abm¡{H$H$ JwUm| go ¶w³V ~Zm¶m h¡ & gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo Zmar H$mo H$hr ñd{H$¶m Vmo H$^r na{H$¶m Ho$ én ‘| {M{ÌV {H$¶m h¢ & na§Vw XmoZm| énm| ‘| dh nyÁ¶ d gm{YH$m h¡ &

63

àVrH$ {dYmZ

gy’$s H${d¶m| H$mo bm¡{H$H$ ào‘ H$hm{Z¶m| Ûmam Abm¡{H$H$ ào‘ H$s A{^ì¶§OZm H$aVo hþE Aì¶³V gÎmm H$m Am^mg XoZm ¶hr CÔoe Wm & Bg agñ¶mË‘H$Vm H$s A{^ì¶p³V Ho$ {bE gm§Ho${VH$ {dYmZ ¶m àVrH$m| H$m Cn¶moJ H$aZm A{Zdm¶© hmo OmVm h¢ & ¶hr H$maU h¡ {H$, BÝhm|Zo AnZr aMZmAm| ‘| à¶w³V H$m{ZnV eãXm|H$mo gm§Ho${VH$ én Xo {X¶m h¢ & Ohm± Eogm Zht {H$¶m J¶m dhm± Cg aMZm Ho$ AÝV ‘| H$Wm Ho$ dmñV{dH$ ahñ¶ H$mo g‘Pm {X¶m J¶m h¡ & Bgr CÔoe H$s ny{V© H$aVr hþB© Om¶gr H$s n§{º$ ""VZ {MVCa ‘Z amCZ H$sÝhm'' {XImB© XoVr h¡ & H$ht-H$ht na BÝhm|Zo àH¥${V Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go ̂ r Aì¶º$ gÎmm H$s gd© ì¶mnH$Vm H$m g§Ho$V {H$¶m h¡ & O¡go nÙmdV ‘| ""a{d g{g ZIÌ {XnV Amo{h OmoVr &'' dñVwV… gy’$s H${d¶m| ‘| ^mdmË‘H$ ahñ¶dmX H$s ‘Zmohmar g¥{ï> hþB© h¢ &

{d{dY à^md

gy’$s ‘V na Mma à^ma {d{eï> én go nS>o h¢ - Am¶m] H$m AÛ¡VdmX VWm {d{eîR>m Û¡VdmX, Bñbm‘ H$s Jwø {dÚm, ZdA’$bmVyZr ‘V VWm {dMma ñdmV§Í¶ & BZ na

e¡br

gy’$s H$mì¶ ‘| H${d¶m| ‘| e¡br H$s Ñ[îQ> go A§Va h¡& Om¶gr H$s e¡br ‘| àm¡‹T>Vm Ed§ J§^raVm h¡ {H$ÝVw Hw$N> H${d¶m| ‘| An[an¹$Vm Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVr h¡& BZH$s aMZmAm| Z| H$Wm VËd H$s àYmZVm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU BÝhm| Zo B{Vd¥ÎmmË‘H$ e¡br H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡, Hw$N> H${d¶m| Zo AÝ¶mop³V, g‘mgmop³V, énH$ àVrH$ Am{XHo$ Am¶moOZ Ûmam AnZr e¡br ‘| ì¶§OZm H$m d¡^d g§Mm[aV H$a {X¶m h¡& BZ H${d¶m| Z| à~§Y e¡br Ho$ A{V[aº$ ‘w³VH$ e¡br H$m ̂ r à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡&

^mfm

gy’$s ào‘m»¶mZm| H$s ̂ mfm àm¶… gd©Ì AdYr h¢ & Cg‘mZ Am¡a Zgra na ̂ moOnwar H$m à^md h¡ & Zya ‘whå‘X Zo H$ht-H$ht ~«O^mfm H$m ̂ r à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡ & BZ H${d¶m| Zo Ad{Y ^mfm ‘| VX²^d eãXm| H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡, Ad{Y H$s bmoH$mop³V¶m± Am¡a ‘whmdam| H$m ̂ r AÀN>m à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡ &

ag

BZ ào‘m»¶mZm| ‘| àYmZV… l¥§Jmaag H$s ì¶§OZm hþB© h¡ & gd©àW‘ Zm¶H$ Zm{¶H$m H$s Amoa AmH${f©V hmoVm h¡ Am¡a {dah doXZm Am¡a H$B© g§H$Q>m| H$m gm‘Zm H$aZm nS>Vm h¡ & CÔrnZ {d^md Ho$ A§VJ©V gy’$s¶m| Zo gIm-gIr, dZ, CndZ, F$Vw n[adV©Z VWm ̂ maVr¶ gm{hË¶ ‘| d{U©V AÝ¶ CnH$aUm| H$m C„oI {H$¶m h¡ & Zm¶H$ Ho$ gmh{gH$ H$m¶© Ho$ g‘¶ dra

64

ag H$m ̂ r à¶moJ hþAm h¡ & H$ht-H$ht H$éU, em§V Ed§ ~r^Ëg agm| H$s ̂ r A{^ì¶p³V hþB© h¡ &

N>§X

gy’$s¶m| Zo AnZo ào‘m»¶mZm| ‘| An^«§e Ho$ M[aV H$mì¶m| Ho$ g‘mZ Xmohm-Mm¡nmB© e¡br H$mo AnZm¶m h¡ & Xmohm, Mm¡nmB©¶m± Ho$ A{V[a³V gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo gmoaR>o, gd¡¶o, ßbd§J‘,~ad¡, Hw$ÊS>{b¶m± Am¡a H${dVm Am{X H$m ^r à¶moJ {H$¶m h¢ & H$ht-H$ht na Hw$N>oH$ H${d Zo ’$magr ̂ mfm Ho$ ~ha N>§X H$s ̂ r à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡ &

Ab§H$ma

gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo àM{bV naånam Ho$ AZwgma Ab§H$mam| H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m h¢& ’$magr gm{hË¶ go à^m{dV ahZo na ^r ^maVr¶ joÌ go Cn‘mZm{X H$m J«hU {H$¶m h¡& BÝhm|Zo g‘mgm|p³V H$m à¶moJ ~hþV gw§Xa VarHo$ go {H$¶m h¢& gy’$s H${d¶m| ‘| g‘mgmop³V Ho$ g~go A{YH$ g’$b à¶mo³Vm Om¶gr h¢& Cn‘m, CËàojm, énH$ Am¡a A{Ve¶mop³V Am{X Ab§H$mam| H$m à¶moJ BZ H${d¶m| Zo {H$¶m h¡&

gy’$s ào‘ H$mì¶ Ymam ‘Ü¶H$mbrZ {hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$s ì¶mnH$ naånam ‘mZr Om gH$Vr h¢& ‘Ü¶H$mbrZ g§ñH¥${V Ed§ bmoH$ OrdZ Ho$ {d{dY njm| H$m ghO {MÌU Bg‘| hþAm h¡& CÝhm|Zo ào‘ H$s nrS>m Ho$ gw‘Ywa JrV JmE± h¡& BZ ào‘ H$WmAm| ‘| {dñ‘¶, X¡dr Ed§ Abm¡{H$H$ VËd g‘mZ én go {‘bVo h¢& BZHo$ H$mì¶ ‘| gmhg Am¡a em¡¶© H$m {MÌU hþAm h¡& BZ‘| ̂ maVr¶ dmVmdaU H$m à^md h¢& ^maVr¶ l¥§Jma naånamAm| H$m g^r Zo nmbZ {H$¶m h¢& g~‘| g‘mZ éngo H$WmZH$ é{T>¶m| H$m àMbZ ahm h¢& Eo{Vhm{gH$ Am¡a H$mën{ZH$ ào‘ H$WmAm| H$s Anojm bmoH$JmWmAm| na AmYm[aV ào‘H$WmAm| ‘| bmoH$ VËd H$s ‘mÌm A{YH$ h¡&

3Am. 4 Aä¶mg

à. 1. ào‘‘mJu emIm H$s {deofVmE± {b{IE&à. 2. Om¶gr Ho$ ào‘H$mì¶ H$s àd¥{Îm¶m| H$m n[aM¶ Xr{OE&à. 3. {ZåZ{b{IV na {Q>ßnUr {b{IE&

A) gy’$s g§V H${d Om¶gr

65

66

am‘ ^p³V H$mì¶

3B. 1 àñVmdZm

3B. 2 am‘ ̂ p³V H$mì¶ Ho$ à‘wI H${d

3B. 3 am‘ ̂ p³V H$mì¶ H$s {deofVmE±

3B. 4 Aä¶mg

3B. 1 àñVmdZm

^p³VH$mb H$s gJwU ̂ p³V Ymam‘| am‘^p³V H$mì¶ H$s b§~r naånam ahr h¡& doXm| ‘| Hw$N> ñWbm| na "am‘' eãX H$m à¶moJ hþAm h¡& "am‘'Ho$ OrdZ go g§~§{YV nhbm ‘hmH$mì¶ "dmë‘rH$s am‘m¶U' H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$¶m OmVm h¡& Bg àoaUm go hr am‘ H$mì¶ H$s naånam ewê$ hþB© dmë‘rH$s am‘m¶U Zo Ho$db Xoe ‘| hr Zhr ~pëH$ {dXoe H$m| ̂ r à^m{dV {H$¶m, Am¡a am‘ gm{hË¶ aMm OmZo bJm& dmë‘rH$s H$s Ho$ am‘ ‘¶m©Xm nwéfmoÎm‘ Wo& Cg‘| AdVmadmX Zht Wm& Cn{ZfX² ‘| am‘ H$mo AdVma ñdrH$ma H$a {b¶m J¶m Wm& nwamUm| ‘| ̂ r am‘ H$mì¶ Ñí¶ Ho$ àg§J {XImB© XoVo h¡& S>m°. gmoZQ>¸o$OrHo$ AZwgma ""AJñV-gwVrjU-gådmX g§{hVm ‘| am‘ Ho$ AZoH$ Abm¡{H$H$ JwUm| H$m g‘mdoe H$a CÝh| {deof ‘hËd {X¶m J¶m& AÜ¶mË‘ am‘m¶U, AmZÝX am‘m¶U, AX²^yV am‘m¶U, ¶wewpÊS> am‘m¶U, hUw‘§ g§{hVm, amKdmo„mg Am{X J«§Wm| ‘| am‘ H$Wm H$s Ym{‘©H$ Ed§ Xme©{ZH$ ì¶m»¶m àñVwV H$s JB©& damh, A{¾, qbJ, dm‘Z, ~«åh, JéS>, ñH$ÝX, nX²‘d¡dV© Am{X nwamUm| ‘| am‘ H$Wm Ho$ AZoH$ àg§J Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVo h¢& ""~m¡Õ, O¡Z J«§Wm| ‘| ^r am‘ H$Wm H$m à¶moJ hþAm h¡& Ym{‘©H$ J«§Wm| Ho$ A{V[a³V AÝ¶ g§ñH¥$V, àmH¥$V, An^«§e gm{hË¶ ‘| ̂ r am‘ H$mì¶ H$s gwXrK© naånam ahr h¡&

am‘ H$mì¶ H$m CX²^d dmë‘rH$s am‘m¶U go ewê$ hþAm h¡& níMmV am‘^p³V am‘mZÝX Ûmam {dH${gV hmoH$a Vwbgr Ho$ "am‘M[aV ‘mZg' Ho$ Ûmam {hÝXr ̂ p³V gm{hË¶ ‘| àdm{hV hþB©& Vwbgr nyd© {dîUwXmg, AJ«Xmg, B©ídaXmg Am{X Zo am‘H$Wm {bIr h¡ {H$ÝVw am‘ H$mì¶ Ho$ ‘w»¶ àdV©H$ Vwbgr hr aho h¢&

3B. 2 am‘ ̂ p³V H$mì¶ Ho$ à‘wI H${d

^p³VH$mbrZ {hÝXr gJwU ^p³V H$mì¶ Ho$ A§VJ©V am‘ ^p³V H$mì¶ Ho$ à‘wI àdV©H$ VwbgrXmgOr h¡& am‘^p³V H$s à{Vð>m am‘mZÝX Ûmam hþB© am‘mZÝX H$s ^p³V Am¡a {dMma Ymam go VwbgrXmg à^m{dV Wo& am‘ ^p³V H$mì¶ {dH$mg ‘| H$B© H${d¶m| Zo AnZm ¶moJXmZ {X¶m h¡ CZ‘| à‘wI h¡ - AJ«Xmg, B©ídaXmg, VwbgrXmg, OZ Ogd§V, Zm^mXmg, Ho$edXmg, àmUM§X Mm¡hmU Am{X h¡& ¶hm± g^r H$m g§jon ‘| n[aM¶ XoZm g‘rMrZ hmoJm&

3-B

am_ gm{hË` Ho$ àdV©H$- _hmH${d VwbgrXmg

VwbgrXmg Ho$ OÝ_ g§~§Y _| A{YH$m§e {dX²dmZmo§ _| _VôX h¡& AÝV: gmú¶ Ho$ AmYma na BZH$s OÝ_{V{W g§. 1589 (gZ² 1532) A{YH$ `w{ŠVg§JV àVrV hmoVr h¡Ÿ& BZH$m OÝ_ñWmZ amOmnwa ~Vm`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& OZlw{V Ho$ AmYmana VwbgrXmgOr Ho$ {nVm H$m Zm_ AmË_mam_ Xw~o Am¡a _mVm H$m Zm_ hþbgr WmŸ& BZH$m {ddmh XrZ~ÝYw nmR>H$ H$s H$Ý`m aËZmdbr go hþAm WmŸ& BZH$m ~MnZ {dnÞmdñWm _| JwOa MyH$m WmŸ& _mVm-{nVm Ho$ Ûmam N>moS> {Xò OmZo na ~m~m Zah[aXmg Zo BZH$m nmbZ-nmofU {H$`m Am¡a kmZ-^{ŠV H$s {ejm ̂ r XrŸ& {ddmh níMmV CÝh| gÝVmZ àm{ßV hþB© Wr {H$ÝVw Aënm`w _| hr CgH$s _¥Ë`w hþB©Ÿ& nËZr Ho$ à{V AË`m{YH$ Amg{ŠV WrŸ& EH$ ~ma nËZr Ûmam ̂ Ëg©Zm- ""bmO Z AmB© AmnH$mo Xm¡ao AmEhþ gmW'' {_br V~ do XmånË` OrdZ go {d_wI hmoH$a à^wào_ H$s Amoa CÝ_wI hþEŸ& CÝhm|Zo H$B© OJh H$s VrW©`mÌm H$sŸ& A§VV: H$mer _| hr AnZm ñWm`r {Zdmg ~Zm`mŸ& Bgr AdñWm _| gm{hË` gO©Zm Ama§^ hþB©Ÿ& BZHo$ Jwé Zah[a _mZo OmVo h¢Ÿ& BZHo$ Jwé Zo hr am_-H$Wm gwZmH$a am_-^{ŠV H$s Amoa àd¥V {H$`m WmŸ& CZH$s _¥Ë`w AË`§V nrS>mXm`r AdñWm _| hþB©Ÿ&

VwbgrXmg Ûmam a{MV J«§Wm| H$s g§»`m ~mah h¡ Omo àm_m{UH$ _mZr OmVr h¡, dh H«$_mZwgma Bg àH$ma h¡- d¡am½` g§XrnZr, am_mkm àíZ, am_bbm ZhNy>, OmZH$s _§Jb, am_M[aV_mZg, nmd©Vr _§Jb, H¥$îU JrVmdbr, JrVmdbr, {dZ`n{ÌH$m, Xmohmdbr, dad¡am_mÙ Am¡a H${dVmdbr Am{XŸ&"d¡am½` g§XrnZr _| g§V _{h_m H$m dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& "OmZH$s _§Jb' _| am_-OmZH$s {ddmh dU©Z h¡Ÿ& "nmd©Vr _§Jb' _| nmd©Vr Ho$ OÝ_ Am¡a {ddmhmoËgd H$m dU©Z h¡Ÿ& 'H¥$îUJrVmdbr' _| H¥$îU H$s ~mb brbm Ed§ Jmo{n`m| H$m {dah dU©Z h¡Ÿ& "{dZ`nm{ÌH$m' _| am_ Ho$ à{V H${d H$m {dZ`^md A{^ì`ŠV h¡Ÿ& "H${dVmdbr' _| H${dÎm e¡br _| {bIm J`m g§J«h h¡Ÿ& "am_M[aV _mZg' _| _`m©Xm nwéfmoÎm_ am_ Ho$ M[aÌmZwHy$b àg§Jm| H$mo {ddo{MV {H$`m h¡Ÿ&

VwbgrXmg Ho$ boIZ na VËH$m{bZ n[apñW{V`m| H$m à^md {XImB© XoVm h¡Ÿ& VwbgrXmg H$mbrZ g_` H$m g_mO Z¡{VH$, Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ Ñ{ï> go èhmgmoÝ‘wI WmŸ& AnZo`w{JZ amOZr{VH$ pñW{V H$s AmbmoMZm Bg àH$ma H$s h¡-

'Jm|S> J±dma Z¥nmb _{h, ̀ dZ _hm _{hnmbŸ&gm_ Z Xm_ Z ̂ oX H${b Ho$db XÊS> H$ambŸ&&'

emgH$ A{YH$mar Ho$ {bE {bIm h¡-"OmgwamO {à` àOm XwImarŸ& gmo Z¥n Ad{g ZaH$ A{YH$mar'Vwbgr g_H$mbrZ g_mO _| CÀM dJ© _| {dbm{gVm, Om{V-nm°{V H$s àWm A{YH$

H$R>moa hmo ahr WrŸ& _wpñb_ emgH$m| Ho$ AË`mMma ~‹T> aho WoŸ& Ym{_©H$ èhmg hmo ahm WmŸ& Am{W©H$ {dnÝZVm WrŸ& VwbgrXmgZo ñd§` H$hm h¡-

"IoVr Z {H$gmZ H$mo, {Îmar H$mo Z ̂ rI ~{b,~{ZH$ H$mo Z ~{ZO Z MmH$a H$mo MmH$ar'

Vwbgr H$s _mÝ`Vm `h h¡ {H$ EH$ AÀN>o g_mO Ed§ amï´> {Z_m©U Ho$ {bE dU© ì`dñWm H$m hmoZm Oéar h¡-

67

'~aZml_ {ZO {ZO Ya_, {ZaV doX n§W bmoJŸ&Vb {h gXm nmd{h gwI, Oqh§ ̂ ` emoH$ Z amoJŸ&'

Vwbgr Zo AnZr aMZmAm| Ho$ {bE bmoH$ ̂ mfm H$mo MyZmŸ& nydu d npíM_r AdYr na g_mO A{YH$ma WmŸ& H$ht-H$ht ~«O ^mfm H$m ^r à`moJ {H$`m h¡Ÿ& BZH$s ^mfm g§ñH¥$V Ho$ npÊS>V hmoZo H$maU g§ñH¥$V H$s H$mo_bH$mÝV nXmdbr H$s gw_Ywa P§H$a h¡Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo AnZr aMZm e¡br _| _hmH$mì`, _wŠVH$, Jr{V BZ VrZm| H$m à`moJ g\$bVm nyd©H$ {H$`mŸ&

Vwbgr Zo AnZr aMZmAm| _| H$éU, hmñ`, dra, ^`mZH$ ~r^Ëg Am{X agmo§ H$m n[anmH$ {_bVm h¡Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo Cn_m, CËàojm, énH$, g§Xoh, ì`{VaoH$, AZwàmg Am{X Ab§H$mam| H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡Ÿ& gmWhr CÝhm|Zo N>ßn`, Xmoho, Mm¡nmB©, Hw$ÊS>{b`m, gd¡`m, Vmo_a, {Ì^§Jr Am{X N>§Xm| H$m g\$bVm nyd©H$ à`moJ {H$`m h¡Ÿ&

VwbgrXmg Ho$ g_yMo gm{hË` _| g_Ýd` ̂ mdZm Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Bg Amoa g§Ho$V H$aVo hþE S>m°. hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr {bIVo h¢- ""CZH$m gmam H$mì` g_Ýd` H$s {damoh Moï>m h¡Ÿ& bmoH$ Am¡a emó H$m g_Ýd`, J«mh©ñW Am¡a d¡am½` H$m g_Ýd`, ̂ {ŠV Am¡a kmZ H$m g_Ýd`, ^mfm Am¡a g§ñH¥$V H$m g_Ýd`, {ZJw©U Am¡a gJwU H$m g_Ýd`, H$Wm Am¡a VËdkmZ H$m g_Ýd`, ~«måhÊ` Am¡a MÊS>mb H$m g_Ýd`, nmpÊS>V Am¡a nmpÊS>Ë`- am_M[aV _mZg ewé go Am{Ia VH$ g_Ýd` H$m H$mì` h¡Ÿ& '' AV: Vwbgr OZMoVZmdmXr Zm`H$ WoŸ&

ñdm_r am_mZÝX

ñdm_r am_mZÝXOr H$m OÝ_ 1400 go 1470 B©. _mZm J`m h¡Ÿ& BZH$m OÝ_ H$mer _| hþAm Wm Am¡a BÝhm|Zo d¡îUd gåàXm` Ho$ AmMm`© amKdmZÝX go Xrjm J«hU H$s WrŸ& dUm©l_ _| AmñWm aIZo dmbo am_mZÝXOr ̂ {ŠV _mJ© _| CÝhm|Zo g^r H$mo g_mZ _mZVo hþE {ZåZ dJ© Ho$ ^ŠVm| H$mo AnZm {eî`Ëd àXmZ {H$`mŸ& BZHo$ {eî`m| _| H$~ra, a¡Xmg, YÝZm, nrnm Am{X WoŸ&

ñdm_r am_mZÝXOr g§ñH¥$V Ho$ n§{S>V WoŸ& BÝhm|Zo "d¡îUd _VmãX ^mñH$a' Am¡a 'lram_mOw©Z-nÜX{V' `h à_wI J«§W {bIo h¢Ÿ& am_mZÝXOr H$s ^{ŠV-nÜX{V H$m à^md am_-^{ŠV naånam na b{jV hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg ̂ r BZH$s {dMmaYmam go à^m{dV WoŸ&

am_mZÝX Or H$m {hÝXr _| hZw_mZ H$s ñVw{V H$m nX Bg àH$ma h¡ -"AmaVr H$sO¡ hZw_mZ bbm H$sŸ& Xwï>XbZ aKwZmW H$bm H$sŸ&OmHo$ ~b ̂ aVo _{h H$m±n¡Ÿ& amoJ gmoJ OmH$s {g`mZ Á`m§n¡Ÿ&A§OZrgwV _hm~bXm`H$Ÿ& gmYw g§V na gXmghm`H$ Ÿ&&JmT> na¡ H${d gw{_am| VmohrŸ& hmohþ> X`mb Xohþ Og _m|{hŸ&&'

ñdm_r AJ«Xmg

ñdm_r am_mZ§X H$s {eî` naånam Ho$ am_-^ŠV H${d ñdm_r AJ«Xmg WoŸ& BÝhm|Zo H¥$îUXmg n`har go Xrjm boH$a {eî`Ëd àmßV {H$`m WmŸ& BÝht AJ«Xmg Ho$ {eî` ̂ ŠV _mb Ho$ aM{`Vm Zm^mXmgOr WoŸ& H¥$îUXmg n`hmar Zo O`nwa Ho$ g_rn JbVm Zm_H$ ñWmZ _|

68

AnZr JÔr ñWm{nV H$s WrŸ& AJ«XmgOr JbVm JÔr na 1566 B©. _| {dÚ_mZ WoŸ& BZHo$ à_wI J«§W "Ü`mZ _§Oar', "Aï>`m_', "{hVmonXoe CnImUm± ~mdZr,' 'am_ÔZ _§Oar', 'CnmgZm-~mdZr', 'Hw§$S>{b`m' Am{X h¡Ÿ& BZH$s nX-aMZm nT>Zo na nVm Mb h¡ {H$, BÝh| emór` gm{hË` H$m kmZ WmŸ& EH$ CXmhaU Ðï>ì` h¡ -

Hw§$S>b b{bV H$nmob OwJb Ag na_ gwXogmŸ&{VZH$mo {Za{I àH$me bOV amHo$g {XZogmŸ&_oMH$ Hw${Q>b {dgmb gamoéh Z¡Z ghmEŸ&_wI n§H$O Ho$ {ZH$Q> _Zmo A{b N>m¡Zm AmEŸ&&

BZH$m nX ̂ r Bg àH$ma h¡-nhao am_ Vwåhmao gmodVŸ& _¡§ _{V_§X A§ÝY Zqh OmodVŸ&&An_maJ _maJ _{hOmÝ`moŸ& B§Ðr nmo{f nwéfmaW _mÝ`moŸ&&Am¡a{Z Ho$ ~b AZV àH$maŸ& AJaXmg Ho$ am_AYma Ÿ&&

AJ«XmgOr Zo "AJ«Abr' Zm_ go ñd§` H$mo OmZH$s gIr _mZ H$a H$mì` aMZm`| H$s h¡Ÿ& BZH$s "am_mï>`m`' _| grVm dëb^ am_ H$s X¡{ZH$ brbmAm| H$m {MÌU h¡Ÿ&

Zm^mXmg

`h VwbgrXmg H$mbrZ am_^ŠV H${d WoŸ& g§dV 1657 Ho$ bJ^J dV©_mZ WoŸ& Zm^mXmg AJ«Xmg Ho$ {eî` WoŸ& BZH$m à{gÜX J«§W '^ŠV _mb' g§dV 1642 Ho$ nrN>o ~Zm Am¡a {à`XmgOr Zo CgH$s Q>rH$m {bIrŸ& BZH$s 'Aï>`m_' H$s aMZm a{gH$-^mdZm H$mo boH$a hþB© h¡ {Og_| am_ H$s brbmAm| H$m dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ&

B©ídaXmg

B©ídaXmgOr H$m OÝ_ 1480 B©. _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& CZH$s gwà{gÜX H¥${V 'gË`dVr H$Wm' h¡ BgH$m aMZm H$mb 1501 B©. h¡Ÿ& am_H$Wm go g§~§{YV BZH$s 'âV {_bmn' Am¡a 'A§JX n¡O' ̀ h Xmo aMZmE± àM{bV h¡Ÿ& 'âV {_bmn' _| am_ Ho$ dZJ_Z Ho$ CnamÝV 'âV-am_' ̂ oQ> Ho$ H$éU-H$mo_b àg§J H$mo Bg H$mì`-H¥${V _| nÚ~ÜX {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& B©ídaXmg H$s Xygar aMZm 'A§JX n¡O' _| amdU H$s g^m _| A§JX Ho$ n¡a O_mH$a S>Q> OmZo H$m draagnyU© dU©Z {_bVm h¡Ÿ&

Ho$edXmg

Ho$edXmg H$m OÝ_ 1555 B© _| Am¡a _¥Ë`y 1617 B©. _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& BZHo$ Ûmam

{bIo JE à_wI J«§W H${d{à`m, a{gH${à`m, am_M§{ÐH$m, draqghM[aV, {dkmZJrVm, aVZ~mdZr, Am¡a Ohm§Jra OgM§{ÐH$m Am{X h¡Ÿ& BZ_| go am_MpÝÐH$m 1601 B©. am_H$mì` naånam A§VJ©V à_wI H¥${V h¡Ÿ&

69

BZ H${d`m| Ho$ A{V[aŠV am_H$mì` {bIZodmbo AÝ` H${d àmUM§X Mm¡hmZ H¥$V 'am_mÙ _hmZmQ>H$', goZmn{ÌH¥$V H${dÎm aËZmH$a, H$nyaMÝÐH¥$V 'am_mÙ' Am{X aMZmE± CëboIZr` h¡Ÿ&

3B. 3 am‘^p³V gm{hË¶ H$s gm‘mÝ¶ {deofVmE±

^p³VH$mb ‘| ^p³V H$s AZoH$ YmamE± àM{bV Wr & H$~ra H$s {ZJw©U kmZ‘mJu emIm Am¡a gy{’$¶m| H$s ào‘nyU© ̂ p³V Bgr H$mb ‘| àdm{hV ahr & ¶o XmoZm| emImE± {ZamH$ma {ZJw©U ~«åh H$m àMma-àgma H$aVr h¢ & BZHo$ A{V[a³V gJwU ̂ p³VYmam ̂ r àdm{hV ahr& gJwU ^p³VYmam ‘| B©ída Ho$ én ‘| am‘ Am¡a H¥$îU ‘mZo J¶o & am‘^p³V Ho$ ‘w»¶ àdV©H$ am‘mZwOmMm¶© Am¡a ~mX ‘| am‘mÝmÝX ‘mZo OmVo h¢ & BÝhm| Zo am‘ Ho$ gJwU Am¡a {ZJw©U XmoZm| énm| H$s CnmgZm H$m {dYmZ {H$¶m & Vwbgr Zo Xmñ¶^md H$s ̂ p³V H$s à{V‘m H$a am‘^p³V H$mo EH$ {Z[üV {Xem H$s Amoa CÝ‘wI H$a {X¶m Wm & am‘^p³V$ emIm Ho$ AZoH$ H${d hþE, {H$ÝVw am‘^p³V H$mì¶ Ymam H$m gm{hpË¶H$ ‘hËd ‘hmH$mì¶ VwbgrXmg Ho$ H$maU h¡ & CZHo$ hr H$mì¶ H$s àd¥{Îm¶m± am‘ H$mì¶ H$s àd¥{Îm¶m± h¡ & CZH$m {ddoMZ {ZåZ àH$ma h¡§ &

am‘ H$m ñdê$n

am‘^³V H${d¶m| Ho$ Cnmñ¶Xod ^JdmZ {dîUw Ho$ AdVma lram‘ h¡& do na~«åh ñdén h¡& am‘ nmn H$m Zme H$aZo hoVw Am¡a Y‘m}ÜXma Ho$ {bE ¶wJ ‘| AdVrU© hmoVo h¡& am‘ {dîUw H$m AdVma h¡ Am¡a ̂ ³V H${d ‘mZd én ‘| CZH$m gmYH$ h¡§&

am‘^p³V Ho$ AZwén lram‘ ‘| erb, ep³V Am¡a gm¡ÝX¶© H$m g‘Ýd¶ h¡& AnZr ep³V$go do Xþï>m|H$m ImË‘m H$aVo h¢ Am¡a ^³Vm| H$mo g§H$Q>m| go ‘w³V H$aVo h¡& do AnZr H$éUm‘¶Vm go n{VVm| Am¡a AY‘m} H$m CÜXma H$aVo h¢& Bg àH$ma ^JdmZ lr am‘ H$m bmoH$ajH$ én àYmZ h¡& do AmXe© Ho$ à{Vð>mnH$ h¡, ¶hr H$maU hmo gH$Vm h¡, ̂ JdmZ am‘-grVm Ho$ Zm‘ na ào‘ H$m {MÌU Zht hþAm h¡& H$mc§mVa ‘| am‘ ̂ p³V naånam ‘| a{gH$Vm H$m CX¶ hþAm Am¡a Cg ‘| gIr gåàXm¶ H$s ñWmnZm hþB© naÝVw ¶h g~ H¥$îU ̂ p³V gm{hË¶ Ho$ AZwH$aU na hr hþAm&

g‘Ýd¶mË‘H$Vm

gJwU ^p³VYmam Ho$ am‘ H$mì¶ H$m ñdén A{YH$ ì¶mnH$ h¡& am‘ H$mì¶ ‘| EH$ {damQ> g‘Ýd¶ H$s ̂ mdZm h¡& Bg ‘| Z Ho$db am‘ H$s CnmgZm h¡ ~pëH$ H¥$îU, {ed, JUoe Am{X XodVmAm| H$s ñVw{V H$s JB© h¢& ¶h H$mì¶ {hÝXþ Y‘© Ho$ {d{^Þ gåàXm¶m| H$m g‘Ýd¶ H$aZo H$m g’$b à¶mg H$aVm h¡& ‘hm H${d VwbgrXmg Zo goVw~ÝY Ho$ Adga na lram‘ Ûma {edOr H$s nyOm H$admB© h¡ -

"{ed Ðmohr ‘‘ Xmg H$hmdm&gmoa Za ‘mo{h gnZohw Zht ^mdm&&'

70

¶Ô{n am‘^p³V H$mì¶ ‘| am‘ ̂ p³V H$mo loð> ‘mZm h¡ Vmo ̂ r CgH$s ̂ p³V ̂ mdZm AË¶§V CXma h¡& am‘ ̂ ³Vm| Zo ̂ p³V H$mo gwgmÜ¶ ‘mZm h¡ {’$a ̂ r CÝhm|Zo kmZ,^p³V Am¡a H$‘© Ho$ ~rM g‘Ýd¶ ñWm{nV H$aZo H$m gw§Xa à¶mg {H$¶m h¡& Bg H$mì¶ ‘| gJwUdmX VWm {ZJw©UdmX ‘| EH$énVm ~VmB© JB© h¡& am‘ ̂ ³Vm| H$m AnamÜ¶ gJwU ̂ r h¡ Am¡a {ZJw©U ̂ r Vmo ̂ r ^JdmZ H$m gJwU én ̂ p³Vgwb^ h¡&

bmoH$g§J«h H$s ̂ mdZm

am‘ H$mì¶ bmoH$ H$ë¶mU H$s ̂ mdZm H$s Ñ{ï> go ̂ r ¶h gm{hË¶ AË¶§V ‘hËdnyU© h¡& OZ gmYmaU Ho$ {cE ¶h AË¶§V {ZH$Q> H$m ‘hgyg hmoVm h¡& BÝhm|Zo J¥hñW OrdZ H$s Cnojm Zht H$s h¢& am‘ Am¡a grVm Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go OrdZ ñVa H$mo C±Mm CR>mZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m h¡& am‘ H$mì¶ H$m AmXe© nj AË¶§V Cƒ h¡& ̂ JdmZ lram‘ AmXe© nwÌ h¡& AmXe© amOm ̂ r h¡& grVm AmXe© nËZr h¡,H$m¡eë¶m AmXe© ‘mVm h¡, bú‘U Am¡a âV AmXe© ^mB© h¢, hZw‘mZ AmXe© godH$ h¡ Am¡a gwJ«rd AmXe© gIm h¢& am‘ H$mì¶ ‘| OrdZ H$m ‘yë¶m§H$Z AmMma ì¶dhma H$s H$gm¡Q>r na {H$¶m J¶m h¡& ñd§¶ ̂ JdmZ lram‘ ‘¶m©Xm nwéfmoÎm‘ h¡& AmXe© H$s à{Vð>m CZH$s AW Am¡a B{V h¡&

^p³V H$m ñdén

am‘ ̂ ³V H${d¶m| Zo ̂ p³V Ho$ ñdén na {dñVma go àH$me S>mbm h¡& BZHo$ AZwgma ^JdmZ am‘ H$m M[aÌ {ÌbmoH$m{Vem¶r h¡& am‘ ̂ ³V H${d am‘ Ho$ erb, ep³V Am¡a gm¡ÝX¶© na ‘w½Y h¡& ¶ht H$maU h¡ {H$ am‘ ̂ ³V H${d¶m| Z| AnZo Am¡a am‘ Ho$ ~rM godH$-goì¶ ̂ md H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$¶m h¡ & Vwbgr Ho$ AZwgma -

"godH$ goì¶ ̂ md {~Zw, ̂ d Zo V[aM CaJm[a&' am‘ ^³V H${d¶m| H$m ^p³V g§~§Yr Ñ{ï>H$moU AnojmH¥$V A{YH$ CXma h¡& BZ

H${d¶m| Zo am‘ ̂ p³V Ho$ gmW-gmW AÝ¶ Xodr-XodVmAm| H$s ̂ r ñVw{V H$s JB© h¡& am‘^³V H${d kmZ Am¡a H$‘© H$s AbJ-AbJ ‘hËd ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¢& am‘^³V H${d¶m| H$s ̂ p³V ‘| ZdYm ^p³V Ho$ g^r A§Jmo H$m {dYmZ h¡& ¶o ^³V H${d {d{eï> Û¡VdmX go à^m{dV h¡& Bg ^p³V -àUmbr ‘| Ord ̂ r gË¶ h¡ - ³¶m| {H$ dh ~«åhm H$m A§e h¡&

nmÌ VWm M[aÌ {MÌU

am‘ H$mì¶ Ho$ nmÌ AmMma Am¡a bmoH$ ‘¶m©Xm H$m AmXe© àñVwV H$aVo h¢& BZH$m M[aÌ ‘hmZ Ed§ AZwH$aUr¶ h¡& BZ‘| OrdZ H$s g^r H¥${V¶m| H$m {MÌU {H$¶m J¶m h¡ AV… BZ‘| gdmª{JUVm h¡& am‘ H$mì¶ ‘| aO, V‘ Am¡a gV VrZm| JwUm| H$s A{^ì¶p³V hþB© h¡& am‘ H$s amdU na {dO¶ AWm©V gV² H$s V‘ na {dO¶ h¡& Vwbgr Ho$ H$mì¶ ‘| am‘ ZmZm én ‘| brbm H$aVo hþE nyU© ~«åh h¡& ‘hmH${d VwbgrXmg Ho$ H$mì¶ ‘| am‘ ZmZm én ‘| brbm H$a ah| h¡& {ZJw©U g§Vmo ‘| am‘ Eo{Vhm{gH$ Z hmoH$a ~«åh h¡,{H$ÝVw gJwU ̂ p³V H$mì¶ ‘| Eo{Vhm{gH$ hmoVo hþE ̂ r H$mbmVrV h¡ &

71

H$mì¶e¡br

gJwU am‘^p³V naånam Ho$ H${d ¶m Vmo ñd¶§ {dÛmZ Wo AWdm {dÛmZm| H$s g§J{V go gm{hË¶ Ho$ Y‘m} Ho$ g§~§Ym| ‘| n¶m©á kmZ àmá H$a MwHo$ Wo& BZHo$ Ûmam Ab§H$ma emó H$s AdhobZm hþB© h¡& BZH$m AZoH$ H$mì¶ e¡{b¶m| na A{YH$ma Wm& ¶hr H$maU h¡ {H$ am‘ H$mì¶ ‘| g^r e¡{b¶m| H$s aMZmE± {‘bVr h¢& Bg ‘| à~ÝY Am¡a ‘wº$H$, XmoZm| H$s H$mì¶énm|H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m J¶m h¡& am‘M[aV ‘mZg ‘| ‘hmH$mì¶, nmd©Vr‘§Jb d OmZH$s ‘§Jb ‘| IÝS>H$mì¶, H${dVmdbr d Xmohmdbr ‘| ‘w³VH$, [dZ¶ n{ÌH$m ‘| à~ÝY ‘w³V H$m {‘lU, am‘bbmZhNw> ‘| Jr{V H$mì¶ Ho$ àm¶… g^r VËd {dÚ‘mZ h¡ &

énmonmgZm

gJwU ̂ p³V nÜX{V ‘| énmonmgZm H$m {d{eð> ñWmZ h¡& Am{X e§H$amMm¶© Zo Zm‘ Am¡a én H$mo ‘m¶m OÝ‘ ‘mZm h¡& eVnW ~«måhU ‘| ~«åh H$mo Aén Am¡a AZm‘ H$hm J¶m h¡, na§Vw gJwU gmYZm ‘| ^JdmZ Ho$ Zm‘ Am¡a én AmZ§X H$s Aj¶ {Z{Y h¡& Zm‘ Am¡a én hr ^p³V H$m Amaå^ ‘mZm J¶m h¡& am‘^³V H$mo ̂ JdmZ H$m Zm‘ Am¡a én BVZm {d‘w½Y H$a boVm h¡, {H$ bm¡{H$H$ N>{d Cg‘| ~mYH$ Zhr§ ~Z gH$Vr& Ama§^ ‘| gJwU CnmgH$ Zm‘én ¶w³V ‘y{V© g‘j AmH$a CnmgZm H$aVm h¡, naÝVw {Za§Va ^mdZm, qMVZ Ed§ JwU {H$V©Zgo dh AnZo AmamÜ¶ ‘| Eogm g{Z{dï> hmo OmVm h¡, {H$ Cgo {H$gr ̂ m¡{VH$ CnH$aU H$s Amdí¶H$Vm hr Zhr ahVr&

Jwé H$s ‘{h‘m

am‘^p³V emIm‘| {ZJw©U g§V H${d¶m| Ho$ g‘mZ gJwU H${d¶m| Zo ̂ r Jwé H$s ‘{h‘m JmB© h¡ & am‘ ̂ p³V Ho$ AZwén Jwé ~«åh H$m à{V{ZYr h¡ & ‘hmH${d VwbgrXmg Ho$ ‘VmZwgma Jwé Ho$ {~Zm kmZ H$s àm{á Ag§^d h¡ Am¡a kmZ Ho$ A^md ‘| ‘moj H$s àm{á Zht hmoVr &

ag

am‘ ̂ {º$ gm{hË¶ ‘| am‘H$Wm AË¶§V ì¶mnH$ h¡ & Cg‘| OrdZ H$s {d{dYVmAm| H$m ghO g{Þdoe h¡ & Cg‘| g^r agm| H$m g‘mdoe h¡ {H$ÝVw godH$-goì¶^md H$s ̂ p³V hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {Zd}XOÝ¶ emÝV ag H$s àYmZVm h¡ & am‘ ‘¶m©Xm nwéfmoÎm‘ h¡ Am¡a ^³V H${d ^r ‘¶m©XmdmXr h¡ & hmoZo Ho$ H$maU l¥§Jma ag H$m {MÌU {g{‘V hþAm h¡ & ‘hmH${d VwbgrXmg ‘| g^r agm| H$m gw§Xa n[anmH$ hþAm h¡ & CZHo$ H$mì¶ ‘| l¥§Jma Am¡a em§{V ag Ho$ gmW gmW dra ag H$m ^r à^mdr {ZénU hþAm h¡ & {d{^Þ ¶wÜX Ñí¶ {MÌU ‘| dra agHo$ gmW hr am¡Ð, H$éU, ̂ ¶mZH$ Am¡a H$ht H$ht ~r^Ëg ag H$s {Zîn{Îm hþB© h¡ & ZmaX ‘mohHo$ àg§J ‘| hmñ¶ ag H$m àg§J {M{ÌV hþAm h¡ & AZoH$ ñWbm| na AX²^yV ag H$m {ZénU hþAm h¡ &

72

N>§X

am‘H$mì¶ ‘| aMZm ̂ oX, ̂ mfm ̂ oX, {dMma ̂ oX, Ab§H$ma ̂ oX Ho$ gmW-gmW N>ÝX ôX ̂ r nm¶m OmVm h¡& dra JmWmAm| Ho$ N>ßn¶, gÝV H$mì¶ Ho$ Xmoho, ào‘ H$mì¶ Ho$ Xmoho, Mm¡nmB© Am¡a BZHo$ A{V[a³V Hw$ÝS>{b¶m, gmoaR>m, gd¡¶m, KZmjar, Vmo‘a, {Ì^§Jr Am{X N>§X à¶w³V hþE h¢& am‘ H$mì¶ ‘| ‘w»¶V… Xmohm,Mm¡nmB© H$m à¶moJ hþAm h¡& VwbgrXmgOr Zo BZH$m à¶moJ A{YH$manyd©H$ {H$¶m h¡&

Ab§H$ma

am‘^³V H${d n§{S>V hmoZo hoVw CÝhm|Z| Ab§H$ma emó H$s AdhobZm Zht H$s h¢& Ohm± BZ H${d¶m| Z| {d{dY N>§Xmo H$m à¶moJ ~S>r Hw$ebVm go {H$¶m h¢ dhm± Ab§H$ma Ho$ à¶moJ ‘| AË¶§V {dX²½YVm àX{e©V H$s h¡& H${d Ho$ed Z| ~S>r ‘mÌm ‘| eãXmb§H$mamo§ H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡& Vwbgr H$mì¶ ‘§o g^r Ab§H$ma {‘bVo h¢ {H$ÝVw d| Cn‘m Am¡a énH$ Ho {bE {deof à{gÜX h¢&

^mfm

am‘H$mì¶ H$s ^mfm AdYr h¡§& H${d Ho$ed Zo AnZr aMZm am‘-MpÝÐH$m ‘| ~«O ^mfm H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡& ~mX Ho$ a{gH$ gåàXm¶ Ho$ H${d¶m| Zo ~«O ̂ mfm H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡& VwbgrXmg ‘o AnZr aMZmAm| ‘o§ AdYr VWm ~«O XmoZm| ̂ mfmAm| H$m g’$b à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡& am‘ H$mì¶ ‘| ̂ moOnwar, ~wÝXobIÝS>r, amOñWmZr, g§ñH¥$V Am¡a ’$magr ̂ mfmAm| Ho$ eãX ̂ r à¶w³V hþE h¢& Vwbgr Zo ̂ mfm H$m n[añH¥$V én àñVwV {H$¶m h¢&

g§jon ‘| Cnamo³V {ddoMZ Ho$ AmYma na ¶h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¢¡, {H$ am‘^p³V emIm Ho$ H${d¶m| Zo g‘¶, n[apñWVr Am¡a H$mb Ho$ AZwén AnZm H$mì¶ g¥OZ {H$¶m h¢& BZ H${d¶m| Zo CËH¥$ï> H$mì¶ g¥OZ H$m n[aM¶ {X¶m h¢& H${dVm BZH$s gmÜ¶ Zht gmYZ h¢& BZH$m gmÜ¶ am‘^º$ h¢& AnZo gmÜ¶ VH$ nhþ±MZo Ho$ {bE BZ H${d¶m| Zo {Og gmYZ H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$¶m h¢ Cgo BVZm g‘W© Am¡a nyU© ~Zm {X¶m h¢, CgH$m ‘mZg OZ‘mZg hmo J¶m& Bg H$mì¶ ‘| ‘mZd OrdZ H$s {d{dY XemAm| H$m ghO, gab, ñdm^m{dH$ Am¡a à^mdr {MÌU hþAm h¢& BZ H${d¶m| Zo EH$ Amoa Y‘©ajm, bmoH$ {hV Ed§ g‘mO Ho$ CËWmZ ‘| ¶moJ {X¶m h¢ Vmo Xÿgar Amoa H$mì¶ H$mo CXmÎm, CËH¥$ð> Ed§ bmoH$ ‘§JbH$mar én àXmZ H$aZo H$m ñVwË¶ H$m¶© {H$¶m h¢&

3B. 4 Aä¶mg

à. 1. am‘ ̂ p³V-H$mì¶ H$s à‘wI [deofVmE± {b{IE&à. 2. am‘ ̂ p³V-H$mì¶ H$s àd¥{Îm¶m| H$m n[aM¶ Xr{OE&à. 3. {ZåZ{b{IV na {Q>ßnUr {b{IE&

A) H${d VwbgrXmg

73

74

H¥$îU ^p³V H$mì¶

3B©. 1 àñVmdZm

3B©. 2 H¥$îU ̂ p³V H$mì¶ Ho$ à‘wI H${d

3B©. 3 H¥$îU ̂ p³V H$mì¶ H$s {deofVmE±

3B©. 4 Aä¶mg

3B©. 1 àñVmdZm

^p³VH$mbrZ gJwU ^p³VYmam ‘| H¥$îU ^p³V H$mì¶ ‘| H¥$îU ^p³V H$mo A{YH$ ‘hËd {X¶m J¶m h¡& F$½doX ‘| H$m C„oI EH$ lmoVm F${f Ho$ én ‘| hþAm h¡& N>ÝXmoo½¶mon{ZfX ‘| H¥$îU H$m C„oI XodH$s nwÌ Ho$ ê$n ‘| hþAm h¡& ‘hm^maV ‘| H¥$îU H$m M[aÌ {dñV¥V ê$n ‘| {M{ÌV hþAm h¡& S>m°. ̂ mÊS>maH$a Zo ¶h {gÕ {H$¶m h¡ {H$ d¡{XH$ F${f H¥$îU H$m ‘hm^maV Ho$ H¥$îU go H$moB© g§~§Y Zht h¢&

‘hm^maV ‘| H¥$îU H$m Omo dU©Z {H$¶m J¶m h¡ dh H¥$îU gm‘mÝ¶ ‘mZd H$m én h¡& níMmV H¥$îU H$mo Zmam¶U, {dîUw, na~«÷ Ho$ én ‘| à{V{ð>V hþE& H¥$îU M[aÌ Ho$ g§X^© ‘| S>m°. {dO¶oÝÐ ñdmVH$ {bIVo h¢ - ""dñVwV: Y‘© ñWmnZ CZHo$ AdVma H$m à‘wI Am¡a EH$‘mÌ CÔoe h¡& ¶{X "JrVm' Ho$ AmYma na H¥$îU-M[aÌ H$m AmH$bZ {H$¶m Om¶o, Vmo CZHo$ Xme©{ZH$ ì¶p³VËd H$m nyar Vah CX²KmQ>Z hmoVm h¡& doX-doXm§JkmVm H¥$îU Zo ì¶mdhm[aH$ ñVa na Xe©Z H$mo "JrVm' ‘| nhbr ~ma à{V{ð>V {H$¶m h¡, {OgHo$ AZw{ebZ go ¶h ñnï> hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ {Og én ‘| H¥$îU ¶hm± d{U©V h¡ dh CZHo$ na‘XodËd H$m n[aMm¶H$ én h¡&''

nwamUm| ‘o§ H¥$îU H$m Omo én {dH${gV hþAm h¡ CgHo$ g§X^© ‘| nmíMmË¶ {dÛmZm| Zo H¥$îU H$s ~mb-brbmAm| H$mo H«$mBñQ> Ho$ ~mbM[aÌ H$m AZwH$aU H$hm h¡& lrH¥$îU Ho$ nyUm©dVma Ho$ g§X^© ‘| nhbr ~ma nwamUm| ‘| hr H$hm J¶m h¡& "^mJdV nwamU' ‘| H¥$îU H$s ‘{h‘m Jm¶r JB© h¡& nwamUm| ‘| H¥$îU H$mo ¶moJoída, g{MXmZÝX, AÀ¶wV, A{dZmer, Am{X H$hm J¶m h¡& h[ad§e nwamU, {dîUw nwamU, nX²‘nwamU, Am{X ‘| H¥$îU ‘{h‘m JmZ {dñVma go hþAm h¡& g§ñH¥$V H$mì¶ ‘| H¥$îU-brbmAm| H$m g~go nhbo C„oI AídKmof Ho$ "~«÷M[aV' H$mì¶ ‘| {‘bVm h¡& "hmb' a{MV "JmXm-gVgB©' ‘| H¥$îU, amYm, Jmonr, ¶emoXm Am{X H$m dU©Z h¡& ZmQ>çXn©Z, Ab§H$ma-H$m¡ñVw^, H$ÝXd© ‘§Oar, lrH¥$îUbrbm‘¥V Am{X g§ñH¥$V J«§Wm| ‘| H¥$îU Ho$ {d{dY àg§Jm| H$m {MÌU hþAm h¡& "JrV JmoqdX' ‘| H¥$îU l¥§Jma ag H$m {MÌU hþAm h¡& H¥$îU H$mì¶ Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| {d{^Þ gåàXm¶m| H$m ¶moJXmZ ahm h¡& CZ‘| à‘wI h¡ - {Zå~mH©$, M¡VÝ¶, amYmd„^ Am{X -d„^ gåàXm¶m| Ho$ gyaXmg Zo gd©àW‘ à{V‘m àXmZ H$s h¡& CÝh| hr {hÝXr ̂ ³V gm{hË¶ H$m àUoVm ‘mZm J¶m h¡& AV: H¥$îU ^p³V {dH$mg ‘| g§ñH¥$V-nwamU ‘hm^maV, gåàXm¶ Am{X H$m ‘hËdnyU© ¶mooJXmZ ahm h¡&

3-B©

3B©. 2 H¥$îU ̂ p³V H$mì¶ Ho$ à‘wI H${d

^p³VH$mb Ho$ gJwU ^p³V H$mì¶Ymam ‘| H¥$îU ^p³V H$mì¶ Ho$ à‘wI àdV©H$ gyaXmgOr h¡& gmW hr H¥$îU ̂ p³V gm{hË¶ àU¶Z {d{^Þ H¥$îUmonmgH$ gåàXm¶m| ‘| {Z§~mH©$, M¡VÝ¶, d„^ Am¡a amYmd„^ Am{X ‘| {H$¶m h¡& Bg Ymam Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| gyaXmg H$m AbJ ñWmZ àXmZ {H$¶m h¡& Bg Ymam Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| AÝ¶ H¥$îU ^³V H${d¶m|Zo ^r AnZm A‘wë¶ ¶moJXmZ {X¶m h¡& CZ‘| à‘wI h¡ - gyaXmg, ZÝXXmg, na‘mZÝXXmg, {hV h[ad§e, Y«wdXmg, lr^Å>, ñdm‘r h[aXmg, JXmYa ^Å>, ‘ram±~mB©, agImZ Am{X& AV: CZH$m g§{já n[aM¶ {hÝXr H¥$îU^{º$ gm{hË¶ {dH$mg H$m| g‘PZo ‘| ghm¶H$ hmoJm&

H¥$îU ̂ p³V gm{hË¶ Ho$ àUoVm "gyaXmg'

"gyaXmg' H¥$îU ̂ p³V emIm Ho$ à‘wI H${d h¡& gyaXmgOrHo$ OrdZ d¥V H$mo boH$a {dXÿdmZm| ‘| H$m’$s ‘VôX h¡& gyaXmg H$m OÝ‘ gZ² 1478 B©. ‘mZm OmVm h¡& {d{^Þ aMZm Ho$ AmYma na OÝ‘ "grhr' Zm‘H$ Jm±d Am¡a ‘| gmañdV ~«m÷U Am¡a OmQ> Om{V ‘| CËnÞ H$hm J¶m h¡& CZHo$ {nVm Ho$ én ‘| AH$~a Xa~mar Jm¶H$ "am‘Xmg' H$m C„oI {H$¶m OmVm h¡& "Mm¡amgr d¡îUd H$s dmVm©' ‘| gya Ho$ OrdZ d¥Îm na àH$me S>mbm J¶m h¡& dh Bg àH$ma h¡-

"gyaXmg ~‹S>o Jm¶H$ Wo& do JD$KmQ> na {Zdmg H$aVo Wo Am¡a {dZ¶nX JmVo Wo& ‘hmà^w d„^mMm¶© Zo CÝh| nw{ï>‘mJ© ‘| Xr{jV {H$¶m Am¡a H¥$îU brbm JmZo H$s àoaUm Xr& CÝhm|Zo H¥$îU brbm Ho$ "ghómd{Y' nX {bIo, {OZH$s à{g{Õ gwZH$a Xoem{Yn{V (AH$~a) CZgo {‘bo& gyaXmg A§Yo Wo& do B©ída Am¡a Jwê$ ‘| H$moB© AÝVa Zht ‘mZVo Wo& CÝhmo|Zo namgmobr ‘| àmU-Ë¶mJ {X¶o& gya Ho$ ‘¥Ë¶w H$mb Ho$ g§X^© ‘| ̂ r {dÛmZm| ‘| ‘VôX h¡& bo{H$Z A{YH$m§e gya {dÛmZ gya H$m ‘¥Ë¶w gZ² 1583 ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¢& CZHo$ XohmdgZ g‘¶ na {dÇ>bZmW Zo emoH$mV© hmoH$a H$hm Wm-

""nw{ï>‘maJ H$moo OhmO OmV h¡ gmo OmH$mo H$Nw> boZm hmo¶ gmo boS>&''gyaXmg H$s {ejm Ho$ g§~§Y ‘o§ H$moB© C„oI Zht {‘bVm; do Jm±d go Mma H$mog Xÿa ah

H$a nX aMZm ‘| brZ ahVo Wo Am¡a JmZ-[dÚm ‘| àdrU Wo& gyaXmg d„^mMm¶© Ho$ gånH©$ ‘| AmZo na g»¶, dmËgë¶ Am¡a ‘mYw¶© ̂ md H$s nX-aMZm H$aZo bJo& gyaXmg Zo lr‘X² ̂ mJdV Ho$ AmYma na H¥$îU g§~§Yr a{MV nXm| H$s g§»¶m gdmbmI ~VmB© OmVr h¡&

"S>m°. XrZX¶mbw Jwá Zo CZHo$ Ûmam a{MV nƒrg nwñVH$m| H$s gyMZm Xr h¡& {OZ‘| gyagmJa, gyagmamdbr, gm{hË¶ bhar, gyanMrgr, gyaam‘m¶U, gyagmR>r Am¡a amYmagHo${b àH$m{eV hmo MwH$s h¡& "gyagmJa' Am¡a "gm{hË¶ bhar' CZH$s à‘wI H¥${V¶m± h¡& "gyagmJa' H$m AmYma lr‘X² ^mJdV h¡& ^mJdV Ho$ g‘mZ BZ‘| ^r ~mah ñH§$X h¡& àW‘ ñH$ÝX ‘| {dZ¶nX, ̂ m¶m, A{dYm, V¥îUm ̂ p³V-‘{h‘m go ̂ am hþAm h¡& gya gmJa Ho$ Xe‘ ñH§$X Ho$ nydm©Y© ‘| H¥$îUOÝ‘, ~mbbrbm, Am¡a ̂ «‘a JrV H$s aMZm 4160 nXm| ‘| H$s h¡& Xe‘ ñH§$X Ho$ CVamY© ‘| Oamg§Y ¶wÕ, ÛmaH$m {Z‘m©U, ép³‘Ur haU, {eewnmb dY, gw^Ðm-AOw©Z {ddmh Am{X H$m A§H$Z 149 nXm| ‘| {H$¶m J¶m h¡& gyaXmg H$m J«§W "gya gmamdbr' ‘| ~«OdU©Z, H¥$îU-OÝ‘, nyVZm-dY, g§H$Q>-^§OZ, ̂ «‘aJrV Am{X àg§J h¡&

75

gya H$s nÕ{V nw{ï>‘mJu¶ h¡& Am¡a Bg H$mo AnZmZo Ho$ ~mX à^w ñd§¶ AnZo ̂ ³V H$m Ü¶mZ aIVo h¢& ̂ JdmZ H$m AZwJ«h hr ̂ ³V H$m H$ë¶mU H$aHo$ Cgo Bg bmoH$ go ‘w³V H$aZo ‘| g’$b hmoVm h¡ -

"Om na XrZmZmW ‹T>a¡&gmoB© Hw$brZ ~S>m¡ gw§Xa gmooB Om na H¥$nm H$a¡&gya n{VV V[a Om¶ VZH$ ‘| Omo à^w ZoH$ ‹T>a¡&&'

gya H$s aMZmAm| H$m VËH$mbrZ g‘mO OrdZ go H$VB© g§~§Y Zht Wm& do nhbo ^³V Am¡a ~mX ‘| H${d Wo& Vwbgr Ho$ g‘mZ gya ‘| bmoH$ g§J«h H$s ̂ mdZm Zht {‘bVr h¡& do dñVwV: H¥$îU ‘| hr brZ hmo MwHo$ Wo& "gyaXmg Zo ào‘ Am¡a {dah Ho$ Ûmam gJwU ‘mJ© go H¥$îU H$mo gmÜ¶ ‘mZm h¡& CZHo$ H¥$îU gIm én ‘| ̂ r gd©ep³V‘mZ na‘oída h¡& {dîUw, h[a, am‘ Am{X g~ H¥$îU hr Ho$ Zm‘ h¡& {ZJw©U ~«÷ Ho$ ¶o gJwU Zm‘ h¡&' dmËgë¶ dU©Z Ho$ àW‘ H$[d gyaXmg h¡& gyaXmg Zo dmËgë¶ H$m H$moZm-H$moZm Pm±H$m h¡& dmËgë¶ Ho$ A§VJ©V Xem H$m dU©Z gyaXmg Zo dU©Z {H$¶m h¡& VmooVbr ~mobr, ‘mIZ Mmoar, ‘m± H$m ~ÀMm| Ho$ {bE bmoar JmZm, Am{X&

‘m± N>moQ>o H¥$îU H$mo PyR>-‘wR> Ho$ àbmoo^Z {XImH$a XÿY {nbmVr h¡, V~ H¥$îU ‘m± H$mo nyN>Vo h¢ -

""‘¡¶m, H$~{h ~‹T>¡Jr MmoQ>r&{H$Vr ~ma ‘mo{h XÿY {n¶V ̂ B©, ¶h AO hÿ± h¡ N>moQ>r&''

~bXod Ûmam N>oS>-N>mS> hmoZo na ‘m± H$mo {eH$m¶V H$aVo hþE ~mbH¥$îU-""‘¡¶m ‘mo{h XmD$ ~hþV {IPm¶m¡&‘m|gm| H$hV ‘mob H$s brhZm| Vy O gw‘{V H$~ Om¶m¡&''

AV: gyaXmg dmËgë¶ dU©Z ‘| ‘hmZm¶H$ h¡& AmMm¶© {ÛdoXr {bIVo h¢ - "g§gma Ho$ gm{hË¶ H$s ~mV H$hZm Vmo H${R>Z h¡ ³¶m|{H$ dh ~hþV ~‹S>m h¡ Am¡a CgH$m EH$ A§e ‘mÌ h‘mam OmZm h¡& naÝVw h‘mao OmZo hþE gm{hË¶ ‘| BVZr VËnaVm, ‘Zmohm[aVm Am¡a gagVm Ho$ gmW {b{I hþB© ~mbbrbm Abä¶ h¡&'

gya Ho$ l¥§Jma ag ‘| a{V ñWm¶r ̂ md H$m nyU© Am¡a Abm¡{H$H$ n[anmH$ hþAm h¡& gya H$s Jmo{n¶m| ‘| ào‘ Ho$ g§ñH$ma n¸o$ h¢& "do ̂ mdZm àYmZ h¡, Z§XXmg H$s Jmo{n¶m| Ho$ g‘mZ dH$sb Zht& dmñVd ‘| gyaXmg H$s am{YH$m ewê$ go Am{Ia VH$ gab ~m{bH$m h¡& CZHo$ ào‘ ‘| MmES>rXmg H$s am{YH$m H$s Vah gmg ZZX H$m S>a ht h¡& Am¡a {dÚmn{V H$s {H$emoar am{YH$m Ho$ g‘mZ éXZ ‘| hmg Am¡a hmg ‘| éXZ H$s MmVwar ̂ r Zht h¡& gya Zo ~S>r gƒmB© Ho$ gmW ào‘r öX¶ ‘| a{V H$s CËn{Îm, {à¶ {‘bZ H$s bmbgm, [à¶ {‘bZ H$m hf© Am¡a Mmnë¶, gmhg Am¡a CÝ‘mX H$m Eogm à^mdmoËnmXH$ {MÌU {H$¶m h¡ {H$, EH$m§JrnZ IQ>H$Vm Zht& amYm Am¡a H¥$îU H$s ¶wJb brbmAm| Ho$ dU©Z ‘| gya Zo AnZr g‘ñV à{V^m Am¡a gH$b H$mì¶ H$m¡eb H$m Cn¶moJ {H$¶m h¡& ¶h gmar ào‘ H$hmZr AÜ¶mpË‘H$ ^y{‘ na à{V{ð>V h¡& Cg‘| AmË‘m H$m CÁdb àH$me h¡ Am¡a gd©Ì ̂ p³V ag h¡&'

amYm Am¡a H¥$îU Ho$ Aà{V‘ gm¢X¶© na g^r Jmo{n¶m± ‘w½Y h¡& ào‘ H$s CËn{Îm Am±Im| ‘| hmoVr h¡ -

^p³V ^p³V ^p³V

76

"Am¡MH$ hr XoIr amYm, Z¡Z {~gmb ̂ mb {XE eoar&Zrb ~gZ ’$[a¶m H${Q> n{hao, ~oZr nr{R> éb{V AH$ em¡ar&gya ñ¶m‘ XoIZ hr arPo Z¡Z-Z¡Z {‘br nar R>Jmoar&'

gyaXmg Zo AnZr aMZmAm| Ho$ {bE ~«O ^mfm H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡, Omo bmoH$-àM{bV Wr& H¥$îU gm{hË¶ Ho$ H$maU ~«O^mfm AË¶m{YH$ {dH${gV hþB©& Cg‘| gya Am¡a Z§XXmg H$m ¶moJXmZ ‘hËdnyU© h¡ - S>m°. JUn{VM§Ð H$hVo h¡ - ""gyaXmg Am¡a Z§XXmg O¡go à{V^membr H${d¶m| Ho$ hmW ‘| nS> H$a ~«O^mfm M‘H$ CR>r, CgH$m eãX ̂ ÊS>ma VËg‘ Ed§ VX²^d eãXm|go n[anyU© hmo J¶m VWm Cg‘| ì¶§OH$Vm Am¡a àdmh{ebVm Ho$ JwU Am J¶o& CZHo$ èöX¶ H$s ̂ mdYmam§ go Amßbm{dV hmoH$a Cg‘| Eogr ‘YwaVm, H$mo‘bVm Ed§ pñZ½YVm Am J¶r {H$ dh nadVu H${d¶m| Ho$ {bE AZwH$aUr¶ hmo JB©&'' N>§Xm| ‘| gyaXmg H$s aMZm "gyagmJa' ‘| Hw$N> ñWmZm| na amobm Ed§ Mm¡nmB© H$m à¶moJ hþAm h¡& Ab§H$mam| H$m g~go Á¶mXm à¶moJ gya H$s aMZmAm| ‘| hþAm h¡& "gyagmJa' ‘| énH$, Cn‘m, CËàojm, A{Ve¶mop³V Am{X VWm "gm{hË¶bhar' ‘| ̂ r Ab§H$mam| H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m J¶m h¡&

ZÝXXmg

Aï>N>mn H${d¶m| ‘| gya Ho$ ~mX H$m ñWmZ ZÝXXmg H$m Wm& do ~hþ‘wIr à{V^m gånÞ H${d Wo& "ZÝXXmg H$m OÝ‘ 1533 B©. ‘| hþAm Wm& Am¡a MmMm AmË‘mam‘& BÝhr AmË‘mam‘ Ho$ nwÌ VwbgrXmg Wo& VwbgrXmg Am¡a ZÝXXmg Zo e¡ed ‘| gmoam| ‘| ah H$a hr Z¥qgh n§{S>V go g§ñH¥$V ̂ mfm H$m kmZ A{O©V {H$¶m Wm&' ZÝXXmg ̂ r Vwbgr Ho$ gmW H$mer Mbo J¶o Am¡a dhm± emóm| H$m AÜ¶¶Z {H$¶m& JmoHw$b ‘| {dÇ>bZmW g| Xrjm br "Am¡a BÝhr {XZm| gya Ho$ gånH©$ ‘| AmZo na gƒo H¥$îU ^³V ~Z J¶o& OrdZ Ho$ A§{V‘ {XZm| ‘| do AnZo Jm±d JmodY©Z Am J¶o Wo& BÝht g‘¶ CZH$m 1583 B©. ‘| XohmdgZ hþAm&

BZHo$ Ûmam a{MV J«ÝWm| H$s g§»¶m n§Ðh ~VmB© OmVr h¡& BZ J«ÝWmo§ Ho$ Zm‘ Bg àH$ma h¡ - AZoH$mW© ‘§Oar, ‘mZ‘§Oar, ag‘§Oar, én‘§Oar, {dah‘§Oar, ào‘ ~mahIS>r, í¶m‘ gJmB©, gwXm‘m M[aÌ, ép³‘Ur ‘§Jb, ̂ §daJrV, amg n§MmÜ¶m¶r, {gÕm§V n§MmÜ¶m¶r, Xe‘ñH§$X^mfm, JmodY©ZXmgbrbm, ZÝXXmg-nXmdbr Am{X& BZ‘| go amg n§MmÜ¶m¶r, ^§daJrV Am¡a {gÕm§V n§MmÜ¶m¶r BZHo$ ‘hËdnyU© J«ÝW h¡& ZÝXXmg Ho$ g^r J«ÝW ~«O ̂ mfm ‘| {bIo J¶o h¡&

Jmoñdm‘r {hV h[ad§e

Jmoñdm‘r {hV h[ad§e H$m OÝ‘ 1559 B©. ‘o§ ‘Wwam g‘rn X{jU~mX Jm±d ‘| hþAm& do amYm d„^ gåàXm¶ Ho$ àdV©H$ Wo& {nVm H$m Zm‘ Ho$edXod {‘l Am¡a ‘mVm H$m Zm‘ VmamdVr Wm& ¶o Om{V Ho$ Jm¡S> ~«m÷U Wo&

{hV h[ad§e Zo Ho$db Mm¡amgr nXm| H$s aMZm ~«O^mfm ‘| AË¶§V gag én ‘| H$s h¡&

77

‘ram~mB©

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"{~ahZr ~mdar gr ̂ B©&C§Mr M{‹T> AnZo ̂ dZ ‘| Q>oaV hm¶ XB©&bo A±Mam ‘wI A±gwdZ nm|N>V CKao JmV ghr&‘ram§ Ho$ à^w {JaYa ZmJa {~Nw>aV H$Nw> Z H$hr&&'

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78

agImZ

agImZ Ho$ OÝ‘ Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| {dÛmZm| ‘| ‘VôX h¡ {H$ÝVw {dÛmZm| Ho$ AÝdofU Ho$ AmYmana CZH$m OÝ‘ 1533 B©. ‘mZm OmVm h¡& agImZ Zo Jmoñdm‘r {dÇ>bZmW go Xrjm br Wr& CZH$m gZ² 1614 B©. ‘| {bIm J¶m H$mì¶ "ào‘dm{Q>H$m' ¶h A§{V‘ H¥${V h¡& BgH$s aMZm Ho$ Hw$N> hr df© ~mX 1618 B©. Ho$ Amg-nmg CZH$m XohmdgZ hmo J¶m&

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3B©. 3 H¥$îU^p³V emIm H$s gm‘mÝ¶ àd¥{Îm¶m±

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79

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lrH¥$îU brbm dU©Z

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{df¶ dñVw ‘| ‘m¡{bH$ CX²^mdZm

H¥$îU ̂ p³V H$mì¶ H$s ‘yb àoaUm ̂ mJdV nwamU ‘mZm OmVm h¡ & H¥$îU ̂ ³V H${d¶m| Zo ̂ mJdV Ho$ Xe‘ ñH§$Y H$m AmYma boH$a hr H¥$îU H$s brbmAm| H$m JmZ {H$¶m h¡ & ‘Ü¶H$mb ‘| ^mJdV nwamU ~hþV bmoH${à¶ Wm & H¥$îU^³V H${d¶m| Zo Ho$db AZwdmX Z H$a ‘m¡{bH$ CX²^mdZm go H$m‘ {b¶m h¡ & ̂ mJdVr H¥$îU {Z{b©á h¡ O~ {H$ {hÝXr H${d¶m| Ho$ H¥$îU Jmo{n¶m| H$s Amoa ñd¶§ CÝ‘wI hmoVo h¢ Am¡a AnZm ôX¶H$mar brbmAm| go CZHo$ ôX¶ H$mo OrVVo h¡ & ^mJdV ‘| lrH¥$îU ~«åhËd h¡ & {hÝXr H${d¶m| Ho$ H¥$îU H$‘ Abm¡{H$H$ h¡ & do ~mbê$n ‘| ~mb brbmE± Am¡a ¶wdmén ‘| àU¶ brbmE± H$aVo h¡§ & ^mJdV ‘| amYm H$m H$moB© C„oI Zht {H$ÝVw {hÝXr H${d¶m| Zo amYm H$s H$ënZm Ûmam àU¶ {MÌU ‘| EH$ Abm¡{H$H$ ^ì¶Vm bm¶r h¢ Am¡a Jmo{n¶m± ̂ r EH${Zð>Vm H$m ̂ md aIZodmbr h¢ & BZ H${d¶m| Zo O¶Xod Am¡a {dÚmn{V H$m AmYma boH$a ¶Woï> H$ënZm ep³V go H$m‘ {b¶m h¢ & {dÚmn{V ‘| amYm Am¡a H¥$îU Ho$ ào‘ dU©Z ‘| Ohm± ñWybVm Am¡a CÔm‘Vm h¢ dhm± BZgo ZdrZ én-a§J âH$a Cgo {ZIma {X¶m h¡ & BÝhm|Zo bmoH$àM{bV H¥$îU brbmAm| H$m gXþn¶moJ H$aHo$ H¥$îU ^p³V H$s A{^d¥ÜXr ‘| EH$ ZdrZ ¶moJXmZ {X¶m & BZ H${d¶m| Zo AnZo ¶wJ VWm g‘mO Ho$ dmVmdaU Ho$ AZwgma AZoH$ ZdrZ àg§Jmo H$s CX²^mdZm H$s h¢ &

80

gm‘m{OH$ nj

H¥$îU ^p³V H$mì¶ brbm hmoVo hþE ^r VËH$mbrZ gm‘m{OH$, Ym{‘©H$ Ed§ gm§ñH¥${VH$ Xem H$m ¶WmW© dU©Z H¥$îU ̂ p³V H$mì¶ ‘| {‘bVm h¢& gya Zo ̂ mJdV Ho$ Hw$N> AÝ¶ àg§Jm| H$mo MwZH$a VËH$mbrZ OrdZ H$s CÔoí¶ hrZVm Ed§ BpÝÐ¶ nam¶UVm H$s AmbmoMZm H$s h¢& H${b¶wJ Ho$ à^md H$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE BZ H${d¶m| Zo dUm©l‘ Y‘©-nVZ, gm‘m{OH$ Hw$ar{V¶m± Am¡a Ym{‘©H$ {dS>å~ZmAm| H$m {MÌ àñVwV {H$¶m h¢ & H¥$îU ̂ ³V H${d¶m| H$s gmYZm d¡¶p³VH$ hmoVo hþE ̂ r bmoH$‘§Jb H$s ̂ mdZm h¢ &

Eo{Vhm{gH$ nj

H¥$îU ̂ p³V H$mì¶ Ho$ H${d ‘Wwam d¥§XmdZ ‘| Wo {’$a ̂ r {X„r H$s amOZr{V H$m CZ na H$moB© Aga Zht nS>m {H$ÝVw BZHo$ gm{hË¶ BZ Ho$ AnZo Xoe H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm Adí¶ {XImB© XoVr h¢& gyaXmg Ho$ A{V[a³V Aï> N>mn Ho$ AÝ¶ H${d¶m| Zo d„^ Hw$b H$m n[aM¶ {X¶m h¡& amYmd„^r ^³Vm| Zo {hV h[ad§e H$mo AdVma ‘mZVo hþE CZ H$mo ¶emoJmZ {H$¶m h¢& H$B© ^³V H${d¶m| Zo CZHo$ ^³Vm| Ho$ M[aÌm| H$mo A§{H$V {H$¶m h¢& BZ g~H$m Eo{Vhm{gH$ Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ ‘hËd h¢& Aï>N>mn Ho$ H${d¶m| ‘| VËH$mbrZ gwÝXa gm§ñH¥${VH$ Pm±H$s {‘bVr h¢&

dmËgë¶ ag H$m {MÌU

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""‘¡¶m ‘mo{h XmD$ ~hþV {IOm¶mo''""‘¡¶m H$~{h ~T>¡Jr MmoQ>r !

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nmÌ Ed§ M[aÌ {MÌU

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81

H${d¶m| Zo CÜXd Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go ~wpÜX Am¡a VH©$ na ̂ md ‘pñVîH$ na ôX¶, kmZ na ̂ p³V Am¡a {ZJw©U na gJwU H$s {dO¶ {XIbmB© h¢&

àH¥${V {MÌU

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ar[VVËd H$m g‘mdoe

H¥$îU ̂ p³V H$mì¶ ‘| l¥§Jm[aH$ {MÌUm| Ho$ gmW ar{V-VËd H$m ̂ r C„oI {‘bVm h¡& gyaXmg Am¡a ZÝXXmg H$s H¥${V¶m± BgH$m à‘mU ‘mZr Om gH$Vr h¡& gyaXmg H$s gm{hË¶ bhar Am¡a ZÝXXmg H$s "ag‘§Oar' VWm "{dah‘§Oar' ‘§o Zm{¶H$m ôX VWm Ab§H$mam| H$m {ddoMZ {‘bVm h¡& gyaXmg Ho$ g‘¶ ‘| hr {dÇ>bOr Zo l¥§Jma ag ‘| CÝht Ho$ O¡gm ar{V naI J«§W {bIm& Cg g‘¶ M¡VÝ¶-gåàXm¶ ‘| ^p³V H$mo H$mì¶ emó H$m gm§Jmonm§J én XoZo Ho$ {bE ^p³V agm‘¥V {gÝYw Am¡a C‚db Zrb‘{U H$s aMZm hmo MyH$s Wr& ZÝX Xmg H$s ag‘§Oar ‘| Zm{¶H$m ̂ oX, hmd-^md, hobm, a{V Am{XH$m {dñV¥V {ddoMZ h¡& én‘§Oar ‘| d¶… g§{Y VWm àW‘ g‘mJ‘ Am{X XemAm|H$m dU©Z h¡& Aï>N>mn Ho$ AÝ¶ H${d¶m| ‘| ^r Zm{¶H$m ôX Ho$ CXmhaU XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢& AV… ¶h ñnï> h¡ {H$ BZ H${d¶m| Zo AnZo H$mì¶m|‘| ar{V VËd H$m g‘mdoe Amdí¶H$ én ‘| {H$¶m h¡&

ào‘ H$s Abm¡{H$H$Vm

H¥$îU ^³V H${d¶m| Zo AnZr aMZmAm| ‘o§ ào‘ H$s Abm¡{H$H$Vm na ~b {X¶m h¡& BZH$m l¥§Jma ag {MÌU ‘Ywa ag H$s H$mo{Q> ‘| AmVm h¡& ‘Ywa ag H$s ñWmnZm H¥$îU Am¡a amYm Ho$ ào‘ H$m CÝ‘wº$ {MÌU H$aZo Ho$ {bE hr H$s JB© h¢& H¥$îU ̂ ³V H${d¶m|Zo a{V O¡go àg§Jmo H$m ^r dU©Z {H$¶m h¡& Bg àH$ma Ho$ àg§Jmo ‘| AÜ¶mpË‘H$Vm Ty>±T>Zm ì¶W© h¡& Bg ̂ p³V naånam ‘| l¥§Jma dU©Z Ho$ H$B© H$maU ‘m¡OyX Wo - EH$ Vmo ‘pÝXam| H$m dmVmdaU {dbmgàYmZ hmoVm J¶m& Xÿgam A{YH$mar dJ© H$m Ñ{ï>H$moU ^r {dbmgmoÝ‘wI hmo J¶m Wm& Bg àH$ma H¥$îU ^p³V gm{hË¶na M¡VÝ¶, {hVh[ad§e, h[aXmg VWm amYmñdm‘r gåàXm¶m| H$m Jham à^md ahm h¡&

82

g§JrVmË‘H$Vm ( hdobr g§JrV )

H¥$îU ̂ ³V H${d¶m| ‘| g§JrVmË‘H$Vm H$m à^md {XImB© XoVm h¡& gm‘doX go boH$a AmO VH$ g§JrV H$m Amamoh-Adamoh, gá gwam| H$m g§J‘, VWm b¶-Jr{V VmZ d Ambmn Am{X emór¶ dñVw hmoH$a ̂ r bmoH$mZwén ~XbVr hþB©, ‘Ü¶ H$mbrZ ̂ p³V gm{hË¶ ‘| gdoJ àdm{hV hmoVr ahr& H$~ra-ZmZH$ go boH$a gya-Vwbgr g^r ‘Ü¶ H$mbrZ ^³V H${d¶m| ‘| C³V g§JrVmË‘H$Vm gm{hË¶ Ho$ A{Zdm¶© VËd amJmË‘H$Vm Ho$ gmW ZmZm énm| ‘| ñnpÝXV hmoVr ahr& H${dVm H$s ¶h g§JrVmË‘H$Vm H$s àd¥{Îm H¥$îU H$mì¶ Ho$ nw{ï>‘mJu H${d¶m| ‘| ñnï> XoIr OmVr h¡& AH$~a Ho$ ‘hmZ g§JrV g‘«mQ> VmZgoZ nw{ï>‘mJu ñdm‘r h[aXmg Ho$ {eî¶ Wo& JwOamV àmÝV ‘| ¶h g§JrVmË‘H$ àd¥{Îm-hdobr g§JrV Ho$ én ‘| Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVr h¡& AV… BZ H${d¶m|na g§JrVmË‘H$Vm H$m à^md ahm h¡&

H$mì¶én

H¥$îU ̂ p³V H$mì¶ ‘| ‘w»¶ én go Jo¶‘wº$H$ H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m J¶m h¡& Bg H${d¶m| Zo H¥$îU Ho$ {Og A§e H$mo AnZo H$mì¶ Ho$ {bE MwZm dh gd©Wm ‘w³VH$ Ho$ Cn¶w³V Wm& gånyU© H¥$îU H$mì¶ ‘| à~ÝY aMZm ~hþV H$‘ nmB© JB© h¡& {’$a ̂ r H¥$îU Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ {H$gr A§e H$s H«$‘~ÜX H$ënZm Adí¶ {‘bVr h¡& gyaXmg Ho$ H$mì¶ ‘| ~«O^mfr H¥$îU H$s gånyU© H$Wm XoZo H$m à¶ËZ Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVm h¡& H¥$îU H$s gånyU© H$Wm XoZo H$m à¶mg ~«O {dbmg ‘| ~«OaËZXmg Zo {H$¶m h¡& H${d Z§XXmg Ho$ ^±da JrV, ép³‘Ur ‘§Jb Am¡a amg n§MmÜ¶m¶r Am{X ‘| H$WmË‘H$Vm {XImB© XoVr h¡& Bg Ñ[ï> go {hV d¥§XmdZ H$m gm{hË¶ C„oIZr¶ h¡& Bg H$mì¶ na JÚ H$m ̂ r à^md ahm h¡& d¡îUdZ H$s dmVm©, Xmo gm¡ ~mdÞ H$s dmVm© BgHo$ à‘mU h¡&

e¡br

H¥$îU ̂ ³V H${d¶m| Zo JrV e¡br H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡& BZHo$ H$mì¶ ‘| JrVr VËd Ho$ g^r VËd CnbãY h¡& O¡go ̂ mdmË‘H$Vm, g§JrVmË‘H$Vm, d¡¶p³VH$Vm, g§{jáVm VWm ̂ mî¶ H$s H$mo‘bVm Am{X nyU© én ‘| {‘bVo h¡& BZ H${d¶m| H$mo d¡¶p³VH$Vm Ho$ {bE H$moB© {deof joÌ Zht Wm {’$a ̂ r BÝhm|Zo Jmo{n¶m| Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go d¡¶p³VH$Vm H$m H$bmË‘H$ én ‘o§ g‘mdoe H$a {b¶m h¡& BZ H${d¶m| ‘| AZoH$ A{^ì¶§OZm e¡br H$o à¶moJ hmoVo h¡& gya-gmJa ‘| AZoH$ A{^ì¶§OZm e¡{b¶m± h¡& BZH$m gm{hË¶ eãXep³V, Ab§H$ma, H$mì¶ JwU Am{X g^r H$mì¶ JwUm|go gånÞ h¡&

ag

H¥$îU ̂ ³V H${d¶m| Zo {^Þ-{^Þ agm| H$m {OVZm gwÝXa g‘Ýd¶ AnZr aMZmAm| ‘| {H$¶m h¡& CVZm AÝ¶Ì Xþb©^ h¡& ag H$s Ñï>r go H¥$îUH$mì¶ AË¶§V ̂ ì¶ ~Z nS>m h¡& BZ H${d¶m| Zo H$éUm, dmËgë¶, ^¶mZH$, am¡Ð Am{X agm| H$m ‘m{‘©H$ {MÌU {H$¶m h¡& dmËgë¶ ag ‘| gyaXmg ~oOmoS> h¡ &

83

N>§X

H¥$îU ̂ p³V gm{hË¶ H$s aMZmE± à‘wIV… nXm| ‘| H$s JB© h¡& {d{^Þ N>§Xmo H$m CËH¥$ï> {MÌU BZ H${d¶m| Zo {H$¶m h¡& BZ ‘| Xmohm, amobm, Mm¡nmB© Am{X N>§Xm| H$m à¶moJ ~hþV hr H$bmË‘H$ h¡& gyaXmg Zo H${dVm, N>ßn¶, Hw$ÊS>{b¶m±, h[aJr{VH$m AmXr N>§Xm| H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡& ZÝXamO Zo "én‘§Oar' VWm "amg‘§Oar' ‘| Xmohm, Mm¡nmB© H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡&

Ab§H$ma

H¥$îU ^p³V H$mì¶ ‘§o Ab§H$mam| H$m AZwR>m n[aM¶ {X¶m J¶m h¡& Bg H$mb Ho$ H${d¶m| Zo {d{^Þ Ab§H$mam| H$m à¶moJ AnZr H$mì¶ aMZmAm| ‘| {H$¶m h¡& énH$, Cn‘m, CËàojm, ¶‘H$, íbof Am{X Ab§H$mam| H$m {d{dY Am¶m‘r à¶moJ BZ H${d¶m| Z| {H$¶m h¡& Ab§H$ma H$s Ñ{ï> go ¶h gm{hË¶ gånÞ ahm h¡&

^mfm

H¥$îU ^³V H${d¶m|§ Zo AnZr H$mì¶ aMZm Ho$ {bE VËH$mbrZ d¥§XmdZ ‘| àM{bV ~«O ^mfm H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡& ~«O ^mfm g‘ñV CÎmar ^maV ‘| gm{hË¶ H$s ^mfm Ho$ én ‘| ñdrH¥$V hþB©& ~«O ^mfm Zo ~§Jmb H$s ^mfm H$mo ^r à^m{dV {H$¶m& ¶h AmYw{ZH$ H$mb VH$ gm{hË¶ H$s ̂ mfm ~Zr ahr& gya VWm ar{VH$mbrZ Xod, {~hmar AmXr H${d¶m| Zo Bg ̂ mfm H$mo Omo gm¢X¶© {X¶m h¡ dh g‘ñV {hÝXr gm{hË¶ ‘| AmO ̂ r A{ÛVr¶ h¡ &

g§jon ‘§o, H¥$îU ^p³V gm{hË¶ AmZ§X Am¡a C„mg H$s gm{hË¶ h¡& Bg ‘| gd©Ì ~«Oag H$s àYmZVm h¡& Omo AX²^yV Am¡a {dbjU h¢& ewÜX H$bmË‘H$ Ñï>r go ¶h gm{hË¶ AZwn‘ h¡ &

3B©. 4 Aä¶mg

à. 1. H¥$îU ̂ p³V-H$mì¶ H$s à‘wI [deofVmE± {b{IE&à. 2. H¥$îU ̂ p³V-H$mì¶ H$s àd¥{Îm¶m| na àH$me S>m{bE&à. 3. {ZåZ{b{IV na {Q>ßnUr {b{IE&

A) H${d gyaXmg

84

ar{VH$mb

boIH$ …- nr. Ho$. Yw‘mi

85

86

ar{VH$mb


4.1 CÔoí¶

4.2 àñVmdZm

4.3 ar{VH$mb H$m {dñV¥V AÜ¶¶Z

4.4 ~moY àíZ

4.1 CÔoí¶ …-

Bg BH$mB© Ho$ A§VJ©V nmR²>çH«$‘ ‘| {ZYm©[aV ar{V-H$mb H$m n[aM¶ {X¶m J¶m h¡& Bggo ar{VH$mb Ho$ {dñV¥V AÜ¶¶Z ‘| {dÚmWu¶m| H$mo AmgmZr hmoJr& Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ¶¶Z go {dÚmWu ar{VH$mbrZ H$mì¶ H$m AÜ¶¶Z H$a gH|$Jo& ar{V~Õ H$mì¶, ar{V{gÕ H$mì¶ Am¡a ar{V‘wº$ H$mì¶ Ho$ n{aM¶ Ho$ gmW {deofVmAm| H$m ̂ r {dñV¥V AÜ¶¶Z H$a gH|$Jo&

4.2 àñVmdZm

ar{VH$mb Omo g‘¶ gmaUr Ho$ AZwgma ‘Ü¶H$mb Ho$ Zm‘ go ̂ r OmZm OmVm h¡& ar{VH$mb ‘| l¥§Jma naH$ aMZmE± A{YH$ hþB© h¡ BgH$m H$maU VËH$mbrZ g‘¶ H$m n[adoe, amOm, Zdm~ Am¡a gm‘ÝV bmoJm| H$m dM©ñd Wm dht H${d AnZr Or{dH$m H$m gmYZ H$mì¶ aMZmAm| H$mo ‘mZVo Wo Am¡a Aml¶XmVm H$s ê${M Ho$ AZwgma CZHo$ ‘Zmoa§OZ Ho$ gmYZ Ho$ ê$n ‘| H$mì¶ aMZm H$s OmVr Wr&

AmMm`© am_MÝÐ ewŠb Zo g§dV² 1700 go 1900 VH$ Ho$ H$mb H$mo (1643 B©. go 1843 B©.) 'ar{VH$mb' AWdm 'CÎma_Ü`H$mb' Zm_ go A{^{hV {H$¶m h¡& ar{VH$mb _| 'ar{V' eãX H$m à`moJ 'H$mì`m§J {ZénU' Ho$ AW© _| hþAm h¡& Eogo J«ÝW {OZ_| 'H$mì`m§Jmo Ho$ bjU' Ed§ CXmhaU {Xòo OmVo h¡, 'ar{VJ«ÝW' H$hbmVo h¡§& ar{VH$mb Ho$ A{YH$m§e H${d`m| Zo ar{V {ZénU H$aVo hþE bjU J«ÝW {bIo, AV: Bg H$mb H$s àYmZ àd¥{Îm 'ar{V {ZénU' H$mo _mZm Om gH$Vm h¡& Am. ewŠb Zo {hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ H$mbm| Ho$ Zm_H$aU àYmZ àd¥{Îm Ho$ AmYma na {H$E h¢, AV: ar{V H$s àYmZVm Ho$ H$maU Bg H$mb H$m Zm_H$aU CÝhm|Zo ar{VH$mb {H$`m h¡& ar{V go CZH$m VmËn`© nÜX{V, e¡br Am¡a H$mì`m§J {ZénU go h¡&

ar{VH$mb H$m g_` _wJbm| Ho$ d¡^d, nam^d ̀ m nVZ Ed§ A§J«oOm| Ho$ CX` H$m H$mb h¡& gm_ÝVdmXr àd¥{Îm H$m ~mob~mbm Bg H$mb _| Wm Am¡a gm_ÝVdmX H$o Xmof gd©Ì ì`mßV Wo& EH$ Amoa {dbmgr emgH$m|, gm_ÝVm|, A{YH$m[a`m| Ed§ _Zg~Xmam| H$m ~mob~mbm Wm Vmo Xygao Amoa Jar~ OZVm {ng ahr Wr& {dbm{gVm H$s ~T>Vr àd¥{Îm Ho$ H$maU Zmar H$mo gån{Îm

4

_mZm OmZo bJm Wm& {dbmg Ho$ CnH$aUm| H$m g§J«h H$aZm Ed§ gwam-gwÝXar _| brZ ahZm CÀM dJ© Ho$ OrdZ H$m EH$_mÌ bú` ~Z J`m Wm& _Ü`-dJ© ̂ r CÝht Ho$ AZwH$aU _| brZ ahVm Wm& A{ÔmV dJ© Ho$ ha gwÝXar Zm[a`m| Ed§ a{jVmAm| go âo ahVo Wo& H${d AnZo g_` H$m gOJ {MVoam hmoVm h¡& ar{VH$m{bZ H${d`m| Zo ̂ r AnZo g_` Ho$ {dbmgr amOmAm|, gm_ÝVm| H$s {dbmgd¥{Îm H$mo Vwï> H$aZo Ho$ {bE Kmoa l¥ÝJma àYmZ aMZmE± {bIt& ar{VH$mb Ho$ A{YH$Va H${d amOm-l` _| ahVo Wo AV: BZ H${d`m| H$s gånyU© AÝVíMoVZm gwam, gwÝXar Am¡a gwamhr VH$ hr gr{_V ah J`r& CgZo AnZr ̀ mo½`Vm H$m {dñVma Zmar Ho$ A§J {MÌU _| Ho$pÝÐV H$a {X`m& S>m°. ZJoÝÐ Zo Bgr H$maU {bIm h¡ {H$- ''Bg gm{hË` H$m gm±Mm Mmho O¡gm ̂ r ahm hmo Cg_| T>br l¥§Jm[aH$Vm hr&'' S>m°. ̂ Jra` {_l Zo ar{VH$mbrZ H$mì`H$mam| H$mo ̀ m¡dZ VWm ~g§V Ho$ H${d H$hm h¡&

BgHo$ A{V[aŠV ar{VH$mb _| Hw$N> Eogo ^r amOm{lV H${d Wo Omo AnZo Aml`XmVmAm| Ho$ XmZ, namH«$_ Am{X H$m Amb§H$m[aH$ dU©Z H$aVo hþE YZ H$s àm{ßV H$aVo Wo& Ym{_©H$ g§ñH$mam| Ho$ H$maU ^{ŠV naH$ aMZmE± H$aHo$ Hw$N> H${d AmË_bm^ ^r H$aVo Wo. Vmo Hw$N> H${d OrdZ Ho$ H$Qw>-{VŠV d¡`{ŠVH$ AZw^dm| H$mo Zr{V H$m Om_m nhZmH$a Zr{V H$WZm| Ho$ ê$n _| ̂ r ì`ŠV H$aVo Wo&

ar{VH$mb _o§ {b{IV gånyU© CnbãY H$mì` H$mo dÊ`© AWdm {df` ̀ m àd¥{Îm Ho$ AmYmana {ZåZ{b{IV VrZ dJm} _o§ {d^m{OV {H$`m OmVm h¡ -

ar{VH$mb (l¥§Jma H$mc)

ar{V~ÜX H$mì` ar{V{gÜX H$mì` ar{V_wŠV H$mì`(bjU H$mì`) (bú` H$mì`) (ñdÀN>ÝX H$mì`)

qMVm_{U {~hmar KZmZÝXHo$edXmg ag{Z{Y Amb__{Vam_ Z¥ne§^w R>mHw$aXmgXod ZodmO ~moYmnX²_mH$a {ÛOXod{ÎarXmg½dmb

ar{V~ÜX H$mì` H$s à_wI {deofVmE± :-

ar{V~ÜX H$mì` dh H$mì` h¡ Omo ar{V-{ZénU Ho$ én _| {bIm J`m hmo& Bg_| Bg H$mb _| {bIo Jò do g^r ar{V-J«ÝW Am OmVo h¢, {Og_o§ H$mì`m§Jm| H$m nÚ_` bjU àñVwV H$a CgHo$ CXmhaU Ho$ én _| ñda{MV H$mì` àñVwV {H$`m J`m h¡& S>m°. ZJoÝÐ Zo Bgo ''AmMm`©-H${d`m| H$m H$mì` H$hm h¡& Am. {dídZmW àgmX {_l Bgo 'ar{V~ÜX ̀ m bjÊ~ÜX

87

H$mì`' H$hVo h¡& BZ H$mì`-J«ÝW {Z_m©VmAm| H$m| ar{V~ÜX H${d H$hm OmVm h¡& Xygao eãXm| _| g§ñH¥$V-H$mìèmó Ho$ AmYma na {hÝXr _| bjU J«ÝWm| H$s aMZm H$aZo dmbo H${d`m| H$mo ar{V~ÜX H${d _mZm OmVm h¡& BÝhm|Zo H$mì`m§Jm| Ho$ bjU {bIH$a CZHo$ CXmhaU ̂ r àñVwV {H$E& ar{V~ÜX AmMm`m] Zo g§ñH¥$V Ho$ Ab§H$ma gåàXm` H$mo {deof én go ñdrH$ma {H$`m Am¡a ag, ar{V, Üd{Z VWm dH«$mo{ŠV H$mo Jm¡U _mZm& BZ ar{V~ÜX H$mì` aMZmH$mam| H$m _w»` CÔoí` AnZo Aml`XmVmAm| H$mo àgÝZ H$aZm Wm {H$ÝVw AnZo H$mì` Ho$ _mÜ`_ go do g§ñH¥$V ^mfm _o§ d{U©V gm{hËèmó H$m {hÝXr bmoH$^mfm _| (~«O^mfm) AZwdmX H$aVo Wo& BZ AmMm`m] Zo {H$gr ZE H$mì`{gÜXmÝV H$s ñWmnZm Zht H$s Bgr{bE BZH$s aMZm _| _m¡{bH$Vm H$m A^md h¡& CÝhm|Zo nyd©{ZYm[aV n[anmQ>r H$m AZwH$aU _mÌ {H$`m h¡& ̀ o Ab§H$mam| Am¡a Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m ̂ oX {ZénU _o§ hr ì`ñV aho& Bg dJ© _| Xmo àH$ma Ho$ H${d hþE& àW_ do {OÝhm|Zo bjU J«ÝWm| Ho$ gmW bú` J«ÝW ̂ r {bIo& Bg dJ© _| Ho$edXmg, qMVm_{U, _{Vam_, Xod, nX²>_mH$a Am{X H$s JUZm H$s OmVr h¡& Xygao dJ© _| do AmMm`© AmVo h¢ {OÝhm|Zo bjU J«ÝW Vmo {bIo na bú` J«ÝW Zht& BZ_| lrn{V H$m Zm_ _w»` ê$n go {b`m OmVm h¡& Bg H$mì`Ymam H$s gm_mÝ` àd¥{Îm`m± VWm {deofVmE± Bg àH$ma h¡-

1) H${d H$_© Am¡a AmMm`© H$_© H$m g_Ýd` :-H${d H$_© Am¡a AmMm`© H$_© H$m AX²>^yV g_Ýd` ar{V~ÜX H$mì` Ymam H$s

g~go à_wI {deofVm ahr h¡& ar{VH$mb _| gm{hË¶ Am¡a gm{hËèmó XmoZm| H$m Aml` ñWmZ Xa~ma _| Wm& Xa~ma H$m n[adoe kmZ Am¡a JwUJ«mhr CVZm Zht Wm, {OVZm {MÝVZ Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ hmoVm h¡& g§^dV Bgr{bE AmMm`© H$_© _| BVZr J§^raVm Zhr§ Wr& Xa~mar gä`Vm Bg H$mì` _| EH$ Z`m én YmaU H$a MwH$s Wr,{Og_o§ 'àXe©Z' H$m {OVZm _hËd Wm CVZm Xe©Z H$mo Zht& AV… AmMm`© H$_© ^r CÝhr Ho$ AZwgma n[ad{V©V hþAm& AmMm`m] H$mo H$m`© {MÝVZ Zht àXe©Z hmo J`m& H${d`m| H$s ̂ r ̀ hr Xem Wr, Bgr{bE H${d`m| H$mo àXe©Z Ho$ {bE ar{V H$m ghmam boZm nS>m Am¡a AmMm`m] H$mo H$mì` H$m& n[aUm_V… AmMm`© H$_© Am¡a H${dH$_© `hm°§ EH$mH$ma hmo Jò& H${dËd Am¡a AmM`©Ëd Ho$ {_lU Ho$ Xwîn[aUm_m| H$s Amoa g§Ho$V H$aVo hþE Am. ewŠbOr Zo {bIm h¡- ''Bg EH$sH$aU H$m à^md AÀN>m Zht nS>m& AmMm`©Ëd Ho$ {bE gyú_ {ddoMZ Am¡a n`m©dbmoMZ e{ŠV H$s Anojm hmoVr h¡, CgH$m {dH$mg Zhr§ hþAm& H${d bmoJ EH$ Xmoho _| An`m©ßV bjU XoH$a AnZo H${d H$_© _| àd¥Îm hmo OmVo Wo& H$mì`m§Jm| H$m {dñV¥V {ddoMZ VH©$ Ûmam IÊS>Z _ÊS>Z, Zò Zò {gÜXmÝVm| H$m à{VnmXZ Am{X Hw$N> ̂ r Zht hþAm& ''

2) l¥§Jm[aH$Vm :-l¥§Jm[aH$Vm Bg H$mì`Ymam H$s hr Zht, Bg H$mb Ho$ g{hË` H$s ̂ r gdm©{YH$

_wIa àd¥{Îm ahr h¡& Bg H$mb Ho$ H${d`m| _| _m¡{bH$Vm H$m A^md ̂ bo hr ahm hmo na l¥§Jma ag Ho$ {d{^ÝZ Ad`dm|- {d^md, AZw^md, g§Mmar, BË`m{X Ho$ dU©Z, Zm{`H$m{X ôXmonôXm|, CZH$s gyú_ l¥§Jm[aH$ _Z…pñW{V`m| Ho$ CX²KmQ>Z F$Vw Am{X Ho$ dU©Zm| _| H${d`m| Zo {OVZr gag Am¡a _m{_©H$ D${ŠV`m± àñVwV H$s h¢ g§ñH¥$V, àmH¥$V Am¡a An^«§e Ho$ hOmam| dfm] Ho$ gm{hË` go EH$Ì H$s Omò Vmo ̂ r BZH$s VwbZm _o§ H$_ n‹S>oJr& Ho$db _mÌm _| hr Zht gagVm _| ^r ̀ h gm{hË` AX²>^yV h¡&

88

Bg Ymam Ho$ H${d`m| Zo l¥§Jma Ho$ g§`moJ Am¡a {d`moJ - XmoZm| hr njm| H$m nyao _ZmodoJ go {MÌU {H$`m h¡& ào_ H$m _yë`mYma Ambå~Z gm¡ÝX`© _mZZo Ho$ H$maU, BÝhm|Zo gm¡ÝX`© Ho$ {MÌU _| {deof é{M Am`r h¡&

3) gm¡ÝX`© {MÌU :- ar{V~ÜX l¥§Jm[aH$ H$mì` Ho$ _w»` Ambå~Z Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m aho h¢& BZ XmoZm|

_| Zm{`H$m H$s A§J-Á`mo{V H$s Amoa H${d`m| H$s Ñ{ï> A{YH$ ahr h¡& ZI-{eI dU©Z Ho$ gmao àg§J BgHo$ à_mU h¡ bo{H$Z hmd AZw^mdm{X Ho$ {MÌUmo§ _| ̀ h én-gm¡ÝX`© A{YH$ _m{_©H$ hmoH$a gm_Zo Am`m h¡& {ÎmarXmg H$m EH$ gm¡ÝX`© {MÌ Ðï>ì` h¡-

n§H$O go nm`Z _| JyOar Oam`Z H$sKmKao H$mo Koa Xr{R> Ko[a Ko[a a{I`m±&'Xmg' _Z_mo{hZ _{V Ho$ ~Zm` ~{Z H§$R>_mb, H§$MwH$s hdob hma n[ad`m±&&^mJ ̂ ar ̂ m{JZr gmohmJ ̂ ar gmar gyhr_m±J ̂ ar _moVr AZwamJ ̂ ar A{I`m±&&

Eogm hr gå_mohH$ én Bg Ymam Ho$ H${d`m| H$s Ñ{ï> _| Wm& Bg_| b{bV hmd,{d^«d hmd Ho$ CXmhaU h¢ bo{H$Z hmd Ho$ ñdê$n {ZénU H$s d¥{Îm Bg_| X~ J`r h¡ Am¡a én H$s _mXH$Vm hr à_wI hmoH$a gm_Zo Am`r h¡&

4) Ab§H$m[aH$Vm :-M_ËH$ma àXe©Z H$s àd¥{Îm ar{VH$mb H$s gm_mÝ` àd¥{Îm ahr h¡& M_ËH$ma H$m

AW© h¡- Ab§H$ma àYmZ hmoZm& VËH$mbrZ ar{V~ÜX H${d Ab§H$mam| na A{YH$ Ü`mZ XoVm Wm& Ab§H$mam| _| ̂ r ̀ o H${d AZwàmg, ̀ _H$ na {deof ~c XoVo Wo, Š`m|{H$ AZwàmg Ho$ à`moJ go _wŠVH$ H$s ̂ mfm ZmX CËnÝZ H$aZo _| g_W© hmoVr Wr Am¡a H$mì` Z| ̂ r EH$ _YwaVm Am OmVr Wr& Aml`XmVm ̂ r H${dVm H$m __©k Zht hmoVm Wm& Cgo eãXm| Ho$ M_ËH$ma Am¡a CgH$s Jo`Vm go hr A{YH$ _Vb~ hmoVm Wm& H$^r-H$^r BZ _wŠVH$m| H$mo A{Ve`mo{ŠV Am¡a Cn_m Ab§H$mam| go ^r gOm`m OmVm Wm& {H$ÝVw `h A{Ve`mo{ŠV H$^r-H$^r {Ibdm‹S> H$s gr_m VH$ nhþ±M OmVr Wr&

ar{V~ÜX H${d g§ñH¥$V Ho$ Ab§H$ma emñÌ Ho$ éT>rJV Cn_mZm| H$mo boH$a CZH$m hr {nîQ>nofU H$aVm ahm& Bg gÝX^© _| CgZo {H$gr ZdrZ _m¡{bH$ CX²>^mdZm go H$m_ Zhr {b`m, n[aUm_V… CZHo$ ZI{eI dU©Z é{T>~ÜX Am¡a Ad¡`{ŠVH$ hr ~Zo aho& én gmÑí` _ybH$ AàñVwV {dYmZ H$s Anojm Y_©-gmÑí` {dYmZ gwÝXaV_ hmoVm h¡& ar{V~ÜX H${d`m| _| BgàH$ma Ho$ AàñVwV {dYmZ H$s H$_r h¡&

5) H$mì` én :-ar{VH$mbrZ H${d H$m CÔoí` Cg ̀ wJ Ho$ amOmAm| Am¡a aB©gm| H$s a{gH$Vm H$s

d¥{Îm H$mo gÝVwï> H$aZm Wm& dh nyU© én go amOXa~mar dmVmdaU go {Kam hþAm Wm& Eogr pñW{V

89

_| M_ËH$ma CËnmXZmW© VWm dmhdmhr àm{á Ho$ {bE _wŠVH$ H$mì` e¡br CgHo$ A{YH$ AZwHy$b Wr& ̀ h g_` à~ÝY H$mì` {Z_m©U Ho$ {bE gd©Wm AZwn`wŠV Wm& {Og Xa~ma _| H${d nyJdm| Ho$ X§Jb bJVo hmo Am¡a Ohm°§ na EH$-Xygao go ~mOr _ma OmZo H$s hmoS> MbVraho, dhm± à~ÝY H$mì` H$m àíZ hr Zht CR>Vm& Bg g_` Bg joÌ _| WmoS>m-~hÿV gmhg ̂ r {H$`m J`m bo{H$Z dh {deof \$br^yV Zht hþAm& à~ÝY H$mì`m| Ho$ {bE {Za§Va EH$agVm Am¡a Y¡`© H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVrh¡, ̀ o ~mV| Z Vmo Cg g_` Ho$ H${d Ho$ nmg Wr Am¡a Z lmoVm Ho$ nmg&

Bg H$mb _| ̀ Ú{n g~Ho$ AmMm`© Ho$edXmg Zo 'am_MpÝÐH$m' {bIH$a à~ÝY H$mì` {bIZo H$m _mJ© {XIbm`m Wm, na§Vw ̀ h na§nam AmJo Zhr Mb nmB©& AmMm`© Ho$edXmg ñd`§ AmoaN>m Zaoe BÝÐOrV Ho$ Xa~ma _o§ ahVo Wo Am¡a CZH$s doí`mAm| H$mo H${dVm aMZm H$aZo H$m hþZa ̂ r {bImVo Wo& 'H${d {à`m' BZH$m Bgr àH$ma H$m EH$ bjU J«ÝW h¡& qH$Vw CZH$s am_MpÝÐH$m H$s à~ÝY aMZm ßÜX{V AmJo Zht Mb nmB©&

6) Zmar {MÌU;-Zmar Ho$ à{V ar{VH$mbrZ H${d`m| H$m Ñ{ï>H$moZ ̂ moJdmXr ahm h¡& Mmho ar{V~ÜX

H${d Xod, _{Vam_, Ho$ed hmo Mmh ar{V{gÜX H${d {~hmar hmo AWdm ar{V_wŠV H${d KZmZÝX, ~moYm ̀ m Amb_ hmo, g^r H$s Ñ{ï> Zmar Ho$ à{V ̂ moJdmXr ahr h¡& l¥§Jma ̂ md H$s BVZr ~oH$Xar Am¡a Zmar Ho$ à{V BVZr {Jar hþ`r Ñ{ï> {hÝXr gm{hË` _| H$^r Zht àH$Q> hþ`r& BgH$m _w»` H$maU `h h¡ {H$ _wJb emgZ H$s {Za§Hw$e gÎmm Ho$ gÝ_wI Xoer amOdmS>m| Ho$ Zaoem| H$m VoO AmhV hmo MwH$m Wm& _wJb Xa~ma Ho$ àMwa {dbmg H$m AZwH$aU H$aZm hr CZHo$ OrdZ H$m CÔoí` ~Z J`m Wm, _mZmo ̀ h EH$ _Zmod¡km{ZH$ én go j{Vny{V© Wr& amOm{lV H${d Zmar Ho Hy$M-H$Q>mj H$ _hrZ ~ _hrZ {dbmgmË_H$ a§Jrbo Am¡a ̂ S>H$sbo {MÌ CVmaH$a AnZo ñdm_r Ho$ Jhao _mZ{gH$ {dfmX H$mo Xya H$aZo _| à`ËZerb Wo& CZHo$ gm_Zo Zmar H$m EH$ hr én Wm Am¡a dh Wm {dbm{gZr ào{_H$m H$m& AnZo Xw…Im| Am¡a nam^dm| H$mo ̂ ybZo Ho$ {bE BZ bmoJm|Zo Zmar H$s _Ywa M§Mb N>m`m _o ~¡R>Zm hr C{MV g_Pm&

ar{V~ÜX H${d Xa~mar ~ZH$a OZ g_mO go H$Q> Jò Wo& ar{VH$mbrZ H${dVm Bgr{bE g_mO Ho$ à{V Cnojm nyU© Ñ{ï>H$moZ aIVr h¡& CgHo$ Aml`XVmAm| Ho$ {bE Zmar H$m gå~b EH$ {dbmg ñWb ~Z J`m Wm& AnZo EH$m§Jr Ñ{ï>H$moZ Ho$ H$maU Zmar OrdZ Ho$ gm_m{OH$ nj, CgHo$ lÜXml` én Am¡a _mV¥ e{ŠV H$mo ar{V H${d XoI Z gH$m& ̀ hm± VH$ {H$ AmamÜ` Xodr Ho$ ^r emar[aH$ bmdÊ` na [aPVm ahm& BZHo$ Zmar {MÌU _| dmËgë` ^mdZm H$ht na ̂ r Zht {XIVr& Eogm bJVm h¡ {H$ _mZmo dmgZm hr Cg Zmar Ho$ OrdZ H$m ImZm-nrZm, AmoT>Zm-{~N>m¡Zm g~ Hw$N> hmo& Zmar ar{V~ÜX H${d`m| Ho$ {bE {dbmg H$m EH$ CnH$aU _mÌ h¡& Xod Zo H$hm h¡-

'' H$m¡Z JU¡ nwa dZ ZJa H$m{_Zr EH¡$ ar{V&XoIV ha¡ {ddoH$ H$mo {MÎm ha¡ H$[a àr{V&&

7) àH¥${V H$m CÔrnZ ê$n _| {MÌU :-ar{VH$mb _| àH¥${V H$m Aml` `m ñdV§Ì ê$n _| H$_ hr {MÌU hþAm h¡&

ar{V~ÜX H${d Xa~mar H${d Wm, CgHo$ nmg àH¥${V Ho$ CÝ_wŠV àm§JU _| {dMaZo H$m AdH$me

90

^r H$_ Wm AV… CgHo$ H$mì` _| dmë_r{H$, H$m{bXmg H$m gm àH¥${V H$m {då~J«mhr ê$n Zht {_bVm& àH¥${V H$m CÔrnZ ê$n _| {MÌU ̂ r naånam _wŠV h¡& àH¥${V H$m {MÌU Zm`H$ Am¡a Zm{`H$m H$s _mZ{gH$ Xem Ho$ AZwHy$b hr {H$`m J`m h¡& g§`moJ _| CgH$m _Zmo_w½YH$mar CË\w$ëb ê$n h¡ Am¡a {d`moJ _| {dX½YH$mar ê$n& àH¥${V Ho$ CÔrnZ ê$n H$m {MÌU fQ²>F$Vw Am¡a ~mah_mgm H$s {MÌU nÜX{V na hþAm h¡& g§`moJ nj _| nmdg H$m CVZm à^mdmoËnmXH$ dU©Z Zht, {OVZm Bggo gå~ÜX qhS>mobo Am¡a VrO Ë`m¡hmam| H$m& nmdg _| ào_r-ào{_H$m Ho$ {_bZ Adga na H${d H$m _Z Iy~ a_Vm hþAm gm {XImB© XoVm h¡& ar{V~ÜX H${d H$s Zm{`H$m H$mo {d`moJ H$mb _| ew^« M§Ð‘m H$gmB© gm bJVm h¡ Vmo nnrho H$s nr-nr àmU boZo bJVr h¡& H$ht-H$ht BZ H${d`m| Zo àH¥${V {MÌU _| AnZo AkmZ H$m ̂ r n[aM` {X`m h¡&

8) g_mO go gd©Wm {d_wI H${dVm :-A{YH$m§e ar{V~ÜX H${d Xa~mar Wo& AnZo Aml`XmVm {dbmgr amOmAm| VWm

gm_ÝVmo§ H$s {dbm{gVm H$mo Vwï> H$aZo Ho$ {bE BÝh| Kmoa l¥§Jma naH$ H${dVm {bIZr nS>r& Xa~ma _o§ hëH$s-\y$ëH$s aMZmAm| H$mo hr AmXa àmßV Wm& AV… ar{V~ÜX H${dVm Xa~ma _| nhþ±MH$a AnZr ñdm^m{dH$ J§^raVm ImoVr ahr& dh g_mO go ̂ r Xya hmoVr J`r& BZ H${d`m| H$m gå~ÝY Ho$db Xa~mam| go Wm& amOmAm| H$mo ñd`§ àOm go boZm-XoZm Zht Wm& g_mO Ho$ ̀ WmW© go Xya hmoZm hr ar{VH$mbrZ H$mì` Ho$ M_ËH$manyU© ~Z OmZo H$m EH$ H$maU Wm&

9) naml{`Vm H$s ̂ mdZm :-ar{V~ÜX H${d AnZo gm{hË` Am¡a H$mìèmór` kmZ Ho$ {bE g§ñH¥$V H${d`m|

VWm AmMm`m] na A{YH$Va {Z^©a ahm h¡& Eogm hmoVo hþE ̂ r [aŠV _| {_br g§ñH¥$V gm{hË` H$s {demb naånam H$m gå`H$ Cn`moJ H$aHo$ {demb g§gma H$mo ^r AnZr Am°§Im| go XoIZo H$m Adga Cgo {_bm& bo{H$Z ̀ h ̂ r gË` h¡ {H$ ar{VH$mbrZ H${d g§ñH¥$V gm{hË` na AË`{YH$ Adb§{~V h¡ Am¡a CZH$s ñdV§Ì {MÝVZ Ho$ à{V Adkm H$m ̂ md Adí` IQ>H$Vm h¡& Bg H$mì` Ho$ H${d`m| _| AmbmoMZmË_H$ Ñ{ï> H$m A^md {XImB© nS>Vm h¡&

10) ar{V~ÜX H${d`m| Ho$ amYm-H¥$îU :- ar{V~ÜX H${d`m| Zo amYm-H¥$îU H$mo AnZr l¥§Jmar H${dVmAm| H$m Ambå~Z ~Zm`m& nX²_mH$a H$s Jmoar H$m Zm_ amYm h¡& dh H¥$îU H$mo hmobr IobZo Ho$ Adga na nH$S> boVr h¡ Am¡a CZH$s H$_a go {nVmå~a qIM boVr h¡, Jmbm| na Jwbmb _b XoVr h¡ Am¡a Omo Mmho H$a boVr h¡& Ho$ed Ho$ H¥$îU d¥f^mZw Ho$ Ka _| AmJ bJZo Ho$ ~mX grYo amYm Ho$ nmg nhþ±MVo h¢& `h gM hr h¡ {H$ Bggo AÀN>m _m¡H$m ar{VH$mbrZ a{g`m H$mo H$~ {_bVm& amYm-H¥$îU ar{VH$mì` _| gm_mÝ` Zm`H$ Am¡a Zm{`H$m Ho$ én _| {M{ÌV h¡& ar{V~ÜX H${d`m| Zo amYm ̀ m Jmonr H$mo naH$s`m én _| {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡& amYm naH$s`m én H$m EH$ CXmhaU hr hmo J`r Wr& AŠga Zm`H$ Xygar ór Ho$ Ka J`m {XIm`m h¡, {Oggo ñdH$s`m Zm{`H$m ̂ S>H$ OmVr h¡& H$ht H$ht na Eogo dU©Z h¢, {Oggo Bg ~mV H$s {Jar hþB© bmoH$ é{M H$m nVm MbVm h¡&

91

11) ^{ŠV, Zr{V Am¡a dra ag :-ar{V~ÜX H$mì` _| ^{ŠV Am¡a Zr{V gå~ÝYr gy{ŠV`m° `Ì-VÌ {~Iar hþB©

{_b OmVr h¡, na BZHo$ AmYma na h_ ar{V H${d H$mo Z Vmo AZÝ` ̂ ŠV H$h gH$Vo h¢ Am¡a Z hr amOZr{V {ZîUmV amYm-H¥$îU Ho$ Zm_moëbooI _mÌ go ar{V H${d H$mo ̂ {ŠV naånam _| Zht {~R>m`m Om gH$Vm& àm`… BZ g^r H${d`m| Zo l¥§Jma Ho$ gmW gmW ̂ {ŠV H$s ̂ r aMZmE± H$s h¡, {H$ÝVw CZH$s ̂ {ŠV naH$ aMZmE± CZHo$ {d^m{OV ì`{ŠVËd H$s n[aMm`H$ h¡& nX²>_mH$a ̀ m agImZ O¡go H${d`m| Zo ^{ŠV H$s aMZmAm| _| WmoS>r-~hþV g\$bVm Adí` nmB© h¡& S>m°. amOeoIa àgmX MVwd}Xr Zo AnZo emoY-à~ÝY _| ñnï> {H$`m h¡ {H$ d¥ÜXmdñWm _| AeŠV hmoH$a Ho$edXmg, nX²>_mH$a Am{X g^r à_wI H${d d¡am½` go J«{gV {XIbmB© nS>Vo h¡& gM Vmo `h h¡ {H$ ̂ {ŠV Am¡a Zr{V Bg H${d Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ AdgmZ Am¡a WH$mZ H$s ÚmoVH$ h¡&

dra H$mì` H$m {Z_m©U ̀ Ú{n ar{VH$mbrZ na§namJV l¥§Jm[aH$Vm Ho$ {dnarV h¡, na§Vw ar{V~ÜX H${d nX²>_mH$a Ûmam a{MV dra ag H$s H${dVm H$mo Xwb©{jV Zhr§ {H$`m Om gH$Vm& {Og àH$ma ̂ yfU, gyXZ Am{X H${d`m| Zo AnZo Aml`XmVmAm| H$s Y_{Z`m| _| AnZo AVmVm`r Ho$ {dê$ÜX IS>o hmoH$a g~b Q>ŠH$a boZo Ho$ {bò, ZdrZ aŠV H$m g§Mma H$aZo Ho$ {bE dra agmË_H$ H${dVmAmo§ H$s aMZm H$s, CgràH$ma nX²>_mH$a Zo ̂ r ~S>r AmoOpñdZr ̂ mfm _| dra agmË_H$ H$mì` H$s g¥{ï> H$s& Bg_| amï´>r`Vm H$m ñda àYmZ h¡&

12) A{^ì`ÝOZm nÜX{V :-ar{V~ÜX H${d`m| H$s H${dVm Xa~mar H${dVm Wr& Xa~ma _| dmh-dmh àm{ßV Ho$

{bE CÝh| CXy© Am¡a \$magr H${d`m| go hmoS> boZr nS>Vr Wr AV… \$magr H${d O¡gr D$hmË_H$Vm nÜX{V H$mo AnZr ^mdm{^ì`{ŠV Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo AnZm`m& d¡go _wJb emgH$m| Ho$ Xa~ma _| {hÝXr H$mo ̂ r Wmo‹S>m-~hþV g§ajU {_bm hþAm Wm&

13) N>ÝX :- ar{V~ÜX H${dVm Xa~mar dmVmdaU _| gm±g boVr Wr& ar{V~ÜX H${d`m| Zo

Xmohm, H${dËV Am¡a gd¡`m N>ÝXm| H$mo AnZm`m& gd¡`m Am¡a H${dËV _| ZmX VËd H$m {dYmZ {H$`m OmVm Wm Am¡a Xmohm| _| AW©VËd H$m& Bgr{bE ar{V~ÜX H${d BÝht N>ÝXm| H$m à`moJ H$aVo {XImB© XoVo h¢& Xmohm Jo` Z hmoVo hþE ̂ r AW© H$m {dñVma Bg_| Amdí`H$ Wm& gd¡`m, H${dËV Am¡a Xmohm| _| ar{V~ÜX H${d {MÌmË_H$ dU©Z H$aVm Wm& Jo`Vm Am¡a {MÌmË_H$Vm Bg ̀ wJ H$s H${dVm Ho$ Xmo àYmZ JwU Wo&

14) ~«O^mfm H$s àYmZVm :- ~«O^mfm Bg ̀ wJ H$s à_wI gm{hpË`H$ ̂ mfm h¡& ̂ maVr` gm{hË` _| bm{bË`

Ho$ joÌ _| g§ñH¥$V ̂ mfm Ho$ níMmV² ~«O^mfm H$m ñWmZ AmVm h¡& EH$ Vmo dh _Ü`Xoer` ̂ mfm Wr, Xygam ̀ h àH¥${V go _Ywa Wr, gmW hr H$mo_b agm| H$s gwÝXa A{^ì`{ŠV H$s Bg_| Anma j_Vm Wr& _mYw`© JwU Am¡a ZmOwH$ {_OmOr Ho$ H$maU g§JrV Ho$ {bE BZHo$ eãX gd©Wm AZwHy$b Wo& S>m°Ÿ& ZJoÝÐ H$m H$WZ Bg Ñ{ï> go Ñï>ì` h¡ - '' ̂ mfm Ho$ à`moJ _| BZ H${d`m|Z| EH$ Img

92

ZmOwH$ {_OmOr ~aVr h¡& BZHo$ H$mì` _o§ {H$gr ̂ r Eogo eãX H$s Jw§OmBe Zht {Og_| _mYw`© Zhr§ h¡& Ajam| Ho$ Jw§\$Z _| BÝhm|Zo H$^r ^r ÌwQ>r Zht H$s& g§JrV Ho$ aoe_r Vmam| _| BZHo$ eãX _m{UŠ` _moVr H$s Vah Jy±Wo hþE h¢&''

`h ~«O^mfm H$s Ma_moÝZ{V H$m H$mb h¡& Bg g_` ~«O^mfm _o§ {deof {ZIma, _mYw`© Am¡a àm§ObVm H$m g_mdoe hþAm VWm dh AË`ÝV àm¡T> ~Z J`r& ar{V~ÜX H${d`m| H$s ^mfm _| Hw$N> Xmof Adí` nmò OmVo h¢ bo{H$Z `h ^r gM h¡ {H$ ar{V~ÜX H${d Xod Am¡a nX²>_mH$a Zo H$mo_bH$m§V nXmdbr H$s Ñ{ï> go Vwbgr H$mo nrN>o N>mo‹S> {X`m h¡&

Cn`w©ŠV {ddoMZ Ho$ AmYma na H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ ar{V~ÜX H${d`m| Zo H$mì` H$mo Cn`mo{JVm Am¡a OrdZ go AbJ aIH$a {dewÜX H$bm Ho$ én _| XoIm h¡& \$bñdén `h H$mì` _mohH$ N>Q>m go ̀ wŠV qH$Vw {ZOud _y{V© Ho$ én _| gm_Zo Am`m h¡& n[anmQ>r ~ÜXVm Ho$ H$maU Bg H$mì` _| ̂ mdZm AË`ÝV g§Hw${MV Koao _| ~§Y J`r h¡& BÝht ~mVm| H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a Am. am_MÝÐ ewŠb Zo {bIm h¡- '' OrdZ H$s {d{^ÝZ {MÝË` ~mVm| VWm OJV² Ho$ ZmZm ahñ`m| H$s Amoa H${d`m| H$s Ñ{ï> Zht OmZo nm`r& dm½Ymam ~§Yr hþB© Zm{b`m| _| hr àdm{hV hmoZo bJr {Oggo AZw^d go ~hþV go JmoMa Am¡a AJmoMa {df` ag{gŠV hmoH$a gm_Zo AmZo go ah Jò&''

ar{V{gÜX H$mì`

ar{V{gÜX H${d`mo§Ûmam {bIm J`m H$mì` ar{V{gÜX H$mì` H$hbmVm h¡& ar{V{gÜX H${d do h¡§ {OÝhm|Zo ar{VH$mì` H$s ~§Yr-~ÝYm`r n[anmQ>r _| AmñWm aIVo hþE ^r bjU J«ÝWm| H$m àU`Z Zht {H$`m A{nVw ñdV§Ì J«ÝWm| Ho$ Ûmam AnZr H${d à{V^m H$m n[aM` {X`m& amOeoIa Zo Eogo H${d`m| Ho$ {bE 'H$mì`-H${d' Ho$ nX H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡& AmMm`© H${d`m| Zo AnZo J«ÝWm| _| 'H${d-{ejH$' hmoZo H$s A{^bmfm H$m ñnï> g§Ho$V {H$`m h¡, na§Vw BZ H${d`m| Zo ar{V H$m ~ÝYZ ñdrH$ma H$aZo na ̂ r Bg A{^bmfm Ho$ R>rH$ {dnarV H${d-Jm¡ad H$s A{^bmfm H$s h¡& BgrH$maU BZ H${d`m| H$mo ar{V{gÜX H$mì`-H${d Ho$ Zm_ go ^r A{^{hV {H$`m OmVm h¡&

BZ H${d`m| H$s EH$ {deofVm `h h¡ {H$ do H${dËd Ho$ bmo^ _| M_ËH$manyU© C{ŠV`m± ~m°§YZo _| h_oem brZ ahVo Wo& CÝh| AnZr H${dVm H$mo bjU {deof Ho$ gm±Mo _| T>mbZo H$s {deof {MÝVm Zht ahVr Wr& BÝhm|Zo ñdmZw^y{V Ho$ AmYma na _m¡{bH$ H$mì` H$s aMZm H$s& ñdV§Ì CX²>^mdZm Ho$ {bE {OVZm AdH$me BZ H${d`m| Ho$ nmg Wm CVZm ar{V~ÜX AmMm`© H${d Ho$ nmg Zht Wm& ̀ hr H$maU h¡ {H$ BZ H${d`m| H$s d¡`{ŠVH$Vm AnojmH¥$V A{YH$ Câr h¡& H$mì`H${d`m| Zo ̂ md nj Am¡a H$bm nj H$mo g_mZ én _| _hËd {X`m h¡& BZ H${d`m| H$s H${dVm H$s AmË_m ar{V Ho$ ^ma go A{YH$ AmH«$mÝV Zht hþ`r, Š`m|{H$ BÝhm|Zo ñdV§Ì én go bjU- J«ÝWm| H$s aMZm Zht H$s, ̂ bo hr H${dVm H$s n¥ð>^y{_ _| H$ht-H$ht ar{V naånam H$m_ H$a ahr hmo& ^mdm{^ì`{ŠV Ho$ {bE BÝhm|Zo ^r Amb§H$m[aH$ e¡br H$m Adbå~ {H$`m h¡& Bg Ymam Ho$ g~go à_wI H${d {~hmar h¡& BgHo$ Abmdm ar{V{gÜX H${d`m| _| goZmn{V, ~oZr, H¥$îU H${d, ag{Z{Y, ZodmO, Z¥ne§^w, àrV_, am_gam` Xmg Am{X Ho$ Zm_ {bE OmVo h¢&

93

*

ar{V{gÜX H${d`m| H$s aMZmE± ar{V go JwWr hþ`r h¡& bjU J«ÝWm| H$s aMZm go {daV ahH$a ̂ r ar{V H$s nyar-nyar N>mn aadZo Ho$ H$maU ̀ o H${d ar{V {gÜX H${d ̀ m H$mì`-H${d H$hbmò Am¡a BZH$m H$mì` ar{V{gÜX H$mì` A{^{hV hþAm& Bg H$mì` H$s {deofVmE± {ZåZ{b{IV h¡-

1. _Ü`_ n§Wr H$mì`:-ar{V{gÜX H${d`m| H$s aMZmAm| _| emór` {gÜXmÝVm| H$m {ZénU Am¡a bjU

{Z_m©U Vmo Zht hþAm, {\$a ̂ r BZH$s aMZmE± Eogr ~Z nS>r h¡, Omo {H$gr Z {H$gr H$mì`m§J Ho$ CXmhaU én _| Adí` aadr Om gH$Vr h¡& bjUm| H$m {Z`_V: nyam-nyam nmbZ Z H$aZo na ̂ r ò CZgo nyU©V: _wŠV Z Wo O¡gm H$s ñdÀN>ÝX H${d Wo, naÝVw {Z`_mZwgaU H$aVo hþE ^r ò ñdV§ÌVm boVo Wo& bjU J«ÝWm| H$s aMZm go ̀ o {daV ahVo Wo na§Vw ar{V H$s nyar N>mn ̂ r aadVo Wo& ar{V H$s ~±Yr n[anmQ>r _| BZH$s AmñWm nyar Wr, {H$ÝVw ò CgHo$ nyao Jwbm_ hmoH$a Zht MbZm MmhVo Wo& Cggo AbJ hQ>Zm ^r BÝh| A^rï> Z Wm, CgH$s nyar XmgVm ^r BÝh| ñdrH$m`© Z Wr&

2. ñdV§Ì H${d ì`{ŠVËd :-ar{V J«ÝW {badZodmbm| H$mo bjUm| go ~mha OmZo H$s Jw§OmBe Z Wr& naÝVw

ar{V {gÜX H${d ar{V go Ho$db g§Ho$V J«hU H$aVo Wo Am¡a ̂ md Ed§ H$ënZm H$m ~§YmZ ñdV§Ì T>§J go ̂ r H$aVo Wo& ̀ hr H$maU h¡ {H$ Ohm± ̀ o bmoJ ZdrZ CX²^mdZmE± H$a gHo$ h¢, dhm± ar{V~ÜX H${d AnZr aMZmAm| _| àm`: ZdrZVm H$m d¡{eï>` Zht bm gHo$ h¢& {~hmar H$s aMZmAm| Ho$ d¡{eï>` H$m ̀ hr H$maU h¡& H${dÎm, gd¡`m O¡go A{YH$ àM{bV N>ÝXm| H$mo N>moS>H$a {~hmar Zo Xmoho H$mo Omo J«hU {H$`m, dh ̂ r Bgr ì`{ŠV-d¡{eï>` H$m gyMH$ h¡& CZHo$ Xmohm| _| Omo gyú_ H$marJar h¡, dU© Ed§ ZmX gm¡ÝX`© H$m {dYmZ h¡, Jhar AW©dÎmm Am¡a ÜdÝ`mË_H$Vm h¡, dh H$moar ar{V àWm H$m AZwH$aU Zht& dh ñdV§Ì H${d ApñVËd Ho$ {dH$mg H$m {demb à`mg Úmo{VV H$aVr h¡&

3. H${d- Jm¡ad Ho$ A{^bmfr :-ar{V H$s gw{ZpíMV n[anmQ>r Ho$ AZwHy$b aMZm H$aVo hþE ̂ r ar{V{gÜX H${d`m|

Zo bjU J«Wm| H$s aMZm Zht H$s Š`m|{H$ BÝh| H${dJwé, H${d {ejH$ `m AmMm`© ~ZZo H$m àM{bV amoJ Zhr§ Wm& ò H${d Jm¡ad Ho$ A{^bmfr Wo, H${d Jwé, H${d {ejH$ `m H$mì`mMm`© ~ZZo Ho$ Zht& BZH$s Ñ{ï> _| H${dËd e{ŠV Ho$ {ZXe©Z Ûmam H$mìàMZm Ho$ nwZrV joÌ _| d¡{eîQ>ç bm^ H$aZm A{YH$ lo`ñH$a Wm& BgHo$ ~Om` {H$ H${d {ejm H$s gmYmaU nmR>çnwñVH|$ {bI H$a ar{V H$m AmMm`© H$hbmVm& BZ_| H${dÎd H$s ñn¥h ̂ r Wr& ̀ o H${d hmoZm A{YH$ gå_mZ H$s ~mV g_PVo Wo& BgrH$maU BZH$m H$mì` A{YH$ gag Am¡a _m{_©H$ ~Z nS>m h¡& C{ŠV`m± M_ËH$ma go nyU© h¢, ar{V H$s nÜX{V go g§`wŠV ̂ r&

ar{V{gÜX H$mì`Ymam H$s {deofVmE± :-

94

4. A{^Zd H$ënZm {dYmZ :- ar{V{gÜX H${d 'emópñW{V gånmXZ' _mÌ go gÝVwï> Z hmoVo Wo& H$^r ò

AnZo H$mì` _| empãXH$ Ed§ Am{W©H$ Ab§H$mam| H$s Z`r M_ËH¥${V {XIbmVo Wo, Vmo H$^r A{^Zd H$ënZm {dYmZ Ed§ ñdV§Ì ^md-g¥{ï> Ûmam ZyVZ T>§J H$m ag-g§Mma ^r H$aVo Wo& H$^r ̀ o H${dVm _| AnZr {OÝXJr Ho$ AZw^d ̂ r C§S>ob {X`m H$aVo Wo& Bgr _| BZH$s aMZm H$s {d{eï>Vm h¡ BZ_| ar{V h¡,M_ËH$ma ̂ r, {H$ÝVw ñdmZw^y{V Am¡a ag H$s ì`ÝOZm ̂ r& ag-g§Mma Ho$ {bE ̀ o H$mì` H${d ñdmZw^y{V`m| Ho$ ghmao A{^Zd H$ënZmAm| Ed§ CX²>^mdZmAm| H$s g¥{ï> H$a H$mì` _| ZdrZVm Am¡a a_Ur`Vm H$m g§Mma H$aVo Wo& g§gma {df`H$ AnZo AZw^d Ho$ ghmao ^md Ed§ gm¡ÝX`©-{dYmZ H$s Z`r gm_J«r àñVwV H$aZo _| ̀ o H${d Hw$eb Wo&

5. _wŠVH$ e¡br H$m J«hU:-l¥§Jma H$s gwÝXa, gag aMZm àñVwV H$aZo _| ̀ o ar{V{gÜX H${d g§ñH¥$V H$s

l¥§Jma H$s _wŠVH$ naånam go à^m{dV h¡& hmb H$s 'JmWm eáeVr', A_éH$ H${d Ho$ 'A_éH$ eVH$', JmodY©Z H$s 'Am`m© gáeVr' Am¡a ̂ V¥©h[a Ho$ 'l¥§Jma eVH$' H$m ar{V{gÜX H${d`m| na nyam-nyam à^md h¡& g§ñH¥$V Am¡a àmH¥$V go hmoVr hþB© ̀ h l¥§Jma _wŠVH$ na§nam An^§«e ̂ mfm Ho$ J«ÝWm| _| ̂ r àmá hmoVr h¡& {~hmar Am{X H$mì`-H${d`m| Ho$ l¥§Jmar _wŠVH$m| H$mo Bg naånam go WmoS>r-~hþV àoaUm àmá hþ`r& Š`m|{H$ BZ aMZmAm| _| EH$ Vmo bjUmZwYmdZ H$m ~§YZ Zht Am¡a ò H${d ~§YZ T>rbm H$aHo$ MbZm ̂ r MmhVo Wo& Xygao BZ _wŠVH$m| _| OrdZ Ho$ Eo{hH$ Ed§ ̂ moJ-naH$ nj Ho$ {MÌU H$m AmJ«h Wm, Omo BZH$s Am¡a g_gm_{`H$ é{M Ho$ AZwHy$b ̂ r Wm& Bg naånam H$m CÔoí` hr l¥§Jma Ho$ agmË_H$ _wŠVH$m| Ûmam {MÎm H$mo CË\w$ëbVm àXmZ H$aZm Wm& `hr H$m`© ar{V{gÜX H${d`mo§ Zo {H$`m&

6. ar{Vemór` {df`m| H$s _mZ{gH$ n¥ð>^y{_ :-ar{Vemór` {df`m| H$s hr _mZ{gH$ n¥ð>^y{_ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU BZ H${d`m| Zo ̂ r

Zm{`H$m ôX, F$Vw dZ, ~mah_mgm, ZI{eI Am{X naånamJV Am¡a emóH${WV {df`m| H$mo H$mì¶ Ho$ dÊ`© Ho$ én _| àMwaVm go J«hU {H$`m, na§Vw Cg_| AnZr ZyVZ J{V H$m n[aM` {X`m& ò {df` Eogo Wo {OZna ñdV§Ì T>§J go {ZOr AZw^d Ho$ ~b na H$m\$s Hw$N> H$aZo H$m AdH$me Wm& ò {df` ar{V~ÜX Am¡a ar{V{gÜX XmoZm| hr àH$ma H$o H${d`m| Ûmam CR>mò Jò, {H$ÝVw ^mdZmAm| Ed§ CX²^mdZmAm| H$s ZyVZVm ar{V{gÜX H$mì` _| A{YH$ A{^ì`ŠV hþ`r h¡&

7. l¥§Jm[aH$Vm :-ar{V{gÜX H${d`m| Zo l¥§Jma Ho$ XmoZm| njm|-g§`moJ Am¡a {d`moJ H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡

qH$Vw l¥§Jma Ho$ g§`moJ nj _| do {OVZo a_o h¡, CVZo {d`moJ nj _| Zht& {~hmar BgH$m gd©loð> CXmhaU h¡& ̂ bo hr Zm{`H$mAm| H$s AXmAm| H$mo BÝhm|Zo {M{ÌV {H$`m hmo, bo{H$Z AZw^md Ho$ {dYmZ _| BZH$s ag ì`§OZm AË`ÝV ̂ ì` ~Z n‹S>r h¡& hmdm| Am¡a ̂ mdm| H$s Eogr gwÝXa ̀ moOZm BZH$m H$moB© ^r g_H$mbrZ H${d Zht H$a gH$m& _mZm| EH$ àH$ma go CÝhm|Zo hmd-^md âr _y{V©`m± V¡`ma H$a Xr h¡-

95

'' ~Vag bmbM bmb H$s _wabr Yar bwH$mB©& gm¡h H$a¡, ̂ m¡h{Z h±g¡ X¡Z H$a Z{Q> OmB©&&

l¥§Jma Ho$ {d`moJ nj _| {~hmar CVZo g\$b Zht hmo nmò h¡ bo{H$Z Hw$N> ñWb Eogo ̂ r h¡ Ohm± Zm{`H$m Ho$ öX` Ho$ AÝVÛ©ÝÛ H$m {MÌU BÝhm|Zo Iy~ {H$`m h¡& l¥§Jma Ho$ g§Mmar

^mdm| H$m {MÌU ~S>m öX`ñneu ~Z nS>m h¡ gKZ Hw$°O N>m`m gwIX, grVb _ÝX g_ra&_Z hmo OmV AOm¡, dh¡ dm O_wZm Ho$ Vra&&''

8. Amb§H$m[aVm :- ar{VH$mbrZ M_ËH$ma àXe©Z H$s àd¥{Îm Ho$ H$maU Ab§H$ma gmYZ Z ahH$a

gmÜ` ~Z Jò& g§^mdZm_ybH$ CËàojm Ab§H$ma H$m à`moJ Bg H$mb Ho$ H${d Zo Iy~ {H$`m& BgH$m H$maU ̀ h h¡ {H$ Bg_| H$ënZm H$s C‹S>mZ Am¡a M_ËH$ma àXe©Z H$s H$m\$s Ny>Q> ahVr h¡& Bg g_` M_ËH$ma_ybH$ Ab§H$mam| _o§ go íbof, ̀ _H$ Am¡a AZwàmg H$m A{YH$ à`moJ hþAm& {~hmar Zo Eogo M_ËH$ma_ybH$ Ab§H$mam| H$m A{YH$ à`moJ {H$`m h¡, bo{H$Z H$^r-H$^r Eogo à`moJm| Ho$ H$maU H$mì` _o§ hmñ`mñnXVm Am OmVr h¡& {~hmar Am¡a Ho$ed Zo M_ËH$ma H$s A{Vñn¥hm go Eogo hmñ`mñnX à`moJ {H$ò h¢ {H$ emo^mg¥{ï> Ho$ ñWmZ na Aemo^{Z¶Vm n¡Xm hþ`r h¡& H$ht-H$ht Ab§H$mam| go ~mo{Pb n§{ŠV`m± ̂ r {_bVr h¡, na§Vw H$ht H$ht Ab§H$mam| Ho$ én _| gwÝXa AàñVwV {dYmZ H$s ̀ moOZm ̂ r H$s J`r h¡& Ohm± H${d EH$ _mÌ Ab§H$ma Ho$ M_ËH$ma Ho$ nrN>o Xm¡‹S>m h¡, dhm± Vmo H$mì` én H$s {dH¥${V hmo J`r h¡& '{~hmar gVgB©' H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a eof H$mì` _| M_ËH$ma àXe©Z H$s àd¥{Îm H$_ hr {_bVr h¡&

9. ^{ŠV Am¡a Zr{V :-dñVwV… `h `wJ AZoH$ ñdmXm| H$m `wJ Wm Am¡a Cg g_` Ho$ H${d Zo AZoH$

ñdmXm| go AnZo J«ÝWm| H$mo âZm Mmhm& {~hmar Zo H$hm h¡- 'H$ar {~hmar gVgB© âr AZoH$ g§dmX& ' ar{VH$mbrZ l¥§Jmar H${d Xod, _{Vam_, {~hmar Am{X Ho$ ̂ {ŠVgå~ÝYr N>ÝXm| na- ''amYm H$ÝhmB© gw{_aZ H$mo ~hmZo h¡ '' H$s C{ŠV M[aVmW© hmoVr h¡& qH$Vw Bgr g_` _o JwOamV, amOñWmZ, n§Om~, h[a`mZm, _hmamï´>, _Ü` àXoe, CÎma àXoe VWm {_{Wbm Am{X _| e¢H$S>m| ^ŠV, g§V, gy\$s VWm O¡Z H${d`m| Zo eVm{YH$ ^{ŠV-gå~Yr J«ÝWm| H$m àU`Z {H$`m Omo AmO VH$ Cno{jV ahm h¡&

10.^md nj Ed§ H$bm nj H$m gm_§Oñ` :-ar{V{gÜX H${d`m| Zo H$mì` Ho$ H$bm nj Ho$ gmW gmW ^md nj na ^r nyam

~b {X`m h¡, \$bV… XmoZm| H$m AÀN>m g_Ýd` BZHo$ H$mì` H$s EH$ gd©_mÝ` {deofVm h¡& ̀ o H${d H$_© Ho$ à{V A{YH$ ñdñW Am¡a gÝVw{bV Ñ{ï> aIVo Wo& \$bñdén H$mì` Ho$ ̂ md Am¡a H$bm XmoZm| njm| H$mo g_mZ _hËd XoVo Wo& EH$ Amoa Ohm± BZ ar{V {gÜX H${d`m| Zo AnZr H${dVm Ho$ ̂ md nj ̀ m dÊ`© H$mo ZdrZVm Am¡a VmOJr XoZo H$s Moï>m H$s,Cgo M{d©V Md©U _mÌ

96

hmoZo go ~Mm`m, AnZr Am¡a AnZo `wJ H$s gr_mAm| VH$ gr{_V ahZo na ^r Eo{hH$VmnaH$ l¥§Jmar aMZmAm| Ûmam ag-g§Mma Am¡a AmZÝX g¥{ï> H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m, dhm± Xygar Amoa CÝhm|Zo H$mì` Ho$ H$bmnj Ho$ dmñV{dH$ g§^ma H$s Amoa ̂ r Ü`mZ {X`m& BZ H${d`m| Zo ̂ mfm H$s bjUm Am¡a ì`ÝOZm e{ŠV na A{YH$ Ü`mZ {X`m Am¡a Cgo A{YH$ {dH${gV {H$`m& bmj{UH$Vm Am¡a ÜdÝ`mË_H$Vm {~hmar, ag{Z{Y Am{X _| ar{V~ÜX AmMm`m] H$s Anojm A{YH$ h¡& {~hmar, ag{Z{Y, am_ghm` Am{X ar{V{gÜX H${d`m| Zo AnZo Xmohm| H$mo ^mdnyU© Am¡a gwJ{R>V VWm gm¡ÝX`©-gånÝZ H$aZo Ho$ {bò H$mì` H$s g_mg nÜX{V§ H$m n`m©ßV CËH$f© {XIbm`m h¡& ̂ mfm H$mo _¥Xwb, H$mo_b,ZmX-gm¡ÝX`© go n[anyU© ~ZmZo H$s BÝhm|Zo Moï>m H$s VWm àM{bV H${dÎm, gd¡`m Ho$ A{V[aŠV Xmohm| na BÝhm|Zo {deof Ü`mZ {X`m h¡&

ar{V_wŠV ̀ m ñdÀNÝX H$mì` Ymam

ar{VH$mb _| ar{V-gm{hË` emór` ~ÝYZmo§ go OH$‹S>m hþAm Wm Bg `wJ Ho$ A{YH$m§e H${d H$mìèmór` n[anmQ>r na MbH$a H$mì` aMZm H$aVo Wo>& amO Xa~mam| _| Bgr Vah Ho$ gm{hË` H$m gå_mZ Wm& Bgr{bE A{YH$Va gm{hË`H$ma Bgr Ymam _| ~hVo {XImB© XoVo h¢& Hw$N> H${d ar{V Ho$ {Zdm©h _| ^r AnZr à{V^m Am¡a AZw^y{V H$mo Hw$N> hX VH$ A{^ì`ŠV H$aVo Wo& bo{H$Z Bg ̀ wJ _| Hw$N> H${d Eogo ̂ r Wo Omo gm{hË` H$s ~mø ar{V`m| go _wŠV, AnZr AZw^y{V H$s ghr A{^ì`{ŠV Ho$ YamVb na {dÐmohr Wo& do VËH$mbrZ gm{hË` H$mo é{T>~ÜXVm go AWm©V² 'ar{V' go _wŠV H$aZm MmhVo Wo Bgr{bE do 'ar{V_wŠV' H$hbmò& ̀ o H${d AnZo H$mo {H$Ýht gr_mAm| _| Z ~m±Y gHo$ Am¡a Ed§ ñdV§Ì _mJ© na nb nS>o& ̀ h ~ÝYZ_wŠV MbZo H$m {dÐmohmË_H$ ñda hr BÝh| ñdÀN>ÝX H${d Ho$ én _| ñWm{nV H$aVm h¡& Bg ñdV§Ì _mJ© na MbZo H$m EH$ H$maU `h ^r Wm {H$ ò CÝ_wŠV MoVZm Ho$ H${d Wo& {ZVr, ào_ VWm AmË_mZw^yV doXZm H$m Jm`Z H$aZo dmbo ñdV§Ì-MoVZm gX¡d hr naånamAm| H$m _wI-_X©Z H$a AnZr EH$ ZB© amh ~ZmVo h¢& Bgr H$maU BZ H${d`m| Ho$ _Z _| ̂ r naånam-{dÐmoh Zo Hw$bmb â Xr& n[aUm_ `h hþAm {H$ BZ H${d`m| H$s {ZS>aVm Am¡a ñdÀN>ÝXVm Zo ar{V~ÜX `m ar{V{gÜX H${d`m| Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd VWm H¥${VËd H$mo ^r Am‹S>o hmWm| {b`m& CÝhm|Zo Cg H${dVm n[anmQ>r, ar{V naånam VWm CZH$s Ñ{ï> H$mo ^r AZwn`wŠV H$hH$a bbH$mam& gmW hr ar{V~ÜX `m ar{V{gÜX H${d`m| H$mo Aml` XoZo dmbmo§ H$mo ^r AnZr VrIr A{^ì`ÝOZm H$m {eH$ma ~Zm`m& '' AmnH$mo Z Mmho VmHo$ ~mn H$mo Z Mm{hE'' H$hZo dmbo BZ H${d`m| Zo Xa~mar Aml` H$mo R>moH$a _ma Xr Am¡a H$mì` Ho$ à{V gå_mZ ̂ md aadVo hþE H$hm {H$-

""bmoJ h¡ bmJo H${dÎm ~ZmdV,_mo{h Vmo _oao H${dÎm ~ZmdV&''

Am. am_MÝÐ ewŠb Zo Eogo H${d`m| H$mo ar{V_wŠV Am¡a ñdÀN>ÝX ào_ Ho$ CÝ_Îm Jm`H$ ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡& ar{V_wŠV ñdÀN>ÝXVmdmXr H${d`m| Zo AnZo H$mì` _| AnZr AmË_mZw^y{V`m| H$m ghO CÝ_wŠV àH$meZ {H$`m h¡& Bgr{bE BZHo$ H$mì` _| Omo VmOJr Am¡a AmÝV[aH$Vm {_bVr h¡, dh ar{V~ÜX H$mì` _| Zht& BZ H${d`m| H$m ^md, ^mfm à`moJ Am¡a e¡br-g^r Ñ{ï>`m| go ar{V H${d`m| go nmW©ì` ñnï> h¡& ar{V_wŠV H$mì`Ymam Ho$ H${d`m| Zo

97

AnZr aMZmAm| _| ñdÀN>ÝX én go 'ào_ H$s nra'' H$s A{^ì`{ŠV H$s& BÝhm|Zo bjU VWm bú` J«ÝW Zht {bIo& _wŠVH$ e¡br _| BÝhm|Zo l¥§Jma, Zr{V, dra VWm ^{ŠV H$s H${dVmE± {bIr& Bg Ymam _| KZmZÝX, Amb_, ~moYm, R>mHw$a, bmb, ^yfU, gyXZ, d¥§X, {JaYa, XrZX¶mb {J[a, g~bqgh, Iw_mZ, _wabrYa, {ÛOXod Am{X Ho$ Zm_ _hËdnyU© h¡&

ar{V_wŠV H$mì` H$s {deofVmE±- ̀ Ú{n 17 dr eVmãXr Ho$ gm{hË` _| ar{V ~ÜX H$mì` àU`Z H$s àd¥{Îm CÎmamoÎma ~bdVr hmoVr JB©, {H$ÝVw BgHo$ g_mZmÝVa H$mb _| ar{V_wŠV H$mì`m| H$s ̂ r aMZm hþB©& Bg H$mb _| Hw$N> Eogo ̂ r H${d hþE, {OÝhmoZo ar{V Ho$ ~ÝYZ go _wŠV hmoH$a gm{hË`-g¥{ï> H$s& BÝhm|Zo Ho$ed, _{Vam_ Am¡a {MÝVm_{U Ho$ g_mZ Z Vmo H$moB© bjU J«§W {bIm Am¡a Z hr {~hmar H$s ̂ m±{V H$moB© ar{V~ÜX aMZm {bIr& BZ ar{V-_wŠV H${d`m| H$s g§»`m nMmg go ̂ r A{YH$ h¡& BZ_| go Hw$N> H${d Eogo h¡, {OÝhm|Zo bjU~ÜX aMZm Zht H$s Am¡a do AnZo ñdÀN>ÝX ào_ H$s nra OZVm H$mo gwZmVo aho& Bg dJ© _| KZmZÝX, Amb_, ~moYm Am¡a R>mHy$a Am{X AmVo h¢& Xygam dJ© CZ H${d`m| H$m h¡, {OÝhm|Zo à~ÝY H$mì` {bIo, O¡go bmb Am¡a gyXZ Am{X& Vrgao dJ© _| XmZbrbm Am¡a _mZ brbm Am{X na dU©ZmË_H$ à~ÝY-H$mì` {bIZo dmbo AmVo h¢& O¡go-d¥ÝX, XrZX`mb {J[a Am¡a {JaYa Xmg Am{X& nm±Mdo dJ© _| ~«÷kmZ, d¡am½` Am¡a ̂ {ŠV na {bIZo dmbo H${d AmVo h¡& N>R>o dJ© _| drag Ho$ \w$bH$a nÚ {bIZodmbo AmVo h¡&

BZ CnamoŠV H${d`m| Ho$ H$mì` _|- (1) ̂ md-nj H$s àYmZVm h¡& (2) BZH$s e¡br Ab§H$mam| Ho$ AZmdí`H$ ~moP go ^r AmH«$mÝV Zht hþB© h¡& (3) ^mfm Ho$ joÌ _| ^r ò bmoJ A{YH$ g’$mB© go CVao h¡§& (4) BZHo$ H$mì`m| _| gm_m{OH$Vm H$s Kmoa AdhobZm ^r Zht h¡, Am¡a Z hr é½U l¥§Jm[aH$Vm h¡& BZH$m l¥§Jma {MÌU AnojmH¥$V A{YH$ ñdñW, g§`V Am¡a ñdÀN> h¡& (5) BZHo$ H$mì` Ho$ _yb _| ñdmÝV: gwIm` H$s àoaUm H$m_ H$a ahr h¡, AV: Cg_| bmoH$-g§J«h H$s n[anwï> ̂ mdZmE± h¡& (6) ar{V-_wŠV Ymam _| l¥§Jmar H${d`m| H$m l¥§Jma {MÌU EH$ {^ÝZ² nÜX{V na Mbm h¡&

1) ñdÀN>ÝX g§`V ào_ H$m {ZénU- ar{V_wŠV H${d`m| H$m ào_ ñdÀN>ÝX Am¡a g§`V h¡& Cgo H$ht ̂ r ar{V Ho$ ~§Yo-~§Ymò gm±Mm| _| T>mbZo H$m à`mg Zht {H$`m J`m h¡& Cg_| ̂ md àdU öX` H$s gÀMr AZw^y{V h¡, H$hr ^r H¥${Ì_Vm Zht Am¡a Z hr H$hr H$moB© {N>nmd Am¡a Xwamd h¡ VWm H$mB`m° Am¡a ~m±H$mnZ h¡& BZHo$ ào_ _| ewÜX öX` H$m `moJ h¡& `h ào_ CZH$s AmË_m H$s nwH$ma h¡& ar{V~ÜX H${d`m| O¡gm A§Va§J Am¡a ~{ha§J g{I`m| H$m {dYmZ ar{V_wŠV H$mì` _| Zht& ̀ o H${d ào_ Ho$ ñdÀN>ÝX Jm`H$ h¡& BZHo$ ̀ hm± ar{V H$m {deof AmXa Zht& AJa H$hr ar{V H$m {Zdm©h hþAm ̂ r h¡ Vmo namojén go& BZH$m ào_ EH${Zð> h¡, Bg_| bmoH$mndmX H$s V{ZH$ ̂ r qMVm Zht& BZHo$ nmg ào_ H$s CXmËV AZw^y{V`m± h¡ Am¡a CZH$m BÝhm|Zo CXmËV én _| dU©Z {H$`m h¡&

ñdÀNÝX² ào_ H$m AW© ̀ h h¡ {H$ BÝhmo§Zo {dewÕ gm¡ÝX`m©Zw^y{V àoaUm go Om{V g_mO Ed§ Y_© Ho$ ~ÝYZm| H$s AdhobZm H$aVo hþE, Eogr Zm{`H$mAm| go ào_ {H$`m Omo AÝ`

98

Om{V Ed§ Y_© go g§~§{YV Wr& Amb_, KZmZÝX, ~moYm _ybV… {hÝXy Wo, bo{H$Z CZH$s ào{_H$mE°-Amb_ H$s eoI, KZmZÝX H$s gwOmZ, ~moYm H$s gw^mZ _wpñb_ Wr& Eogr pñW{V _o§ BÝh| ào_ Ho$ joÌ _| n`m©ßV g§Kf© H$aZm nS>m, VWm gmhg Ed§ Ë`mJ H$m n[aM` XoZm n‹S>m& {_Ìm| Ho$ Cnhmg, g_mO Ho$ ~{hîH$ma, Aml`XmVmAm| Ho$ {damoY H$mo ghZ H$aVo hþE BÝhmoZo ào_ Ho$ joÌ _| J§^raVm H$m n[aM` {X`m& ~moYm AnZr ào`gr Ho$ {bE g§gma Ho$ g_ñV d¡^d H$mo XwËH$maVo h¢& KZmZÝX AnZr gwOmZ Ho$ {bE JmZm JmVo h¢, Am¡a Aml`XmVm Ho$ H$mon H$mo ghVo h¡§>&

2) l¥§Jma Ho$ g§`moJ Am¡a {d`moJ nj- d¡go Vmo BZ H${d`m| Zo l¥§Jma Ho$ C^` njm| H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡, {H$ÝVw BZH$s _Zmod¥{ËV {d`moJ nj _| A{YH$ a_r h¡& BZH$s {dah {df`H$ YmaUm AË`ÝV {dbjU h¡& ̀ hm± g§`moJ _| ̂ r {d`moJ nrN>m Zhr§ N>mo‹S>Vm h¡& KZmZÝX Ho$ eãXm| _|-

'' ̀ h H¡$gr g§`moJ Z Om{Z na¡ Ow {d`moJ Z Š`m¢hÿ° {~N>mohV h¡ ?''dñVwV… BZ H${d`m| H$m ào_-V¥fm gXm ~T>Vr hr ahVr h¡, Mmho Vmo {_bZ

¶m{‘Zr hmo Am¡a Mmho {dah H$s A_mdñ`m& BZ H${d`m| _| ào_ H$s A¶mh nra h¡ Am¡a Cg nra H$mo nhMmZZo Ho$ {bE öX` Ado{jV h¡& KZmZÝX Ho$ eãXm| _|-

''g_wP¡ H${dVm YZ AmZ§X H$s, {h` Am±{IZ ào_ H$s nra VH$s&''BZH$s ào_ H$s nra gy{\$`m| go à^m{dV OmZ n‹S>Vr h¡& Bg Ymam Ho$ àm`… gmao

H${d ào_ Ho$ CnmgH$ h¡& BZH$s ñnï> KmofUm h¡- AmZÝX AZw^d hmoV Zqh {~Zm ào_ OJ OmZ& H¡$ dh {df`mZÝX H¡$ àN>mZÝX bIZ&&''BÝhm|Zo H¥$îU Ho$ gJwZ-gbmoZo én H$mo AnZo H$mì` H$m {df` ~Zm`m h¡, AV… BÝhm|Zo amYm Am¡a H¥$îU Ho$ g§`moJ na Ho$ ào_ H$s ̂ r ~‹S>r _Zmoha Am¡a _m{_©H$ Pm°{H$`m° àñVwV H$s h¡, bo{H$Z H$hr ^r {_bZ nj Ho$ Ag§ñH¥$V Am¡a An[aîH¥$V {MÌ Zht CVmao&

3) ào_ H$m bm¡{H$H$ - ar{V_wŠV H${d`mo§ H$m ào_ CZHo$ OrdZ H$m ào_ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU bm¡{H$H$ h¡& Cg_| amYm Am¡a H¥$îU Ho$ Zm_ S>mbH$a ào_ Ho$ AW© H$mo H$_Omoa Zht {H$`m J`m h¡& {~hmar H$m Xmohm- ' _oar ̂ d-bmhm hamo amYm ZmJ[a gmoS²> '_| Z Vmo R>rH$ T>§J go amYm Ho$ VZ H$s N>{~ CâVr h¡ Am¡a Z hr CZH$s ̂ {ŠV, {H$ÝVw KZmZÝX H$s _rR>r _wñH$mZ go ag {ZMwS>Vm h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ MbZo H$s AXm _| AZ§J Ho$ d§J H$s dfm© hmoVr h¡& ag _| ào_ ̂ r gm\$ PbH$Vm h¡ Am¡a dU©Z ̂ r ào_ H$s éJmVm ̀ m H$_Omoar Bg_| Zht h¡, Am¡a Z hr amYm Am¡a H¥$îU H$m ZhmZm hr ~Zm`m J`m h¡&

4) ìæm{ŠVnaH$Vm - Bg H$mì`Ymam _| ào_ H$s A{^ì`{ŠV nyU©V`m ì`{ŠVnaH$ h¡& `h {H$gr gm_y{hH$ ar{V `m nÜX{Vna AmYm[aV Zht h¡& Bgr{bE BZ H${d`m| Ho$ ào_ _| AmË_{ZdoXZ H$m VH$ ̂ md h¡ ào_ {à` Ho$ à{V g_{n©V h¡& BZH$m ào_ dmgZm go _wŠV h¡&

5) ̂ {ŠV^mdZm - dñVwV… Bg ídmg Ho$ g^r H${d`mo_ H$mo ̂ ŠV H${d Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm& BZ na ̂ r ̀ hr H$WZ M[aVmW© hmoVm h¡ {H$,-

99

'AmJo Ho$ H${d ar{P h¡ Vmo H${dVmB©, Z Vw am{YH$m H$ÝhmB© gwJ[aZ H$mo ~hmZo h¡& ''AmMm`© {dídZmW àgmX Or H$mo Eogo H${d`m| H$s aMZmE± ̂ {ŠVnaH$ bJVrh¡ {OÝhmoZ| ar{V~ÜX nXmn©U {H$`m h¡& ̀ hm± BÝho CÝ_wŠV ̂ ŠV H${d H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡, bo{H$Z Bg Ymam Ho$ g^r H${d`m| H$mo Zht& agImZ Am¡a KZmZÝX H$mo CŠV H$mo{Q> _§o aIm Om gH$Vm h¡& BZH$s ̂ {ŠV _| gmåàXm{`H$Vm Am¡a g§H$sU©Vm H$s ̂ mdZmE± Zht h¡& CÝhm|Zo AZoH$ Xodr, XodVmAm| Ho$ à{V CXma AmñWm àX{e©V H$s h¡&

6) àH¥${V-{MÌU- d¡go Vmo {hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ àW_ VrZ H$mbm| _| àH¥${V-{MÌU àm`… Cno{jV ahm h¡& ar{VH$mb _| àH¥${V gOrd én _| {M{ÌV Zht h¡& BZ H${d`m| Zo àH¥${V H$mo CÔrnZ én _| hr {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡& goZmn{V H$s aMZm _| àH¥${V H$hr-H$hr CÔrnZ Ho$ ~ÝYZ go _wŠV Adí` {_b OmVr h¡& Jw_mZ {_bm H$m H¥$îUMpÝÐH$m Zm_H$ à~ÝY-H$mì` Bg Ñ{ï go {deof Ü`mZ XoZo ̀ mo½` h¡& Bg_| H${d Zo g§ñH¥$V H${d`m| Ho$ g_mZ àH¥${V Ho$ Iwbo Xe©Z H$amò h¡& Jw_mZ Ho$ ̂ mB© Iw_mZ H$m AàH$m{eV H¥$îUm`Z ̂ r Bg Ñ{ï> go Ü`mZ XoZo ̀ mo½` h¡& {ÛZXod àH¥${V-{MÌU _| ñdÀN>ÝX> Ñ{ï> boH$a ~mha {ZH$bo h¡&'{dah-dmare' _| ~moYm Zo àH¥${V-dU©Z Hw$N> Vmo emó-~ÜX Am¡a Hw$N> ñdÀN>ÝX d¥{ËV~ÜX ahm h¡&

7) gm§ñH¥${VH$ Pm°H$s - ñdÀNÝX Ñ{ï> Ho$ H$maU Bg Ymam Ho$ H${d gm§ñH¥${VH$ {~å~ H$mo àñVwV H$aZo _| g_W© hmo MwHo$ h¢& ò H${d Xoe Ho$ AmZÝXmoëbm` _o§ ^r R>mHw$Z} AnZr gm§ñH¥${VH$ aMZmAm| _| ~w§XobI§S> Ho$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZ H$m d¡^d_` {MÌ IS>m {H$`m h¡& BÝhm|Zo AIVrO, JOZm¡a, hmobr Am{X Ho$ ~S>o hr ̂ mdwH$ {MÌ àñVwV {H$ò h¢& ZamoËV_Xmg ho ñdZm^m| _| Cg g_` H$m hrZ-XrZ ^maV _wIarV hmo CR>m h¡& ar{V H${d Zo gm_y{hH$ H«$sS>m_mo§-gybm VWm hmobr Am{X _| {dbm{gVm Ho$ ñda H$mo CÀM ~Zmò aIm h¡& Bg_| Am±I {_Mm¡Zr Am¡a Mmoa {_R>rMZr O_H$a dU©Z h¡, Š`m|{H$ Bg_| ñnfm©OÝ` H$m_mË_H$ gwI H$s CnbãYr A{YH$m{YH$ g§^d Wr&

8) H$mì`-nÜX{V- BZ H${d`m| Zo ar{VH$mb Ho$ àM{bV H${d g_`mo§ Am¡a é{T>`m| H$mo AnZm`m& ar{V~ÜX, ar{V{gÜX Am¡a ar{V_wŠV g^r H${d`m| _| ZoÌ ì`mnE g§~§Yr C{ŠV`m± g_mZ én go nmB© OmVr h¡& ar{V ~ÜX H${d`m| Ho$ g_mZ ar{V-_wŠV> H${d agImZ,Amb_, R>mHw$a Am¡a KZmZÝX _| I§{S>Vm H$s C{ŠV`m± {_bVr h¢, Š`m|{H$ Á`mo H${d Xa~mar Wo CÝh| CXy© Am¡a \$magr H$s H$mì`-aMZm go hmoS> boZr Wr& CÝhm|Zo CXy© H${dVm H$s _meyH$ H$s ~am~ar _| IpÊS>Vm H$mo noe {H$`m& ñdÀN>ÝX H${d`m| Zo Bg nÜX{V H$m J«hU Bg{bE {H$`m {H$ ào_-d¡få` Ho$ {bE CÝh| ̂ r ̂ maVr` H$mì`nÜX{V _| ̀ hr ~mV AZwHy$b {XImB© nS>r& BZ H${d`m| Zo IpÊS>Vm Ho$ öX` H$mo {XIbmZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m& {dnarV Ho$ Hw$pËgV {MÌ àm`… BZ H${d`m| _| Zht {_bVo& ~moYm _| H$ht-H$ht na Hw$N> bmOmé a§J-X§J {_bVm h¡& KZmZÝX Am¡a R>mHw$a Am{X na ̂ r \$magr H$mì`-nÜX{V H$s a§JV XoIr Om gH$Vr h¡&

100

9) _wŠVH$ e¡br- BZ H${d`m| _| _wŠVH$ e¡br H$m ~mob~mbm ahm, {H$ÝVw \w$Q>H$a én _o§ à~§Y aMZmE± ̂ r hmoVr ahr& Amb_ Zo ' _mYdmZb-H$m_H$ÝXbm'' gwXm_m-M[aÌ' 'í`m_-gZohr' Zm_H$ VrZ à~ÝY H$mì` àñVwV {H$ò& ~moYm Zo ^r '{dah-dmare' Zm_H$ à~ÝY-H$mì` àñVwV {H$`m& AÝ` H$B© à~ÝY aMZmE°§Bg H$mb _| hþB©&

10) N>ÝX VWm Ab§H$ma- Bg Ymam _| àm{YH$m[aVm, H${dËV, gd¡`m Am¡a Xmohm O¡go N>ÝXm| H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m& ̀ Ú{n ~rM-~rM _o_ N>ßn`, ~ad¡, h[anX Am{X N>ÝXm| H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡, {H$ÝVw g^r ar{V-H${d`m| H$s d¥{ËV àm{YH$Va Xmohm, gd¡`m Am¡a H${dËV _| a_r ahr& ar{V_wŠV Ymam Ho$ H${d`m| Zo Ab§H$mam| H$m à`moJ AnZo àH¥$V én _| {H$`m h¡& BZHo$ Ab§H$ma H$ht ̂ r nmpÊS>Ë` àXe©Z Ho$ {bE Zht Amò ~pëH$ BZHo$ Ûmam öX` H$s gyú_ d¥{ËV`m| Ho$ ÚmoVZ Ho$ {bò ghm`Vm {_br h¡& BZHo$ ̀ hm± Ab§H$ma gmYZ én _| Amò h¢, Z {H$ gmø én _| KZmZÝX H$s n§{ŠV`m± Ñï>ì` h¢- 'Zoh ̂ rÌr ~mV| agZm n¡ Ca Am±M bmJ¡ ? ̀ hm± {damoYm^mg Ab§H$ma H$s gw§Xa N>Q>m h¡&

11) ~«O^mfm- BZ H${d`mo§ Zo gm\$-gwWar ̂ mfm H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡& ào_ Ho$ dU©Z H$s ñdÀN>ÝX nÜX{V AnZmZo Ho$ H$maU ar{V_wŠV H${d`m| H$s ̂ mfm Am¡a CgH$s ì`§OZm ar{V~ÜX H${d`m| go {^ÝZ h¡ ar{V~ÜX H${d`m| _| {~hmar, _{Vam_ Am¡a nX²_mH$a H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Xygao H${d`m| _| ̂ mfm H$s g\$mB© Ho$ Xe©Z Zht hmoVo& ̂ yfU Am¡a Xod Am{X Zo Vmo ñdoÀN>mZwgma eãXm| H$m A§J-A§J {X`m h¡& BZH$s ̂ mfm _| àmXo{eH$Vm H$m nwQ> ~Zm ahm& na§Vw ar{V_wŠV H${d`m| _| Z Vmo ^mfm Ho$ A§J-A§J H$s àd¥{ËV h¡ Am¡a Z hr àmXo{eH$ nwQ>& agImZ Am¡a KZmZÝX Zo Vmo ~«O^mfm H$m Eogm à`moJ {H$`m h¡ {Ogo ~«O^mfm H$m gm{hpË`H$, n[a{Z{ð>V én ñdrH$ma {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&

BZ H${d`m| H$s ^mfm _| C{ŠV-d¡{MÍ`, bmj{UH$Vm, bmoH$mo{ŠV`m| Am¡a _whmdam| H$m ̂ r gwÝXa à`moJ hþAm h¡& KZmZÝX H$s ̂ mfm H$s bj{UH$Vm {deof öX`J«mhr h¡& R>mHw$a Zo bmoH$m|{ŠV`m| H$m AË`§V gwÝXa à`moJ {H$`m h¡&

4.4 ~moY àíZ …-

1. ar{V ~Õ H$mì¶ H$s à‘wI {deofVmAm| H$m C„oI {H${OE?2. ar{V {gÕ H$mì¶ H$s à‘wI {deofVmAm| H$m C„oI {H${OE?3. ar{V ‘w³V H$mì¶ H$s à‘wI {deofVmAm| H$m C„oI {H${OE?

101

AmYw{ZH$ H$mb

1. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n[apñW{V¶m±

2. ^maVoÝXw ¶wJ

3. {ÛdoXr ¶wJ

4. N>m¶mdmX

5. àJ{VdmX

6. à¶moJdmX

7. ZB© H${dVm

8. ZdJrV

{hÝXr JÚ {dYmE±

1. {hÝXr CnÝ¶mg

boIH$ - S>m°. XÎmm ‘wê$‘H$a

102

103

AmYw{ZH$ H$mb

5.0 BH$mB© H$s énaoIm …-

5.1 àñVmdZm

5.2 AmYw{ZH$Vm {H$go H$hm OmVm h¡&

5.3 AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n[apñW{V¶m± {H$g àH$ma H$s Wr&

5.0 B©H$mB© H$m CÔoe …-

H$. {hÝXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ B{Vhmg ‘| AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m n[aM¶ àmá H$aZm&I. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s H$m¡Zgr H$maH$ àd¥{Îm¶m± Wr {OgZo JÚ boIZ H$m Ama§^

{H$¶m&J. AmYw{ZH$ H$mc Ho$ JÚ H$m ñdê$n {H$g àH$ma H$m h¡&K. {hÝXr ̂ mfm Am¡a gm{hË¶ H$s Ñ{ï> go ¶h H$mb g§H«$‘U H$m h¡&S>. ~m§Jbm, ‘amR>r Ho$ boIZ H$m à^md H¡$go {hÝXr na n‹S>m h¡&M. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m ‘yë¶m§H$Z H$aZm

5.1 àñVmdZm …-

AmYw{ZH$Vm EH$ ZdrZ àd¥{Îm h¡ & Omo {Za§VaVm H$m ~moY H$amVr h¡ & Omo Z¶m h¡ dh AmYw{ZH$ hmo OmVm h¡ , Z¶r nrT>r Ho$ {bE & AmYw{ZH$ H$mb dñVwV… AmYw{ZH$ Bg{bE h¡ H$s ^maV ‘| {~«{Q>em| H$s Z¶r emgZ nÜX{V Am¶r Am¡a {~«Q>rem| Ho$ Ûmam Z¶o gmYZmo, g§ñWmAm| H$m {dH$mg hþAm & BZ Z¶o gmYZm| ‘| S>mH$, aob Am{X h¡ Vmo g§ñWmAm| ‘| ñHy$b, H$m°boO Am{X & n[aUm‘V… Xoe ‘| OmJaU H$m Xm¡a Am¶m & gm{hË¶ ‘| ̂ r & H${dVm amOXa~ma H$s H$m‘rZr go {ZH$bH$a OZVm Ho$ gwI-XþI go OwS>r & Am¡a gm{hË¶ Ho$ H|$Ð ‘| gm‘mÝ¶ ‘Zwî¶ Am¶m & gm‘mÝ¶ ‘Zwî¶ H$s R>oR> gm‘mÝ¶ ̂ mfm IS>r~mobr ̂ r Am¶r & H${dVm H$s àH¥${V Am¡a ̂ mfm XmoZm| Zo Z¶m énmH$ma J«hU {H$¶m & H$mì¶ Ho$ ñWmZ na JÚ H$m A{d^m©d ~S>m H«$m§{VH$mar ahm ³¶m| {H$ ~mX ‘| H$mì¶ H$s ̂ mfm JÚ H$m én YmaU H$aVr JB© & Am{XH$mb, ̂ p³VH$mb Ed§ ar{VH$mb ‘| {hÝXr H$s ~mobr ̂ mfmAm| H$m gm{hË¶, {hÝXr H$m gm{hË¶ H$hm J¶m na§Vy AmYw{ZH$ H$mb ‘| {dewÜX I‹S>r~mobr gm{hË¶ H$s ̂ mfm ~Zr & A‘ra Iwgamo VWm H$~ra H$s H${dVm go {ZH$bH$a I‹S>r~mobr A§J«oO A{YH$mar, BgmB© Y‘©àMmaH$ VWm AmYw{ZH$ àog ‘| nhþ±Mr & gZ 1800 B. ‘| H$bH$Îmm Ho$ ’$moQ>© {dë¶‘ H$m°boO H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ ~mX CXÿ© Am¡a {hÝXr H$mo {dH${gV hmoZo H$m Adga àmá hþAm & S>m°. Om°Z {JbH«$mB©ñQ> Zo ̂ maV ‘| àemgZ MbmZo Ho$ {bE AmZodmbo {~«{Q>e A{YH$mar¶m| H$mo {hÝXr n‹T>mZm àma§^ {H$¶m, Bgr H$m°boO go Am¡a CÝhm|Zo ¶h H$m¶© H$aZo hoVy Xmo {hÝXr AÜ¶mnH$m| H$mo {Z¶w³V {H$¶m& b„ybmb Am¡a gXb {‘l& BZHo$ A{V[a³V I‹S>r~mobr

5

JÚ H$mo {dH${gV H$aZo ‘o§ ‘w§er gXmgwIbmb {Z¶mO VWm B§emA„m Im§ H$m ¶moJXmZ C„oIZr¶ h¡& B§emA„m Im± H$s "amZr Ho$VH$s H$hmZr' àW‘ {hÝXr H$hmZr h¡ & Omo ‘m¡{bH$ Ed§ AmXe© H$hmZr h¡ & B©gmB© àMmaH$m|§ Zo AnZo Y‘© àMma hoVy ~mB©~b H$m AZwdmX {hÝXr ‘| {H$¶m & BZHo$ Ûmam àog H$s ñWmnZm hmo MwH$s Wr Bgr H$m bm^ boVo hþE amOmam‘ ‘mohZ am¶ Zo "~§JXÿV', n§. OwJb {H$emoa ew³b Zo "CX§V ‘mV©ÊS>' Omo {hÝXr H$m àW‘ g‘mMma nÌ ̂ r h¡, H$mo Mbm¶m & A§J«oOm| H$s X‘ZH$mar Zr{V¶m| Ho$ {déÜX BZH$m Cn¶moJ H$aVo hþE, àW‘ ñdV§ÌVm Am§XmobZ ̂ r Mbm¶m J¶m & A§J«oOm| H$s ñdmWu, emofU naH$ {Z{V¶m| H$mo CKm‹S>H$a ~wpÜXOr{d¶m| Zo gm‘mÝ¶ OZVm H$mo OJm¶m & bmoJm| ‘| Ag§Vmof. {dÐmoh H$m ̂ md nZnZo bJm Am¡a bmoJ Ed§ ~wpÜXOr{d, àmMrZ ̂ maV H$m Jm¡ad JmZ H$aVo hþE Xoe H$s dV©‘mZ emgZ ì¶dñWm H$mo g‘PH$a ñdV§ÌVm, A{YH$ma Am¡a ñdemgZ H$s ‘m±J H$aZo bJo &

npíM‘ Ho$ gånH©$ ‘| AmZo Ho$ ~mX gm‘m{OH$ ‘yë¶, é{T>¶m±, O‹S> na§nam, A§YlÜXm, A§Y{dídmg Am{X ‘| n[adV©Z H$s Ñ{ï> {dH${gV hmoZo bJr & ór {ejm, {dYdm {ddmh H$m g‘W©Z hmoZo bJm Vmo ~mb{ddmh, gVr àWm, Om{V¶Vm H$m {damoY H$a ñdmV§Í¶, ~§YwVm, g‘Vm d ̂ mB©Mmao Ho$ ‘yë¶m| H$mo g‘mO ‘| {dH${gV {H$¶m OmZo bJm & n[aUm‘ñdén AZoH$ gm‘m{OH$ Am§XmobZ CâH$a Am¶o & ny§OrdmXr, gm‘§VdmXr VWm {df‘Vm‘wbH$ ì¶dñWm H$mo {ZH$mbH$a bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ Ed§ g‘Vm‘wbH$ ì¶dñWm H$mo bmZo Ho$ {bE gwYmaH$m| Ûmam à¶mg {H$¶o J¶o & Am¶© g‘mO H$m EHo$ídadmX Am¡a Nw>AmNw>V {damoY, {hÝXÿ Y‘© nwZC©ËWmZ, gwYma H$s ̂ mdZm go hr CnOo h¡ & ¶h ñnï> h¡ H$s ̂ maV EH$ ZB© A§J‹S>mB© bo ahm Wm, gm‘m{OH$, Ym{‘©H$, Am{W©H$, amOZr{VH$ Ñï>r go & emofU Ed§ dM©ñd H$s ì¶dñWm H$mo CIm‹S>H$a JVrerb, Ed§ OZ{hVH$mar ì¶dñWm H$mo bmZm lo¶ñH$a hr ahm h¡ & Bg Ñï>r go AmYw{ZH$Vm Zo ^maV Xoe Ho$ A§J-A§J H$mo PH$Pmoam Am¡a CgH$m Zd{Z‘m©U {H$¶m & àË¶j, namoj én ‘| {~«Q>re emgZ ì¶dñWm, B©gmB© Y‘©àMma BgHo$ H$maH$ ~Zo h¡ & AmYw{ZH$ H$mb ³¶m| H$hm OmVm h¡ BgHo$ g§~§Y {dÛmZm| Zo AnZo ‘V aIo h¡ -

¬ S>m°. ZJoÝÐ Zo AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$mo Xmo AWm] ‘| d¡{eîQ>çnwU© ‘mZVo h¡, "EH$ ‘Ü¶ H$mb go {^ÞVm Am¡a Xÿgam Z{dZ Bhbm¡{H$H$ Ñï>rH$moU Ho$ H$maU Bg H$mb H$mo AmYw{ZH$ H$mb ‘mZm OmVm h¡&'

1. nwZOm©JaU H$mb ( ̂ maV|Xw H$mb ) 1857-19002. OmJaU ¶m gwYma H$mb ( {ÛdoXr H$mb ) 1900 - 19183. N>m¶mdmX H$mb - 1918-19384. N>m¶mdmXmoÎma H$mb

H$) àJ{V - à¶moJ H$mb 1938-1953I) ZdboIZ H$mb 1953 ..............

ew³bOr Zo AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$r g‘¶ gr‘m (1900 g§) 1843 ‘mZr h¡ &

hþHw$‘M§X amOnmb …- "¶h H$mb {H$gr àd¥{Îm {deof AWdm H$mì¶Ymam H$m gyMH$ Z hmoH$a {d{dY YmamAm| Ed§ H$mì¶ê$nm| Ho$ {dH$mg H$m ¶wJ h¡&'

104

‘Ü¶H$mbrZ O‹S>Vm H$mo VmoS>Vo hþE AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m gm{hË¶ ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ ~¥hÎma gwI-XþI Ho$ gmW nhbr ~ma OwS> J¶m Am¡a CZH$s Z¶r g§doXZm H$s A{^ì¶º$s Z¶o N>§X-~ÝY ‘| H$aZo bJm& Kmoa l¥§Jm[aH$Vm Ed§ N>§X~ÜXVm go H${dVm ‘wº$ hþB©& ~«O^mfm H$m ñWmZ IS>r ~mobr Zo bo {b¶m& {MÝVZ Yma ‘| n[adV©Z Am¶m& ~m¡pÜXH$Vm Ho$ gmW VH©$ àYmZVm Ed§ d¡km{ZH$Vm Zo H$bm, Y‘©, Xe©Z gm{hË¶. {MÌ Ho$ à{V Z¶o Ñï>rH$moZ H$m {dH$mg {H$¶m& nmabm¡{H$H$Vm H$m ñWmZ Bhbm¡{H$H$Vm Zo bo {b¶m& Am¡a gm{hË¶ Ho$ H|$Ð ‘| gm‘mÝ¶ ‘Zwî¶ H$r ^md-^mdZm, g§doXZm, gwI-XþI, AmMma-{dMma, ‘wë¶ Am{X Am¶o& amOm H|${ÐV Am{XH$mb go B©ída H|${ÐV ^{º$H$mb H$s ¶mÌm H$aVo hþE {’$a Xa~mar g§ñH¥${V {MÌU go âm ar{VH$mb g‘má hmoH$a ‘mZdr¶ qMVmAmo, {MÝVZ H$mo gm{hË¶ ‘| bmZo H$m lo¶ AmYw{ZH$ H$mbrZ gmYZm|, O¡go, aob, Q>nmb, gS>H|$, Am{X Ho$ gmW ¶§Ì¶wJ H$s ewéAmV H$mo OmVm h¡& AWm©V d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$mo OmVm h¡ &

{Og‘| gm‘m{OH$ nwZ©aMZm Ho$ {bE ¶moJXmZ XoZodmbo amOmam‘ ‘moohZ am¶, ñdm‘r X¶mZ§X gañdVr, am‘H¥$îU na‘h§g Ho$ ¶mo½¶V‘ {eî¶ {ddoH$mZ§X, Ho$edM§Ð goZ, A°Zr ~oP§Q>, ‘hmË‘m ’w$bo, S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a O¡go g‘mO gwYmaH$m| Ed§ Xoe {Z‘m©VmAm| H$s ‘hËdnyU© ^y{‘H$m ahr h¡ & CZHo$ Am§XmobZm| Z| H$bm, gm{hË¶ Ed§ g§ñH¥${V H$mo à^m{dV {H$¶m h¡ & Bg AW© ‘| qhXÿ Y‘© ‘o§ nwZOm©JaU H$m gwYma bmZo H$s ̂ mdZm {hÝXr Zo gm{hË¶ H$mo ̂ r Z¶r {Xem Xr ¶h pñdH$m¶© hmoJm &

""gm‘§VdmXr Ed§ ny§OrdmXr Q>H$amhQ> Ho$ ~mX gm‘§VdmXr VmH$V| àm¶… g‘má hþB©'' Am¡a Xoe Ho$ Z¶o dJ© Ed§ Z¶o A§Jo«Or emgH$m| Zo ""Bg Xoe H$s naånam H$mo g‘PH$a AmYw{ZH$sH$aU H$s à{H«$¶m H$m ZdrZrH$aU {H$¶m'' Bgr H$maU gm‘mÝ¶ ‘Zwî¶ Ed§ CgH$s gm‘mÝ¶ ̂ mfm Ûmam Z¶o JÚ-nÚ H$m A{d^m©d Bg H$mb ‘| g§^d hmo nm¶m & em¶X ¶hr H$maU h¡ H$s AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË¶ d¡{dÜ¶nyU©, ~hþ‘wIr, Ed§ à{V^m‘wIr gm{hË¶ h¡ & {hÝXr gm{hË¶ Z¶o àíZm|, {dMmam|, ‘wë¶m|, {XemAm|, ^mfm H$mo ñWm{nV H$aVm hþAm A~ VH$ {dH${gV hmoVm Am ahm h¡ & ¶m ~Xbmd H$moB© ¶w§hr Zhr Am¶m h¡ BgHo$ nrN>o ^maVdf© ‘| ~XbZodmbr gm‘m{OH$, amO{Z{VH$, Am{W©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, l{‘H$ E§d e¡{jH$ n¥ð>^y‘r H$maJa ahr h¡ & ¶h ~Xbmd bmZo H$m H$m¶©Xm{¶Ëd {OVZm A§J«oOm| H$m CVZm hr n[ü‘ Ho$ g§nH©$ ‘| Am¶o ̂ maVr¶ gwYmaH$m| H$m ̂ r ahm h¡ & dñVwV… Bg ~mV H$mo ñdrH$mam OmZm Mm{hE H$s AmYw{ZH$ ̂ maV H$m {Z‘m©U E§d {dH$mg A§J«oOm| H$s ~Xbm¡V hþAm h¡ & dh ̂ maV ‘| Zht AmVo Vmo Z¶r {ejm nÕ{V ̂ maV ‘| Z hmoVr, Z hr Z¶r gmoM n¡Xm hmoVr & ¶hr H$maU h¡ H$s AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ nwamoYm gm{hË¶H$ma ^maVoÝXÿ AnZo gm{hË¶ ‘| ¶Wm AdH$me A§J«oOm| H$s Hw$N> {Z{V¶m| H$s àe§gm H$aVo {XImB© XoVo h¡ , Vmo CZH$o Ûmam hmoZodmbo emofU H$m {damoY &

AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$o gm{hpË¶H$ {ddoMZ go nhbo Cº$ g‘¶ {H$ n[apñWVr¶m| H$mo OmZZm Oéar hmoJm &

105

5.2 AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n[apñW{V¶m± …-

gm[hË¶ ¶wJ {deof go à^m{dV hmoVm h¡ Bg ‘V H$mo {dÛmZ ñdrH¥$V H$aVo h¡ Am¡a Cgr H$maU gm{hË¶ ‘| Z¶r àd¥{Îm¶m| H$m {dH$mg hmoVm h¡ & BgHo$ ‘wb ‘| XoeH$mb H$s ‘hËdnwU© ^y{‘H$m hmoVr h¡ & dh n[adV©Z H$m gmjr hmoVm h¡ Am¡a CgH$m à^md J«hU H$aVm h¡ gm{hË¶ Ed§ gm{hË¶H$ma & Cº$ H$mbI§S> ‘| ~XbZodmbr n[apñW{V¶m| H$mo OmZZm-g‘Pm Oê$ar h¡ &

1. amOZr{VH$ n[apñWVr H$B© {dÛmZm| Zo {hÝXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ AmYw{ZH$H$mb H$m àma§^ 1900 B. {d. ñdrH$mam

h¡& {H$ÝVw ¶h V~ ( gZ 1757) go hr Ama§^ hmo MwH$m Wm O~ ~§Jmb Ho$ Z~m~ {gamOwÔ¡mbm H$mo A§J«oOm| Ho$ H§$nZr gaH$ma Zo ßbmgr Ho$ ¶wÜX ‘| nam{OV H$am¶m Wm Am¡a g§nyU© ~§Jmb na EH$m{YnË¶ ñWm{nV {H$¶m Wm & H§$nZr H$s gÎmm àñWm{nV hmoZo Ho$ ~mX A§J«oO A{YH$m[a¶m| Ho$ AZ{JZV AË¶mMma ̂ maVr¶m| na ~‹T>o & n[aUm‘ñdén ̂ maVr¶ OZVm ‘| Ag§Vmof ’¡$bZo bJm ? 1854 ‘| Pm±gr H$mo Imbgm H$aZo Ho$ ~mX A§J«oOmo§ H$s Hw${Q>bVm H$m n[aM¶ ÑT>{dídmg Ho$ ê$n ‘| ̂ maVr¶ OZVm Ho$ ‘Z ‘| ~‹T>m & Ma~rdmbo H$aVwgm| Zo ̂ maVr¶ g¡{ZH$m| Ho$ ‘Z H$mo R>og nhþ±MmB© & AV… 1857 ‘| ^maV H$m àW‘ ñdm{YZVm g§J«m‘ ewé hþAm& bJ^J EH$ df© Ho$ ^rVa-^rVa Bg {dÐmoh H$mo X~m {X¶m J¶m Am¡a B©ñQ> B§{S>¶m H§$nZr H$m emgZ IË‘ H$aHo$ grYm {~«{Q>e gaH$ma H$m emgZ ̂ maV na ewé hþAm &

‘hmamZr {ìm³Q>mo[a¶m Ho$ S>bhm¡Or Ho$ AÝ¶m¶nyU© Zr{V H$m {damoY ̂ maVr¶m| Ho$ {bE Z¶o ¶wJ OrdZ H$s ewéAmV ahr & ¶h CZHo$ ‘Z H$s gwIX ^mdZm Wr & Bg{bE CgHo$ ‘¥Ë¶wnam§V ̂ maVr¶m| Zo XwI àH$Q> {H$¶m & 19 dr eVr Ho$ A§V ‘| A§J«oOr amÁ¶ à{V ̂ p³V Ed§ g‘n©U H$m ̂ md ̂ maVr¶m| ‘| ahm & CZ‘| gwYma bmZo Ho$ Zo‘ñV à¶mg {H$¶o J¶o & na§Vw A§J«oOr gÎmm H$m Xþ©X¡d H$s do AnZr AÝ¶m¶nyU© Zr{V H$mo N>moS> Zhr§ nm¶o & CZHo$ Ûmam hmoZodmbm Am{W©H$ emofU Am¡a Q>¡³g bJmZo Ho$ n[aUm‘ ñdê$n ̂ ma{V¶m| ‘| {dÐmoh H$m ̂ md ~‹T>Vm J¶m& àmW©ZmAm|, Zo‘ñV ‘mJm} go A§J«oO gaH$ma na Hw$N> ̂ r n[aUm‘ Zht hþAm Am¡a amOZ¡{VH$ amÁ¶àm{á H$s AmH$m§jm ̂ maVr¶m| ‘| ~bdVr hþB© &

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gZ 1905 ‘| Za‘ {ZVr N>mo‹S> Ja‘ Zr{V Zo ñdamO h‘mam OÝ‘{gÜX hH$ h¡ H$m Zmam {X¶m & ~§Jmb H$m {d^mOZ ̂ maVr¶m| Ho$ g§XohmñnX bJm Am¡a {~«{Q>e Zr{V H$s à{V{H«$¶m ñdén amï´>r¶ ^mdZm Ed§ {~«{Q>em| H$s ^maV {damoYr Zr{V H$mo OZVm Zo OmZm & OZVm Bgr

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g‘¶ àmMrZ ̂ maVr¶ g§ñH¥${V H$s Am¡a AmH¥$ï> hmoZo bJr & dV©‘mZ pñW{V¶m| Ho$ àVr do jmo^ ì¶³V H$aZo bJo (n¥. 306 IÝS>obdmb ) Zd ZoV¥Ëd, H${d¶m| Zo XmgVm H$s ~o{S>¶m| ‘| OH$‹‹S>r OZVm H$mo AVrV H$m ñ‘aU {XbmH$a ñdV§Ì ì¶dñWm ñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$ {bE CÝho ào{aV {H$¶m& EH$ E¡go dJ© ‘| OmJ¥{V H$s bha n¡Xm H$a Xr J¶r Omo emo{fV-nr‹S>rV, X{bV, {H$gmZ, ‘OXÿa Wm & H${d¶m| Zo ̂ r CZHo$ à{V ghmZw^w{V àH$Q> H$s & ¶wJ {deofVm Ho$ én ‘| amï´>r¶Vm Am¡a ‘mZdVmdmX H$s bha| gm‘mÝ¶m| ‘| ’y$Q> n‹S>r& {~«[Q>em| H$mo g‘¶-g‘¶ na gwYmaUm H$mZwZ bmJw H$aZo n‹S>o 1909 H$m ‘mb} {‘ÝQ>mo H$mZyZ Bgr H$m n[aUm‘ Wm na§Vw Bgr H$mZyZ Zo 1857 Ho$ g‘¶ EH$Vm H$m àXe©Z H$aZodmbo {hÝXþ-‘wpñb‘m| H$m AbJ à{V{ZYrËd H$m ‘m‘bm CR>mH$a {damoY S>mbm & AZoH$ à¶mgm| Ho$ MbVo {’$a 1916 ‘| EH$Vm H$m g‘Pm¡Vm nm[aV hþAm& R>rH$ Bgr g‘¶ àW‘ {díd¶wÜX {N>‹S> J¶m& ¶wÜX ‘| nyar à{V~ÜXVm Ho$ gmW ^maVr¶m| Z| A§J«oOm| H$s ‘XX H$s & {H$ÝVw 1916 Ho$ amobo³Q> A°³Q> Zo ̂ maVr¶ OZVm Ho$ A{YH$ma {N>Z H$a CZHo$ gmW njnmV {H$¶m& ¶hr H$mbIÝS> AmYw{ZH$ {hÝXr gm{hË¶ ‘| {ÛdoXr ¶wJ Ho$ Zm‘ go OmZm OmVm h¡ &

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107

hþAm& nw§OrdmX Ho$ ~‹T>Z| g dJ©-g§Kf© ~‹T> ahm Wm& a{dÝÐ Am{X Ho$ H$maU ‘m³g©dmX H$s {dMmaYmam ̂ maV df© ‘| ’¡$bZo bJr Wr& Oobâmo Am§XmobZ ~‹T>Z| bJo Wo BZ gmao KQ>ZmH«$‘ Ho$ MbVo 15 AJñV 1947 ‘| Xoe H$mo AmOmXr àmá hþB©&

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108

Am¶© g‘mO H$s ^m±Vr ~«m÷ g‘mO, am‘H¥$îU {‘eZ, àmW©Zm g‘mO, {WAmogmo{’$H$b gmogm¶Q>r Zo VËH$mbrZ gm‘m{OH$ Hw$àWmAm| H$m {damoY {H$¶m O¡go, gVr n«Wm H$m {damoY, {dYdm {ddmh H$m àMbZ, nwZ©{ddmh H$mo ‘mÝ¶Vm, Om{VôX H$mo Xÿa H$aZm, A§Y{dídmg, g‘wÐ¶mÌm, {ZfoY ór {ejm H$m g‘W©Z, Om{V-~{hîH$ma H$m {damoY gwYmaH$m| Zo XO© {H$¶m h¡ & {hÝXÿ Y‘© ‘| Bg g‘¶ XmoZm| àH$ma Ho$ gwYmaH$, boIH$ hþE h¡ & EH$ Omo BZ g^r gwYmam| H$mo bmZm MmhVo Wo Vmo Xÿgam dJ© BgH$m {damoY H$aVm ahm & dñVwV… {hÝXÿAm| H$m nwamo{hV dJ©, ~mømMmam|, ~mømS>å~am|, ~mø CnH$aUm| H$mo naml¶ XoH$a g‹S>r Jbr é{‹T>¶m|, naånamAm§o, A§Y{dídmgm§o, Hw$àWmAm|, Hw$[a{V¶m| H$mo H$m¶‘ aIZm MmhVm Wm & {OgHo$ MbVo gm‘m{OH$ gÎmm na AnZr nH$‹S>> ‘O~yV hmo gHo$& Am¡a g‘mO Ho$ EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>o dJ© H$m emofU {H$¶m OmVm&

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a[dÝÐZmW Q>mJmoa H$s {díd ‘mZdVmdmXr Ñ{ï>, XþI{ZdmaU Ho$ à¶mg, A§Va amï´>r¶ ñVa na ̂ maVr¶ g§ñH¥${V H$mo Cƒ ñWmZmé‹T> {H$¶m& CZH$m AmXe© ì¶mnH$ A¡ma à^mdembr Wm& do Ho$db ‘mZd Am¡a ‘mZdVm H$m {dH$mg MmhVo Wo&

{ddoH$mZ§X Zo am‘H¥$îU Ho$ {dMmam| H$mo VWm {hÝXÿ Y‘© H$mo {eH$mJmo {dídY‘© gå‘obZ Ûmam {dídâ ‘| nhþ±Mm¶m Am¡a ̂ maVr¶ gä¶Vm, g§ñH¥${V H$s loð>Vm H$mo {díd Ho$ gm‘Zo bm¶m &

‘hmamï´> ‘| ‘hmË‘m Á¶mo{V~m ’w$bo Zo {H$gmZm| Am¡a ór Jwbm‘{Jar Ho$ gdmbm| H$mo CR>m¶m& h§Q>a H${‘eZ Ho$ gm‘Zo {ejm Ho$ joÌ ‘| ~«måhUr dM©ñd H$m {damoY OVbmH$a ~hþOZm| Ho$ {bE {ejm àma§^ H$s& Xoe H$s nhbr ór AÜ¶m{nH$m,{e{jH$m gm{dÌr~mB© ’w$bo Omo CZH$s nËZr ahr, Ûmam ór {ejm H$s Xoe ‘| àW‘ Ztd aIr& ewÐm{VewÐ Ho$ {bE {ejm Ho$ ‘hËd H$mo ñnï> {H$¶m& àmW{‘H$ {ejm A{Zdm¶©Vm Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| do H$hVo Wo, ""‘| g‘PVm hþ± {H$ OZgmYmaU Ho$ {bE àmW{‘H$ {ejm EH$ {ZpíMV C‘« O¡go H$‘ go H$‘ 12 df© VH$ A{Zdm¶© H$a {X¶m OmZm Mm{hE&'' Cg g‘¶ àmW{‘H$ Ed§ gd©gwb^, gd©OZ Ho$ {bE {ejm Ho$ ‘hËd H$mo ‘hmË‘m ’w$bo Zo OmZm Wm & 1882 ‘| {VbH$ Am¡a AmJaH$a H$s Oob go [ahmB© na CZH$m EH$ gmW A{^Z§XZ H$a Ho$ gm‘«mÁ¶dmX H$m {damoY Am¡a Om{VdmX {damoY Ho$ ~rM ZdOmJaU Ho$ g~go ~‹S>o ñV§^ do aho h¢ & Bg{bE CÝh| H«$mpÝVgw¶© ̂ r H$hm J¶m &

‘hmXod Jmo{dÝX amZS>o Zo àmW©Zm g‘mO Ho$ O[aE ~mb{ddmh, nXm©àWm H$m {damoY {H$¶m& {dYdm {ddmh H$m g‘W©Z Am¡a ór H$s ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ {bE ~‹S>m ‘m¡{bH$ H$m¶© {H$¶m h¡ &

Bg H$mbIÝS> ‘| gm‘m{OH$ ì¶dñWm ‘| ~‹S>o R>mog n[adV©Z b{jV hmoVo h¡& {OgHo$ à^md go g‘mO Am¡a gm{hË¶ ANy>Vm Zhr§ ah nm¶m& ^maVoÝXÿ VWm {ÛdoXr ¶wJ ‘| ¶h ñnï> {XImB© XoVm h¡§& BZ XmoZm| ¶wJ Ho$ gm‘m{OH$ ì¶dñWm Ho$ A§Va H$mo ñnï> H$aVo hþE IÝS>obdmb Zo H$hm h¡, ""^maVoÝXÿ ¶wJ ‘| Zd¶wJ H$s MoVZm H$m {dH$mg hþAm Am¡a gm‘m{OH$ AdñWm ‘| n[adV©Z H$s nwH$ma go ~‹S>r AempÝV ’¡$b JB©, {ÛdoXr ¶wJ ‘| ¶h AempÝV emÝV hmo JB© Am¡a g‘mO gwYmaH$ gm‘m{OH$ Hw$[a{V¶m| Am¡a é{‹T>¶m| H$m IÊS>Z H$aZo Ho$ gmW hr gm‘m{OH$ g‘ñ¶mAm| H$mo gwbPmZo H$o {bE R>mog {dMma Am¡a gwPmd àñVwV H$aZo bJo&'' ̂ maV ¶WmerK« gm‘m{OH$ {dH$mg H$s Amoa AJ«oga hþAm& nmíMmË¶ {ejm, ¶§Ì{dH$mg Am¡a gwYmaH$m| Zo Xoe H$mo AmYw{ZH$ ~Zm¶m& gm{hË¶ ‘| BÝhr H$m {MÌU hþAm h¡&

5.4 Ym{‘©H$ n[apñW{V …

{~«{Q>em| Ho$ ^maV AmJ‘Z Ho$ ~mX h‘mao Xoe ‘| Ym{‘©H$ Ed§ gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌ ‘| H«$m§{VH$mar ~Xbmd b{jV hmoVo h¢& {dMma ñdmV§Í¶ Zo l‘ Ho$ Zm‘ na hmoZodmbo AZmMma, XþamMma, A{Zð> àWmAm| naånamAm| na ~‹S>o h‘b| {H$¶o& bJ^J Ym{‘©H$ ñWmZ AZmMma Ho$ AÈ>o ~Zo Wo& AZoH$ Y‘© ¶hm± àM{bV Wo & do H$B© gåàXm¶m| ‘| {d^m{OV hmo MwHo$ Wo& {hÝXÿ Y‘© Z| MmVwdÊ¶© ì¶dñWm Ho$ Vh²V² nrN>‹S>r Om{V¶m| H$m ^mar emofU {H$¶m& ~«måhUr dM©ñddmbr ì¶dñWm Zo H$B© àH$ma Ho$ H$‘©H$mÝS>mo Ho$ ~bna gm‘mÝ¶m| H$mo R>Jm& M§S>mo, ‘§hVm| H$m gm‘m{OH$

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dM©ñd, gX²^md H$mo H$ht na ̂ r aIVm Zht Wm& gh¶moJ H$s Anojm eÌwËd H$mo hr EH$ àH$ma go ~‹T>mdm {‘bVm ahm& bmoJ Ho$db lÜXmbw Zht ~ëH$s A§YlÜXmbw ~Zo Wo& Eogo ‘| ~«måhg‘mO, àmW©Zm g‘mO, Am¶©g‘mO,{WAmogmo{’$H$b gmogm¶Q>r Zo nwamZo {hÝXÿ Y‘© H$mo Z¶o gm±Mo ‘| T>mbZo H$m H$m¶© {H$¶m& Eogm H$aVo g‘¶ H$‘©H$mÝS>, é{‹T>¶m|, Om{VàWm, Am{X na Hw$R>mamKmV {H$¶m&

Am¶© g‘mO Am{X ‘| BgHo$ gå~ÝY ‘| A§V©{damoY ñnï> h¡ & S>m°. ZJoÝÐ Zo H$hm h¢, ""Am¶© g‘mO d¡{XH$ Y‘© Ho$ ‘wb ñdén H$mo ~ZmE aIZm MmhVm Wm&'' Bg{bE doXm| H$s Amoa Mbm| H$m ñdm‘r X¶mZ§X gañdVr H$m Zmam Iw~ Jw§Om& ~mdOyX Am¶© g‘mO Zo Om{VàWm H$mo VmoS>Zo ‘| ‘hËdnyU© ̂ y{‘H$m {Z^m¶r& {hÝXÿ Y‘© H$m ¶h Z¶m g§ñH$aU ‘mÌ EHo$ída dmX, {dYdm {ddmh àMbZ, ~mb{ddmh {damoY, gVr àWm {damoY, ór {ejm Ed§ g‘mZm{YH$ma H$m g‘W©Z H$aVo hþE ̂ maVdf© ‘| ZdOmJaU ’¡$bmZo H$m H$m¶© H$aVo hþE ñWm{nV hmo ahm Wm& ¶hr H$maU h¡ H$s ZdOmJaU H$mo Hw$N> {dÛmZm| Zo {hÝXÿ Y‘© H$m nwZéËWmZ Ho$ én ‘| XoIm h¢&

dñVwV… Am¶© g‘mO H$s ^y{‘H$m ~‹S>r ‘hËdnyU© h¢& X¶mÝm§X gañdVr Zo ^bo hr BgmB© Y‘© àMma H$s à{V{H«$¶m Ho$ én ‘| Am¶© g‘mO H$s ñWmnZm H$s& CÝhr ‘| go AmJo MbH$a Y‘© ewpÜX Am§XmobZ n¡Xm hþAm& gmåàXm{¶H$Vm H$s Ztd aoZ|gm ‘| hr {XImB© XoVr h¢& ~§Jmb Ed§ ‘hmamï´> Zo é{‹T>dmXr, na§nam ‘| OH$‹S>o ̂ maV H$mo AmYw{ZH$ ~ZmZo H$m H$m¶© {H$¶m& {Oggo Z¶r g‘ñ¶m¶| ^r ^maV ‘| n¢Xm hþB© {hÝXþ-‘wpñb‘ g§Kf©, gmåàXm{¶H$Vm, {hÝXr-CXÿ© {ddmX Am{X& {’$a ^r gm‘m{OH$ EH$Vm, gX²^md, gm¡hmÐ© VWm Ym{‘©H$ joÌ ‘| H«$mpÝVH$mar ~Xbmd H$s Amoa ^maV ~‹T>Vm J¶m& ñdm‘r X¶mZ§X gañdVr Ho$ Xmo ‘hËdnyU© H$m¶© EH$ amï´>r¶Vm H$m g§Mma Ed§ Xÿgam amï´>^mfm H$m àMma& {dkmZ H$s A{V ~m¡pÜXH$Vm H$m {damoY H$a ^maVr¶ AÜ¶mË‘dmX H$m CËWmZ Bgr ¶wJ ‘| {XImB© XoVm h¢ &

AmJo MbH$a Jm§YrOr H$m g‘ÝddmXr Ñï>rH$moZ Omo ~Zm ¶h CgH$s nyd©{nR>rH$m hr h¢& H$B© Ym{‘©H$ é{T>¶m ~XbZo bJr, O¡go g‘wÐ H$mo Z bm§KZm, XhoO àWm H$m {damoY, nw§OrdmXr ¶m O‘tXmar àWm H$m {damoY, Kmoa A§Y{dídmgm| H$m {damoY hmoZo bJm& ór {ejm H$m à~b g‘W©Z Ed§ X{bVm| à{V ghmZw^y{V H$s ̂ mdZm Zo Z¶o ‘mZdr¶ Ñï>rH$moZ H$mo {dH${gV {H$¶m& ‘hmXod JmoqdX amZS>o Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| S>m°. ZJoÝÐ Zo {bIm h¡ - do ‘Zwî¶ H$s g‘mZVm MmhVo Wo& do Om{V-nm§{V H$s àWm Ho$ {déÜX Wo Am¡a AÝVaOmVr¶ {ddmh Ho$ njYa Wo& ór {ejm na CÝhm|Zo ~ma-~ma ~b {X¶m h¢& CZHo$ dñVw{Zð> Ñï>rH$moZ, VH©$-nÕ{V gm‘m{OH$ n[aîH$ma Ho$ à{V A{^éMr Am{X go ñnï> h¢ {H$ do nmíMmË¶ {dMmaYmam go à^m{dV Wo {H$ÝVw nmíMmË¶ ‘V H$mo ̂ r CÝhm|Zo {~Zm VH©$ Ho$ ñdrH$ma Zht {H$¶m& Xþgao eãXm| ‘|, do ̂ maVr¶ g§ñH¥${V H$mo ZdrZ d¡km{ZH$ {dMma-àUmbr Ho$ AZwén T>mbZo H$m ¶ËZ H$a aho Wo& ¶hr ~mV, {ddoH$mZ§X, ñdm‘r gañdVr, amOmam‘ ‘mohZ am¶, A°Zr ~oP§Q> Ho$ H$m¶©-{dMmam| ‘| ‘wIa hþB© h¢& àmMrZ ̂ maVr¶ AVrV Ho$ àVr Jm¡ad H$s ̂ mdZm BZ‘| ahr {H$ÝVw {dXoer d¡km{ZH$ dñVw{Zð> Ñï>r, VH©$ nÕVr H$mo ñdrH$ma ̂ r {H$¶m&

^maV H$mo àmMrZ Ed§ ‘Ü¶H$mbrZ g§H$sU©Vm go ~mha {ZH$bH$a Cgo AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s Amoa ~‹‹T>m¶m& Y‘© Ho$ à{V Z¶m Z¡{VH$ {dídmg ~‹T>m¶m & Y‘© Ho$ ̂ rVa J{VerbVm H$m g§Mma

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H$a Cgo nwZ… g{H«$¶ {H$¶m &

n[íM‘r ar{V-Zr{V H$m ñdrH$ma H$aVo g‘¶ ‘mÌ BZ‘| A§V{d©amoY {XImB© XoVo h¢& S>m°. ZJoÝÐ Zo R>rH$ H$hm h¢¡, ""BZHo$ AmXemo© Am¡a ì¶dhmam| ‘| gd©Ì EH$énVm Zht {‘bVr& CXmhaUmW©, Q>¡Jmoa n[adma ~«m÷ Wm& ~«m÷ g‘mO ‘| ‘y{V©nyOm Ho$ {bE H$moB© ñWmZ Zht h¡, na Q>¡Jmoa n[adma Iy~ Yy‘Ym‘ Ho$ gmW XþJm}Ëgd ‘ZmVm Wm& Am¶©g‘mO ‘| dU©ì¶dñWm OÝ‘Zm Zht, H$‘©Um ‘mZr OmVr h¢, na Am¶© g‘m{O¶m| ‘| ~hþV H$‘ bmoJ {‘b|Jo Omo Om{V Ho$ ~mha {ddmh g§~§Y ñWm{nV H$aZo ‘| g§H$moM H$m AZw^d Z H$aVo aho hmo& Xþgam AÝV{d©amoY ¶h Wm {H$ amOm am‘‘mohZ am¶, amZS>o Am{X ~hþV go bmoJ {~«Q>re amÁ¶ H$mo Xoe Ho$ {bE daXmZ g‘PVo Wo, bo{H$Z àOm Ho$ XmohZ, emofU Am{X H$m {damoY H$aVo Wo& g‘mO ‘| EH$ Amoa g§ñH¥${VH$aU ~‹T> ahm Wm, Vmo Xþgar Amoa bm¡{H$H$sH$aU& g^r gwYmaH$m| H$mo EH$ Amoa {dXo{e¶m| Ho$ gm‘Zo AnZo Y‘© Am¡a g§ñH¥${V H$s dH$mbV H$aZr nS>Vr Wr Vmo Xþgar Amoa Xoedm{g¶m| Ho$ gm‘Zo Y‘© H$m Z¶m AWm©nU H$aZm n‹S>Vm Wm&'' Omo ̂ r hmo ̂ maVr¶ Y‘© ‘| {hÝXÿ Y‘© EH$ àH$ma H$s g§H«${V H$mb go JwOa ahm Wm& Y‘© H$m Z¶m Ñï>rH$moZ A{dîH¥$V hmo ahm Wm& ¶h g~Hw$N> {~«Q>rem| Ho$ H$maU g§^d hþAm Bgo pñdH$maZo ‘| H$moB© g§H$moM Zhr hmoZm Mm{hE& ̂ maV Ho$ AmYw{ZH$sH$aU H$s ¶h àma§{^H$ pñW{V¶m± Wr& {Og‘| Y‘© H$mo Z¶o gm±Mo ‘| T>mbZm Oéar Wm& n[adV©Z H$s à{H$¶m H$m ¶h AJmO B©gmB©¶m| H$s XoZ ahr h¢& JUV§Ì Ho$ A{d^m©d Ho$ gmW hr AgmåàXm{¶H$ OZdmXr emgZ H$s Ztd nS>r& g‘Vm, ñdV§ÌVm, ̂ mB©Mmao Ho$ gmW gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶ h¸$ Zo Y‘© Ho$ ñdén H$mo hr ~Xb {X¶m, dh VH©$ Ho$ ~b na g‹S>r-Jbr é{‹T>¶m| Ho$ dM©ñd Ho$ {déÜX AmdmO XoZo bJm h¡§& {’$a ̂ r Y‘© Ho$ Zm‘ na ‘Zwî¶ ̂ mdZmAm| H$mo ̂ wbZo H$m H$m¶© gm§ñH¥${VH$ amï´>dm{X¶m| H$s Amoa go ~XñVwa Omar h¢& ¶hr H$maU h¢ H$s àJ{Verb H$ho OmZodmbo ‘hmamï´> Ho$ ‘w»¶‘§Ìr Ho$ hmW JUoeOr Xþ½YnmZ H$a aho h¢& amOñWmZ {dYmZ ̂ dZ n[aga ‘| ‘Zw-‘wVu H$s à{Vð>mnZm hmo MwH$s h¢& Y‘©g§gX H$s KmofUm Zo ‘mZdVm H$mo nN>m‹S>H$a aIm h¢& A~ g§{dYmZ Zhr, g§{hVmE± hmoJr H$m ZmX Jy±O ahm h¡& gZ 1990 Ho$ ~mX H$m gm{hË¶ Bgr H$m à{V’$bZ h¢&

5.5 Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr¶m± …

gm[hË¶ H$m B{Vhmg ~XbVr hþB© A{^é{M¶m| Am¡a g§doXZmAm| H$m B{Vhmg hmoVm h¡, {OgH$m grYm g§~§Y Am{W©H$ Am¡a {MÝVZmË‘H$ n[adV©Z go h¢& AWm©V ¶h ñnï> h¡ H$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V¶m± ‘mZd H$s gmoM ‘| n[adV©Z - {ZYm©aU H$aVr h¢& Bg ~mV H$mo {dÛOZm| Zo ñdrH$mam h¡§ H$s ^maV ‘| 1857 Ho$ ~mX A§J«oOr Zr{V H$m Am{W©H$ T>m±Mm {dH${gV hmo ahm Wm& EH$ Va’$ H$ƒm ‘mb B§½bo¢S> ̂ oOH$a n¸o$ ‘mb ‘| n[adV©Z Ho$ gmW A{YH$ Xm‘ ‘| dh ̂ maVr¶ ~mOma ‘| CVmam OmVm Wm& Bgr ‘| ^maVr¶ OZVm H$mo Xmoham emofU ñnï> hmoVm h¢& {OgHo$ H$maU ‘±hJmB©, Q>¡³g, X[aÐVm Am¡a Cna go AH$mb O¡gr g‘ñ¶mAm| Zo {~«Q>rem| Ho$ {déÜX ̂ maVr¶ OZVm ‘| Ag§Vmof n¡Xm {H$¶m& ñdXoer H$m ñdrH$ma Am¡a {dXoer H$m ~{hîH$ma O¡go Am§XmobZ CâH$a Am¶o& amï´>r¶ H$m±J«og Ho$ XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr Zo Bg na àH$me S>mbH$a amï´>{hV H$s ^mdZm H$mo OJm¶m&

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gm‘«mÁ¶dmXr emgZ Zo Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg Vmo {H$¶m na§Vw ny§OrdmXr ì¶dñWm H$mo ̂ r ‘O~yV ~Zm¶m& AnZo emgZmZwHy$b nw§Orn{V¶m| H$mo CÝhm|Zo ~T>mdm {X¶m& CÚmoJm| Ho$ H$maU nmaånm[aH$ ̂ maVr¶ CÚmoJ Y§Xo àm¶… Zï> hmo aho Wo Am¡a Jm±d H$m H$m[aJa ~oH$ma& {H$gmZm| na ‘mb JwOmar H$m ~moP bmXm J¶m& n[aUm‘V… J«m‘rU H$marJa Ed§ {H$gmZ emofU H$s M¸$s ‘| {ngVm J¶m& Yrao-Yrao ‘OXÿa g§JR>Z ~Zo& dJ©g§Kf© Zo Omoa nH$‹S>m& Xoeì¶mnr X[aÐVm Zo l{‘H$ dJ© H$mo g§Kf© H$s àoaUm Xr& l{‘H$ dJ© Zo BgH$m {damoY {H$¶m& ^maVoÝXþ O¡go gm{hË¶H$mam| ‘| n¡ YZ {dXoe Mbr OmVr »dmar H$m ̂ md n¡Xm hþAm& amï´>{hV Ho$ {bE ñdmV§ÌVm g§Kf© A{Zdm¶© h¡ H$s pñW{V n¡Xm hþB©& H$mbm§VaU‘| n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZmAm| Zo Xoe H$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V ‘| gwYma bmZo ‘| ¶moJXmZ {X¶m h¢& A~ emofU O¡gr pñW{V¶m± Zht ahr h¢& gwYma hþAm h¢& AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX ¶h ‘mZ{MÌ ~XbZo bJm {’$a ̂ r g‘w{MV CÞ{V Zht hmo nmB©& AmOmXr go gm‘mÝ¶OZ, H${d¶m| H$m ‘moh^§J hmo J¶m Yy{‘b CgH$s ’$blw{V h¢& gaH$ma Zo amoOJma Jma§Q>r Xr na§Vy ¶moOZm Ho$ Vh²V {‘bZodmbo EH$ én¶o H$m n§Ðh n¡go {hñgm Jar~ OZVm Ho$ nmg nhþ±MVm h¡ Bgo amOrd J§mYr Zo hr Bgo ì¶³V {H$¶m h¡& dV©‘mZ ‘| Vmo ¶h Ag‘mZVm A{YH$ ~‹T>r h¡& ImVm-{nVm {H$gmZ hmoar Ho$ O‘mZo ‘| Mbm J¶m h¢& ’$H©$ Hw$N> Bg Vah H$m h¡ nhbo ‘hmOZ, nw§OrnVr {H$gmZm| Ho$ AZmO H$mo bwQ>Vo Wo, Ka na Oár bmVo Wo, AmO ¶hr H$m‘ AmYw{ZH$ ~¢H$ Am¡a Zm¡H$aemh H$a ahr§ h¢& hmoar Ho$ O‘mZo ‘| em¶X {H$gmZ AmË‘hË¶m H$aVm hmoJm {H$ÝVw ¶hm± hOmam| Ho$ Am±H$S>o nma hmo ah| h¢& nw§OrnVr ì¶dñWm Zo EH$ hmoar n¡Xm {H$¶m Wm Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU, CXmarH$aU, Zo H$B© hmoar H$mo OÝ‘ {X¶m h¢& dV©‘mZ gm{hË¶ BgH$s A{^ì¶p³V h¢& h‘Zo Am{W©H$ àJVr H$s h¢ na ~‹S>o CÚmoJn{V Ho$ én ‘|, g‘¥ÜX {H$gmZ, ‘OXÿa Ho$ én ‘| Zht& ‘hmOZr, ny§OrdmXr gä¶Vm H$m Omb AmO ̂ r ’¡$bm hþAm h¢&

5.6 gm[hpË¶H$ n[apñWVr …

ew³bOr Ho$ AZwgma gm{hË¶ OZVm H$s g§{MV {MÎmd¥{Îm¶m| H$m à{Vq~~ h¡ H$m AW© h¢ gm‘m{OH$, amOZ¡{VH$, Ym{‘©H$, Am{W©H$ n[apñW{V¶m| H$m Ed§ ‘mZdr¶ {H«$¶m-à{H$¶mAm| Ho$ gmW g§doXZmAm| H$m à^md gm{hË¶H$mam| Ho$ ‘Z-‘pñVîH$ na hmoVm h¢& Bgr H«$moS>> ‘| g¥OZ g§^d h¢& JÚ ¶wJ H$s ¶hr {deofVm ahr h¢& n[aUm‘V… gm{hË¶ Ho$ {df¶ Ed§ CZHo$ à{VnmXZ H$s e¡br {ZVm§V AbJ h¢&

ar{VH$mbrZ l¥§Jm[aH$Vm nyU© ^wp³V gm{hË¶ H$s {deofVm h¢& Ab§H$aU H$s àd¥{Îm H$^r-H$^r AZb§H¥$V ‘| ~Xbr, Zmar H$m én ~Xbm, àH¥$Vr Zo ñWmZ nm¶m, dra, l¥§Jma ag H$s OJh {dÐmoh, H$éU Zo bo br& AmoO amï´>r¶Vm H$m nmofH$ hþAm& ào‘ H$s nwH$ma OZ nwH$ma ‘| ~Xbr& ~«O^mfm H$s OJh I‹S>r ~mobr Zo bo br& ‘w³VH$, à~§Y H$s OJh H$hmZr, CnÝ¶mg H$m A{d©^md H«$m§{VH$mar gm{~V hþAm& Xoe Ho$ OrdZ ‘| gm{hË¶ H$m Z¶m én Am¡a Voda n[adV©ZH$mar gm{~V hþAm& B©ída, amOm, àH¥$Vr H$s OJh ‘Zwî¶ Am¡a CgH$s gwI-XþI H$s g§doXZmAm| Z| bo br& àOm H$s {MÝVm gm{hË¶ H$s ‘mZdr¶ {MÝVm ‘| ‘wIa hþB© & ¶h Zd¶wJrZ g‘¶ ‘| gm{hË¶ H$s H$B© {dYmAm| H$m OÝ‘XmVm hþAm& H$hmZr, CnÝ¶mg, ZmQ>H$, EH$m§H$s, OrdZr, aoIm{MÌ, g§ñ‘aU, AmË‘H$WZ, [anmoVm©O, S>m¶ar, nÌ BZ {dYmAm| ‘| ‘yV© hþAm &

113

nmíMmË¶ gm{hË¶ Ed§ gm{hË¶ àd¥{Îm¶mo Ho$ gmW AmbmoMZm npÜX{V¶m| H$m {dH$mg gm{hË¶ H$mo ~¥hÎma ~Zm {X¶m& AZwdmX H$m joÌ{dñVma hþAm& ~m§½mbm, ‘amR>r, JwOamVr hr Zht A§J«oOr, égr H$m àm~ë¶ ~‹T>m& {dídÑ{ï> H$s ì¶mnH$Vm Zo gm{hË¶ Ho$ {df¶JV Ed§ H$bmJV ‘yë¶m| ‘| n[adV©Z bmH$a Z¶o gm{hpË¶H$ Am§XmobZmo H$mo OÝ‘ {X¶m& àJ{V-à¶moJ Ho$ ~mX, AH${dVm, g‘H$mbrZ H${dVm, H$hmZr-g§‘mVa, A-H$hmZr Ho$ Xm¡a ‘hËdnyU© ah| h¢&

gm{hË¶ boIZ H$s B{Vhmg Ñ{ï>¶m± {dH${gV hþB©& BgH$m boIZ, nwZ©boIZ, hmoZo bJm& "AmYo' H$mo nwam H$aZo Ho$ {bE X{bV, ‘{hbm boIZ AnZr Apñ‘Vm-ApñVËd H$mo boH$a H|$Ð ‘| Am MwH$m h¢& CZH$m OrdZ-Xe©Z gm{hË¶ joÌ H$mo {demb ~Zm MwH$m h¢ &

5.7 Cng§hma …

^maVoÝXÿ H$s amï´>r¶Vm, {ÛdoXr ¶wJ H$s g‘mO gwYma, ^mfm gwYma ^mdZm, N>m¶mdmXr OrdZ-Ñï>r Ho$ ~mX àJ{Verb A§XmobZ ‘| CnOm OZdmXr gm{hpË¶H$ g§ñH$ma, Z¶o à¶moJ ‘| ~Xbm& dh ZB© g§H$ënZmAm| ‘o§ gm‘Zo Am¶m& g§‘mVa hþAm& AmO ¶h gm{hË¶ H$B© ‘mo‹S>mo go JwOaVo hþE {ZVm§V Z¶o àíZm| H$mo {d{^Þ Voda go CR>m ahm h¢& X{bV, ór, gmåàXm{¶H$Vm, g§~§Yr gm{hË¶ Zo amï´> H$s MoVZm H$mo gm‘Zo bm¶m h¢& JÚ H$s e{º$embr MoVZm Zo Cgo ì¶mnH$ Ed§ C{MV én ‘| àñVwV {H$¶m h¢& g§nyU© H$mb H$m ‘wë¶m§H$Z Wmo‹S>o go eãXm| ‘| g§^d Zht h¢ na§Vy ZdrZ g§Kf© H$s ~wpÜX{Odr, ‘mZdVmdmXr Ñï>r Zo gm‘m{OH$, amO{Z{VH$, Ym{‘©H$, Am{W©H$ joÌm| H$s CWb-nwWb H$s A{^ì¶§OZm gmW©H$ ‹T>§J go H$s h¢& ZdMoVZm H$m ¶h boIZ ~hþ‘wIr Am¡a ¶wJmZwén h¢& ³¶m|H$s boIZ Ho$ joÌ ‘| nÚ Ho$ gmW-gmW JÚ H$m {dH$mg, I‹S>r ~mobr H$m gdm©{YH$ à¶moJ, amï´>r¶ ̂ mdZm H$m {dH$mg, gm‘m{OH$ joÌ ‘| ‘mZdVmdmX, Z¶m OmJaU, gm{hË¶ H$m {d{dY ‘wIr à¶moJ Ed§ {dH$mg, l¥§Jma go ‘w{º$, àH¥${V H$m gw‘Ywa {MÌU, Z¶o dmXm| H$m gm{hpË¶H$ joÌ ‘| àdoe, A§J«oOr {dÛmZm| H$m {hÝXr gm{hË¶ na à^md, O¡go àVrH$dmX, A{^ì¶§OZmdmX, à¶moJ H$s ewédmV Ho$ gmW-gmW B©ída, amOm, àH¥${V Ho$ bå~o g‘¶ VH$ H|$Ð ‘| ahZo Ho$ ~mX gm‘mÝ¶ {H$gmZ, ‘OXÿa, ‘moMr, Hww$Hw$a‘wÎmm O¡go {df¶m| na à^mdr OZOrdZ go Ow‹S>o {df¶m| na boIZ Bgr ¶wJ H$s XoZ h¢&

5.8 ~moY àíZ …-

1. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n[apñW{V¶m| na àH$me S>m{bE&

114

115

^maVoÝXw - ¶wJrZ H$mì¶

5A.0 BH$mB© ê$naoIm

5A.1 n[aM¶

5A.2 H$mì¶ àd¥{Îm¶m±

5A.3 ‘yë¶m§H$Z

5A.4 Cng§hma

5A.5 ~moY àíZ

5A.0 BH$mB© H$m CÔoí¶

H$. ^maVoÝXþ ¶wJrZ H$mì¶ {hÝXr H$m AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY go g§nÞ àW‘ H$mì¶ h¡&I. ^maVoÝXþ ñd§¶ ‘| EH$ ¶wJ Wo {OÝhm|Zo H$B© gwYmadmXr ̂ mdZmE± gm{hË¶ go àH$Q>

H$s h¡&J. ñdV§ÌVm A§XmobZ H$s O‘rZ V¡¶ma H$aZo ‘| ¶h ¶wJ ~ohX ‘hËdnyU© h¡&K. ^maVoÝXþ ¶wJrZ H$mì¶ àd¥{Îm¶m| H$m AÜ¶¶Z H$aZm&S>. BZ H$mì¶ àd¥{Îm¶m| H$m ‘yë¶m§H$Z H$a AmYw{ZH$ {hÝXr H${dVm H$m Ama§^ H¡$go

hþAm ¶h g‘PZm Oê$ar h¢&

5A.1 àñVmdZm/n[aM¶

^maVoÝXþ ¶wJrZ H${dVm ‘| ^maVoÝXþ hr à‘wI hñVmja h¢& CZH$s H${dVm ‘| gm‘m{OH$Vm H$m Ame¶ ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| ‘wIa hþAm h¢& gm‘§Vr n[adoe go H${dVm {ZH$bH$a Am¶r Wr& Bg{bE ór Ho$ à{V {dbmgrVm H$s ^mdZm IË‘ hmoH$a CgH$s Xem gwYmaZo hoVy {ejm AmXr na ~b {X¶m OmZo bJm& {dYdm {ddmh, ~mb{ddmh, A§Y{dídmg Am{X H$s H$R>moa AmbmoMZm hmoZo bJr, dU©ì¶dñWm H$m Hw$N> H${d¶m| Zo {damoY {H$¶m Vmo Hw$N> H$s Ñï>r ¶WmpñWVr dmXr hr ahr& dñVwV… ̂ maVoÝXþ ¶wJ ‘| AÝV{d©amoY gm’$ PbH$Vo h¢& amï´>r¶Vm, {~«Q>re emgZ, dU©ì¶dñWm, {dYdm {ddmh, O¡go ‘w»¶ {df¶m| Ho$ g§X^© ‘| do CâH$a Am¶o h¢& Omo ̂ r hmo na§Vy Z¶o ¶wJ H$s H${dVm g§H«$‘UmdñWm go JwOa ahr Wr Bg{bE Hw$N> Hw$[a{V¶m| H$m IÊS>Z, gm‘m{OH$ XþamdñWm àVr XþI, Am{W©H$ emofU à{V {damoY, IoX, YZ {dXoer OmZo H$m {damoY O¡gr Hw$N> à‘wI KQ>ZmAm| H$m {MÌU H${dVm ‘| Am¶m h¢&

^maVoÝXþ H$m ¶wJ gmYmaUV… S>m°. ZJoÝÐ Ho$ AZwgma ^maVoÝXþ g§nm{XV ‘m{gH$ n{ÌH$m "H${ddMZ gwYm' H$m àH$meZ df© 1868 B©. go, gañdVr Ho$ àH$meZ df© 1900 B© VH$ h¢& A{YH§$me {dÛmZm| Zo AmYw{ZH$ ¶wJ H$m àma§^ hr 1843 go ‘mZm h¢& ̂ maVoÝXþ H$m OÝ‘ 1850 ‘| hþAm Am¡a ‘¥Ë¶w 1885& S>m°. ZJoÝÐ Zo hr H$hm h¢ H$s, "H$moB© H$mì¶àd¥{Îm R>rH$ {H$gr

5-A

{ZpíMV df© àma§^ hmoH$a {H$gr {ZpíMV df© ‘| g‘má Zht hmoVr&' S>m°. am‘MÝÐ ew³b ^r 1868 go 1883 VH$ Ho$ 25 df© H$mo H$mb H$s Z¶r Ymam- àW‘ CËWmZ Ho$ én ‘| ñdrH¥$V H$aVo h¢& {‘l ~§YwAm| Zo ^r 1868-1888 BZ 19 dfm] H$moo ^maVoÝXw ¶wJ H$hm h¢& S>m°. Ho$garZmam¶U ew³b Zo 1865 go 1900 VH$ Ho$ 35 dfm] H$mo ^maVoÝXþ H$mb ‘mZm h¡& ‘m³g©dmXr F${f S>m°. am‘{dbmg e‘m© ̂ r 1868 go 1900 VH$ Ho$ H$mb H$mo ̂ maVoÝXþ ¶wJ hr ‘mZVo h¢ {H$ÝVw A{YH$m§e {dÛmZm| Zo S>m°.ZJoÝÐ Ho$ H$mbIÝS> H$mo (^maVoÝXþ ¶wJ) ¶mo½¶ Ed§ VH©$ewÜX én ‘| pñdH$ma {H$¶m h¢&

ar[VH$mb H$m A§V h‘Zo 1843 ‘mZm h¢ Vmo 1943 go 1967 Ho$ ~rM {H$g àH$ma H$m H$mì¶ {bIm Om ahm hmoJm Eogm àíZ nmR>H$m| Ho$ ‘Z ‘| Câ gH$Vm h¢& S>m°. ZJoÝÐ Zo CgH$m ^r CÎma {X¶m h¢, "1843 go 1967 VH$ H$m H¥${VËd Z Vmo nyU©V… ar{VH$mb Ho$ à^md-joÌ Ho$ AÝVJ©V AmVm h¢ Am¡a Z Bg‘| ̂ maVoÝXþ-¶wJ H$s nwZOm©JaU‘ybH$ àd¥{Îm¶m± {dÚ‘mZ h¢& AV… BgH$m AZwerbZ ^maVoÝXþ ¶wJ H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ Ho$ én ‘| {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡& ³¶m| H$s Bg H$mbIÝS> ‘| ^p³V, l¥§Jma, Zr{V, hmñ¶, dra ^mdZmAm| H$s gm{hË¶ g¥OZm hmo ahr Wr& H$mì¶emór¶ J«§Wmo H$m g¥OZ ̂ r hmo ahm Wm {H$ÝVw AmYw{ZH$Vm go CgH$m Ow‹S>md nyU©V… Zhr§ Wm& Z¶o T>§J H$m boIZ ‘mÌ ^maVoÝXþ go hr àma§^ hmo OmVm h¢& ^maVoÝXþ ¶wJ H$s H${dVm H$m bú¶ {H$gr gm‘§V amOm H$mo [aPmZm, àgÞ H$aZm Zht Wm, bmoH$ OmJaU ’¡$bmZm Wm& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo H$mì¶ én ̂ r ~Xbo Am¡a H$mì¶ àd¥{Îm¶m± ̂ r& n[adoe Vmo ~Xb hr ahm Wm&

5A.2 ^maVoÝXþ ¶wJrZ H$mì¶ H$s àd¥{Îm¶m± …-

^maVoÝXþ ~m~w H$mo AmYw{ZH$ {hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$m àdV©H$ ‘mZm OmVm h¢& ̂ mfm, H$mì¶ énm| H$s {d{dYVm, Z¶m OmJaU g§Xoe CÝht H$s H${dVm Ûmam {hÝXr gm{hË¶ ‘| Am¶m& Bg{bE {hÝXr ZdOmJaU Ho$ gm{hpË¶H$ AJ«XÿV ^r CÝh| H$hm OmVm h¢& l¥§Jma Am¡a {dbm{gVm Ho$ H|$Myb H$mo CÝhm|Zo Xÿa {H$¶m Wm Am¡a H${dVm H$mo OZgmYmaU Ho$ {ZH$Q> bm¶m& Zm{¶H$m H$m ZI{eI dU©Z, Am¡a {dah H$s ì¶mHw$b H$m ñWmZ, Xoe H$s OZVm H$s XþX©em H$m dU©Z, Xoe ñdm{^‘mZ H$s ̂ mdZm Zo bo {b¶m& ¶hr H$maU h¡ H$s l¥§Jma, Ab§H$ma, ar{V {ZénU, àH¥${V H$m CÔrnZ {MÌU àm¶: H$‘ hmoVm J¶m& ̂ p³V, Zr{V ̂ r {nN>‹S>Vr J¶r& OmVr¶, amï´>r¶ à~moYZ H$mo naml¶ {‘bm& amï´>r¶ ̂ mdZmAm| H$m Xoe ̂ {º$ H$m {MÌU Bg H$mcI§S> ‘| A{YH$ XoIm Om gH$Vm h¢& {ejm H$m ‘hËd, {dYdm {ddmh H$m g‘W©Z, ~mb{ddmh H$m {damoY, A§Jo«Or amOZr{V H$s AmbmoMZm, amO^p³V, Jmo-ajm O¡go {df¶ H${dVm Ho$ Ho$ÝÐ ‘| AmE& {~«{Q>em| Zo ^m¡{VH$ gmYZm| VH$© nÕ{V¶m| emgZ à~§YZ go Z¶m ¶wJ nhbo hr bm¶m Wm& ‘wÐU V§Ì H$m A{dîH$ma, g‘mMmanÌm| H$m {dH$mg Am{X Zo OZ-OmJaU H$mo ’¡$bmZo ‘| ‘hËdnyU© ^w{‘H$m {Z^mB© & g‘mOgwYma Ed§ Xoe gwYma H$s ̂ mdZm n„{dV-nwînrV hmoVr JB©&

^maVoÝXþ H$mb Ho$ à‘wI AÝ¶ gm{hË¶H$mam| Zo ^r ^maVoÝXþ H$s àd¥{Îm¶m| H$mo ñdrH$mam Am¡a gm{hË¶ g¥OZ {H$¶m& {OZ‘| ‘hËdnwU© h¡, ~XarZmam¶U Mm¡Yar ào‘KZ, àVmnZmam¶U {‘l, OJÝ‘mohZ qgh, amYmH¥$îU Xmg, OJÞmWXmg aËZmH$a, ZdZrV MVwd}Xr

116

Am{X& S>m°. ZJoÝÐ Zo amï´>r¶Vm, gm‘m{OH$ MoVZm, ^p³V^mdZm, l¥§Jm[aH$Vm, àH¥${V {MÌU, hmñ¶-ì¶§J, ar{V-{ZénU, g‘ñ¶mnw{V©, H$mì¶mZwdmX, H$bmnj Ho$ AÝVJ©V AmZodmbr àd¥{Îm¶m| H$m {díbofU AnZo B{Vhmg ‘| {H$¶m h¢&

1. Xoe^p³V A¡ma amO^p³V …-

^maVoÝXþ ¶wJ ‘| Xoe^p³V Ho$ gmW amO^{º$ H$s àgma ̂ mdZm H$m A{dîH$ma hþAm h¢& Xoe^p³V Ho$ A§VJ©V hr amï´>r¶Vm H$m {dñVma ‘mÌ CZH$s CnbpãY aht h¢& dra àVmn, N>Ìgmb, amOm {edmOr Zo joÌ {deof draVm, amï´>r¶Vm H$m à{VnmXZ {H$¶m& ̂ yfU O¡go H${d¶m| Zo& Cgr àH$ma H$m {MÌU {H$¶m naÝVw ñd¶§ ~m~y ̂ maVoÝXþ Zo jo{Ì¶Vm go D$na g§nyU© amï´> H$s ZãO H$mo Q>Q>mobZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m& Bg H$mb Ho$ H${d¶m| ‘§o Xoe^p³V Ed§ amO^p³V H$s ̂ mdZm H$m H${dVm Ûmam A{^ì¶³V {H$¶ h¢& S>m°. ZJoÝÐ Ho$ AZwgma Xoe^p³V H$s ¶h ̂ mdZm ~mX ‘| ‘¡{WbreaU Jwá H$s "^maV-^maVr' ‘| b{jV hþB© ñd¶§ ^maVoÝXþ H$s "{dO{¶Zr' {dO¶ "d¡O¶ÝVr', ào‘YZ H$s "AmZ§X AéUmoX¶', àVmnZmam¶U {‘l H$s "‘hmnd©', amYmH¥$îUXmg H$s "^maV ~mah‘mgm' Am¡a {dZ¶ erf©H$ H${dVmE± Xoe^p³V go nw[aV Ed§ ào[aV h¢ -

""^rVa ^rVa g~ ag Myg¡,h§{g h§{g Ho$ VZ ‘Z YZ ‘yg¡&

Om{ha ~mVZ ‘| A{V VoO,³¶m| g{I g‚mZ! Zht A§JaoO&''

O¡gr H${dVm {bIH$a A§J«oOm| Ûmam {H$¶o OmZodmbo emofU H$m {MÌ do ItMVo h¢ & Xoedm{g¶m| H$mo OmJ¥V H$aVo {XIV| h¢ &

Vmo Xÿgar Amoa A§J«oOm| Ûmam Xoe H$s g§nÎmr H$m hmoZodmbm XmohZ XoIH$a ‘Z ̂ mar hmo OmVm h¢ -

A§J«oO amO gwI gmO gOo g~ ^mar,n¡ YZ {dXoe Mb OmV ¶h Am{V ñdmar&

H$m ̂ md CZH$s H${dVm ‘| ì¶³V hþAm h¢& ̂ maVoÝXþ ¶wJ H$s H${dVm amï´>r¶ ̂ mdZm H$s H${dVm h¢& {dXoer dñVwAm| Ho$ à¶moJ H$m ~{hîH$ma ̂ r CÝhm|Zo {H$¶m h¢& Xoe H$s OmJ¥{V Ho$ {bE ~ma-~ma B©ída d§XZm ^r do H$aVo h¢& Xoe Ho$ gm‘m{OH$, amOZr{VH$, Am{W©H$ VWm Ym{‘©H$ nVZ H$mo XoIH$a do AVrV H$m Jm¡ad JmZ ̂ r H$aVo h¢& {Oggo gmåàXm{¶H$ ̂ mdZmAm| Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| AmJo MbH$a gh¶moJ {‘b|& CZH$m {hÝXr-{hÝXÿ-{hÝXÿñVmZ dmbm JwUJmZ Bgr H$mo{Q> H$m h¢ &

A§J«oOr amO Ho$ H$maU ̂ maV ‘wJbm| Ho$ H$R>moa emgZ go ‘w³V hþAm, BgàH$ma H$m EH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ ̂ maVoÝXþ H$s H${dVm ‘| Am¶m h¢& AË¶mMma nyU© emgZ H$s g‘m{á àVr do g§Vmof Om{ha H$aVo hþE A§J«oOm| à{V amO^p³V/{Zð>m H$mo ̂ r Bg g‘¶ H$s H${dVm ì¶³V H$aVo h¢& Bg Xoe ‘| gwYma bmZo H$s Jwhma ̂ r do {~«Q>rem| à{V bJmVo h¢ & EH$ Amoa ¶h H${dVm Xoe^p³V H$m n[aM¶ XoVr h¢ Vmo EH$ Amoa amO^p³V H$m & ñd§¶ ̂ maVoÝXþ ~m~y H$mo {~«{Q>e amO na‘ ‘moj

117

H$m ’$b bJVm h¢ -

""na‘-‘moj ’$b amOnX nagZ OrdZ ‘m±hr &~¥Q>Z XodVm amOgwV na naghþ {MV Mm{h&&''

{dÛmZm| H$mo amO^p³V àXe©Z Ho$ H$maU én ‘| H§$nZr Ho$ AË¶mMmanyU© emgZ g‘m{á Am¡a Z¶r emgZ Ed§ Z¶r ì¶dñWm H$s ñWmnZm H$m pñdH$ma ̂ r bJVr h¢ -

""boH$a amO H§$nZr Ho$ H$a gm¡ {ZO hmWZ,{H$E gZmW ^mobr ^maV H$s àOm AZmWZ&''

‘| ì¶º$ hmoVr h¢§ & {Og‘| amO^p³V gm’$ PbH$Vr h¢ , ‘hmamUr {d³Q>mo[a¶m H$s KmofUm H$m ñdmJV, {d³Q>mo[a¶m H$s ‘¥Ë¶y na emoH$, bmS>© [anZ Ho$ à{V lÜXm§Obr Am{X {df¶m| na Bg H$mb Ho$ H${d¶m| Zo H${dVm {bIr h¢ & {’$a ̂ r "ào‘YZ' O¡go H${d A§J«oOm| H$mo ̂ maV {hV Ho$ {bE amO H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$hVo h¢

""H$ahþ AmO gm| amO Amn Ho$db ^maV {hV,Ho$db ^maV Ho$ {hV gmYZ ‘| XrZo {MV &''

{dÛmZm| H$m H$hZm h¢ amO^p³V Ho$ A§VJ©V AmZodmbr H${dVm H$mo XoIH$a H${d¶m| na amOÐmoh ¶m gmåàXm{¶H$Vm H$m Xmof bJmZm Zht Mm{hE& ghr ^r h¢ na§Vy Bg H$mb Ho$ gm{hË¶ Zo gmåàXm{¶H$Vm H$s àd¥{Îm H$m ~rOmamonZ {H$¶m Bgo ZOaA§XmO Zht {H$¶m Om gH$Vm& ZJoÝÐ Ho$ AZwgma ^bo hr "¶h Z¶r amOZr{VH$ MoVZm H$s H${dVm hmo' {’$a ^r ¶h H$hZm hmoJm H$s ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX ^maV CÎma Z¶r amOZr{V go é‹T> hmoH$a gZ 1990 Ho$ gm{hË¶, amOZr{V ‘| ¶ht CâH$a Am¶r& Bgr H$maU ZdOmJaU H$mo hr {hÝXÿY‘© nwZéËWmZ Ho$ én ‘| e§^wZmW, dra ̂ maV Vbdma O¡go {dÛmZm| Zo XoIm Omo ghr à{VV hmoVr h¢&

2. Z¶r gm‘m{OH$ MoVZm …

¶wJrZ H${dVm Zo Z¶r gm‘m{OH$ g‘ñ¶mAm| na H${dVm {bIr& {Og‘| gm‘m{OH$ g‘ñ¶mAm| H$mo Xÿa H$aVo hþE, ~«m÷ g‘mO, Am¶© g‘mO, Ho$ Am§XmobZm| H$m à^md Cº$ H$mb H$s H${dVm na n‹S>o& {dYdm {ddmh H$m g‘W©Z, ~mb{ddmh H$m {damoY, gVr àWm H$m {damoY, Nw>AmNy>V àVr CXmaVm H$m Ñï>rH$moU, g‹S>r-Jbr é{‹T>¶m| H$m {damoY, H$aZo Ho$ {bE ‘Ü¶dJ© Ho$ gm‘m{OH$ OrdZ H$m {MÌU H${dVm ‘| Am¶m& EH$ Vah go ¶h H${dVm OZdmX H$s Amoa Ñï>rnmV H$aVr h¢& ̂ maVoÝXþ ¶wJ Ho$ H${d¶m| H$mo g‘mOgwYma Ho$ H${d ‘mZm OmVm h¢& {Og na àíZ ̂ r CR>Vo h¢& Hw$N> H${d CXmaVm H$m n[aM¶ Zht XoVo& "^maV Y‘©' H${dVm ‘| A§{~H$m XÎm ì¶mg Ûmam dUm©l‘ Y‘© H$m Ñ‹T>Vmnyd©H$ AZw‘moXZ Am¡a amYmMaU Jmoñdm‘r Ûmam {d{^Þ H${dVmAm| ‘| àmMrZ emó-Zr{V¶m| H$m g‘W©Z Ed§ {dYdm-{ddmh H$m {damoY Eogo hr CXmhaU h¢& AWm©V ¶h ñnï> h¢ H$r Hw$N> H${d g‘mOgwYma Ho$ AmJ«hr Wo Vmo Hw$N> ¶WmpñWVrdmX H$mo ~Zm¶o aIZo ‘| YÝ¶Vm ‘mZVo Wo&

118

ñd¶§ ^maVoÝXþ Zo ‘mÌ gwYmaUmdmXr Ñï>rH$moZ AnZm¶m h¢& "^maV XþX©em' O¡go ZmQ>H$m| ‘| dU©ì¶dñWm H$s g§H$sU©Vm H$m {damoY CÝhm|Zo {H$¶m h¢ - ~hþV h‘Zo ’¡$bm¶o Y‘©, ~‹T>m¶m Nw>AmNy>V H$m H$‘© BZHo$ g‘H$mbrZ H${d ~mb‘wHw$ÝX Jwá Zo ^r g‘mOgwYma H$s Ñï>r AnZm¶r h¢& Y{ZH$m| H$mo g§~mo{YV H$aVo hþE do H$hVo h¢ -

""ho Y{ZH$mo§, ³¶m XrZ OZm| H$s, Zht gwZVo hmo hmhmH$ma,{OgH$m ‘ao nS>mogr ^yIm, CgHo$ ^moOZ H$mo {Y¸$ma&

^yIm| H$s gw{Y CgH$o Ot ‘o, H${hE {H$g nW go Omdo, {OgH$m noQ> {‘ï> ^moOZ go, R>rH$ ZmH$ VH$ â Omd|&&''

dñVwV… Am¶© g‘mO H$s gm‘m{OH$ Ed§ Ym{‘©H$ gwYma d¥Îmr H$m à^md Hw$N> boIH$m| na ñnï> h¢& Hw$N> ghf© ñdrH$maVo h¢, Hw$N> Zht& Eogo hr doX ‘mJ© N>moS>H$a ‘wpñb‘ Y‘© g§ñH¥${V H$mo ñdrH$maZodmbm| H$s H$Qw> AmbmoMZm amYmMaU Jmoñdm‘r H$aVo h¢&

""¶k,¶mJ, g~ ‘oQ> noQ> âZ ‘| MmVwa{nVa {nÝS> Zht XoVo ¶dZ-godm ‘| AmVwa&n‹T>o OZ‘ V¢ ’$magr N>moS>, doX ‘maJ {X¶mo&

hm hm hm {d{Y dm‘ Zo gd©Zme ^maV {H$¶mo&''

"hm hm hm' go ñnï> h¢ H$s Jmoñdm‘r H$s ì¶Wm H$m¡Zgr Am¡a {H$g àH$ma H$s aht h¢ &

àVmnZmam¶U {‘l ^r ór {ejm à{V njnmVr ad¡¶m AnZmVo h¢, ~mb{ddmh H$m {damoY ̂ r H$aVo h¢ Am¡a {dYdmAm| Ho$ XþI go {dbmn ̂ r H$aV| h¢-

""{ZO Y‘© ^br {d{Y OmZ¡, {ZO Jm¡ad n{hMmZ¡,órJU H$mo {dÚm Xod¡, H$[a n{Vd«Vm ¶e bmd¡&PyR>r ¶h Jwbm~ H$s bmbr YmodV hr {‘Q>r Om¶,~mb-ã¶mh H$s ar{V {‘Q>mAmo aho bmbr ‘w±h N>m¶&

{dYdm {dbn¡ {ZV YoZw H$Q>¢ H$moD$ bmJV hm¶ Jmohma Zht&''

nwamUn§Wr Ñ{ï> Ho$ ~mdOyX ^r H${dVm ‘| ~S>r ‘mÌm ‘| gwYmaUmdmXr àd¥{Îm¶m± {dÚ‘mZ h¢& EH$ Vah go ‘mZdVmdmXr {dMmam|-^mdZmAm| H$m g¥OZ H$‘© Bg Xm¡a ‘| ewê$ hmo MwH$m Wm, Eogm H$hm Om gH$Vm h¢&

3. Am{W©H$ qMVmAm| H$m àH$Q>rH$aU …-

{~«{Q>em| Ûmam H$s OmZodmbr Am{W©H$ byQ> H$mo XoIH$a ^maVoÝXþ H$m ‘Z ^r ~S>m ì¶{WV hmo MwH$m Wm& Bg{bE H${d¶m| Zo ñdXoer CÚmoJm| Ed§ dñVwAm| H$m à¶moJ H$aZo H$m AmìhmZ {H$¶m Wm& ̂ maVoÝXw Zo "à~mo{YZr', H${dVm ‘| {dXoer dñVwAm| Ho$ ~{hîH$ma H$mo àË¶j àoaUm Xr h¢& ̂ maVr¶ n[anÌH$ na gdmb CR>mVo hþE ̂ r {~«Q>rem| H$s Am{W©H$ emofU Zr{V H$m {damoY àVmnZmam¶U {‘l O¡go H${d¶m| Zo {H$¶m h¢ -

119

""A^r Xo{IE ³¶m Xem XoeH$s hmo,~XbVm h¢ a§J Amg‘m§ H¡$go H¡$go!''

gm§ñH¥${VH$ amï´>dm{X¶m| H$s Amoa go ̂ r, {dXoer dñVwAm| H$m ~{hîH$ma ̂ md ̂ maVoÝXþ ‘| Am¶m h¢ & {Og‘| do ‘b‘b Am¡a ‘maH$sa H$m ì¶dhma H$aZodmbm| H$s AmbmoMZm H$Qw> eãXm| ‘| H$aVo h¢ -

""‘maH$sZ ‘b‘b {~Zm MbV H$Nw> Zmqh H$m‘,naXogr OwbhmZ Ho$ ‘mZhþ± ^¶o Jwbm‘&''

Vmo {~«{Q>em| H$s gm‘«mÁ¶dmXr Zr{V Ho$ à{V Jham jmo^ ̂ r H${d¶m| Z| ì¶³V H$aVo hþE ñdV§ÌVm H$s ‘m±J H$so h¡ -

""g~ V{O Jhm¡ ñdV§ÌVm, Zqh Mwn bmVo Im~&amOm H$a¡ gmo Ý¶md h¢, nm±gm nao gmo Xm±d&''

¶m VËH$mbrZ ^maVr¶ g‘mO H$s Am{W©H$ XþamdñWm XoIH$a H${d H$éUmÐ© hmo OmVo h¢ -

""amodhþ g~ {‘{b, Amdhþ ^maV ^mB©&hm! hm! ^maV-XþX©em Z XoIr OmB©&&''

^maV H$s Am{W©H$ XþJ©{V H$mo {~«Q>re emgZ H$maUr^yV ahm h¢, Bg ~mV H$mo H${d ^ybVo Zht Am¡a do Xoeào‘ ̂ md H$mo ̂ r ì¶³V H$aZo go MwH$Vo Zht &

4. OZ-OrdZ H$m {MÌU …-

S>m°. am‘{dbmg e‘m© Ho$ AZwgma ^maVoÝXþ ¶wJ H$s OZdmXr ^mdZm CgHo$ g‘mO gwYma ‘| {Z{hV h¢& AmJo do H$hVo h¢ H$s, dh Ho$db amOZr{VH$ ñdmYrZVm H$m gm{hË¶ Z hmoH$a ‘Zwî¶ H$s EH$Vm, g‘Vm Am¡a ̂ mB©Mmao H$m ̂ r gm{hË¶ h¢& ̂ maVoÝXþ ñdXoer AmÝXmobZ Ho$ ̂ r AJ«XÿV Z Wo, do g‘mO gwYmaH$m| ‘| go ̂ r à‘wI Wo& ór-{ejm, {dYdm {ddmh, {dXoe-¶mÌm Am{X Ho$ g‘W©H$ Wo& ........ ^maVr¶ ‘hmOZm| Ho$ nwamZo noeo gyXImoar H$s CÝhm|Zo H$‹S>r AmbmoMZm H$s Wr, gd©Xm go AÀN>o bmoJ ã¶mO ImZm Am¡a Mw‹S>r nhZZm EH$-gm g‘PV| h¢ na A~ Amb{g¶m| H$mo Bgr H$m Adb§~ h¢, Z hmW {hbmZm nS>o Z n¡a, ~¡R>o ~¡R>o ̂ wJVmZ H$a {b¶m& ( H${ddMZ gwYm, 22 {Xgå~a 1873)

H${d¶m| Zo ‘mZd{hV Ho$ {bE gm‘m{OH$ gwYma H$mo AnZmVo hþE Hw$àWmAm|, Ym{‘©H$ {‘Ï¶mMma, N>b-H$nQ>, ñdmW©nam¶UVm, Am{X {df¶m| na H${dVm Ûmam àhma {H$¶m h¢& A§J«oOm| Ho$ emofU {déÜX OmJaU ’¡$bm¶m h¢& àmMrZ ^maVr¶ g§ñH¥${V Ho$ Jm¡ad H$mo AmXe© én ‘| àñVwV {H$¶m h¢& emgZ gwYma H$s AmH$m§jm ̂ r OZ-OrdZ H$mo ì¶³V H$aVr h¢& AnZr H${dVm ‘| ¶WmW© {MÌU g‘mO OrdZ H$m hr {MÌU h¢& OZ-OrdZ H$mo C^maZo hoVy CÝhm|Zo bmdUr, JOb, Rw>‘ar, ‘bma, XmXam O¡go bmoH$JrVm|, g§JrV H$m à¶moJ H${dVm ‘| ̂ maVoÝXþ Zo {H$¶m h¢& OZVm ‘| OmJaU hoVy J«m‘JrVm| Ûmam CÞ{V H$m ‘mJ© BÝhm|Zo ñdrH$mam h¢&

120

5. l¥§Jma H$s H${dVm …-

ar[VH$mbrZ ^p³V Ed§ l¥§Jma H$s naånam ^maVoÝXþ ¶wJ VH$ Mbr Am¶r Wr& {OgH$m à^md CZHo$ gm{hË¶ na n‹S>m h¢& ̂ maVoÝXþ d¡îUd naånam Ho$ CnmgH$ Wo& amYm-H¥$îU Ho$ à{V CZ‘| AZÝ¶ ̂ p³V Wr& gX¡d amOgr R>m±Q>-~m±Q> go ahVo Wo& BZ‘| AZoH$ JwU Wo& na {dbm{gVm BZH$m g~go ~‹S>m AdJwU Wm& EH$ ~ma BÝhm|Zo H$hm Wm -

""OJV Omb ‘| {ZV ~§Ü¶mo, na¶mo Zm[a Ho$ H§$X&{‘Ï¶m A{^‘mZr n{VV, PwR>mo H${d h[aMÝX&&''

CÝhm|Zo amYm-H¥$îU Ho$ ào‘ H$m dU©Z {H$¶m h¢, ‘mYw¶© ^p³VnaH$ l¥§Jma {MÌU, ar{VH$mbrZ nÜX{V na ZI{eI, f‹S>F$Vw Am¡a Zm{¶H$m ôX dU©Z, CXþ© à^md g§nH©$ ‘| doXZmË‘H$ ào‘m{^ì¶p³V ^maVoÝXþ Am¡a ào‘YZ H$s aMZmAmo ‘| {‘bVr h¢& ào‘gamoda, ào‘‘mYwar, ào‘Va§J, ào‘’w$bdmar Am{X aMZmAm| ‘| ̂ maVoÝXþ Zo ̂ p³Vl¥§Jma Am¡a {dewÜX l¥§Jma H$m dU©Z {H$¶m h¢& gm¡ÝX¶©, ào‘, {dah H$s ì¶§OZm ‘| H$ht, H$ht. ¶o XmoZm| CXþ© - H$mì¶e¡br Ho$ à^md ‘| h¢&

ào‘mXe© ‘| do KZmÝm§X, agImZ, Ed§ nÙmH$a O¡go ar{VH$mbrZ H${d¶m| H$m AZwgaU H$aV| h¢ -

gm{O goO a§J Ho$ ‘hb ‘| C‘§J âr&{n¶ Ja bmJr H$m‘-H$gH$ {‘Q>m¶o boV&&

R>m[Z {dnar{V nyar ‘¡Z ‘gygZ gm|&gwaV-g‘a O¶ nÌ{h {bIm¶| boV&&harMÝX CP{H$ CP{H$ a{V Jm‹T>r H$[a& Omo‘ âr {n¶{h PH$moaZ ham¶o boZ&&¶mX H$a nr H$s g~ {ZaX¶ KmV| AOw&àW‘ g‘mJ‘ H$m¡ ~Xbmo MwH$m¶o boV&&

CÝhm|Zo ar{VH$mbrZ H${d¶m| H$s Vah ¶m¡Z-{dH¥${V O¡go ñda{V, g‘a{V, {MÌa{V, dóa{V, nnS>rnZ, a{V BË¶m{X H$m dU©Z {H$¶m h¢& {~hmar, gwaXmg O¡go gm{hpË¶H$ l¥§Jma H$s PbH$ ̂ r BZH$s H${dVm ‘| nm¶r OmVr h¢& {~hmar H$s VO© na - BZ Xþ{I¶m A±{I¶mZ H$mo gwI {gaÁ¶mo hr Zm±hr&

BZ Xþ{I¶mZ H$mo Z gwI gnZo hþ± {‘ë¶m|¶mo§ hr gXm ì¶mHw$b {dH$b AHw$bm¶|Jr&{~Zm àmZ ß¶mao ^¶o Xag {Vhmao hm,

Xo{I brOm| Am±Io ¶o Iwbr ah Om¶±Jr&&

gwaXmg H$s VO© na -

g{I ¶o Z¡Zm ~hþV ~wao&V~ gm| ^¶o nam¶o, h[a gm| O~ gm| OmB Owa|&

121

‘mohZ Ho$ ag â h¢ S>mobV Vb’$b V{ZH$ Xþao&

AÝ¶ H${d¶m| ‘| amYmH¥$îU Xmg, R>mHw$a OJZ‘mohZqgh, A§{~H$m XÎm ì¶mg ‘| l¥§Jma dU©Z nm¶m OmVm h¢ &

6. ^p³V ̂ mdZm …-

h‘Zo nhbo hr H$hm h¢ H$s ^maVoÝXþ d¡îUd ^³V Wo& amYm-H¥$îU Ho$ àVr CZ‘| ^p³V Wr& ~„^ gåàXm¶ ‘| dh Xr{jV Wo&

""‘oao Vmo am{YH$m Zm{¶H$m hmo J{VbmoH$ XmoD$ ahm¡ H¡$ Z{g OmAmo&

‘oao Vmo gmYZ EH$ hr h¢,O¶ Z§Xbmbm d¥f^mZw Hw$‘mar&''

CZHo$ H$mì¶ ‘| {dZ¶-^md H$s ̂ p³V àmá hmoVr h¡§& ào‘YZ Zo "Abm¡{H$H$ brbm' Zm‘H$ H${dVm ‘| ñ’w$Q> ̂ p³V nXm| H$mo aIm h¢, A§{~H$m XÎm ì¶mg H$s "H§$gdY' O¡gr à~§Y aMZm amYmH¥$îUXmg H$s {dZ¶^md¶wº$ H¥$îU ñVwVr H$m C„oI ^maVoÝXþ ¶wJrZ H¥$îU^p³V H$mì¶ Ho$ g§X^© ‘| Amdí¶H$ h¡& BgHo$ Abmdm ào‘YZ H$s "gy¶©ómoV', ̂ maVoÝXþ H$s "CÎmamY© ^³V‘mb', Am¡a "H$m{V©H$ñZmZ', àVmnZmam¶U {‘l H$s "ZdamÌ Ho$ nX', Am¡a amYmMaU Jmoñdm‘r H$s "Zd^³V‘mb' C„oIZr¶ H¥${V¶m± h¢&

^maVoÝXþ ‘| ^p³V XoemZwamJr ^md ^r {XImB© XoVm h¢& AWm©V dh Xoe{hV H$s H$m‘Zm H$aVm h¢& ñmmåàXm{¶H$ ‘V-‘VmÝVamo na AmYm[aV Ym{‘©H$Vm Ho$ ñWmZ na CÝhm|Zo CXmaVm H$m n[aM¶ {X¶m h¢& "O¡Z Hw$Vwhb' ‘| CÝhm|Zo Ym{‘©H$ {dÛof H$s ì¶W©Vm H$mo à{Vnm{XV {H$¶m h¢& Y‘©{ZanojVm H$m ̂ md CZ‘| h¡ Eogm H$hm OmVm h¡& {’$a ̂ r Cg‘| Ym{‘©H$ EH$m§{JVm H$s MMm© gm‘Zo Am ahr h¢& CZH$s Ym{‘©H$Vm na àíZ CR> ah| h¢& àVmnZmam¶U {‘l, amYmH¥$îUXmg O¡go H${d¶m| ‘| ̂ r XoemZwamJ ̂ p³V H$mo XoIm Om gH$Vm h¢&

8. àH¥${V {MÌU …-

ar[VH$mb H$s Vah àH¥${V H$m ñdV§Ì {MÌU H$m A^md ̂ maVoÝXþ ¶wJrZ H${dVm ‘| ahm h¡ Am¡a dh ñdm^m{dH$ h¡ gm¡ÝX¶© ~moY ‘| ghm¶H$ ñdV§Ì àH¥${V {MÌU H$m lo¶ {H$gr gr‘m VH$ R>mHw$a OJ‘mohZqgh H$mo hr {X¶m Om gH$Vm h¢& ̂ maVoÝXþ g‘doV AÝ¶ H${d¶m| Zo naånam H$m {Zdm©h {H$¶m J¶m h¢& ""Apå~H$mXÎm ì¶mg H$s "nmdg nMmgm', Jmo{dÝX {J„m^mB© H$s "fS>F$Vw', Am¡a "nmdg n¶mo{ZYr', Am{X H¥${V¶m| ‘| dg§V Am¡a dfm© F$Vw H$m Amb§~ZmË‘H$ {MÌ ‘m¡OwX h¢&'' ̂ maVoÝXþ H$s "àmV g‘raZ', ào‘YZ H$s "‘¶§H$ ‘{h‘m' Am¡a àVmnZmam¶U {‘l H$s "ào‘ nwînm§Obr' ‘| ñdV§Ì àH¥${V {MÌU h¢ {H$ÝVw g’$bVmnwd©H$ Zht Eogm ‘V ZJoÝÐ ì¶º$ H$a MwHo$ h¢ ³¶m|{H$ ""àH¥${V H$mo l¥§Jm[aH$ ‘ZmoXemAm|, gm‘m{OH$ CX²~moYZ, Zr{V H$WZ Am{X go g§~§ÜX H$aZo H$s A{Zdm¶©Vm Zo'' àH¥${V H$m ñdV§Ì dU©Z Bg H$mb ‘| ê$n J«mhH$ Zht

122

H$a nm¶m na§Vw ar{VH$mb Ho$ CÔrnH$ dU©Z H$mo Z ñdrH$maVo hþE g§ñH¥$V H$mì¶ ‘| CnbãY Z¡g{J©H$ gm¡ÝX¶© dU©Z go àH¥${V H$m gOrd {MÌU CZHo$ H$mì¶ ‘| Am¶m h¢& nd©V j¥§Ibm H$m gm¡ÝX¶© {MÌU Bgr àH$ma H$m h¢-

""nhma Anma H¡$bmg go H$mo{Q>Z C§Mr {eIm b{J Aå~a My‘&{ZhmaV Xr{R> ^«‘¡ n{J¶m {J[a OmH$ CÎm§JVm D$na Py‘ &àH$me nV§J gmo Mmo{Q>Z Ho$ {~H$g| Aa{dÝX ‘{bÝX gwPy‘&bg¡ H${Q> ‘oIbm Ho$ OJ‘mohZ H$mar KQ>m KZ KmoaV Yy‘&&''

(dhr- n¥. 456)

9. hmñ¶-ì¶§½¶ …-

hmñ¶-ì¶§J H$s A{^^p³V ̂ r Bg ¶wJ H$s ‘hËdnyU© {deofVm h¢& hmñ¶-ì¶§J H$mo amï´>r¶ g‘ñ¶mAm| go OmoS>Zo H$m à¶mg Bg H$mb ‘| hþAm h¢& npíM‘r gä¶Vm, {dXoer emgZ, gm‘m{OH$ A§Y{dídmgmo, é{‹T>¶m|, na H${d¶m| Zo H$R>moa ì¶§½¶ {H$E h¢& CZ‘| {df¶ Ed§ e¡br H$s {^ÞVm ^r ahr h¢& {ZåZ{b{IV {df¶m| na BZ H${d¶m| Zo hmñ¶-ì¶§J {bIo h¢& EH$ àmMrZ é{‹T>JV {dH¥${V¶m| na, Xmo {dXoer g§nH©$ ‘| ̂ maVr¶m| H$s pñWVr na, VrZ ̂ p³V g§~§Yr g§H$sU© {dMmam| na, Mma {dH¥$V gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZ na, nm±M amOZ¡{VH$ ì¶dñWm na ‘hËd Am{X nyU© h¢& amOZ¡{VH$ ì¶§J ‘| C„oI{Z¶ h¡ - A§J«oOmo H$s emofU Zr{V, ^maVr¶m| H$s {ZpîH«$¶Vm Ed§ Znwg§H$ ‘Zmod¥{Îm, namYrZ d¥{Îm Am{X& N>h gm{hpË¶H$ Ed§ ̂ mfmJV {dMma na ImgH$a CXþ© Ho$ AmJ«h na& ̂ maVoÝXþ H$s VrZ ì¶§J e¡{b¶m± h¢ - n¡amoS>r, ñ¶mnm Am¡a Jmbr& S>m°. ZJoÝÐ H$hVo h¢, "~ÝXag^m' Ho$ JrVm| H$s aMZm CÝhm|Zo CXþ© ZmQ>H$ BÝXa g^m Ho$ JrVm| H$s n¡amoS>r Ho$ én ‘| H$s h¢& CXþ© H$m ñ¶mnm CXþ©-’$magr Ho$ ñ¶mnm, Zm‘H$ H$mì¶én H$s e¡br ‘| {b{IV h¢& h¡-h¢ CXþ© hm¶-hm¶, H$hm± {gYmar hm¶-hm¶, Am{X n§p³V¶m| ‘| CÝhm|Z| ~Zmag AI~ma Ho$ g‘mMma-erf©H$ CXþ© ‘mar J¶r na ì¶§J {H$¶m h¢& "g‘{YZ ‘Yw‘mg' H$s aMZm "Jmbr' ì¶§JJr{V H$s e¡br ‘| H$s J¶r h¢& Z¶o O‘mZ| H$s ‘wH$ar, g‘H$mbrZ gm‘m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ {dg§J{V¶m| na {bIr h¢& gmW hr àVmnZmam¶U {‘l H$s haJ§Jm, ~w‹T>mnm, H$maï>H$, Am{X à{gÜX aMZmE± h¢& ^maVoÝXþ ‘| A‘ra Iwgamo H$s ‘wH$ar e¡br ñnï> hmoVr h¢& ‘ÚnmZ g§~§Yr ì¶§J H$m CXmhaU h¡ -

""‘w±h O~ bmJ¡ V~ Zhr Nw>Q>o, Om{V ‘mZ YZ g~ HwN> byQ>o&nmJb H$[a ‘mo{h H$ao Iam~, ³¶m| g{I g‚mZ Zht gam~&&''

10. ar{V-{ZénU Ho$ naånam~ÜX J«§Wmo H$s aMZm …-

ar[V-{ZénU g§~§Yr naånam go g§~§Y J«§Wmo H$m boIZ ̂ r Bg H$mbIÝS> ‘| hþAm h¢& ̂ maVoÝXþ ¶wJ ‘| b{N>am‘, ~÷^Å>, H${damOm ‘wam[aXmZ Am¡a ~mbJmo{dÝX {‘l Am{X ar{V-{ZénU nÜXVr J«§W {bI aho Wo& {Og‘| à‘wI h¢ b{N>am‘ H$s ‘hoída {dbmg {Og‘| Zm{¶H$môX Ed§ Zdag H$m {díbofU h¢, "am‘MÝÐ^yfU' Ab§H$ma emó H$m J«ÝW h¡, "amdUoída H$ënVé' gd©-H$mì¶m§J {ZénU H¥$Vr h¢& ‘wam[aXmZ H$m "OgdÝV Ogmo^yfU' ~¥hV H$mì¶

123

emór¶ J«§W h¢& ""¶h ‘wbV… Ab§H$ma J«§W h¢ {Og‘| H$mì¶-ñdén, eãXep³V, JwU Am¡a ar{V H$m gma ‘m¡OwX h¡& ~mbJmo{dÝX {‘l H$m "^mfm N>ÝX àH$me' ‘| A‹S>Vmbrg ‘m{ÌH$-dm{U©H$ N>ÝXm| H$m ñda{MV H$mì¶-bjU-CXmhaU àñVwV h¡& AÝ¶ Xmo C„oI{Z¶ aMZmH$ma h¢ àVmnZmam¶Uqgh H$s "agHw$gw‘mH$a' (1894) Am¡a H$Ýh¡¶mbmb nmoÔma H$s "Ab§H$ma àH$me' (1896).

‘hËdnyU© ~mV ¶h ̂ r h¡ H$s ar{V-{ZénU H$s d¥Îmr {nN>‹S>Vr Om ahr Wr Am¡a H$mì¶ Z¶o gm±Mo ‘| ‹T>b ahm Wm& ̂ maVoÝXþ Ho$ ~mX Vmo ¶h àd¥{Îm ahr hr Zht&

11. g‘ñ¶mny{V© naH$ H$mì¶ aMZm …

g‘ñ¶mny{V© naH$ H$mì¶ aMZm Bg H$mb ‘| ~S>r bmoH${à¶ ahr h¢& ~H$m¶Xm Bg àH$ma H$s H$mì¶ Jmo{ï>¶m| H$m Am¶moOZ {H$¶m OmVm Wm Am¡a ~‹S>o-~‹S>o H${d Cg‘| ggå‘mZ ̂ mJ boVo& H${R>Z go H${R>Z {df¶m| na g‘ñ¶mny{V© H$am¶r OmVr& H$hm OmVm h¢ H$s, Apå~H$mXÎm ì¶mg Zo AnZo H${d OrdZ H$m Ama§^ H$mer go "H${dVm d{Y©Zr g^m ‘|' nwar Aå‘r H$s H$Q>mo[a¶m-gr, {Ma§Ordr ah§o {d³Q>mo[a¶m amZr, g‘ñ¶m H$s ny{V© H$aHo$ gwH${d H$s CnmYr nm¶r Wr& H$mZnya H$s a{gH$ g‘mO, ~m~m gw‘oaqgh Ûmam {ZOm‘m~mX ({Obm AmO‘J‹T>) H$s "H${d g‘mO' H$m’$s à{gÜX ‘§M h¢&

Apå~H$mXÎm Ho$ {nVm XþJm©XÎm ì¶mg H$m "g‘ñ¶mny{V©-àH$me' Apå~H$mXÎm ì¶mg H$m "g‘ñ¶mny{V© gd©ñd', Jmo{dÝX {J„m^mB© H$m "g‘ñ¶mny{V© àXrn', J§JmYa {ÛOJ§J H$m "g‘ñ¶m àH$me', Z‘©XoídaàgmX qgh H$m "n§MaËZ', VWm ^maVoÝXþ J§«Wmdbr ‘| g‘ñ¶mny{V©¶m| H$m g§J«h CnbãY h¢& àVmnZmam¶U {‘l H$s g‘ñ¶mny{V© H$mì¶ H$m EH$ CXmhaU Xo{IE -

dZ ~¡R>r h¡ ‘mZ H$s ‘ya{V-gr, ‘wI ImobV ~mob| Z "Zmhr' Z hm§&Vw‘ hr ‘Zwhmar H¡$ hm[a nao, g{I¶mZ H$s H$m¡Z MbmB© Vhm§&&~afm h¡ "àVmnOy', Yra Yam|, A~ bmo ‘Z H$mo g‘Pm¶mo Ohm±&¶h ã¶m[a V~¡ ~XboJr H$Ny>, nnrhm O~ nw{N>h¡ nrd H$hm±?

12. H$mì¶mZwdmX H$m Ama§^ …

H$mì¶mZwdmX H$s naånam ^r Bgr ¶wJ go ewé hmo MwH$s h¡& g§ñH¥$V Am¡a A§J«oOr Ho$ H$mì¶mZwdmX ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| hþE h¡& gd©àW‘ C„oI{Z¶ h¢, amOm bú‘Uqgh H$m "aKwd§e' Am¡a "‘oKXÿV'& ̂ maVoÝXþ Zo "ZmaX-^p³V-gyÌ' Am¡a em§{S>ë¶ Ho$ "^p³VgyÌ' H$mo "VXr¶ gd©ñd' Am¡a "^p³VgyÌ d¡O¶ÝVr' Zm‘ go AZwdmX {H$¶m h¢& ~m~y VmoVmam‘ Zo dmpë‘H$s am‘m¶U H$m "am‘-am‘m¶U', R>mHw$a OJ‘mohZqgh Zo "F$Vyg§hma' Ed§ "‘oKXÿV', bmbm grVmam‘ ^yn Zo "‘oKXÿV', "Hw$‘ma g§^d', aKwd§e Am¡a F$Vyg§hma&

A§J«oOr go lrYa nmR>H$ Zo JmoëS>pñ‘W H$m "ha{‘Q'> Am¡a "S>§oOQ>}S> {dboO' H$mo "EH§$mVdmgr ¶moJ' VWm "COS> J«m‘' Zm‘ go AZwdmX {H$¶m h¢ & ̂ mfm, bm{bË¶, eãXmZw^md,

124

gabVm H$mo JwUm| go ¶o g§nÞ h¢ E¡gm S>m. ZJoÝÐ Zo H$hm h¢ &

13. H$mì¶ énm| H$s {d{dYVm …

^maVoÝXþ ¶wJ ‘| H$mì¶ énm| Ho$ {d{dY à¶moJ éT> hmo J¶o Hw$N> naånamJV, bmoH$JrV, g§JrVmË‘H$ Wo Vmo ì¶§J Z¶o én ‘| {dH${gV hþE {H$ÝVw àYmZVm ‘w³VH$ H$mì¶ H$s hr ahr h¢& CgHo$ gmW à~§Y Jr{V ‘| ̂ maVoÝXþ Ho$ amZr N>X²‘brbm, Xodr N>X²‘brbm, Am¡a "VÝ‘¶brbr' H$m C„oI {H$¶m OmVm h¢& {Z~§Y H$mì¶ énm| ‘| "{dO{¶Zr {dO¶ d¡O¶ÝVr' VWm {hÝXr ̂ mfm ‘hËdnyU© h¢& Hw$N> gVgB© naånam Ho$ CXmhaU ̂ r XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢& harAm¡Y H$m H¥$îUeVH$ (1882) Apå~H$mXÎm ì¶mg H$m "gwH${d gVgB©' Am{X&

àmMrZ nX e¡br Ho$ AmYma na Rw>‘ar, ‘bma, XmXam, B©‘Z, Am{X amJ-am{JZr¶m| ‘| H$mì¶ aMZmE± H$s JB© h¢& bmoH$g§JrV H$s e¡br H$m’$s bmoH${à¶ Wr CXmhaUmW© ""ào‘KZ Am¡a àVmnZmam¶U {‘l H$s H$O{b¶m± VWm ̂ maVoÝXþ (dfm© {dZmoX ) àVmnZmam¶U {‘l, amYmMaU Jmoñdm‘r Am¡a OJZ‘mohZqgh H$s bmf{Z¶m ‘hËdnyU© h¢&'' ì¶§J ‘| ~§Xa g^m, CXÿ© H$m ñ¶mnm EH$ ZE e¡br ‘| Am¶r h¢& ^maVoÝXþ Zo ‘wH$[a¶m| H$m boIZ ^r {H$¶m h¢& JµOc H$m Zdà¶mg "agm' CnZm‘ go ̂ maVoÝXþ Ûmam VWm "A~«w' CnZm‘ go ào‘YZ Ûmam {H$¶m J¶m h¢& Bggo ¶h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¢ H$s H$mì¶ Ho$ naånamJV énm| ‘| Bg H$mb Ho$ H${d¶m| Zo ~§Yo Z ahH$a Z¶o à¶moJ ̂ r {H$¶o h¢&

14. ^mfm …

^maVoÝXþ ¶wJ ‘| H$mì¶ Ho$ joÌ ‘| ~«O^mfm H$m à¶moJ hþAm Vmo JÚ Ho$ joÌ ‘| I‹S>r ~mobr H$m& {hÝXr-CXþ© H$m {ddmX Bg H$mb Ho$ amOZr{V H$s XoZ ahr {’$a ̂ r ̂ maVoÝXþ Zo {hÝXr Ho$ Xm{¶Ëd H$mo "{hÝXr ^mfm' Zm‘H$ J«§W {bIH$a nyU© {H$¶m& CÝhm|Zo ""CXþ©-’$magr H$s O{Q>bV‘ VËg‘ eãXmdbr H$m ~{hîH$ma ̂ r {H$¶m'' H$mì¶ ‘| ~«O Ho$ gmW-gmW AÝ¶ ~mobr ^mfm eãXm| Ho$ à¶moJ {XImB© XoVm h¢, O¡go ̂ moOnyar, ~w§XobI§S>r, AdYr, Am{X& BgHo$ Abmdm CXþ©-A§J«oOr H$m à¶moJ ̂ r {H$¶m J¶m h¢&

~«O^mfm Am¡a I‹S>r~mobr H$mo boH$a Am§XmobZ Mbm& A¶moÜ¶màgmX IÌr Zo IS>r~mobr H$m Am§XmobZ (1888) ‘| Mbm¶m& Hw$N> H${d¶m| Zo {damoY ^r {H$¶m& n[aUm‘V… IS>r~mobr JÚ Ho$ gmW nÚ H$m {dH$mg hþAm& AmJo MbH$a {XdoXr ¶wJ ‘| ¶h {ddmX IË‘ hþAm& H$mì¶ joÌ ‘| ̂ r IS>r~mobr H$m à¶moJ hmoZo bJm&

15. N>§X-Ab§H$ma …

^maVoÝXþ ¶wJrZ H${d¶m| Zo naånamJV N>§X-Ab§H$mamo H$m à¶moJ AnZr H${dVmAm| ‘| {H$¶m h¢ & {Og‘| C„oI{Z¶ h¢, Am¶m©, Hw$ÊS>{b¶m±, Xmohm, Mm¡nmB©, gmoaR>m, amobm, h[aJr{VH$m O¡go ‘m{ÌH$ N>§Xmo VWm H${dVm, gd¡¶m, ‘ÝXmH«$mÝVm, {eI[aUr, d§eñW, dgÝV{VbH$m O¡go d{U©H$ N>§Xmo§ H$m {d{dY‘wIr à¶moJ ""bmoH$g§JrV H$m Jm±dmo ‘| àMma-àgma H$aZo Ho$ {bE

125

^maVoÝXþ Zo H$Obr, Rw>‘ar, Io‘Q>m, H$ha~m, Job, M¡Vr, AÕ, hmobr, gm±Pr, bm~|, bmdZr, {~ahm, MZ¡Zr, Am{X N>§Xmo H$mo Cn¶moJ ‘| bm¶m h¢& Bg àH$ma Ho$ à¶moJ H$m AmdmhZ ^r do H${d¶m| H$mo H$a MwHo$ Wo&'' {H$gr Z¶o N>§X H$m à¶moJ ^bo hr BZ H${d¶m| Zo Z {H$¶m hmo na§Vw H$mì¶ H$s ZB© CX²^mdZm {df¶ Ed§ e¡br Ho$ Ñ{ï> go ‘m¡{bH$ ahr h¡§ &

5A.3 ‘yë¶m§H$Z …

Bg {ddoMZ-{díbofU go ¶h kmZ hmoVm h¢, H$s ̂ maVoÝXþ g‘oV AÝ¶ H${d AnZo Xm¶ H$m gw¶mo½¶ {Zdm©h H$a MwHo$ h¢& AnZr AZw^yVr H$mo ‘mÜ¶‘ ~ZmH$a, ñd^mfm, ñdY‘©, ñdOm{V H$m àMma H$a XoemoÞVr, Ed§ amï´>r¶ ^mdZmAm| H$mo OJmZo H$m à¶mg àe§gZr¶ h¢ & I‹S>r~mobr H$mo H$mì¶-^mfm H$m ‘mÜ¶‘ ~Zm¶m& Cg‘| H$mì¶ Ho$ gmW, {Z~§Y, ZmQ>H$, H$hm{Z¶m±, CnÝ¶mg, boI {bIo J¶o h¢& {d{^Þ nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| H$m g§nmXZ, àH$meZ ̂ r Bg ¶wJ H$s ‘hËdnyU© KQ>Zm h¢& OZdmXr {dMmaYmam H$s A{^ì¶p³V, bmoH$JrV e¡br H$m pñdH$ma Bg ¶wJ Ho$ ‘hËdnyU© ‘yë¶ h¢& OrdZ Ho$ ¶WmW© H$mo CÝhm|Zo gm‘m{OH$ ñda {X¶m, àË¶oH$ {dYm ‘|& ~hþV gmao A§V{d©amoY ̂ r CZHo$ H$mì¶ ‘| nm¶o OmVo h¢& amï´>r¶Vm, amO^{º$, amOÐmoh, Z¶r ^mfm (I‹S>r~mobr), nwamZr ^mfm (~«O) Z¶o nwamZo Ñ{ï>H$moZ, BZ g~ ‘| g‘Ýd¶ H$s ^mdZm Am{X&

^maVr¶ g‘mO, gm{hË¶, amOZr{V Ho$ B{Vhmg ‘| ¶h Zd¶wJ, ZdOmJaU, Ho$ Zm‘ go OmZm OmVm h¢& {OgH$o AJ«XþV ñd¶§ ̂ maVoÝXþ ~m~w aho h¢&

5A.4 Cng§hma …

^maVoÝXþ ¶wJrZ gm{hË¶H$mam| Zo {d{^Þ ñVa na OZ OmJaU H$m H$m¶© {H$¶m& gm{hpË¶H$ aMZmAm| Ho$ O[aE do ñdm{YZVm A§mXmobZ go Ow‹S>o ah|& Cg ~‹T>mdm {X¶m& JÚ H$m Z¶o énm| ‘| {dH$mg hþAm& a§J‘§M H$m AmYw{ZH$ A{dîH$ma ^r BZ gm{hË¶H$mam| Zo, {deof ^maVoÝXþ Zo ‘hgwg {H$¶m& OrdZ Ho$ gË¶m| H$mo Z¡{VH$ gmhg Ho$ ~b na OZVm Ho$ gå‘wI aIm& VËH$mbrZ amOZr{VH$, gm‘m{OH$, Ym{‘©H$, OrdZ H$s gƒmB©¶m| go h‘o§ é~é H$am¶m& ¶h Bg ¶wJ ‘hËdnyU© H$s XoZ h¢&

5A.5 ~moY àíZ …

1. ^maVoÝXþ ¶wJrZ H$mì¶ H$s àd¥{Îm¶m| H$mo A§{H$V H$s{OE&2. ^maVoÝXþ ¶wJrZ H$mì¶ H$s {deofVmAm| na gmoXmhaU MMm© {H${OE&

126

127

{ÛdoXr `wJrZ- H$mì`

5Am.0 B©H$mB© H$s ê$naoIm

5Am.1 n[aM`

5Am.2 H$mì` àd¥{Îm`m±

5Am.3 _wë`m§H$Z

5Am.4 Cng§hma

5Am.5 ~moY àíZ

5Am.0 B©H$mB© H$m CÔoí¶

H$. {ÛdoXr ¶wJrZ H$mì¶ H$s àd¥{Îm¶m| H$m AÜ¶¶Z H$aZm&I. {ÛdoXr ¶wJrZ H$mì¶ àd¥{Îm¶m| H$m ‘wë¶m§H$Z H$aZm&J. {ÛdoXr ¶wJ gwYma-H$mì¶ go Ow‹S>m h¡& Bgr H$mì¶ ‘| H$B© àH$ma Ho$ gm‘m{OH$,

gm{hpË¶H$, ^mfmkmZ gwYma Ed§ g§ñH$ma {ÛdoXrOr Zo {hÝXr gm[hË¶-g‘mO H$mo {XE h¢&

K. H$B© ‘hÎdnyU© H$mì¶ H$m boIZ Bgr H$mì¶ ‘| hþAm h¡& Cgo g‘PZm Oê$ar h¢&S>. ¶h ¶wJ AmXe© Ed§ ~m¡{ÕH$Vm H$m ³¶mo, H¡$go ahm ¶h XoIZm-naIZm hmoJm&

5Am.1 àñVmdZm/n[aM` …-

AmYw{ZH$ H${dVm Ho$ joÌ _| {Û{dXr ̀ wJ H$mo 'OmJaU ̀ m gwYma H$mb' Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡& 'gañdVr' H$m àH$meZ Am¡a {ÛdoXr Or H$m g§nmXZ H«$m§{VH$mar KQ>Zm Ho$ én _| {hÝXr gm{hË` _| XoIr OmVr h¡& `h ghr ^r h¡& 1903 _| _hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXr Zo 'gañdVr' H$m g§nmXZ àma§^ {H$`m& {ÛdoXr ̀ wJ H$m H$mbI§S> ̂ r 1903 go 1918 VH$ _mZm OmVm h¡& {ÛdoXr Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd H$s Jhar N>mn Bg ̀ wJ na ahr h¡& Bg ̀ wJ Ho$ dh nWàXe©H$, {Z_m©Vm, {ejH$, boIH$, AmbmoMH$, g§nmXH$ aho h¡& ̂ mfm H$s ewÜXVm, ì`mH$aU Am{X Ho$ joÌ _| ^r CZH$m _m¡{bH$ H$m`© ahm h¡& ''CÝhm|Zo gm{hË` Am¡a g_mO H$mo {deof _mo‹S> {X`m& {dX²dmZm| Zo CÝh| {~Zm {S>J«r Ho$ AmMm`©, {~Zm _wHw$Q> Ho$ gaVmO Am¡a _hmZ ̀ wJ àdV©H$ H$hm h¡& do EH$ g\$b AbmoMH$, {Z~§YH$ma, AZwdmX, g§nmXH$ Wo& CZH$s aMZmAm| H$m _hËd ̂ bo hr Z hmo na§Vw CZHo$ Ûmam {Z{_©V gm{hË` à{V^mAm|, gm{hË` H¥${V`mo§ H$m ~hþV A{YH$ _hËd h¡&

^maVoÝXw `wJ _| '^maV XwX©em' na Xw:I àH$Q> {H$`m OmVm ahm na§Vw {ÛdoXr `wJ Ho$ gm{hË`H$mam| Zo XwX©em Ho$ gmW gm_mÝ`m| _| ñdV§ÌVm àmßVr H$s Mmh {Z_m©U H$s& CgHo$ {bE ~{bXmZ H$m _mJ© gwPm`m& BgHo$ nhbo ~«÷ g_mO, Am`© g_mO, {W`mgm°{\$H$b

5-Am

gmogm`Q>r Am{X H$m H$m`© ^maV df© _| \¡$b MwH$m Wm& Bg H$mbI§S> _| g§nyU© CÎma ^maV _| Am`© g_mO Ho$ gm_m{OH$ Am§XmobZ H$s Yy_ _Mr Wr& Y_©, g_mO H$m nwZéËWmZ H$m`© Omoam| na Wm& BYa H$m±J«og AmOmXr H$m AbI OJmZo _| H$m\$s AmJo ~‹T> MwH$s Wr& {~«{Q>em| H$s Amoa go hmoZodmbo emofU go {VbH$ O¡go Ohmb ZoVm Zo Xoeâ _| 'Ag§Vmof' H$s ^mdZm H$mo \¡$bm`m& {ZñdmWu g_mO godH$m| H$m CX` ^r Bgr H$mb _| hmo MwH$m Wm& ha {H$_V na g_mMma nÌ àH$meZ H$m H$m`© Bg H$mb Ho$ g§nmXH$m| Zo Omar aIm&

~«O^mfm H$s OJh I‹S>r~mobr Zo bo br& l¥§Jma-^{º$ H$m ñWmZ Xoe^{ŠV, g_mOgwYma Zo {b`m& na§namJV H$mì` {ZénU e¡br`m± ~Xbr& ̂ maVoÝXw ̀ wJ _| ̂ mfm H$s Omo ApñWaVm n¡Xm hþB© Wr dh ̀ hm° na IË_ hþB©& H$mì` Ho$ {bE ewÜX, ì`mH$aU gå_V I‹S>r~mobr H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmZo bJm& AMmZH$ hr Zht ~ëH$s {ÛdoXr H$s H$R>moa Zr{V Ho$ n[aUm_ñdén, H${dVm, AbmoMZm, l¥§Jma Am{X _| {ZIma Am¡a XoenaH$ g_mO{hVmZwén àm¡‹T>Vm Am`r& {ÛdoXrOr Zo JÚ-nÚ H$s e¡br VWm {df` dñVw _| n[adV©Z bm`m& _mV¥^y{_, ñdXoe Jm¡ad, _mZdVmdmX, ~wpÜXdmX H$mo H$mì` _| à{V{ð>V {H$`m& H${dVm _| B{Vd¥ÎmmË_H$Vm H$s àYmZVm Am`r& amï´>r` ^mdZm H$m ñda Jy±O CR>m, amOZr{VH$ MoVZm H$m {dH$mg hþAm& Zmar g§~§Yr Ñ{ï>H$moZ _| n[adV©Z Am`m& gm§ñH¥${VH$ amï´>r`Vm VWm amï´>dmX H$m {dH$mg ̂ r Bgr H$mb H$s XoZ h¡& _¡{WbreaU JwßV, am_Zaoe {ÌnmR>r O¡go H${d {ÛdoXr Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd H$s XoZ h¡& JmonmbeaU qgh, J`màgmX 'ñZohr', A`moÜ`mqgh CnmÜ`m` 'h[aAm¡Y', bmoMZàgmX nmÊS>o`, _wHw$Q>Ya nmÊS>o, Bgr H$mb Ho$ _hËdnyU© H${d h¡& nwZéËWmZ ̀ wJ H$m Xoe, g_mO VWm gm{hË` na ì`mnH$ à^md nS>m& ̀ hr H$maU h¡ H$s {ÛdoXr ̀ wJ _| OmJaU Am`m& ZdrZ na§nam H$m CX²^d hþAm& {ÛdoXr Am¡a gañdVr H$m Eo{Vhm{gH$ _hËd Bg H$mb _| h¡&

5Am.2 {ÛdoXr`wJrZ H$mì` àd¥{Îm`m± …-

A§J«oOm| Ho$ X_Z MH«$ Am¡a Hw$Q>Zr{VH$ emgZ H$m {damoY H$aZo Ho$ {bE Bg ̀ wJ _| na§nam H$mo N>moS>H$a, gm{hË` _| nm¡am{UH$ VWm Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>ZmAm| Am¡a M[aÌm| H$mo amï´>r` ^mdZm Ho$ n[aàoú` _| àñVwV {H$`m J`m& _Ü`dJ© Ho$ gmW {ZåZdJ© H$m {MÌU {H$`m OmZo bJm& n[aUm_V: {H$gmZ, _OXya, ór-X{bVm| H$m H$ï>àX OrdZ CâH$a Am`m& amOZr{VH$ MoVZm Am¡a amï´>r` ̂ mdZm H$m ñda _wI[aV hþAm& àIa ~wpÜXdmX Ho$ H$maU OrdZ Ho$ àËòH$ joÌ _| Zra-jra {ddoH$ H$m AmJ«h ewé hþAm& _mZdr` _wë`m| H$m AmJ«h ̂ r Bgr H$mb _| ewé hþAm& ^maVr` Am¡a `wamo{n` Xe©Z H$m g§Kf© àma§^ ^r Bgr H$mb H$s XoZ h¡& ^maV Ho$ öX` VWm ̀ wamon H$mo ~wpÜX nj _mZH$a CgHo$ EH$_oH$ hmoZo H$s pñWVr H$mo AmXe© _mZm OmZo bJm& Am`© g_mO H$m Am§XmobZ Bg g_` Omoa na Wm& JwéHw$b H$m§JS>r H$s ñWmnZm hmo MwH$s Wr& Am`©g_mO Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| S>r.E.dr H$m°boOg IwbZo bJo Wo& {ejm H$m gmd©{ÌH$ àMma-àgma hmo ahm Wm& VH©$-~w{ÕdmX, _mZdVm, amï´>r`Vm, ór-{ejm, AmXe©dmX Bg `wJ Ho$ _yë` Am¡a àoaUm ahr h¡& {OgH$m ì`mnH$ à^md gm{hË` na nS>m&

128

{ÛdoXr ̀ wJrZ H${dVm Ho$ AmYma q~Xy:-

1. ~m¡pÜXH$Vm H$m à{VnmXZ:-~«÷g_mO, Am`©g_mO, {W`mogm{\$H$b gmogm`Q>r Ho$ gmW ^maVr` amï´>r`

H$m±J«og Zo gm_m{OH$ OmJaU H$m ~‹S>m H$m`© ^maVoÝXw `wJ go hr ewé {H$`m Wm& doX H$mo VH©$ à_mU na H$gH$a CgH$s Z`r AmbmoMZm Am`© g_mO àñVwV H$a ahm Wm& Mmho dh AÜ`mpË_H$ CÞ{Îm hmo, H$_©H$m§S> hmo, ór àíZ, hmo BZ g~Ho$ à{V d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ Ed§ Z`r {ejm go àmßV Ñ{ï> go XoIZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m J`m& n[aUm_V: nwamZo H$mo Am±I _y±X H$a Z ñdrH$maVo hþE CgHo$ à{V {dÐmoh H$m ̂ md àH$Q> hmoZo bJm& AZoHo$ída H$s OJh EHo$ída dmX BgH$m à_mU h¡& ~wpÜXdmX Ho$ H$maU hr Xodr-XodVmAm| H$s Amoa XoIZo H$s Ñ{ï> ~Xb J`r& H$_©H$m§S> Ho$ WmoWo nZ H$mo COmJa {H$`m J`m& é{‹T>dm{XVm Ed§ g‹S>r-Jbr àmMrZ na§namAm| na Hw$R>mamKmV {H$ò Om aho Wo& XodVm H$s AdVmadmXr g§H$ënZm H$mo ZH$mam Om ahm Wm& Abm¡{H$Vm H$s OJh bm¡{H$H$Vm H$m {MÌU {H$`m Om ahm Wm& EH$ Vah go ̀ h ~m¡pÜXH$Vm H$m `wJ, Vm{H©$H$ àUmbr go gmoMZo-{dMmaZo H$m ̀ wJ àma§^ hmo J`m Wm& OmVrdmX H$s AmbmoMZm Bgr H$maU hmoVr ahr& àH¥${V VWm Abm¡{H$H$ e{ŠV Ho$ à{V _mZdr` Ñ{ï>H$moZ go XoIm OmZo bJm Wm& ̀ h AmJ«h ̂ mfm Ho$ joÌ _| ̂ r {XImB© XoVm h¡& ~m¡pÜXH$Vm Bg ̀ wJ H$s àYmZ àd¥Îmr ahr h¡ CgH$m à^md AmZodmbo H$mb na ̂ r nS>m&

2. _mZdVm H$m àH$Q>rH$aU :-_mZdVmdmX H$s ^mdZm H$m {dH$mg ^maVoÝX `wJ go hr àma§^ hmo MwH$m Wm&

gm{hË` _| OZdmXr. àd¥{Îm Ho$ g§Ho$V Bgr ̀ wJ go àmßV hmoVo h¡& em`X ̀ hr H$maU ahm h¡ H$s 'h[aAm¡Y' Ho$ am_-H¥$îU AmXe© g_mO-gwYmaH$ Am¡a ZoVm h¡& _¡{WbreaU JwßV Ho$ am_ AdVmar Z hmoH$a AmXe© _mZd h¡, Omo {ZOH$_m} go Bg YaVr H$mo ñdJ© ~ZmZo Amò h¡& AWm©V newdV OrdZ OrZo dmbo gm_mÝ` _Zwî` Ho$ àVr Jhar g§doXZm H$m ̂ md Bg ̀ wJ Ho$ gm{hË` _| Am`m h¡& CgHo$ à{V ñZoh, ghmZw^yVr, H$V©ì`, j_m H$s ̂ mdZm H$m A{^ì`{ŠVH$aU H${d`m| Zo {H$`m h¡& gd©Y_© g_Vm H$m {~Jwb ^r Bgr H$mb _| ~OZo bJm Wm& ór-XwX©em Ho$ {MÌ H${dVm _| CVmao Om aho Wo '' A~bm OrdZ hm¶ Vwåhmar ̀ hr H$hmZr, Am±Mb _| XyY Am¡a Am±Im| _| nmZr'' go CgH$s H$mé{UH$ AdñWm àH$Q> H$a, CgHo$ àVr jmo^ hr ì`ŠV {H$`m Om ahm Wm& a{dÐZmW Ho$ {díd~§YwËd H$s H$ënZm Bg g_` H$m AmXe© ahr h¡& gm{hË` H$m g¥OZ AmXe© H$s à{Vð>mnZm Am¡a _Zwî` _hÎd Ho$ {bE {H$`m Om ahm Wm&

3. AmXe©dmX …-`h `wJ nmíMmË` d¡km{ZH$ Ed§ Zò {ejm Ho$ g§nH©$ _| Amò ^maVr` VWm

na§namJV H$mb~mø _wë`m| H$s Q>H$amhQ> H$m ahm h¡& {\$a ^r Omo Omo AÀN>m CgH$m ñdrH$ma H$aZo H$s àd¥{Îm ̂ maVr`m| _| ahr& doXm| H$mo d¡km{ZH$ AmYma àXmZ H$aZo H$s ̂ agH$ H$mo{eeo Am`© g_mO, ~«÷g_mO, {ddoH$mZ§X VWm àmW©Zm g_mO Zo H$s Wr& {ddoH$mZ§X Zo Vmo ̂ maVr` AmÜ`mË_dmX H$mo öX`dmX Ho$ én _| npíM_r ^m¡{VH$dmX Ho$ gm_Zo aIH$a CgH$mo à{Vð>m {Xbm`r Wr& `h {gYm-{gYm Xmo g§ñH¥${V`m| Ho$ ^rVa H$s Q>H$amhQ> Wr& npíM_ Zo Xoe H$mo

129

{nN>S>m Am¡a g‹S>m-Jbm gm{~V H$a {X`m Wm& AkmZr, A§Y{dídmgr H$ama {X`m Wm& Bg g~H$mo Xya H$a ̂ maVr`Vm H$m Jm¡ad JmZ H$aZo H$s àd¥Îmr Bg H$mb _| {dÚ_mZ h¡& ~wpÜXdmX na AÜ`mË_ H$s AWm©V ~wÜXr na öX` H$s {dO` Ho$ én _| ̂ maVr` AÜ`mË_ na§nam H$m g_Ýd` gmYZo H$s Moï>m H$s Om ahr Wr& N>m¶mdmX ‘| Bgo àgmX Zo H$m‘m¶Zr ‘| A{^ì¶º$ {H$¶m h¡& Bgr H$mo gm{hË`H$ma AmXe© Ho$ én _o§ ñWm{nV H$aVo Om aho Wo& ̂ m¡{VH$ gwI gw{dYmAm| H$s Anojm _mZ{gH$ g§Vw{ï> H$s MMm© Mb ahr Wr& Am`©g_mO, ~«÷ g_mO, VWm amï´>r` H$m°J«og Zo ^r 'gË`_² {ed_² gw§Xa_²' H$mo naml` {X`m Wm& EH$ Vah go BgHo$ nrN>o B©gmB© _V Ho$ ZH$ma H$m ^md ̂ r {N>nm hþAm Wm& a{dÐZmW Ho$ _mZdVmdmX Zo {hÝXr H$mo ~b àXmZ {H$`m, ̀ h gÀMmB© h¡&

4. amï´>r` ̂ mdZm Am¡a amOZr{VH$ MoVZm:-{ÛdoXr ̀ wJrZ H${d¶m| Zo Xoe^{ŠV g§~§Yr OmJaU H${dVm Ûmam \¡$bm`m h¡& Bg

`wJ H$s H${dVm amï´>r` ̂ mdZmAmo§ go AmoVàmoV h¡& amï´>r` ñdm{YZVm Am§XmobZ H$mo ào[aV H$aZo, Xoedmgr`m| H$mo CZH$s Jwbm_r H$m Ahgmg H$amZo, CZH$s {ZpîH«$`Vm, AH$_©Ê`Vm H$s _Zmod¥Îmr H$mo ñnï> H$aZo H$m à`mg H${dVm Ûmam hþAm h¡& bmoH$_mÝ` H$s amOZr{VH$ ñdV§ÌVm H$s _m±J, ñdXoer dñVw à{V ào_ Am{X ̂ mdZm H$m {dH$mg H$m°J«og H$s Amoa go {H$`m Om ahm Wm& gm{hË` _| ̂ r BgHo$ à{V{~§~ Amò h¡& Xoe ào_ H${dVm H$m {df` hmo J`m, {\$a H${dVm N>moQ>r hmo `m à~§YmË_H$& _¡{WbreaU JwßV H$m 'gmHo$V', A`moÜ`mqgh CnmÜ`m` 'h[aAm¡Y' H$m '{à` àdmg' am_M[aV CnmÜ`m` H$m 'am_M[aV {M§Vm_Ur' Am¡a gË`ZmamÙ H${daËZ H$m '^«_aJrV' Am{X aMZmE± {hÝXr ̂ mfm Ho$ Jm¡ad J«§W hmoZo Ho$ gmW-gmW Xoe^{ŠV Am¡a AVrV H$s Ádb§V {d^w{V`m| Ho$ ̂ ì` {ZXe©H$ ̂ r h¡& Bg‘| dV©_mZ ̂ maVr` pñWVr na H$éUm àH$Q> H$s h¡& Am¡a A{VV H$mo Jm¡adembr ~Zm`m J`m h¡& Bg `wJ H$s H${dVm Zo {H$gr àH$ma H$s Om{VJV, Y_©JV g§H$sU©Vm H$mo naml` Zht {X`m& g§nyU© ̂ maV EH$ H$m ̂ md H${dVm _| Am`m& Bg ì`mnH$ MoVZm H$mo \¡$bmZo _| ''{hÝXw-_wpñb_, {gI, BgmB© g~ Amng _| ̂ mB©-^mB©'' H$m Zmam \¡$bm`m& {Og_o {e{jV ̂ maVr` OZVm _| Zdg§Mma hþAm Am¡a dh AmOmXr Ho$ Am§XmobZ _| AmË_moËgJ© H$aZo Ho$ {bE VËna hþAm& Z`r amOZr{VH$ MoVZm H$m ̂ ` {~«{Q>e emgZ H$mo ̂ r Wm& Bg{bE Bg H$mb H$s nÌH$m[aVm na H$S>o H$mZwZ bmJw {H$ò Jò Wo& H${dda e§H$a Zo AmË_moËgJ© Ed§ ñdV§ÌVm àmßVr Ho$ g§X^© _| AnZr H${dVm '~{bXmZ JmZ' _| H$hm h¡-

''Xoe^ŠV dramo, _aZo go ZoH$ Zhr S>aZm hmoJmàmUmo§ H$m ~{bXmZ Xoe H$s doXr na H$aZm hmoJm&''

àËòH$ H${d Xoe H$s hrZ-XrZ Xem Am¡a CgHo$ àVr jmo^ ì`ŠV H$aVm h¡& {_Ï`m X§^, A{^_mZ H$mo {ZH$mbH$a Xoe Xem na Ü`mZ XoZo H$m AmJ«h H$aVm h¡& am`XodràgmX 'nyU©' H$s H${dVm ''Ambg, \w$Q>, IwXJOu, {_Ï`m Hw$brZVm Am{X A{êmnm| H$s Amoa ̂ r Bg `wJ H$m H${d Ñ{ï> S>mbVm h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ {ZamH$aU H$s H$m_Zm H$aVm h¡''

âVIÊS> H$m hmb Oam XoImo h¡ H¡$gm& Ambg H$m O§Omb Oam XoImo h¡ H¡$gm&&Oam \y$Q> H$s Xem ImobH$a Am±Io XoImo&

130

IwXJOu H$m Zem ImobH$a Am§Io XoImo&&h¡ emoIr Xm¡bV H$s H$ht, ~b H$m H$hr Jw_mZ h¡&h¡ ImZXmZ H$m _X H$hr§, H$ht Zm_ H$m Ü`mZ h¡&&

{ÛdoXr `wJ Zo Xoedmgr`m| H$mo CZH$s pñW{V go AdJV H$amH$a AmOmXr Ho$ {bE g§Kf© H$aZo H$s àoaUm Xr& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo Hw$àWmAmo, ~mømS>å~am|, gm_m{OH$ Hw$ar{V`mo, Xoe XwX©em H$mo H${dVm H$m {df` ~Zm`m&

H$m°§J«og _| _Ü`dJ© H$m CX` Ed§ C^ma Xoe _| Z`r amOZr{VH$ MoVZm \¡$bmZo _| H$maJa {gÜX hþAm& XoemoÞVr Ho$ {bE g^r OmVr dJ© AmJ«hr aho& ''~§J-^§J H$s ̂ maV {damoYr Am¡a Om{V-ôXrH$aU H$s Zr{V go amï´>r` ̂ mdZmAm| go ny[aV ̂ maVr` OZVm H$s Am±Io Iwb JB© Am¡a do A§J«oOmo H$mo ~‹S>o g§Xoh H$s Ñ{ï> go XoIZo bJo Am¡a BgH$s à{V{H«$`m ñdén VWm amï´>r`Vm Ho$ AZwén g^r Om{V`m| _| ̂ «mV¥Ëd ̂ mdZm H$m àMma hþAm& énZmamÙ nÊS>o` H$s EH$ H${dVm Bgr àH$ma H$s h¡''

O¡Z ~m¡ÜX nmagr ̀ hÿXr _wgb_mZ {gI B©gmB©& H$mo{Q> H§$R> go {_bH$a H$h Xmo, h_ g~ h¡ ̂ mB©-^mB©&&nwÊ` ̂ y{_ h¡, ñdJ© ̂ y{_ h¡, OÝ_ ̂ y{_ h¡ Xoe ̀ hr&Bggo ~‹T>H$a ̀ m Eogr hr Xw{Z`m _| h¡ OJh Zht&&

5. gm§ñH¥${VH$ amï´>r`Vm H$s ̂ mdZm :-{ÛdoXr ̀ wJrZ H${dVm _| Xoe Ho$ AVrV H$m Jm¡ad JmZ ~‹S>r lÜXm, ghmZw^yVr

Am¡a ào_ Ho$ gmW {H$`m h¡& ñdXoer Am§XmobZ H$mo OJmZo Ho$ {bE Bg àH$ma H$m dU©Z {H$`m J`m& d¡go h_Zo nhbo hr H$hm h¡ H$s 'ZdOmJaU' hoVy {hÝXw Y_©, J«§Wm| H$s Z`r ì`m»`m H$a CZH$m nwZéËWmZ Bg ¶wJ ‘| {H$`m Om ahm& VËH$mbrZ g_` _| ñdmYrZVm Am§XmobZ Vmo {dH${gV hþAm na Hw$N> g‘¶ Ho$ ~mX gmåàXm{`H$ ̂ mdZmAm| H$m {dH$mg ̂ r hþAm& ̂ maVoÝXw Ed§ {ÛdoXr `wJrZ gm{hË` Zo nmR>H$m|, Am_ OZVm Ho$ _Z _|, dV©_mZ _| {Ogo h_ '{hÝXwËd' H$hVo h¡ CgH$m {dH$mg H$aZo _| ̀ moJ {X`m Eogm H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡& ZmQ>H$ Ed§ CnÝ`mg, H$hmZr Am¡a EH§$H$s gm{hË` Ho$ à_mU {Xò Om gH$Vo h¢&

Bg g_` Ho$ {dX²dmZm| Zo H$hm h¡ ''Ohm± ̂ maVoÝXw ̀ wJ _| Ho$db àmMrZ Ho$ à{V nwÁ` ̂ md Wm Am¡a ZdrZ Ho$ à{V {Zamem, dhm± {ÛdoXr ̀ wJ Ho$ H${d`m| _| e{ŠV Am¡a gmhg H$m Anyd© {_lU {XImB© nS>Vm h¡&'' _mV¥^y{_ H$s d§XZm, Cgo nwÊ`^y{_ Ho$ én _| {M{ÌV H$aZm Am{X ̂ md Ohm± ̂ maVoÝXw ̀ wJ _o§ {Zamem Ho$ ñWmZ na {ÛdoXr ̀ wJ _| Amem Am¡a {dídmg H$m ̂ md âVo h¡& _¡{WbreaU JwßV H$s '^maV-^maVr' O¡go H$mì`m| Zo Omoe Ed§ CËgmh H$m g§Mma {H$`m& ha H§$R> H$s dh ̂ maV-OZZr ~Zr CŠV ̀ wJ _| ̀ h H$m`© amOZr{VH$ MoVZm H$s Ñ{ï> go _hËdnyU© Wm& na§Vy AmZodmbo ̂ {dî` H$mo _mÌ AVrV H$s Amoa _mo‹S> {X`m J`m Bg_| Xmo am` Zht hmoZr Mm{hE& ~§H$s_M§Ð H$s "AmZ§X_R>' H$m àH$meZ hmo MwH$m Wm& {hÝXr Ho$ A{YH$m§e gm{hË`H$ma ~m§Jbm go à^m{dV aho h¡& "AmZ§X_R>' Ho$ g§~§Y _| ~S>r _m{_©H$ {Q>ßnUr dra ̂ maV Vbdma Zo H$s h¡, ''AmZ§X_R> (1882) _| àH$m{eV Bg CnÝ`mg _| {dÐmohr {hÝXy gÝ`m{g`m| Ho$ JwßV g§JR>Z H$m dU©Z h¡& ò gÝ`mgr _raOm\$a Ho$ emgZ H$mo '_wgb_mZr amO' _mZH$a

131

CgHo$ {˜bmµ’$ b‹S>Vo h¡, bo{H$Z H$bH$Îmo _| à~b hmo aho A§J«oOm| Ho$ {Ibm\$ Zht... (A§J«oOr amO H$mo {_Ì ~VmVo hþE CgHo$ ahZo Am¡a ~ZZo _| {dÐmohr`m| Zo gh`moJ {X`m VmH$s) A§J«oOm| Ho$ {~Zm amOm hþE gZmVZ Y_© H$m CÜXma Zhr hmoJm&'' ha dJ© _| amOZr{VH$ MoVZm OJmZo H$m à`mg H$m±J«og Ho$ gmW H${d`m| Zo ̂ r {H$`m _¡{WbreaU JwßV, lrYa nmR>H$, J`màgmX ewŠb 'gZohr' am_Zaoe {ÌnmR>r Am{X& lrYa nmR>H$ {dÚmWu`m| H$mo ào[aV H$aVo hþE {bIVo h¡-

''Ahmo N>mÌda-d¥X Zì` ̂ maV-gwV ß`mao& _mV¥Jd©-gd©ñd _moXàX JmoX-Xwbmao&&gVgodm d«V Yma OJV Ho$ hamo Šboe Vw_&Xoe ào_ ‘§o H$amo ào_ H$m A{^{Zdoe Vw_&&''

EH$ àH$ma go amOZr{VH$ MoVZm H$mo OJmZo _| à{V~ÜX H$mì` H$s aMZm, H$m§°J«og Ho$ Am§XmobZ H$mo AnZo H§$Yo na boH$a Mb ahm Wm& Z`r amï´>r` ̂ mdZm H$m {dH$mg hmo ahm Wm&

6. Ym{_©H$ H$ënZm :-Bg H$mb H$s H${dVm _| Ym{_©H$Vm H$s AbJ H$ënZm H$s JB© h¡& ~m¡pÜXH$Vm Ho$

à^md Ho$ H$maU B©ída AmXr Ho$ _mZdr` énm| H$s H$ënZm H$s JB© h¡& 'gmHo$V' _| _¡{W{beaU JwßV {bIVo h¡-

''am_, Vw_ _mZd hmo? B©ída Zht hmo Š`m?'' AmXe© H$s àñWmnZm H$aZo hoVy 'am_' H$m _mZd én H$s H$ënZm _Zwî` Ho$ Xw:I, H$ï>, haU hoVy H$s J`r gmW hr Am`© Y_© ~ZmH$a, YaVr H$mo ñdJ© ~ZmZo H$s ~mV ̂ r am_ H$aZo bJVo h¡& AmJo JwßVOr H$hVo h¡-

''_¢ Am`] H$m AmXe© ~VmZo Am`m, OZ-gå_wI YZ H$mo VwÀN> OVmZo Am`m&

^d _| Zd d¡^d àmßV H$amZo Am`m,Za H$mo B©ídaVm àmßV H$amZo Am`m&gÝXoe ̀ hm± Zht _¢ ñdJ© H$m bm`m,Bg ̂ yVb H$mo hr ñdJ© ~ZmZo Am`m&''

_mZd H$s godm Am¡a gm_ÝVr gä`Vm Ho$ qZXm H$m ^md H${d`m| _| ahm h¡& Bg{bE CZ_| _mZd godm hr B©ída godm' H$m ̂ md {dÚ_mZ h¡& {Og àH$ma 'gmHo$V' Ho$ am_ _mZd én _| Amò Cgr àH$ma '{à` àdmg' (h[aAm¡Y') Ho$ H¥$îU ̂ r _mZd godm H$aVo {XImE JE h¡& ~wpÜXdmX Ho$ `wJ _| AdVma dmX H$m à{VnmXZ H$aZm {ÛdoXr `wJ H$mo Ag§^d Wm& Bg{bE XrZ-X{bVm|, Xw{IVm|, l_Ordm| _| B©ída H$s H$ënZm H$s JB© Am¡a B©ída ào_, {díd ào_ _| ~Xb J`m R>mHw$a JmonmbeaU qgh H$hVo h¡-

''OJ H$s godm H$aZm hr h¡, g~ gmam| H$m gma {dídào_ Ho$ ~§YZ hr _|, _wP H$mo {_bm _w{ŠV H$m X²dma&''

dñVwV: OrdZ, OJV Am¡a àH¥$Vr _| ì`mßV B©ída Ho$ àVr H${d H$s A{^ì`{ŠV ^mdZm _| ahñ`mË_H$Vm Am JB©& dhr AmJo N>m`mdmX H$s à_wI àd¥{Îm ~Z JB©& Ym{_©H$ ̂ mdZm H$mo OZgodm, {dídào_ go Omo‹S>H$a Cgo Hw$N> AbJ T>§J go {dH${gV {H$`m J`m&

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7. Zmar ñdmV§Í` Am¡a CËH$f© :-ar{VH$mbrZ Zmar Ho$ gm¢X`© dU©Z H$s na§nam H$mo OmoaXma AmKmV {ÛdoXr ̀ wJ _|

{_bm& Zmar g§~§Yr _mÝ`VmE± ~XbZo bJr& {d{^Þ gm_m{OH$ H$m`© H$aZodmbr g§ñWmAm| VWm H$m°§J«og Ho$ amOZr{VH$ A§XmobZ Ho$ n[aUm_ ñdén ór Ho$ H$mo_b ^md H$s OJh H$R>moa, dra ^md H$m {MÌU hmoZo bJm& CZH$s ñdV§ÌVm H$m CËH$f© hþAm& nwéf Ho$ H§$Yo go H§$Ym {_bmH$a dh amOZr{VH$ Am§XmobZ _| CVa MwH$s Wr& àMrZ é{‹T>`mo, na§namAm| H$mo do ñd§` VmoS> ahr Wr& OrdZ Am¡a OJV Ho$ àVr CZH$s AnZr Ñ{ï> H$m {dH$mg hmo ahm Wm& AnZr ñdV§ÌVm, A{YH$ma Ho$ àVr dh gOJ hmo MwH$s Wr& nwéfgÎmmH$ ì`dñWm H$mo Y¸$m {X`m Om ahm Wm& ór Om{V na hmoZodmbo AÝ`m`- AË`mMmam| Ho$ à{V H${d`m| Zo Ñ{ï> S>mbr& lrYa nmR>H$. _¡{W{beaU JwßV, am_Zaoe {ÌnmR>r, A`moÜ`mqgh CnmÜ`m` 'h[aAm¡Y' Am{X à_wI H${d`m| Zo CgH$s ~Xbr MoVZm Ûmam Zd`wJ bmZo H$m à`mg {H$`m& gmW hr CgHo$ àVr AÝ`m`-AË`mMma H$s ̂ mdZm H$mo gm_m{OH$m| go {ZH$mbZo H$m VWm Cg_| gwYma H$aZo H$m ̂ md H${d`m| _| ahm h¡& B©ída go àmW©Zm H$aVo hþE lrYa nmR>H$ {bIVo h¡-

''XrZ~§Yw gÑ{ï> H$sO| ~mb-{dYdm Am¡a&'' Zmar Ho$ Zò énm| H$mo do h_mao gm_Zo bmVo h¡ dh OZgo{dH$m, Xoe^ŠV amJrZr, OZZr Ho$ én _| bmoH$go{dH$m Ho$ én _| {M{ÌV H$s JB© h¡&

_¡{WbreaU JwßV O¡go H${d`mo§ Zo CZHo$ Cno{jV ì`{ŠVËd H$mo CËH${f©V {H$`m& gmHo$V H$s 'C{_©bm hmo, `m èmoYam 'èmoYam' ¶m Ûmna H$s '{dY¥Vm'& CZna AmYw{ZH$ {dMma-g§doXZm H$s Jhar N>mn ahr h¡& gmHo$V H$s 'C{_©bm' Vmo g¡Ý` g§JR>Z H$a amdU go ̀ wÜX H$aZo Ho$ {bE VËna h¡& JwßV Or Zo Zmar H$mo à{Vð>m {XbmZo Ho$ {bE hr CgH$m H$mé{UH$ CËH$f© {XIbm`m h¡-

''A~bm OrdZ hm`! Vwåhmar ̀ hr H$hmZr& Am±Mb _| XyY Am¡a Am±Im| _| nmZr&&''

Ho$ gmW Cgo Ë`mJ, g§`_, AmË_moËgJ©, e{ŠV go H$R>moa énm| _| ̂ r {M{ÌV hþB© h¡& Bg H$mb _| H$mo_b JwUm| go Zht ~ëH$s e{ŠV g_¥ÜX, _hmZ JwUm| go nw[aV hmo MwH$s Wr& CgHo$ ì`{ŠV ñdmV§Í` H$m A{dîH$ma hmo MwH$m dh ha ñVa na nwéfm| go g_mZVm aIVr h¡&

8. gm_m{OH$Vm H$s Amoa CÝ_wI …-_mZdVm Am¡a AmXe©dmX H$s {dMma àd¥{Îm Zo H${dVm A{YH$m{YH$

gm_m{OH$Vm H$s Amoa CÝ_wI hþB© h¡& g_mO Ho$ g^r dJ© na H${d H$s Ñ{ï> nS>r& g^r dJm] H$s CÞ{V H$m ̂ md H${dVm _| Am`m h¡, O¡go ór, X{bV, H¥$fH$, _OXya, CZHo$ {dH$mg H$s ̂ mdZm H${dVm _| Am`r h¡& gm_m{OH$ g‹S>r-Jbr é{‹T>`m|, na§namAm|, emó H$m I§S>U H$a Z`m VH©$ ~wpÜX naH$ d¡km{ZH$ {dMma Ñ‹T> H$aZo na H${d`m| Zo ~b {X`m h¡& ór CÜXma, ~mb{ddmh {damoY, {dYdm {ddmh g_W©Z, XhoO àWm, {ejm g_W©Z, Am{X H$m IwbH$a {MÌU H${dVm _| hþAm h¡& _¡{WbreaU JwßV Bg {Xem _| CëboIZr` h¡& H${d`m| H$mo qhXyY_© H$s gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dH$mg H$s Mmh Wr Bg{bE AVrV Jm¡ad OmVr` Jm¡ad, OmVr` ào_ H$m ^md CZH$s H${dVm _| Am`m& H$m§°J«og Ho$ ì`mnH$ hmoVo Am§XmobZ Ho$ gmW {H$gmZ, X{bV, _{hbm dJ©

133

Ow‹S>Vm Om ahm Wm& {H$gmZm| H$m g§KQ>Z Ed§ {dH$mg H$m AOo§S>m H$m°§J«og Ho$ aS>ma na Wm& {H$gmZm| H$mo ~‹S>m _hËd H$m§°J«og Zo {X`m& _¡{WbreaU JwßV H$s '{H$gmZ' H${dVm BgH$m CXmhaU h¡& ANw>VmoÜXma H$s ̂ mdZm ̂ r H${dVm H$m {df` ahr h¡& Bgr H$mbI§S> _| dU©ì`dñWm na VrIo àíZ I‹S>o hmo MwHo$ Wo& gm_m{OH$ Hw$énVmAm| H$mo Xya H$aZo Ho$ {bE H${d`m| Zo ì`§½` H${dVm H$m Aml` {b`m&

9. B{Vd¥ÎmmË_H$Vm :-Bg H$mb H$s H${dVm l¥§Jma Ho$ ~moP go _wŠV hþB©& CgH$s OJh Xoe ào_,

gm_m{OH$Vm, Amemdm{XVm Zo {b`m& ñd§` _hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXrOr H$m OrdZ ~‹S>m H$R>moa, g§`V, gmpËdH$ Ed§ AmXe© Wm OrdZ ew{MVm Ho$ gmW H$mìèw{MVm, ̂ mfm ew{MVm na CÝhmo§Zo ~b hr Zht {X`m ~ëH$s CgHo$ àVr do AmJ«hr Wo& em`X hr H$maU h¡ H$s l¥§Jma H$s CÀN¥>§IbVm H$m {damoY H$a XmånË` l¥§Jma H$mo H${dVm _| gwð> én _| ñdrH$mam& n[aUm_V: H${dVm B{Vd¥ÎmmË_H$Vm H$s Amoa _w‹S>r& CgHo$ {bE gag JÚ e¡br H$mo ̀ wJ Zo pñdH$mam& AV: H${dVm _| bmj{UH$Vm, {MÌ_`Vm Am¡a dH«$mo{ŠV ahr Zht& {dÛmZm| Zo Eogm _mZm h¡ H$s Bg g_` {ÛdoXrOr Ho$ gm_Zo Xmo e¡{b`m± Wr ~§Jmb H$s H$mo_bH$m§V nXmdbr Am¡a _amR>r H$s dU©Z àYmZ B{Vd¥ÎmmË_H$ e¡br& CÝhm|Zo Xygar e¡br H$mo AnZm`m& Š`mo{H$ dh CZHo$ _Z Ho$ AZwHw$b Wr Am¡a gmW hr dh Z¡{VH$Vm Ho$ àMma VWm AmXe© H$s à{Vð>m Ho$ {bE ^r Cn`wŠV Wr&'' n[aUm_V: Bg H$mb H$s H${dVm _| AmH$f©U bm{bË` H$_ hþAm dh ewîH$ Ed§ {Zag hþB©& _wŠVH$ H${dVm H$s aMZm H$m àMbZ ~‹T>m& 'gmHo$V' _| hr JwáOr Zo BgH$m à`moJ {H$`m'-

doXZo& Vy ̂ r ̂ br ~Zr&nmB© _¢Zo AmO VwPr _| AnZr Mmh KZr&&X X X X

XmoZm| Amoa ào_ nbVm h¡&g{I, nV§J ̂ r ObVm h¡, hm ! XrnH$ ̂ r ObVm h¡&

H${dVm H$m `h JÚmË_H$ én _¡{WbreaU JwßV, R>mHw$a JmonmbeaU qgh, bmoMZàgmX nmÊS>o`, _wHw$Q>Ya nÊS>o` _| Am`m& ~m¡pÜXH$Vm Ho$ H$maU dh ~moArb hþB© à{V{H«$`mñdén 'ahñ`mË_H$Vm H$s ImoO, ahñ`moÝ_wI ào_' Ho$ à{V H${d ̂ mdZm ~‹T>r& àH¥$Vr dU©Z _| ̂ r ̀ hr ̂ mdZm ahr& Jwá _| ̂ r ̀ h g§Ho$V {_bVo h¡-

''Voao Ka Ho$ Ûma ~hþV h¡ {H$ggo hmoH$a AmD$ _¢g~ Ûmam| na ̂ rS ~‹S>r h¡ H¡$go ̂ rVa OmD$ _¢&''

10. àH¥${V-{MÌU :-{ÛdoXr ̀ wJ H$m àH¥${V {MÌU ~‹S>m gÀMm Am¡a _Zmo`moJ nyU© {H$`m J`m h¡& l¥§Jma

H$mb _| Omo àH¥${V dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡ dh l¥§Jma ̂ mdZm CÔrnZ hoVy hþAm h¡& ̂ maVoÝXw ̀ wJ _| gm¢X`m©Zw^y{V Ho$ A^md _| Ho$db Ab§H$m[aH$ {MÌU H$s àYmZVm ahr h¡& na§Vy {ÛdoXr ̀ wJ _| ̀ h dU©Z g§doXZmË_H$ Am¡a {MÌmË_H$ énm| _| CnpñWV hþAm h¡& {Og_o AJ«ga h¡ lrYa nmR>H$, A`moÜ`mqgh CnmÜ`m` 'h[aAm¡Y', _¡{WbreaU JwßV, am_Zaoe {ÌnmR>r' VWm am_M§Ð ewŠb Am{X& lrYa nmR>H$ H$s H${dVm _| VÝ_`Vm Am¡a _mYw`© ^md g{Z{hV h¡, H$í_ra H$m dU©Z

134

Hw$N> Bgr àH$ma H$m h¡-''àH¥${V ̀ hm± EH$m§V ~¡{R>> {ZO én g±dma{V& nb-nb nbQ>{V _of N>{ZH$ N>{~ {N>Z-{N>Z Yma{V&{~ha{V {d{dY {dbmg ̂ ar Omo~Z _X _| g{Z&bbH${V {H$bH${V nwbH${V {ZaI{V {WaH${V ~ZR>{Z&''

AmMm`© ewŠb Ûmam J«m_ gm¢X`© dU©Z ̂ r {MÌmË_H$ én _| hþAm h¡-''J`m Cgr Xodb Ho$ nmg go h¡ J«må`-nW,ídoV Ym[a`m| _| H$B© Kmg H$mo {d^ŠV H$a&Wyham| go gQ>o hþE noS> Am¡a PmS> hao,JmoaO go Yy_bo Omo I‹S>o h¡ {H$Zmao na&''

am_Zaoe {ÌnmR>r Zo CZHo$ H$mì` 'n{WH$' Am¡a 'ñdßZ _| ZXr' _| nd©V, g_wÐ Am{X H$m Ñí` ̂ ì` én _o§ {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡& CZHo$ àH¥${V {MÌU _| H$ht-H$ht ahñ`mË_H$Vm ^r nmB© OmVr h¡- 'h[aAm¡Y' Zo àH¥${V H$mo nm±M énm| _| {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡, '' Ambå~Z éßm, CÔrnZ én, {~å~-à{V{~å~ én, CnXoemË_H$ én Ed§ Amb§H$m[aH$ én& ''

Bg H$mb Ho$ H${d`m| Zo àH¥${V- dU©Z _| ^r CnXoemË_H$Vm H$s d¥{Îm aIr em`X Bgr H$maU dh Z _mZdr, Z àH¥${V Ho$ ahñ`m| H$mo Imob nm`m, Z ghO, gw§Xa hmo nm`m& dh Zrag Am¡a ewîH$ hr ahm h¡& àH¥${Îm dU©Z ̂ r Bg H$mb H$s à_wI àd¥{Îm ahr h¡&

11. AZwdmXXoer Am¡a {dXoer gm{hË` Ho$ AZwdmX H$s ̂ maVoÝXy na§nam H$m A{YH$ {dH$mg

{ÛdoXr `wJ _| hþAm& `h AZwdmX _mÌ Ho$db nÚmË_H$ Zht JÚmË_H$ ^r hþAm Am¡a R>oR> IS>r~mobr _| hþAm& ñd§` {ÛdoXr Or 'gañdVr' _| A§J«oOr H${dVmAm| H$m AZwdmX àH$m{eV H$aVo Wo& ~m§Jbm Ho$ CËH¥$ï> J«§Wm| H$m AZwdmX Bg H$mbI§S> _| hþAm& lrYa nmR>H$ Zo JmoëS>pñ_W Ho$ ha{_Q> H$m "EH$m§Vdmgr `moJ' VWm 'Q´>¡dba H$m' lm§V n{WH$' H$m nÚmZwdmX {H$`m& S>m°. adrÝÐ ghm` d_m© Zo AnZr nwñVH$ '{hÝXr H$mì` na Am°½b' à^md _| {bIm h¡- ''{ÛdoXr ̀ wJ Ho$ {hÝXr H$mì` _| A§J«oOr H${dVmAm| Ho$ AZwdmX {d{eï> ñWmZ aIVo h¡& 1903 go 1908 Ho$ _Ü`dVu H$mb _| _hmdraàgmX {ÛdoXr Zo AmYw{ZH$ {hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE AWH$ n[al_ {H$`m Wm& ò AZwdmX AZdaV én go gañdVr _| àH$m{eV hmoVo aho&'' eoŠg{nà, ~màZ, J«o Am{X H$s H${dVmAm| Ho$ AZwdmX hþE h¡&

gmW hr ~m§Jbm Am¡a _amR>r 'Ho$ AZwdmX ̂ r {H$ò Jò&'' ~m§½bm go gm_«Jr br J`r Vr _amR>r go e¡br'' _¡{WbreaU JwßV Zo _mB©Ho$b _YwgwXZXÎm Ho$ _oKZmW dY Am¡a dram§JZm VWm ZdrZM§ÐgoZ Ho$ 'nbmgra `wÜX' H$m AZwdmX {H$`m& {g`mam_eaU JwßV VWm _wHw$Q>Ya nmÊS>o` H$s H${dVmAmo§ na a{dÐZmW R>mHy$a H$s 'JrVm§Obr' Ho$ ahñ`dmX H$m à^md {XImB© XoVm h¡& AZwdmX H$m`© H$s na§nam H$mo g_¥ÜX {H$`m {ÛdoXr ̀ wJ Zo&

12. H$mì` {df` Ed§ énm| _| {d{dYVm :-{ÛdoXr ̀ wJ _| H$mì` {df`m| Ed§ énm| _| _hËdnyU© ~Xbmd Amò h¡& ar{VH$mbrZ

na§nam H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a AZoH$ Zò {df`m| H$mo H$mì` _| ñWmZ {X`m& {ÛdoXr 'H${d H$V©ì`' {Z~§Y _|

135

{bIVo h¡- MrQ>t go boH$a hmWr n`©ÝV, new, {^jwH$ go boH$a amOn`©ÝV, _Zwî`, {~ÝXy go boH$a g_wÐ n`©ÝV, Ob, AZÝV AmH$me, AZÝV n¥Ïdr, AZÝV nd©V- g^r na H${dVm hmo gH$Vr h¡&'' OrdZ OJV g§~§Yr {d{dY {df`m| na H$mì` boIZ {H$`m J`m& {df` H$s H$moB© {g_m Zhr Wr& S>m°. ZJoÐ Zo {df` gwMr hr Xr h¡- namonH$ma _wabr, H¥$fH$, gË`, b‹S>H$nZ, J«ÝW-JwU-JmZ, àU`, B©î`m©, {ZÐm, H${b`wJr gmYy, nwñVH$ ào_, ~«÷M`©, {hÝXr H$s Anrb, ~mbH$, {hÝXr gm{hË` gå_obZ, _yT>> _mZd, _oh§Xr, Z¡H$Q>mB©, _Zmoì`Wm, H$m_Zm, {dÚm, Hw$brZVm, nm¡éf, {eey-ñZoh, gwI_` OrdZ, ̂ maVr` N>mÌm| go Z_« {ZdoXZ, bú_r-brbm, gnyV, J«m_-Jm¡ad, gÁOZm| H$m ñd^md, g_mbmoMH$-bjU X[aÐ {dÚmWu Am{X&''

BgHo$ gmW hr AmMm`© ewŠb Zo ̂ r Hw$N> g§Ho$V {H$ò h¡- XoeXem, g_mO-Xem, ñdXoe ào_,, AmMaU g§~§Yr CnXoe, Ho$ gmW, Ë`mJ, draVm, CXmaVm, g{hîUwVm, nm¡am{UH$-Eo{Vhm{gH$ àg§J nÚ~ÜX hþE h¡ {OgHo$ ~rM-~rM _| OÝ_^y{_ ào_, ñdOmVr` Jm¡ad, AmË_gå_mZ H$s ì`§OZm H$aZodmbo ̂ mfU aIo Jò h¡&

JwßVOr Zo '{dH$Q> Ka', '{VbmoÎm_m', 'a§J _| ^§J', 'gm¡aÝY«r', 'Ûmna', '{H$gmZ', '{díd doXZm', 'H$m~m Am¡a H$~©bm' _| Bgo {dñVma {X`m h¡& H$m_ZmàgmX Jwé H$s 'XwJm©dVr' (gañdVr, \$a~ar 1915) am_M[aV CnmÜ`` H$s 'Xodg^m', 'XodXyV' BgHo$ CXmhaU h¡&

H$mì`énm| H$s {^ÞVm ̂ r {ÛdoXr ̀ wJ H$s {deofVm h¡& I§S>H$mì`, à~§YH$mì`, Am¡a àJ{V _wŠVH$m| H$m à`moJ H$mì` boIZ hoVy {H$`m J`m h¡& gmW hr _wŠVH$ Ho$ ~Om` _hmH$mì`, Am»`mZ H$mì`, ào_»`mZ H$mì`, JrV H$mì` Am¡a ñ\w$Q> JrVm| H$m ñdV§Ì boIZ hþAm h¡& I‹S>r~mobr H$m à`moJ JÚ Ho$ joÌ _| _hËdnyU© ahm h¡& JÚ gm{hË` _| KQ>ZmàYmZ, M[aÌ àYmZ, Eo{Vhm{gH$ VWm nm¡am{UH$ KQ>Zm Am¡a H$WmAm| H$mo boH$a CnÝ`mg, H$hm{Z`m| H$m boIZ {H$`m J`m h¡& AbmoMZm VWm {Z~§Y gm{hË` H$m g_¥ÜX {dH$mg ̂ r Bgr ̀ wJ _| hþAm h¡& H$hZo H$m VmËn`© h¡ H$s {df` Ed§ {eënJV {d{dY à`moJ Bg H$mb _| hþE h¡&

13. I‹S>r~mobr H$mì` H$s ̂ mfm:-{ÛdoXr `wJ _| '^mfm n[adV©Z' `h EH$ à_wI àd¥{Îm h¡& ~«O^mfm H$s OJh

I‹S>r~mobr Zo H$mì` ̂ mfm Ho$ én _| ñWmZ {b`m ''AmO I‹S>r~mobr Ho$ ̂ mfm-gm¢X`©, _mX©d Am¡a A{^ì`§OZm j_Vm Ho$ Xe©Z Ho$ níMmV CgH$s H$mì`mon`wŠVVm {ddmXmñnX Zht ah J`r h¡&'' Omo bmoJ I‹S>r~mobr à`moJ na eme§H$ Wo CÝh| 'O`ÐWdY', '^maV-^maVr' Zo Cn`wŠVVm g_Pm`r/{ÛdoXrOr Zo ̂ mfm VWm ì`mH$aU g§~§Yr Ìw{Q>`m| H$mo Xya H$a Cgo à`moJgm_Ï`©erb ~Zm`m& {ÛdoXrOr Zo JÚ-nÚ H$s ̂ mfm ̂ r EH$-gr H$aZo H$m AmXe©-aIm, BgH$m n[aUm_ H${d`m| na hþAm& 'h[aAm¡Y' Or O¡go H${d`m| _| Vmo {ÛdoXrOr Ho$ g§ñH¥$V{Zð>Vm H$m ̂ r A^md h¡ CÝhmoZo R>oR> {hÝXwñWmZr H$m à`moJ '{à` àdmg' _| {H$`m-

''_Xr` ß`mar A{` Hw§$O H$mo{H$bm_wPo ~Vm Vy {T>J Hy$H$ Š`m CR>r&{dbmoH$ _oar {MÎm-^«mpÝV Š`m ~Zr {dfmXVr g§H${MÎmm Zrnr{‹S>Vm&''

136

{ÛdoXrOr Zo ^mfm H$mo g_`mZwê$n ~Xbm& S>m°. ZJ|Ð R>rH$ H$hVo h¡, 'O`§ÐW dY' H$s à{gÜXr Zo d«O^mfm Ho$ _moh H$m dY H$a {X`m '^maV-^maVr' H$s bmoH${à`Vm I‹S>r~mobr H$s {dO`-^maVr {gÜX hþB© '' ~«O^mfm H$m d¡^dembr én Yame`r hþAm Am¡a I‹S>r~mobr Zo {dH$mg nm`m& ̂ mfm Ho$ ~XbZo go Omo H«$m§{V hþB© dh AmJo {hÝXr gm{hË` _| ñnï> h¡& N>§Xmo~ÜXVm H$mo Ë`mJH$a ̂ r H${dVm OZ Ho$ Amoa A{YH$ {ZH$Q> hþB©&

14. N>§X-ñdN>§X :-IwX {ÛdoXrOr N>§Xmo~ÜX VWm VwH$~§Xrdmbr H${dVm Ho$ {damoYr Wo Bg{bE

CÝhm|Z| ñdN>§X H$mo AnZm`m& g§ñH¥$V d¥Îmm| Ho$ AVwH$m§V `m AZwàmg H$mo ^r Xya {H$`m J`m& I‹S>r~mobr _| hr {d{dY N>§Xm| H$m gw§Xa à`moJ Bg H$mb Ho$ H${d`m| Zo {H$`m& {hÝXr, CXy©, g§ñH¥$V H$mo N>§Xm| H$m ^r à`moJ CËH¥$ï> ê$n go {H$`m& _wŠVN>§X H$s H${dVm H$m à`moJ hmoZo bJm& N>m`mdmXr A§{V_ Xm¡a _| Vmo {Zambm Zo '_wŠVN>§X' H${dVm H$m hr nwañH$ma {H$`m& {\$a ^r lrYa nmR>H$ Zo bmdZr VWm CXy©, J`màgmX ewŠb 'ñZohr' Zo CXy©, 'h[aAm¡Y' Zo g§ñH¥$V, N>§Xmo H$m à`moJ {H$`m& ~«O^mfm_| {OZ H${d`m| Zo aMZmE± H$s CÝhm|Zo amobm, N>ßn¶, Hw$ÊS>{b`m, Jr{VH$m, h[aJr{VH$m, ZmQ>H$,bmdZr, gd¡`m, H${dÎm AmXr N>§Xm| H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡& AZoH$ H${d N>§X {deof H$m à`moJ H$aVo Wo& na§Vw Bg H$mb H$m H${d ̂ mfm Ho$ g§ñH$ma H$m`© _| aV Wm& CÝhm|Zo Zò N>§X {Z_m©U H$aZo _| H$moB© {XbMñnr Zht ahr hmoJr&

5Am.3 _yë`m§H$Z …-

{ÛdoXr ̀ wJ _| H$mì` d¡{dY Ho$ gmW ̂ mfm {ZU©` ̂ r {H$`m J`m& IS>r~mobr H$mo

A{YH$m{YH$ n[aîH¥$V H$aZo H$m _hËdnyU© H$m`© _hmdraàgmX {ÛdoXr Zo {H$`m& CgHo$ ì`mH$aU ê$n na ~b {X`m Cgo H$mì` Cn`wŠV {gÜX {H$`m& Cgo pñWa H$a Cg_| n[anŠdVm bmB© & _Zwî` {hV, g_mO{hV, Xoe{hV Ho$ gmW amï´>r`Vm H$m {dH$mg H$aZo _| {ÛdoXr`wJrZ H${dVm CëboIZr` h¡& _¡{WbreaU JwßV O¡go 'amï´>H${d' H$m {Z_m©U {ÛdoXr ̀ wJ H$s XoZ h¡& Am{VV H$m {MÌU, Jm¡ad CZHo$ H$ì` {df` ̂ bo H$s aho hmo na dV©_mZ na ZOa Amdí` Wr& AmXe©dmX, _mZdVmdmX, amï´>dmX, ~m¡pÜXH$Vm Ho$ ~b na H${dVm H$m _hb I‹S>m {H$`m& 'gañdVr' H$m àH$me {ÛdoXrOr H$m g§nmXZ, nÌH$m[aVm, gm{hË`, {Z~§Y, AmbmoMZm H$s {Xem _| {ZUm©`H$ ahm& gË` Am¡a Ý`m` H$m g_W©Z,Zmar geŠVVm, gm_mÝ` OZ-OrdZ H$m {MÌU, _mZdr` JwUm| H$s _hÎmm, JÚ-nÚ XmoZm| H$s e¡br _| n[adV©Z H${dVm H$s ̂ y{_ ahr, {Oggo dh g_¥ÜX hþB©&

{ÛdoXr ̀ wJrZ H${dVm gm§ñH¥${VH$ amï´>r`Vm H$s H${dVm ahr h¡& S>m°. ZJoÐ Zo H$hm h¡,'' Bg ̀ wJ H$s amï´>r`Vm, gmåàXm{`H$Vm Am¡a àmÝVr`Vm go D$na A{V CXma Am¡a ì`mnH$ amï´>r`Vm h¡& _mV¥^y{_ Ho$ {bò gd©ñd- ~{bXmZ, ñdmW©, Ë`mJ VWm nmañnm[aH$ d¡_Zñ` H$mo Xya H$aZo H$s A_moK àoaUm XoH$a BZ H${d`m| Zo Ag§H$sU© amï´>r` ̂ mdZm H$mo {dH${gV {H$`m VWm VËH$mbrZ amï´>r` Am§XmobZ H$mo ~b {X`m& '' AZoH$ CÀMmXem}§ H$mo Bg `wJ Zo à{Vð>m{nV {H$`m& gm{hË` Am¡a nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ gm_Zo BgZo `wJ CÀMmXe© aIm `hr H$maU h¡ H$s Bgo

137

'OmJaU' ̀ m 'gwYma' H$mb Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡& _`m©Xm, àVmn, à^m, gañdVr, BÝXy O¡go à{gÜX amOZr{VH$ Ed§ gm{hË`-g§ñH¥${V g§~§Yr nÌm| H$m àH$meZ Bgr H$mb _| hþAm& (I‹S>r~mobr) ̂ mfm,ì`mH$aU {d_e© Bgr H$mb H$s CnO h¡& {ÛdoXr ̀ wJ Ho$ H${d`m| Zo H${dVm H$mo AmJo ~T>m`m& ì`mnH$ én _| dh g_mO-Xoe Ho$ d¥Îm _| \¡$b MwH$s& 'J^©aÊS>m ahñ`'Ûmam ZWwam_ e_m© 'e§H$a' Ho$ H$mì` Zo qhXy Y_© Ed§ g_mO gwYma H$s ̂ mdZm OJm`r& {dYdmAm| H$s ~war pñWVr VWm _§{Xam| _| MbZodmbo XwamMma H$m nXm©\$me {H$`m h¡& 'hmñ`ì`§J' H${dVm H$m O~aXñV h_bm gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, amOZr{VH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, N>X²‘mdaU na hþAm& gwYma Am¡a g§Kf© H$m ̀ h H$mb ahm& AmXe©dmX VWm VH©$-~wpÜXdmX Zo CZ_| gw`mo½` g_Ýd` bm`m&

5Am.4 Cng§hma :-

Bg H$mb go ̂ mfm Ed§ gm{hË` g§ñH$ma àmßV hþE& _m¡{bH$ H¥${V`m| H$m g¥OZ hþAm& O¡go, {à`àdmg, O`ÐdY, ^maV^maVr, èmoYam, n{WH$,Am{X& {Z~§Y H$m {dH$mg hþAm EH$ Amoa gaXma nyU©qgh Ho$ CÀMH$mo{Q> Ho$ ̂ mdmË_H$ {Z~§Y h¡ Vmo Xygar Amoa Jwboar Or Ho$ ^mfmemór` {Z~§Y, AbmoMZm _| VwbZmË_H$, JdofZmË_H$, ^mdmË_H$ VWm emór` g_rjm nÜX{V`m| H$s Ztd n‹S>r& nX²_qgh e_m©, am_M§Ð ewŠb, {ÛdoXr Bgr ̀ wJ Ho$ à{gÜX AbmoMH$ h¡& H$hmZrH$mam| _|, ào_M§X, àgmX, H$m¡{eH$, Jwboar gwXe©Z Zo `wJ ñWm{nV {H$`m& ^maVoÝXw H$mb H$s Anojm CnÝ`mg {dYm _| àJ{V hþB© Jmonmbam_ Jhâr, {H$emoarbmb Jmoñdm_r, d¥ÝXmdZbmb d_m©, ào_M§X Bgr ̀ wJ _| hþE {hÝXr Ho$ {bE {demb Am§XmobZ IS>m hþAm& 1893 _| H$mer ZmJar àM[aUr H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& 1900 _| XodZmJar AmXmbV _| nhÿ±Mr& 1897 _| 'ZmJar àM[aUr n{ÌH$m' ewé hþB©& S>r. E. dr. H$m°boOg Ho$ Am¡a {díd{dÚmb`m| Ho$ O[aE {hÝXr AÜ``Z, AÜ`mnZ, H$s ̂ mfm ~Zr& B{Vd¥ÎmmË_H$Vm Zo gm{hË` H$mo àMmamË_H$ ~Zm`m& AmXe© Ho$ _moh Ho$ H$maU H${dVm H$m ñdm^m{dH$ {dH$mg AdéÜX hmo J`m& AÀN>r ~mVm| H$m àMma hmoZm AÀN>r ~mV h¡ na H$bmË_H$Vm H$mo ZH$maZm gm{hË` H$bm Ho$ {bE gd©Wm A`mo½` h¡, Bg_| Xmo am` Zht hmoZr Mm{hE&

5Am.4 ~moY àíZ …-

1. {ÛdoXr ¶wJrZ bjUmo H$mo aoIm§{H$V H$s{OE&2. {ÛdoXr ¶wJrZ H$mì¶ gwYma H$m H$mì¶ h¡ MMm© H$s{OE&

138

139

N>m`mdmX


6.1 N>m`mdmX-Zm_H$aU

6.2 N>m`mdmX-n[a^mfm Am¡a ñdén

6.3 N>m`mdmX-H$mì` àd¥{Îm`m±

6.4 _yë`m§H$Z

6.5 Cng§hma

6.6 ~moY àíZ

6.0 BH$mB© H$m CÔoí¶

H$. N>m¶mdmX H$m CX²^d Ed§ {dH$mg H¡$go hþAm?I. N>m¶mdmX {H$go Am¡a ³¶m| H$hm OmVm h¡&J. N>m¶mdmXr H$mì¶ Ho$ bjU H$m¡Zgo h¡ Bgo XoIZm-naIZm&K. N>m¶mdmX Ho$ ‘hÎd H$mo aoIm§{H$V H$aZm&S>. N>m¶mdmX Zo H$mì¶ Ho$ {df¶ Ed§ e¡br ‘| {ZVm§V n[adV©Z {H$¶m h¡&M. N>m¶mdmXr H${dVm H$m H$mì¶ H$s Ñ{ï> go ‘yë¶m§H$Z H$aZm&N>. N>m¶mdmXr H${d¶m| H$s OrdZ Ñ{ï> H$m n[aM¶ boZm&

6.1 àñVmdZm/n[aM` …-

Xmo {díd`wÜX Ho$ ~rM AWm©V² gZ 1914 go 1919 VWm 1939 go 1944 Ho$ ~rM Omo H${dVm {bIr J`r Cgo gm_mÝ`V: N>m`mdmXr H${dVm Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡& dñVwV: `h ñdÀN>§XVmdmXr H${dVm h¡, {OgH$s A{^ì`{ŠV H$m Zm_ {hÝXr gm{hË` _| N>m`mdmXr hþAm& N>m`mdmXr gm{hË` H$bm Ed§ ̂ md Ho$ joÌ _| CâH$a Am`m hþAm _hËdnyU© Ed§ _hmZ Am§XmobZ h¡& Omo ZdrZ {ejm nÜXVr, ~m§½bmgm{hË` H$m g§nH©$, ^maV _| gm_«mÁ`dm{X`m| H$s Amoa go Xoe emofU Ho$ {bE bm`m J`m ̀ §Ì`wJ H$m {damoY, {dXoer gÎmm à{V {dÐmoh, {ÛdoXr `wJrZ Z¡{VH$Vm, AmXe©dmX, B{Vd¥ÎmmË_H$Vm H$s ñWwbVm à{V gwú_ {damoYr à{V{H«$`m, ñdmYrZVm VWm _mZdr` _wë`m| H$s à{Vð>m hoVy, Zd H$ënZm, {~§~-àVrH$ H$s gw§Xa `moOZm Ûmam àH¥${V H$m _Zmohmar dU©Z, àUm`mZw^y{V H$s A{^ì`{ŠV, gm_§Vr _wë`m| H$m {damoY, Zmar gm¢X`© dU©Z Ed§ CgH$s j_Vm go _w{ŠV Ho$ {bE AìhmZ, g§Kf© Ho$ n[aUm_m|, Am`m_m| H$mo CX²Km{Q>V H$aZo Ho$ {bE 'N>m`m' Ho$ én _| CâH$a Am`m dmX 'N>m`mdmX' Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡& Bg_| EH$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ ̂ mdYmam Ho$ Xe©Z hmoVo h¡ Vmo Xwgar Amoa OrdZ Am¡a OJV Ho$ à{V {ZVm§V d¡`{ŠVH$, amJmË_H$ AZw^y{V`m| H$m A{^ì`{ŠVH$aU&

6

Z`r Amem-AmH$m§jm H$m ̀ h Z`m H$mì` {hÝXr gm{hË` _| A_wë` ñWmZ aIVm h¡& H${dVm H$mo Z`r {Xem XoVm h¡, ̂ mfm Ho$ joÌ _| '_wŠV N>§X' ̀ m ~§YZm| go a{hV H$s Anojm H$a Cgo ñdÀN>§X JrV-àJrVmË_H$ g§JrVmË_H$ énm| _|, b` _| ì`ŠV H$aVm h¡& àVrH$ Am¡a {~~m| H$s Z`r H$ënZm Ed§ {dñVma ̂ r Bgr ̀ wJ _| hþAm& H$B© Ñ{ï>`m| go ̀ h H$mì` _hËdnyU© h¡&

6.2 N>m`mdmX-Zm_H$aU :-

Ama§^ ‘| AmMm`© ewŠb Zo ~m§½bm H$s AÜ`mË_rH$Vm, ahñ`dmX H$m {damoY H${dVm _| {H$`m& ''ahñ`dmX Ho$ H$maU do adrÐZmW Ho$ H$mì` go ̂ r CÝh| {da{ŠV Wr& {deof én go 'JrVm§Obr' go& CgH$s ahñ`mË_H$ A{^ì`{ŠV do H$VB© ~Xm©íV Zht H$a nm aho Wo&'' _hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXr H$mo ^r N>m`mdmXr H${dVm go {damoY Wm CÝhmo§Zo _B© 1927 H$s gañdVr _| 'gwH${d qH$H$a' Bg N>X^ Zm_ go' AmO H$b Ho$ H${d Am¡a {hÝXr H${dVm' Zm_H$ boI _| N>m`mdmX H$s ^Ëg©Zm H$s Wr CÝh| 'N>m`mdmXr H${dVm JmoaIY§Ym bJr Wr.. Cgo CÝhm|Zo Añn¥í` _mZH$a N>moS> {X`m Wm& '' ñd§` {ÛdoXr Or Zo 'N>m`mdmX' Ho$ AW© H$mo g_PmZo H$s Moï>m Bgr boI ‘| H$s h¡- ''N>m`mdmX go bmoJm| H$m Š`m _Vb~ h¡ Hw$N> g_P _| Zht AmVm& em`X CZH$m _Vb~ h¡ {H$ {H$gr H${dVm Ho$ ̂ mdm| H$s N>m`m ̀ {X H$ht AÝ`Ì OmH$a n‹S>o Vmo Cgo N>m`mdmXr-H${dVm H$hZm Mm{hE& '' ewŠb Am¡a {ÛdoXrOr Zo N>m`mdmXr H${dVm H$m {damoY {H$`m Wm {H$ÝVw N>m`mdmX ̀ h Zm_ _mÌ {hÝXr _| à¶wŠV hmo ahm Wm& {OgH$m gd©àW_ à`moJ 1920 _| 'lr emaXm' Zm_H$ n{ÌH$m _| _wHw$Q>Ya nmÊS>o` Ho$ boIm| _| hþAm& CÝhm|Zo '{hÝXr _| N>m`mdmX' Zm_ go Mma boI {bIo Wo& gmW hr {H$gr gwerbHw$_ma Ûmam ̂ r "{hÝXr _| N>m`mdmX 'Zm_H$ Xmo boI' gañdVr _| 1921 H$mo àH$m{eV hþE Wo& g§^d h¡ BgH$m à`moJ _wHw$Q>Ya nmÊS>o` Zo {H$`m hmo& H«$‘e: _wHw$Q>Ya nmÊS>o` Zo A§J«oOr `m ~m§½bm gm{hË` _| à`wŠV '{_pñQ>{gÁ_' VWm gw{ebHw$_ma Zo 'H$moao H$mJX H$s ^m±Vr Añnï>', {Z_©b ~«÷ H$s {deX N>m`m, dmUr H$s ZradVm, {ZñVãYVm H$m CÀN>dmg Ed§ AZ§V H$m {dbmg H$hm h¡& '' _wH$Q>Ya nmÊS>o Ûmam à`wŠV 'N>m`mdmX' eãX ì`§½`mË_H$ _mZm OmZm h¡&

AmJo MbH$a Oè§H$a àgmX Zo ̂ r CgH$m Zm_H$aU {H$`m ''_moVr Ho$ ̂ rVa N>m`m O¡gr VabVm hmoVr h¡& d¡gr hr H$m§Vr H$s VabVm A§J _| bmdÊ` H$hr OmVr h¡&... N>m`m ^maVr` Ñ{ï> go AZw^y{V d A{^ì`{ŠV H$s ^§{J_m na {Z^©a H$aVr Wr& ÜdÝ`mË_H$Vm, bmj{UH$Vm, gm¢X`©_` àVrH$ {dYmZ VWm CnMma dH«$Vm Ho$ gmW ñdmZw^y{V H$s {dH¥${Îm N>m`mdmX H$s {deofVm h¡& AnZo ^rVa go nmZr H$s Vah Am§Va-ñne© H$aHo$ ^mfm-g_n©U H$aZodmbr A{^ì`{ŠV N>m`m.. H$m§{V_` hmoVr h¡& ''

_hmXodr d_m© Zo ̂ r àgmX H$s Vah H$hm- ''g¥{ï> Ho$ ~mømH$ma na BVZm {bIm Om MwH$m Wm {H$ _Zwî` H$m öX` A{^ì`{ŠV Ho$ {bE amo CR>m& ñdÀN>§X N>§X _| {M{ÌV CZ _mZd AZw^y{V`m| H$m Zm_ N>m`m Cn`wŠV hr Wm Am¡a _wPo AmO ^r Cn`wŠV bJVm h¡&'' ''N>m`mdmX'' Zm_ Mb n‹S>m gm_mÝ`V: CgHo$ {dH$mg Ho$ Mma H$maU ~Zmò OmVo h¡&' 1. {ÛdoXr `wJ H$s B{Vd¥ÎmmË_H$Vm go ZmamOJr 2. A§J«oOr Ho$ amo_m§[Q>H$ H${d`m| H$m à^md 3. a{dÝÐZmW H$s ñdÀN>§VmdmXr, ahñ`dmXr H${dVm H$m à^md 4. VËH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$,

140

amOZr{VH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ n[apñW{V go CËnÞ {Zamem Am¡a CXmgr& R>rH$ Eogo g_` H${d EH$m§Vdmgr '`moJr' hþE H$ënZm CZH$m ghmam ~Zr& Cg H$ënZm, ñdßZ Ho$ ^rVa Omo _hb IS>m hþAm dh {hÝXr _| N>m`mdmX Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡&

_mÌ N>m`mdmXr H${dVm Bg ̀ wJ H$s XoZ Zht dh {ÛdoXr ̀ wJ go hr àma§^ hmo MwH$s Wr& lrYa nmR>H$, am_ Zaoe {ÌnmR>r Zo Cg àH$ma H$s H${dVmAm| H$m boIZ {H$`m Wm& ñdÀN>§XVmdmX Ho$ VËd CZH$s H${dVm go hr àmßV hmoVo h¡& ''¶Xr CZHo$ H$mì`, {_bZ,n{WH$ Am¡a ñdßZ H$m {d{YdV AÜ``Z {H$`m OmE Vmo CZ_| A{YH$m§e 'N>m`mdmXr H$mì`m|' Ho$ gyÌ {_b OmE±Jo& Hw$N> CXmhaUm| go ̀ h ~mV ñnï> hmo OmEJr& _gbZ '{_bZ' H$mì` H$s n§{ŠV`m±- ~rVr, {Zem, Cfm CR> AmB©/nhZ gwZham Mra& '' {OÝh| n‹T>H$a àgmX Or H$s '~rVr {d^mdar OmJar' H$s ñdm^m{dH$ én go `mX Am OmVr h¡& Bgr àH$ma {ÌnmR>r Or H$s 'ZrMo g_wÐ _Zmoha/D$na Zrb JJZ h¡& ' go 'H$m‘m¶Zr' H$s àma§{^H$ n§{ŠV`m| ''ZrMo Ob Wm, D$na {h_ Wm'' H$s ñ_¥{V VmOm hmo OmVr h¡& {ÌnmR>r Or Zo 'Am±gy' erf©H$ go ^r H${dVm {bIr Wr {OgH$s àma§{^H$ n{ŠV`m± àgmX Ho$ 'Am±gy' H$s àma§{^H$ n§{ŠV`m| go {_bVr- OwbVr h¡: N>o‹S>mo _V {ZH$b n‹S>|Jo H$h X|Jo / BZ Am±gwAm| ‘| B{Vhmg h¡ öX` Ho$& ' Bgr àH$ma {ÌnmR>r Or H$s ''AmH$a H$m¡Z h°§g J`m V_ _|' H$s à{VÀN>{d 'H$m¡Z V_ Ho$ nma ao H$h' _| XoIr Om gH$Vr h¡& H$m¡Z, Š`m, H$hm± O¡go àíZmHw$b ñda {ÌnmR>r Or H$s H${dVmAm| go hr ewé hmoVo h¡& Omo N>m`mdmXr H${dVm Ho$ ̂ r M[aÌ {ZYm©aH$ ñda ~ZVo h¡& '' Bg Ñ{ï> go N>m`mdmXr H${dVm {bIZo dmbo Mma AmYma ñV§^ h¡, gw{_ÌmZ§XZ n§V, Oè§H$a àgmX, gy`©H$m§V {ÌnmR>r '{Zambm' Am¡a _hmXodr d_m©& BZHo$ Abmdm am_Hw$_ma d_m©, ̂ JdVrMaU d_m©, CXè§H$ma ^Å>, Za|Ð e_m©, am_oída ewŠb 'Am§Mb' h[aH¥$îU ào_r, OmZH$sdëb^ emór, gw^Ðm Hw$_mar Mm¡hmZ, {dÚmdVr H$mo{H$b Am{X`m| Zo N>m`mdmXr H$mì` àd¥{Îm`m| go ̀ wJ-H$mì` {bIm&

6.3 N>m`mdmX-n[a^mfm …-

{d{^Þ {dX²dmZm|, H${d`m| Zo N>m`mdmX H$mo n[a^m{fV H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡& AmMm`© am_M§Ð ewŠb Zo H$hm h¡- ''N>m`mdmX eãX H$m à`moJ Xmo AWm] _| g_PZm hmoJm 1. Vmo ahñ`dmX Ho$ AW© _|, Ohm± CgH$m g§~§Y H$mì`-dñVw go hmoVm h¡ AWm©V Ohm± H${d Cg AZÝV Am¡a AkmV {à`V_ H$mo Ambå~Z ~ZmH$a AË`ÝV {MÌ_`r ̂ mfm _| ào_ H$s AZoH$ àH$ma go ì`§OZm H$aVm h¡& O¡go nwamZo g§Vm|, gmYH$m| Ho$ N>m`m^mg Am¡a ̀ wamonr` énmË_H$ Am^mg hmoVo h¡& ~§Jmb _| ~«÷ g_mO Zo àd{V©V H$a AmÜ`mË_rH$ àVrH$dmX Ho$ AZwH$aU na JrV ̀ m ̂ OZ ~ZZo bJo do 'N>m`mdmX' H$hbmZo bJo& ~§Jmb _| a{d§Ð Ho$ Ûmam ̀ hr eãX gm{hË` _| Am`m& dhm± go {hÝXr gm{hË` _|& '' Bg àH$ma

''N>m`mdmX H$m gm_mÝ` AW© hþAm àñVwV Ho$ ñWmZ na AàñVwV H$m H$WZ'' ~mX _| ''N>m`mdmX eãX H$m à`moJ {deof H$mìè¡br ̀ m àVrH$dmX e¡br AÝ` joÌm| _| à`wŠV hmoZo bJr&''

'N>m`mdmX' AÜ`mË_rH$Vm ào_ H$mo boH$a Mbm Bg{bE dh ahñ`dmX Ho$ A§VJ©V hr AmVm h¡&

141

ewŠb Or N>m`mdmX H$s n[a^mfm XoVo hþE Omo Hw$N> ̂ r ñnï> H$aVo h¡ CgH$m {ZîH$f© {ZåZ hmoJm-

1. ^maVr` g§Vm|, gmYH$m| VWm ̀ wamonr` Am^mgmË_H$ (àVrH$dmXr) H${dVm H$mo ~§Jmb _| N>m`mdmX H$hm OmZo bJm dhr Ymam {hÝXr _| Am`r&

2. N>m`mdmX EH$ {d{eï> àH$ma H$s (à{VH$) H$mì` e¡br h¡&3. N>m`mdmX Am¡a ahñ`mdmX XmoZm| EH$ Xwgao Ho$ A§VJ©V AmVo h¡&4. `wamon _| {Ogo 'amo_|{Q>{gÁ_' H$hm J`m Cgo {hÝXr _| 'N>m`mdmX'&

n§. ZÝXXwbmao dmOno`r:- ''_mZd VWm àH¥${V Ho$ 'gwú_' {H$ÝVw 'ì`ŠV' gm¢X`© _| AmÜ`mpË_H$ N>m`m H$m ̂ md N>m`mdmX h¡& '' N>m`mdmX EH$ Amoa ì`ŠV gm¢X`© Ñ{ï> go g§~§Y aIVm h¡ Vmo ahñ`dmX g_{ï> gm¢X`© Ho$ Aì`ŠV gm¢X`© Ñ{ï> go&''

''N>m`mdmX' H$s _w»` àoaUm Ym{_©H$ Z hmoH$a _mZdr` Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ h¡&''''N>m`mdmX _| AmYw{ZH$ ̀ wJmZwHw$b AmÜ`mpË_H$Vm H$s ̂ mdZm h¡&''''Bg_| _mZd Am¡a àH¥${V _w»` {df` h¡, {H$ÝVw BZH$m gwú_-gm¢X`©-Xe©Z hr

à_wI h¡&''dmOno`r Eogo nhbo AmbmoMH$ h¡ {OÝhm|Zo N>m`mdmX H$mo R>rH$ go nhMmZ H$a Cg

H$mì` H$mo à{Vð>m Xr& _mZdVmdmXr Am¡a AmYw{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ go CgH$m {díbofU {H$`m& N>m`mdmX H$s 'gm¢X`© Ñ{ï> H$s {d{eï>Vm' H$m à{VnmXZ {H$`m& '' _mZd AWdm àH¥${V Ho$ gwú_ {H$ÝVw ì`ŠV gm¢X`© _| AÜ`mpË_H$ N>m`m H$m ^mZ _oao {dMma go N>m`mdmX H$s EH$ gd©_mÝ` ì`m»`m hmo gH$Vr h¡& '' ahñ`dmX Am¡a N>m`mdmX Ho$ A§Va H$mo g_PmVo hþE 'Cgo gm§ñH¥${VH$ AÜ`mpË_H$Vm' Ho$ D$°Mo ñWmZ na à{V{ð>V {H$`m& CZHo$ _VmZwgma N>m`mdmX H$s _wb àoaUm _mZdr` Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ h¡& Bg{bE dh ahñ`dmX {\$a Mmho dh g§Vmo H$m hmo `m `wamon H$m Cg_o N>m`mdmX {^Þ h¡& '' BgHo$ ZdrZ _mZdr` OrdZ _| AmË_-gm¢X`© H$s PbH$ XoIr Am¡a Bg{bE Cgo AmYw{ZH$ ̀ wJ H$s ñdV§Ì {MÝVZ-Ymam'' _mZm h¡&

AmMm`© hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr Zo ewŠb H$s _mÝ`VmAm| H$m I§S>U H$aVo hþE ~m§½bm go CgHo$ AmZo H$mo ̂ «m_H$ _mZVo h¡& CZHo$ AZwgma -

1. N>m`mdmX Zm_ {~Zm gmoMo-g_Po OëX {X`m J`m Wm, {Og_| (H$) ''_mZdVmdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ àYmZ Wm (I) H${d AnZo {dMmam| H$mo ì`{ŠVJV {MÝVm Am¡a AZw^y{V Ho$ a§J _| a§JmH$a A{^ì`ŠV H$aVo Wo& (J) Cg_| _mZdr` {dídmgm|, AmMmam|, {H«$`mAm| Moï>mAm| Ho$ ~Xbo VWm ~XbVo hþE _wë`m| H$mo ñdrH$maZo H$s àd¥{Îm Wr& (K) Cg_| N>ÝX,Ab§H$ma, ag, Vmb, VwH$ O¡go na§nam~ÜX go Xya ahZo H$m ̂ md Wm& (S>.) Cg_o emór` é‹[T>`m| àVr H$moB© AñWm Zhr Wr&''

2. N>m`mdmX EH$ {demb gm§ñH¥${VH$ MoVZm H$m n[aUm_ Wm, Cg_| Z`r {ejm Ho$ ̂ md h¡ VWm dh Ho$db nmíMmË` H$m à^md Zht h¡& H${d`m| H$s Aä`§VarH$ AmHw$bmhQ> ZdrZ ^mfm-e¡br _| A{^ì`ŠV hþB© h¡& ''

3. g^r H${d`m| _| Wmo‹S>r- ~hþV AmÜ`mpË_H$ A{^ì`{ŠV H$s ì`mHw$bVm Wr& AWm©V {ÛdoXOr ̀ h ñnï> H$aVo h¡ H$s N>m`mdmX {ZVm§V ̂ maVr` gm§ñH¥${VH$ MoVZm go _wŠV h¡ na§Vy Cgna nmíMmË` à^md h¡& _mZdVmdmXr {dMmaYmam H$s d¡`{ŠVH$ {MÝVZ ^y_r, ZdrZ OrdZ _yë`m| H$s ñdrH¥${V, Z`r e¡br _| ì`ŠV hþB© h¡& '' Cg_|

142

''_mZdr` VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$maUm| go CËnÞ AmÜ`mpË_H$ AZw^y{V H$s A{^ì`{ŠV hþB© h¡&''

J§JmàgmX nmÊS>o`:- ''{H$gr dñVw _| EH$ AkmV, ''gàmU N>m`m H$s Pm±H$s nmZm AWdm Amamon H$aZm N>m`mdmX h¡& '' AWm©V `h ñnï> hmoVm h¡ H$s ahñ`dmX. H$s A§{V_ n[aU{V N>m`mdmX h¡&

em§pV{à` {ÛdoXr:- ''N>m`mdmX EH$ Xme©{ZH$ AZw^y{V h¡& '' ̀ h ahñ`mdmXr AW© _| hr N>m`mdmX H$mo g_PVr h¡ VWm Añnï> ̂ r h¡&

S>m°. am_Hw$_ma d_m©:- ''na_mË_m H$s N>m`m AmË_m na n‹S>Zo bJVr h¡ Am¡a AmË_m H$s N>m`m na_mË_m na `hr N>m`mdmX h¡& '' d‘m© Or ^r ewŠb H$s Vah `h N>m`mdmX H$mo ahñ`dmX H$m A{^Þ én _mZVo h¡&

S>m°. ZJ|Ð:- ''ñWwbVm Ho$ à{V gwú_ {dÐmoh'' Ho$ én _| ñdrH$maVo h¡& `hr n[a^mfm gdm©{YH$ é‹T>> h¡& gwÌ én _| H$mì` Ho$ joÌ _| O~-O~ ñWwbVm H$s ñWmnZm hmoZo bJVr h¡, V~ CgHo$ àVr {dÐmoh hmoZo bJVm h¡& dh {eën, ̂ mfm, {df` BZ {VZm| H$mì`m§Jmo§ _| ñWwbVm O~ àdoe H$aVr h¡ V~ CgHo$ à{V {dÐmoh gwú_Vm go ñWmZ J«hU H$aVm h¡& do CXmhaU ^r XoVo h¡& {ÛdoXr H$mbrZ H${dVm {df`, ^mfm Am¡a {eën H$s Ñ{ï> go ~‹S>r hr B{Vd¥ÎmmË_H$, A{^Ym^ybH$ Am¡a ñWwb h¡& CgHo$ à{V {dÐmoh ñdm^m{dH$ hr Wm&

amOZr{VH$ én go ''N>m`mdmX-`wJ ̂ maV Ho$ {bE Apñ_Vm H$s ImoO H$m ̀ wJ h¡& '' EH$ Am¡a OZVm XmgVm Ho$ H$maU AË_Ho$§{ÐV hr JB© Wr, é{T> J«ñV hmo MwH$s Wr& Eogo _| B©gmB© Y_© àMmaH$ ̂ r ̂ maVr` Y_© H$s {ZñgmaVm H$mo à{Vnm{XV H$a aho Wo& '' EH$ Amoa amOZr{VH$ j_Vm Xygar Amoa go gm§ñH¥${VH$ AmH«$_U' Zo {MÝVH$m| H$mo gmoMZo Ho$ {bE àd¥Îm {H$`m& Jm§Yr H$m àdoe amOZr{V _| hmo MwH$m& gm_«mÁ`dm{X`m| Ho$ à{V {dÐmoh ̂ md Vrd« hþAm VWm gË`mJ«h, Aqhgm, AÜ`mË_, Cndmg, _m¡Z² O¡go Ym{_©H$, AÜ`mpË_H$ O¡go gwú_ _wë`m| Ho$ à{VlÜXm ~T> JB© S>m°. ZJ|Ð Zo Bgo hr ''ñWwb go {d_wI hmoH$a gyú_ Ho$ à{V {dÐmoh ''H$hm h¡&

S>m°. am_{dbmg e_m©:- N>m`mdmX H$mo _Ü`dJu` MoVZm _mZH$a {bIVo h¡- ''N>m`mdmX ñWwb Ho$ à{V gyú_ H$m {dÐmoh Zht ahm daZ² WmoWr Z¡{VH$Vm, é{‹T>dmX Am¡a gm_§Vr-gm_«mÁ`dmXr ~§YZm| Ho$ à{V {dÐmoh H$hm h¡& ''

dñVwV: `h {H$gr ^r àH$ma Ho$ ~§YZm| àVr, {deofV: gm_«mÁ`dmX, gm_§VdmX, Xoer nw§OrdmX Ho$ à{V _mŠg©dmXr {dÐmoh Ho$ én _| am_{dbmgOr XoIVo h¡&

AbmoMH$m| Ho$ Abmdm N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Zo ̂ r 'N>m`mdmX' H$s n[a^mfm Xr h¡&Oè§H$a àgmX:- ''N>m`m ̂ maVr` Ñ{ï> go AZw^y{V Am¡a A{^ì`{ŠV H$s ̂ §{J_m

na A{YH$ {Z^©a H$aVr h¡& ÜdÝ`mË_H$Vm, bmj{UH$Vm, gm¡X`©, àH¥${V-{dYmZ VWm CnMma dH«$Vm Ho$ gmW ñdmZw^y{V H$s {dd¥{Îm N>m`mdmX H$s {deofVmE± h¡& '' àgmX Or N>m`mdmX _| ñdmZw^y{V H$s àd¥{Îm, àH¥$Vr H$m gw§Xa gOrd dU©Z, Am¡a e¡br {d{dYVm _| ̀ wJmZén doXZm H$s A{^ì`{ŠV H$mo ñdrH$maVo h¡&

gw{_ÌmZ§XZ n§V:- n§V N>m`mdmX H$mo ̀ wamonr` amo_m§{Q>{gÁ_ go à^m{dV _mZVo h¡& Bg{bE Cg_| ''doXZmZw^y{V' amo_m§{Q>H$ emoH$'' Ho$ én AmB© h¡& dS>©g²dW© H$s H${dVm _| àmH¥${VH$ gw§XaVm Ho$ gmW àmH¥${VH$ H$éU Am¡a {Zamem Ho$ ^md PbH$Vo h¡ AWm©V àgmX

143

N>m`mdmX H$mo ^maVr` g§ñH$aU _mZVo h¡ Vmo n§V `wamonr`& 'nëbd' H$s ^y{_H$m _o `h _V Am`m h¡''

_hmXodr d_m©:- ''N>m`mdmX ñWwb H$s à{V{H«$`m _| CËnÞ hþAm Wm& ... N>m`mdmX Zo H$moB© é{‹T>JV, AÜ`mË_ ̀ m dJ©JV {gÜXmVm| H$m g§M` Z XoH$a h_| Ho$db g_{ï>JV MoVZm Am¡a gwú_JV gm¢X`© gÎmm H$s Amoa OmJéH$ H$a {X`m Wm, Bgr go Cgo `WmW© én _| J«hU H$aZm h_mao {bE H${R>Z hmo J`m& '' _hmXodrOr Zo ''ñWwb H$s à{V{H«$`m Ed§ gwú_ gm¢X`© gÎmm H$s Amoa OmJéH$Vm', '`wJmZwén doXZm H$s {dd¥Îmr, nbm`Z Zhr,' 'ì`{ŠVJV AmZw^y{V H$s ñdÀN>§XVm'', àH¥${V Ho$ àVr gdm©Ë_dmX H$m AZw^d AmXr H$s A{^ì`{ŠV JrVmË_H$ énmo§ _| R>rH$ T>§J go hmo gH$Vr h¡, Eogm _mZm h¡&

CŠV g^r n[a^mfmAm| go N>m`mdmX H$m ñdén {H$g àH$ma H$m Wm `h ñnï> hmo OmVm h¡& gd©gm_V n[a^mfm H$m A^md ahm h¡& {\$a ̂ r àËòH$ n[a^mfm EH$ àd¥{Îm H$mo COmJa H$aVr h¡ {H$ÝVw h_ gm_mÝ` én go H$h gH$Vo h¡ H$s, N>m`mdmX {d{eï> AZw^y{V H$s {d{eï> A{^ì`{ŠV h¡& H${dVm {df`, d¥{Îm, e¡br, ̂ mfm, g_{ï>, Zmar, àH¥${V, Am¡a ̂ r Hw$N> Ho$ g§~§Y _| Bg {deof H$mì` Ñ{ï> H$mo h_ nmVo h¡& N>m`mdmX EH$ ̀ wJ {deof KQ>Zm ahr h¡& {Ogo {d{^Þ {dÛmZm| Zo {d{^Þ Ñ{ï>H$moZm| go XoIZo, OmZZo g_PZo, Ho$ à`ËZ {H$ò h¡&

6.4 N>m`mdmX : H$mì` àd¥{Îm`m±

n[a^mfmAm| XoIVo g_` h_Zo N>m`mdmX H$s {d{^Þ àd¥{Îm`m| H$m {OH«$ {H$`m h¡& {\$a ̂ r ̀ h Ü`mZ aho H$s H$mì` H$s {df` dñVw H$s ImoO _| N>m`mdmXr H${d ~mha Zhr§ Pm±H$Vm ~ëH$s ̂ rVa H$s Am¡a bm¡Q>Vm h¡& Bg{bE dh g~go nhbo g‘mO go, àH¥${V go, CgH$s Amoa go Zht ~ëH$s AnZr Amoa AWm©V Ñ{ï> go XoIVm h¡& Xme©{ZH$ Ed§ AÜ`mË_rH$ nj Ho$ gmW Zmar gm¢X`© amï´>r`-gm_m{OH$ ^mdZm ^r {XImB© XoVr h¡& CgH$s _hËdnyU© àd¥{Îm`m| H$m {ddoMZ {ZåZ h¡-

1. d¡`{ŠVH$Vm :-`h N>m`mdmX H$s àYmZ àd¥{Îm h¡& AmYw{ZH$ gm_«mÁ`dmX, Am¡Úmo{JH$Vm go

nw[aV emofU gm_§Vr ì`dñWm VWm ^maVr` nw§OrdmXr ì`dñWm Ho$ {dH$mg _| d¡`{ŠVH$Vm H$m {dH$mg hþAm h¡& ~mX _| BgH$m ~¥hX {dH$mg Xe©Z. gm¡§X`©dU©Z, àH¥${V, ahñ`mË_H$Vm, {eën, ^mfm Ho$ {damoY d dU©Z _o ì`ŠV hþAm h¡& {ÛdoXr `wJrZ B{Vd¥ÎmmË_H$Vm, ñWwb Xe©Z Ho$ àVr N>m`mdmX _| gyú_ gm¢X`© Am¡a d¡`{ŠVH$ amJ-{damJ H$s ñWmnZm H${dVm _| hþB©& d¡`{ŠVH$Vm Ho$ H$maU ñdÀN>§VmdmX N>m`mdm{X`m| _| nZnm& CÝhm|Zo H$mì` Ho$ ̂ md VWm H$bm nj _| ZrVr ì`{ŠVËd H$mo hr CVmam& gm_m{OH$ é{‹T>`m| Ho$ à{V, AmYw{ZH$ {ejm Ho$ n[aUm_ ñdén {dÐmoh hþAm& S>m°. Zm_da qgh {bIVo h¡- nhbo Vmo Cgo new-n{j`m| H$s Vah àmH¥${VH$ OrdZ _| hr AnZr ZrOVm, ñdV§ÌVm Am¡a AmË_^md H$s g§^mdZm {XImB© n‹S>r, {H$ÝVw ~mX _| O~ H$X_-H$X_ na CgH$m g§Kf© gm_m{OH$ é{T>`m| go hmoZo bJm Vr CgZo AnZo ì`{ŠVËd H$mo CgHo$ à{VamoY _| I‹S>m {H$`m&'' 'AmË_H$Ï`' CgH$m {df` hmo J`m

144

'_¢' CgH$s e¡br hmo JB©& {Zambm Zo Vmo ñnï> H$hm-_¢Zo _¢ e¡br AnZmB©, XoIm EH$ Xw:Ir {ZO ̂ mB©Xw:I H$s N>m`m n‹S>r öX` _| PQ> C^S²> doXZm AmB©&&''

A§J«oOr {ejm go ì`{ŠV H$s Apñ_Vm, {d{eï>Vm Am¡a CgHo$ ̂ rVar Ah§ go ì`{ŠVJV MoVZm H$m {dH$mg hmo OmVm h¡& Bg{bE ̂ r Bg ̀ wJ _| 'd¡`{ŠVH$Vm H$s MoVZm' Ho$ Xe©Z, Y_©, amOZr{V, gm_mOZr{V, AW©Zr{V O¡go OrdZ Ho$ {d{dY joÌm| _o§ {XImB© XoVo h¡& n[aUm_V: ̀ h '_¢' AWm©V 'ñd' H$m H$mì` hmo J`m, ZrOr ̂ mdZmAm| ñdßZm| H$m H$mì` hmo J`m& CgH$s AnZr Xw~©bVmE± ̂ r CgZo H$mì` _| aI Xr& g_mO ̂ ` go do Hw$N> ̂ r {N>nmVo Zht, àU`mZw^y{V H$mo ̂ r Zht& ''n§V Or Zo 'CÀN>dmg', 'Am±gy' Am¡a 'J«§{W' _| àU`mZw^y{V H$s A~mY A{^ì`{ŠV H$s& 'CÀN>dmg' H$s gab ~m{bH$m H$moB© AmÜ`mpË_H$ gÎmm Zht h¡, Am¡a Z CgHo$ gmW ì`ŠV {H$`m hþAm àU`-g§~§Y H$moB© AÜ`mpË_H$ ̂ mdZm h¡& grYo eãXm| _| '~m{bH$m _oar _Zmoa_ {_Ì Wr'& bo{H$Z g_mO Vmo Eogr MrOmo§ H$mo ~Xm©ñV H$a Zht gH$Vm, Bg{bE Cg bm§ÀN>Z Ho$ {déÜX AnZo ào_ H$s n{dÌVm'' H$mo ̂ r Kmo{fV H$aVm h¡-

A^r Vmo A~ VH$ nmdZ ào_Zht H$hbm`m nmnmMma

hþB© _wPH$mo hr _{Xam AmOhmW `h J§Jm-Ob H$s Ymam&

àgmX n§V, _hmXodr {Zambm _| d¡`{ŠVH$Vm AÝV©_wIVm go CnOr h¡, H$^r do AnZr AZw^y{V H$m à^md àH¥${V, dñVw AWdm ì`{ŠV na XoIVo h¡ Vmo H$^r dñVw, àH¥${V, AWdm ì`{ŠV H$m à^md AnZr AZw^y{V`m| na& àgmX Ho$ 'bha', 'PaZm', 'Am±gy' n§V Ho$ 'nëbd', 'drUm', J«§Wr', {Zambm H$s 'Jr{VH$m' gamoO ñ_¥{V, dZ ~obm _hmXodr H$s ¶m_m, Xrn{eIm Am{X aMZmE± Bg àH$ma H$s h¡&

'H$m_m`Zr' H$m _Zw ì`{ŠVJV H$s ImoO H$aVm hþAm AmHw$bmVm h¡ dh H$hVm h¡-dh Jwhm ÄO _é A§Mb _o§ hÿ± ImoO ahm AnZm {dH$mg ! ''AmË_{dH$mg H$s Q>moh _|

{ZH$bm ̀ h AmYw{ZH$ _Zw Yrao-Yrao ̀ wJmÝV VH$ OmVo-OmVo BVZm ì`{ŠVdmXr hþAm ""_¢ Vmo A~mYJ{V _éV gÑí`, hÿ± Mmh ahm AnZo _Z H$s!'' Am¡a A§V _| ̀ h ñdoÀN>mMmar _Zw g§nyU© g_mO Ho$ {déÜX hr ̀ wÜX Kmo{fV H$aVm h¡& {d{MÌVm Vmo ̀ h h¡ H$s àOmV§Ì H$s Zm§d àma§^ _| Cgr Zo S>mbr, dhr gd© gÎmmYmar {Za§Hw$e emgH$ hþAm Am¡a g_mO {damoY Ho$ H$maU A§V _| Km`b hmoH$a g_mO go Xya H¡$bmg nd©V na nbm`Z H$aVm h¡& ''ì`{ŠVdmX Ho$ H$B© q~Xy N>m`mdmX _| h¡& H$^r dh AnZo hr ì`{ŠVËd _| d¡`{ŠVH$ h¡, H$^r {ZO©Z àH¥${V _|, H$^r g_mO _o, AnZr hr H$ënZm-{dbmg _|, gm_m{OH$-gm_§Vr _yë`m| Ho$ {déÜX Ag§Vmof Am¡a {Zamem _|& {OgH$m n[aUm_ ̀ h hþAm H$s dh ì`{ŠV{Zð> ~Z J`m& '' {díd-ì`Wm go ì`{WV hmoZo H$s ~Om` AnZr ì`Wm go {díd-ì`{WV hmoZo H$s H$ënZm H$aZo bJm& '' BgH$m EH$ N>moa a{d§Ð H$s {MÌH$m[aVm, _| h¡ Vmo Xwgam 'B{Vd¥ÎmmË_H$Vm' _| na§Vy BZH$s ì`{ŠVJVVm é½UVm H$s Zht MoVZm H$s gyMH$ h¡& CZH$s ì`{ŠVJVm Yrao-Yrao gm_m{OH$Vm Ho$ nj _| CXmÎmVm H$m ñdén J«hU H$aVr h¡& {Zambm H$s 'gamoO ñ_¥{V' àgmX H$m_m`Zr, n§ÝV H$s 'Zm¡H$m{dhma', _hmXodr H$s H$éUm, Xw:IdmX ̀ h g^r g_{ï>JVVm Ho$ CXmhaU h¡&

145

ì`{ŠVdmX H$s ñdÀN>§XVm H$m EH$ Xwgam nj ñdÀN>§XVm ̀ m hbmdmX H$s _pñV ̂ ao Amb_ _| CâH$a Am`m&

2. gm¢X`© ̂ mdZm :-N>m`mdmXr gm¢X`© ̂ mdZm ar{VH$mb H$s Vah Zmar Ho$ eara VH$ gr{_V Zht h¡,

Z {ÛdoXr ̀ wJ H$s Vah ñWwb, ~ëH$s gwú_ gm¢X`© Ho$ Xe©Z Cg_| hmoVo h¡& d¡`{ŠVH$Vm Ho$ H$maU CZH$s gm¢X`© Ñ{ï> H$m {dñVma hþAm& `h gm¢X`© ~moY Ho$db àH¥${V {MÌU VH$ gr{_V Zhr h¡, ~pëH$ _mZdr` gm¢X`© ~moY _| 'ñWwb emar[aH$Vm H$s OJh ñdñW _m§gb VWm ^mdmË_H$ emo^m ^r h¡'' N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Ho$ {bE Zmar H$éUm H$m gm¢X`© AmH$me ̂ m±Vr Wm-

''H$nmobm| _| Ca H$m _¥Xy ^mdldU Z`Zmo _| {à` ~Vm©dgab g§Ho$Vm| _| g§H$moM

_¥Xwb AYam| _| _Yya Xwamd''BZ n§{ŠV`m| _| Zmar Ho$ ~mh²`mH$ma Ho$ gmW CgHo$ gw§Xa A§Jm| g_doV A§V[aH$

^md-gm¢X`© H$s Pm±H$s {XImB© XoVr h¡& àgmX H$s 'H$m_m`Zr' _| Am`m Zmar b‚mm H$m gm¢X`© hmo, `m {Zambm H$s 'gamoO ñ_¥{V' _| Am`m gamoO H$m ^mdmË_H$, CËH$Q>, l¥§JmarH$ Ed§ ew^ VWm Z`m gm¢X`© dU©Z-

""Vy Iwbr EH$ CÀN>dmg-g§J{dídmg-ñVãY ~±Y A§J-A§JZV Z`Zm| go AmbmoH$ CVa

H$m±nm AYam| na Wa-Wa-Wa&''gm¢X`© H$s AZoH$ H$mo[Q>`m± N>m`mdmXr H${dVm _| Am`r h¡& dñVw, ̂ md, _Z Ho$ AZwn_

gm¢X`© H$m JhamB© go AZw^d H${d`m| Zo {H$`m Bg{bE 'Am±gy' H$éUm H$m, 'bha|' CËgmh H$m Am¡a 'Mm±XZr' na_ gÎmm Ho$ g§Ho$V XoVr h¡& gm¢X`© Ho$ àVr do ~‹S>o VQ>ñW ̂ r h¡ Vmo AmË_r` ̂ r& àH¥${V gm¢X`© Zo BÝh| _mZ{d` gm¢X`© VH$ nhþ±Mm`m& CZH$s gm¢X`© ̂ mdZm H$mo CXmÎm, ̂ ì` Am¡a {Xì`Vm àXmZ H$s& EH$ Amoa àgmX Zo lÜXm Ho$ ear[aH$ gm¢X`© H$m {MÌU a_Ur` én go {H$`m-

''Zrb n[aYmZ ~rM gwHw$_ma,{Ib ahm _¥Xwb AY{Ibm A§J& {Ibm hmo Á`m| {~Obr H$m ’y$b,

_oKdZ ~rM Jwbm~r a§J& ''Vmo Xwgar Amoa {Zambm 'ào`gr' _| AmXe© H$mo ñWm{nV H$aVo h¡-

''XmoZm| h_ {^Þ dU©, {^Þ Om{V, {^Þ én,{^Þ Y_© ^md, na Ho$db AnZmd go, àmUm| go EH$ Wo&''

dU© Ed§ OmVr {^ÞVm Ho$ ~mdOyX AnZËd H$m `h ào__` AmXe© gm_m{OH$m| Ho$ gm_Zo do aIVo h¡&

146

3. ào_ H$m ñdén :-ào_ Ho$ {d{^Þ én N>m`mdmXr H${dVm _| aho h¡& Zmar H$mo "ào_ _wVu' Ho$ én _|

à{V{ð>V Vmo {H$`m hr na gmW hr àH¥${V ào_, _mZd ào_, {eew ào_, AkmZ {MaÝVZ Ho$ à{V ào_, AmÜ`mpË_H$ ào_, _mV¥ào_, Ho$ {d{dY Am`m‘ ̂ r h_| {XImB© XoVo h¡& BZ H${d`m| Zo ào_ Ho$ g§~§Y _| é{‹T>dmXr ̀ m na§namJV ào_ ̂ md H$mo ZH$mam ̀ hr H$maU h¡ H$s CZH$m ào_ {demb-ì`mnH$ h¡ do OmVr,dU©, joÌ Ho$ ̂ rVa ~§Yo Zht aho& ào_ dU©Z _| ^r d¡`{ŠVH$Vm H$s ^mdZm H$m Am{YŠ` ahm h¡& Zmar ào_ g§~§Yr dU©Z _| ^rñWwbVm na ~b Zht ~pëH$ CZH$s _mZ{gH$ XemAm| H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡& Bg{bE Cg_| gwú_Vm Am`r h¡& {_bZ H$s AZw^y{V Ho$ Anojm {dahmZw^w{V`m| Ho$ {MÌU _| do A{YH$ g\$b aho h¡&

{Zambm → 'XmoZm| h_ {^Þ, {^Þ Om{V, {^Þ én, {^Þ Y_© ^md, na Ho$db AnZmd go, àmUm| go EH$ Wo&''{Zambm H$m ̀ h AmXe©^md hmo ̀ m àgmX H$m {dah ̂ md-

''{dñ_¥V hmo do ~rVr ~mV|, A~ {OZ_| Hw$N> gma Zht& dh ObVr N>mVr Z ahr, A~ d¡gm erVb ß`ma Zhr&&g~ AVrV _| brZ hmo Mbr§ Amem', _Yw, A{^bmfmE§&

{à` H$s {Zðy>a {dO` hþB©,na `h Vmo _oar hma Zhr&&''öX` H$s nr‹S>m H$m H$ht, CëboI `hm± Zht na {à`-{àògr H$s ^mdZmAm| H$m

gm¡X`©-{dah-dU©Z ̀ hm± h¡&`m _hmXodr Ho$ ̂ rVa H$s ào_ ̂ mdZm H$s brZVm ñnï> hþB© h¡-''Vw_ _wP _| {à` {\$a n[aM` Š`m?''

hmo ̀ m àgmX H$m Ob-ñWb, AdH$me _| \¡$bm namoj gÎmm àVr ào_, Omo g¥ï>r _| gd©ì`mnr, AJmoMa h¡-

âm Z`Zm| Zo _Z _| én, {H$gr N>m{b`m H$m A‘b AZyn, Ob-Wb-_éV-ì`mo^ _|, Omo N>m`m h¡ g~ Amoa!

ào_dU©Z Ho$ _m{_©H$ Ñí` `moOZm N>m`mdmX H$s _hÎdnyU© {deofVm h¡& öX` Ho$ gwú_m{Vgwú_ ̂ mdZmAm| H$m _Zmoa_ {MÌU BZ H${d`m| Zo {H$`m h¡&

4. ahñ`dmX:-N>m`mdmXr ahñ`dmX ''àmMrZ AmÜ`mË_dmXr ^mdZm go Am~ÜX Zht h¡, dh

^mdZm Ho$ joÌ _| {H$gr ^r à{V~§Ym| H$mo pñdH$maVo Zht& ''R>rH$ `ht na dh _Ü`H$mbrZ ahñ`dmX go AbJ hmo OmVo h¡& ahñ`dmX H$s Mma ̂ y{_`m± _mZr J`r h¡& nhbr Abm¡{H$H$ gÎmm Ho$ à{V AmH$f©U, Xwgar CgHo$ à{V Ñ‹T>mZwamJ, {Vgar {dahmZw^y{V H$s {Vd«Vm Am¡a Mm¡Wr h¡ {_bZ H$m AmZ§X& Omo H$~ra XmXy X`mb _| nm`r OmVr h¡& ''{dah _| H$~ra O¡go AŠI‹S> gmYH$ H$m öX` ^r hmhmH$ma H$m AZw^d H$aVm h¡& CgHo$ amo_-amo_ go doXZm \y$Q>Vr h¡, {Ogo ghZo H$s Anojm _¥Ë`y AmqbJZ ~ohVa, lo`ñH$a bJVm h¡- ̀ m {da{hUr H$mo _m¡V Xo, ̀ m Amnm {XIbm`& AmR> nha H$m XmPUm± _mo n¡ gøm Z Om`!!'' O¡gr H$R>moaVm, N>m`mdmXr H$mì` _| Zht na§Vy

147

CZH$s Xme©{ZH$ AZw^y{V ~mø nXmWm} H$s Anojm Am§V[aH$Vm _| A{YH$ h¡& _hmXodrH$m ào_ Am¡a doXZm go ̂ am ahñ`dmX Bgr H$mo[Q> H$m h¡& ̀ h ~mV ghr h¡ H$s ahñ`dmX à{V VÝ_`Vm, {dahmZw^y{V H$s {Vd«Vm H$m _Ü``wJrZ H$mì` H$s VwbZm _| A^md h¡& dhm± H$m ahñ`mdmXr H${d b¡{H$H$Vm _o Ab¡{H$H$Vm H$s Amoa ~‹T>m Am¡a ñWwb go gwú_Vm H$s Amoa {H$ÝVw `hm± N>m`mdmXr`m| _o H«$_ CbQ>m h¡& - ''drUm' _| nÝV ahñ`dmXr Wo, 'Jw§OZ' _| 'nËZr' `m 'ào`gr' dmXr Am¡a '`wJmÝV' Ho$ ~mX ñWwb ^m¡{VH$dmXr ~Z JE&''àgmX H$s 'H$m_m`Zr' _| ̂ r Xe©Z H$s ewîH$Vm h¡, {Zambm Zo 'AÛ¡V Xe©Z' H$m nmR> {H$`m na H${dVm _| Cgo Zht CVmam& _hmXodr _mÌ ÑT>Vm go ahñ`dmX H$s Amoa AJ«oga ahr {H$ÝVw H$~ra H$s Vah Zht& _hmXodr H$s 'Xrn{eIm ' d '`m_m' VWm àgmX H$s 'PaZm' Am¡a 'bha' _| AkmV VËd Ho$ à{V _mYw`© ^md ahm h¡& _hmXodr H$hVr h¡-

{à` {Ma§VZ h¡ gOrZ jU-jU ZdrZ gwhmJrZ _¢& Vw_ _wP_| {à`, {\$a n[aM` Š`m?

àgmX H$m ̀ h {Okmgm_wbH$ ahñ`^md-ho AZÝV a_Ur` H$m¡Z Vw_?`h _¢ H¡$go H$h gH$Vm&

H¡$go hmo? Š`m hmo? BgH$m Vmo,^ma {dMma Z gh gH$Vm&

_hmXodr Zo {dahmZw^md H$s, AmË_m-na_mË_m H$s nr‹S>m - ''A{b H¡$go CZH$mo nmD$±?

do Am±gy ~ZH$a _oao, Bg H$maU Tw>b-Tw>>b OmVo; BZ nbH$m| Ho$ ~ÝYZ _| _| ~m±Y-~m±Y nN>VmD$± &''

Z§XXwbmao dmOno`r Zo ''na§namJV AÜ`mpË_H$Vm go _wŠV ahñ`dmX Ho$ hmoZo H$s ~mV N>m`mdmX Zo H$s ̀ h ñdV§Ì {MÝVZ Ymam Ho$ én _|'' H${dVm _| Am`r h¡&

5. H$ënZm erbVm:-H$ënZm H$mì` Ho$ _wb _| hmoVr hr h¡& na§Vy N>m`mdmXr H$ënZm 'ñdßZ' `m

'{XdmñdßZ' Ho$ én H$s h¡& ''N>m`mdmX-`wJ H$s A{YH$m§e à{V^mE± N>m`mOrdr h¡, Cgr Vah AZoH$ nmÌ H$ënZmVrV' ñdßZOrdr h¡& {Zambm H$s 'am_ H$s e{ŠV nwOm' BgH$m gdm}Îm_ CXmhaU h¡& {Ogo Ord g§Kfm] _| hmaVo hþE am_ H$ënZm Ho$ Ûmam e{ŠV A{O©V H$aVm h¡ `m AmË_{dídmg Ho$ {bE {dO` H$s H$ënZm H$aVm h¡& A§V©Ñ{ï>-Xm{`Zr Am¡a OrdZ e{ŠV-Xm{`Zr BZ XmoZm| H$s A{^ì`{ŠV N>m`mdmX _| hþB© h¡& H$m_m`Zr H$m _Zw dV©_mZ Ho$ AgÝVmof H$mo XoIH$a AVrV _| gwI_` hmoZo H$s H$ënZm H$aVm h¡-

Amh, H$ënZm H$m gwÝXa dh OJV _Ywa {H$VZm hmoVm&

148

gwI ñdßZm| H$m Xb N>m`m _| nwb{H$V hmo OJVm-gmoVm& ''

Bg g§gma _| BZ H${d`m| H$mo Omo ̂ r loð>, gw§Xa, CXmÎm _Yw^, AnamOo` {XIVm h¡ Cgo CÝhm|Zo 'H$ënZm' H$m Zm_ {X`m h¡& n§V 'nëbd' _| H$hVo h¡- ''H$moB© ̂ r J§^ra, ì`mnH$ VWm _hËdnyU© AZw^y{V H$mën{ZH$ hr hmoVr h¡& '' Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo '~mXb' H$mo '{dnwb H$ënZm go {Ì^wdZ H$s', 'A§~w{Y H$s H$ënZm _hmZ' Am{X H$hVo h¡; 'ZjÌ' H$s 'Eo AZÝV H$s AJ_ H$ënZm' ~VbmVo h¡, 'N>m`m' H$mo ̂ r '' JyT>> H$ënZm- gr H${d`m| H$s' _mZVo h¡, Vmo 'AZ§J' H$mo 'àW_ H$ënZm H${d Ho$ _Z _|' Am¡a 'Aßgam' H$mo ^r 'A{Ib H$ënZm_¶r Aßgam' g§å~moYZ H$aVo h¡& Bgr Vah àgmX Or ̂ r {h_mb` H$s CXmÎmVm ~VbmZo Ho$ {bE hr Cn‘mZ MwZVo h¡- '{díd H$ënZm-gm D$±Mm dh!'' {Zambm Zo ̂ r H${dVm H$mo 'H$ënZm Ho$ H$mZZ H$s amZr' H$hm h¡& AWm©V `h ñnîQ> h¡ H$s Bg H$ënZm Zo hr CÝh| ahñ`_` ~Zm`m, AÑîQ>, Agr_, AZ§V H$s AZw^y{V H$ënZm Zo hr CÝh| àXmZ H$s& S>m°. Zm_daOr Zo R>rH$ {bIm h¡- ''A{Vn[a{MV dñVwAm| _| ̂ r An[a{MV gm¢X`m}X²KmQ>Z H$s AÝVÑ©{ï> H$s VWm {dén dñVwAm| H$mo ^r én_` ~ZmZo H$s j_Vm àXmZ H$s, Bgr Zo H${d _| ZdrZ EopÝÐ`-~moY OJmò Am¡a A^yVnyd© g§doXZerbVm C^mar& '' H$ënZm H$s Bg A{Ve`Vm Ho$ H$maU hr N>m`mdmXr H${dVm H$mo OZ-OrdZ go Xya ̀ m 'nbm`ZdmXr' H$hm OmVm h¡&

6. _mZdVmdmXr Ñ{ï>:-Bg H$mb I§S> _| a{d§ÐZmW Am¡a Aa{dÝX Xmo Eogo _hmnwéf hþE {OZH$s

{díd_mZdVmdmX Ed§ H$ë`mU Ñ{ï> H$m à^md ̀ wJ na n‹S>m& gmW hr Jm§YrOr, ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X, am_H¥$îU na_h§g O¡go _mZd{hV H$s H$m_Zm H$aZodmbo {M§VH$m| H$m à^md Bg Xm¡a H$s H${dVm na n‹S>m& ̀ wJ H$s XmgVm H$s 'H$mam' _| '~§{XZr' Zmar Ho$ _w{ŠV H$s H$ënZm-^md Bg `wJ _| _hËdnyU© hmo CR>m& Zmar gm¡X`© _| VZ-_Z H$mo A{^ì`§{OV {H$`m& Cgo '^mo½`m' Zhr 'Xodr, _m±, ghM[a' H$hVm h¡&

emo{fVm| Ho$ à{V ghmZw^y{V ^r ì`ŠV H$aVm h¡& {Zambm H$s '{^jyH$', '{dYdm', 'Bbmhm~mX' Ho$ nW na' (VmoS>Vr nËWa) _| _mZdVmdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ àmßV hmoVm h¡& l_ Or{d`m| Ho$ àVr {deof H$éUm CZ_| h¡& '~mXb amJ' _| {H$gmZmo à{V Jhar g§doXZm Ho$ H$maU hr ~mXbm| ~wbmVm h¡ -

""VwPo ~wbmVm H¥$fH$ AYra....Mwg {b`m h¡ CgH$m gmahmS> _m§g hr h¡ AmYma&''

_hmXodr ̂ r AnZr H$éUm _| g~H$mo g_m{hV H$aZm MmhVr h¡& ̀ m ~wÜX Ho$ Xw:IdmX Ho$ emídV hmoZo H$m à{VnmXZ H$aVr h¡& 'H$m_m`Zr' _| '_Zw' Ûmam àgmX 'AmZ§XdmX' Am¡a 'g_agÎmm' H$s Mmh H$mo ì`ŠV H$aVo h¡& n§V, {Zambm H$mo X{bVmo§, Xw:{IVm§o /emo{fVm| àVr ghmZw^y{V ahr h¡& Bg{bE n§V _Zwî` H$mo- '_mZd Vw_ g~go gw§XaV_²' H$hVo h¡& {H$gr AmbmoMH$ Zo R>rH$ H$hm h¡ H$s 'N>m`mdmX _| _mZd ñdV§ÌVm Ed§ Jm¡ad H$s ̂ mdZm h¡& '' CgH$s ñdV§ÌVm _| ''_w{ŠV Am¡a Jm¡ad _| gå_mZ H$m ̂ md

149

h¡& N>m`mdmX _| ̀ hr _mZdVmdmX h¡&

7. àH¥${V {MÌU:-àH¥${Vgm¢X`© H$s AZwn_ amer hr N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Zo {~Ioar h¡& àH¥${V H$m

Amb§~Z, CÔrnZ, _mZdrH$aU, ahñ`_`r e{ŠV Am{X énm| H$m dU©Z Bg H$mì` _| hþAm h¡& '' N>m`mdmXr H${d Zo àH¥${V Ho$ AÝV:ñnÝXZ H$m gwú_ A§H$Z {H$`m'' h¡& {\$a dh {Zambm H$s 'g§Ü`m gw§Xar' H$m dU©Z hmo AWdm 'Owhr H$s H$br' H$s{ZamJgVm H$m& CgH$s àËòH$ AdñWm H$m _mZdrH$aU {H$`m J`m h¡& Cgo MoVZ én _| XoIm J`m h¡& àH¥${V gm¢X`© Ho$ gmW hr ahñ`dmX, Zmar gm¢X`© {ZIam hþAm h¡& 'Owhr H$s H$br' Zo àH¥$Vr dU©Z Ûmam nwéf Am¡a Zmar Ho$ g§J_ H$m hr {MÌU CâH$a AmVm h¡-

gmoVr WrOmZo H¡$go {à` AmJ_Z dh

Zm`H$ Zo Mw_o H$nmobS>mob CR>r dëbar H$s OS>

O¡go qhS>mob!àgmX Zo 'H$m_m`Zr' _§o {H$`m 'Cfm H$m {MÌU'H$mo bha _| 'nZKQ> _| Sw>~r'', Cfm

ZJar' _| XoIVo h¡-~rVr {d^mdar OmJ ar&

Aå~a nZKQ> _| Sw>~mo ahr Vmam KQ> Cfm ZJar&

g^r H${d`m| Zo OrdZ H$s g^r AZw^y{V`m| H$s A{^ì`{ŠV àH¥${V Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H$s h¡& _hmXodr H$s H${dVm 'gm§Ü`-JrV' _| AnZo OrdZ Am¡a àH¥${V Ho$ ~rM Ho$ gmYå`© H$mo ì`ŠV H$aVr h¡-

{à` gmÝÜ` JJZ, _oam OrdZ& `h {j{VO ~Zm Yw±Ybm {damJ,Zd AéU AéU _oam gwhmJ,

N>m`m-gr H$m`m drVamJ àH¥${V dU©Z _| do Zmar gm¢X`© Am¡a ào_ ̂ mdZm H$s ì`§OZm H$aVo h¡ à_mX H$hVo h¡ -

nJbr hmo g§^mb bo H¡$go Ny>Q> nS>m Voam A§Mb&XoI {~IaVr h¡ ‘{ZamOr Aar CR> ~ogwY M§Mb&'

àgmX Ûmam amÌr H$mo {H$`m J`m `h g§~moYZ {H$gr Zd-`m¡dZm H$mo OJmZo Am¡a CgHo$ gwY-~wY Imo ~¡R>Zo Ho$ l¥§Jma^md H$m hr {MÌU h¡&

8. Zmar gm¢X`© dU©Z :-N>m`mdmX _| ar{VH$mbrZ Zmar gm¢X`© H$s Z¾Vm Zhr {_bVr ~pëH$ àH¥${V Ho$

_mÜ`_ go dh ghO Ed§ gag ~Zm n‹S>m h¡& Zmar gm¢X`© Ho$ _Z_mohH$ dU©Z go N>m`mdmXr H${dVm âr n‹S>r h¡& Zmar Ho$ l§¥Jma dU©Z _| H${d H$s éMr ahr h¡&

150

''N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Zo Zmar H$mo CgHo$ ào`gr Ho$ én _| J«hU {H$`m, Omo öX` Am¡a `m¡dZ H$s g§nyU© {d^y{V`m| go n[anyU© h¡ VWm Omo YaVr Ho$ `WmW© gm¢X`© Ed§ ñdJ© H$s H$mën{ZH$ gwf_m go gwg{‚mV h¡& {ddmh-~§YZ _| Z n‹S>Vo Ho$ H$maU EH$ Amoa Vmo dh bmO, C_§J Am¡a CËgmh go ̂ anya h¡, Xygar Amoa dh ñdH$s`m-naH$s`m nM‹S>o go ̂ r Xya h¡& '' àgmX, n§V {Zambm Ho$ H$mì` _| CgHo$ em[a[aH$-_mZg gm¢X`© H$m dU©Z àH¥${V Ho$ _mÜ`_ go hr {H$`m J`m h¡-

e{e _wI na Ky±KQ> S>mbo, A§Mb _| Xrn {N>nmE&OrdZ H$s JmoYybr _|, H$m¡Vyhb go Vw_ AmE&&

_| Hw$Vwhb ^md Zmar gm¢X`© _| Z`mnZ bmVm h¡- `m 'lÜXm' H$m ema[aH$ gm¢X`© dU©Z àgmX ̀ m| H$aVo h¡-

""Zrb n[aYmZ ~rM gwHw$_ma,Iwb ahm _¥Xwb AYIwbm A§J& {Ibm hmo Á`m| {~Obr H$m \y$b,

_oKdZ ~rM Jwbm~r a§J&&''ór gm¢X`© dU©Z H$m ̀ h gwð> én ~‹S>m _Z_mohH$ h¡& gmW hr nwÌr, _m°§, e¡ed Ho$ én

_| ̂ r ̀ h dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡& H$m_m`Zr _| Z`r 'b‚mm' H$m {MÌU Vmo ~oOmo‹S> h¡ {H$ÝVw {Zambm Zo AnZr nwÌr Ho$ gm¢X`© dU©Z H$m ̂ r ñ_aU 'emoH$JrV', gamoO ñ_¥{V _o§ {H$`m h¡& {ddmh Ho$ ew^ H$be H$m Ob n‹S>Zo Ho$ ~mX dh Zdb én _| '{ZambonZ' go gwemo{^V hmo MwH$s h¡-

""Vy Iwbr EH$ CÀN²>dmg-g§J {dídmg-ñVãY ~±Y A§J-A§JZV Z`Zm| go AmbmoH$ CVa

H$m±nm AYam| na- Wa Wa Wa'' ñd§` {Zambm ̂ r ̀ h AZw^d H$aVo h¡ H$s,-

""l¥§Jma, ahm Omo {ZamH$maag H${dVm _| CÀN>d{gV-Yma

Jm¶m ñdJu`m-{à`m-a§JâVm àmUm| _| amJ-a§J

a{V-én àmßV H$a ahm dhrAmH$me ~Xb H$a ~Zm _hr&''

BgHo$ g§~§Y ‘| S>m°. Zm_da Or Zo {bIm h¡- ''AWm©V 'gamoO hr Zht ~pëH$ CgH$m én ̂ r H${d H$s g¥{ï> h¡- H${d Ho$ {ZamH$ma ̂ md hr O¡go én YmaU H$aHo$ 'gamoO' ~Z Jò ! ^mdmË_H$ Ñ{ï> go _yV© én-{MÌU H$m ̀ h CËH¥$ï> CXmhaU h¡- Ñ{ï>H$moZ A_yV© h¡ {H$ÝVw Ñí` _yV© h¡& ''

H$^r-H$^r Z`m R>mR> N>m`mdmXr H$dr Zo l§¥Jma-na§nam H$m {Zdm©h H$aVo hþE ~m§Ym h¡- _wŠV N>§X H$s nhbr H${dVm 'Owhr H$s H$br' _| ar{VH$mbrZ l¥§Jma H$m {Zdm©h hþAm h¡-

""Z`Zm| Ho$ S>moao bmb Jwbmb-âo, Iobr hmobr&OmJr amV goO {à` n{V-g±J a{V gZoh- a±J N>mobr,Xr{nV Xrn-àH$me, H§$O N>{d- _§Ow-_§Ow h±g ~mobr-

151

_br _wI Mw§~Z-amobr& {\$a ̂ r ar{VH$mbrZ H$m R>ßnm {Zambm ̀ m AÝ` H${d`m| na H$^r bJm`m Om Zht gH$m CgH$m H$maU h¡ 'àH¥${V'& Zmar Ho$ Aearar gm¢X`© H$s H$ënZm gwú_Vm, a_Ur`Vm H$mo gm_Zo bmVm h¡&

9. doXZm Am¡a {Zamem H$m H$mì` …-N>m`mdmXr H${dVm _| doXZm H$m ñdén `m Vmo g_{ï>JV h¡ AmÜ`mpË_H$ `m

ZrOr Xw:I (O¡go {Zambm H$m OrdZ) na§Vy doXZm H$s gdm©{YH$ A{^ì`{ŠV àgmX, {Zambm Ed§ _hmXodr Ho$ H$mì` _| hþB© h¡& _hmXodr AkmV {à`V_ à{V {_bZ gwI ̂ r Zht MmhVr& dh H$hVr h¡- '{_bZ H$m _V Zm_ bmo _¢ {dah _| {Ma hÿ±& "_hmXodr Ho$ Xw:I ̀ m doXZm Ho$ VrZ H$maU ~Vmò OmVo h¡& EH$ H$ënZm àdUVm '`m‘m' H$s ̂ y{_H$m _| BgH$m {OH«$ CÝhmoZo {H$`m h¡& Xmo, ~m¡ÜX Y‘© Ho$ à{V _hmH$éUm Ed§ Xw:IdmX Ho$ à{V Agr_ AZwamJ O¡go, ""_¢ Zra ̂ ar Xw:I H$s ~Xbr'' _| OrZm MmhVr h¡& ~wÜX Ho$ Xw:IdmXr Xe©Z H$m n[aM` CÝh| ~MnZ _| hr hmo J`m Wm& Xw:I H$mo do H$mì` _mZVr h¡ Omo gmao g§gma H$mo EH$ gwÌ _| ~m±Y XoVm h¡& _hmXodr Ho$ Xw:I {df`H$ {dMma h¡-1. CZ_| Xw:I H$m AmH$f©U ̂ m¡{VH$ g¥_¥pÜX H$s à{V{H«$`m ñdén h¡& 2. ~m¡ÜX Xe©Z Ho$ à^md Ho$ H$maU Xw:I {à` h¡3. Xw:I g§gma Ho$ EH$ gwÌ _| ~m§YZodmbm H$mì` h¡&4. Xw:I Ho$ Xmo én hmoVo h¡- EH$ g§doXZerb ì`{ŠV H$s H$éUm, Xmo AmË_m H$m

H«§$XZ& ̀ o XmoZm| én CÝh| {à` h¡& '' Am¡a VrZ {MaÝVZ {à` Ho$ à{V AmHw$bmhQ> âm {ZdoXZ godm H$m g{H«$` OrdZ aho& {Ogo CÝhm|Zo 'g§Ho${VH$ XånË` ̂ md-gwÌ'go ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡'' _¢ Vw_go hÿ± EH$ EH$ h¡& O¡go apí_ àH$me& _¢ Vw_go hÿ± {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ Á`m| KZ go V{‹S>V {dbmg& àgmX Ho$ ¶h 'Am±gy' _| KZr^yV nr‹S>m hr ~ag nS>r h¡ -

""Bg H$éUm H${bV öX` _| A~ {dH$b am{JZr ~OVr,

Š`m| hmhmH$ma ñdam| _| doXZm Agr_ JaOVr&''

_mÌ àgmXOr H$s doXZm OrdZ Xe©Z Ho$ én _| àH$Q> hþB© h¡& AÜ`mpË_H$ doXZm H$s H$bmË_H$ A{^ì`{ŠV 'lÜXm' Ho$ qMVZ _| Am`r h¡ -

""Ñ{ï> O~ Om{V {h_Jrar Amoa,àíZ H$aVm _Z A{YH$ AYra& Yam H$s `h {gHw$‹S>Z ^`^rV,Amh H¡$gr h¡? Š`m h¡ nra&''

n§V Zo Vmo H$mì` H$m _wb ómoV doXZm H$mo hr _mZm h¡- ""{d`moJr hmoJm nhbm H${d Amh go CnOm hmoJm JmZ

152

C_S>H$a Am°§Im| go MwnMmn ~hr hmoJr H${dVm AZOmZ''

{Zambm H$m OrdZ Vmo ~‹S>r {df‘ gm_m{OH$Vm H$m ahm h¡& CZHo$ H$mì` _| H$ht dh OrdZ-Xe©Z Ho$ én _| Am`r Vmo H$qh {Zamem Ho$ én _|&

½bm{Z Am¡a AmË_g§Vmn Ho$ én _| dh àH$Q> hþB© h¡-""Xw:I hr OrdZ H$s H$Wm ahr,Š`m H$hÿ±, AmO Omo Zht ahr&''

`h {Zamem dh OrdZ _| ̂ r AZw^d H$aVo aho& OrdZ ̂ r CÝho ewîH$ bJVm h¡-""ñZoh {ZP©a ~h J`m h¡aoV Á`m| VZ ah J`m h¡&

BZH$s doXZm Am¡a {Zamem gd©XoerH$- gmd©H$mbrH$ h¡& Cg_| AmË_~ÜXVm hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX Agr_ {dñVma h¡& dh g_pîQ>JV h¡ na§Vy H$^r-H$^r do A{YH$ {Zamem H$m AZw^d H$aVo h¡, Vmo Ag§Vmof, {df_ Xw{Z`m go Xya OmZm MmhVo h¡& O¡go àgmX-'bo Mb _wPo ̂ ybmdm XoH$a _oao Zm{dH$ Yrao Yrao'& `h doXZmZw^d Ed§ {Zamem CZH$m `WmW© ^r h¡, H$ënZm Am¡a AmXe© ̂ r& Bg{bE dh {Ma ̂ r h¡&

10. ~XbVo OrdZ _yë`m| H$s ì`§OZm :-N>m`mdmXr H${dVm _| _ybV: {dÐmoh ahm h¡& ¶h {ÛdoXr`wJrZ AmXe©dmX,

Z¡{VH$Vm, _mZdVm VWm ^mfmJV B{Vd¥ÎmmË_H$Vm Ho$ àVr dh N>m`mdmXr `wJrZ H${dVm _| CâH$a Am`m h¡& ̀ h {dÐmoh ̂ maVr` nw§OrdmX, gm_«mÁ`dmX, gm_§VdmX {déÜX ^r h¡& AWm©V CZH$s Ñï>r n[adV©Z `m ~Xbmd H$s ahr h¡& hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr H$hVo h¡- ''_mZdr` AmMmam|, {H«$`mAm|, Moï>mAm| Am¡a {dídmgm| Ho$ ~Xbo hþE Am¡a ~XbVo hþE _yë` H$mo A§JrH$ma H$aZo H$s àd¥{Îm'' N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| _| Wr& Bg{bE Bg H${dVm _| {dÐmoh Ho$ ̂ md ñWmZmnÝZ hþE h¡ do gm¢X`©, ào_, àH¥${V, Zmar ^mdZm, H$éUm. _mZdVm, ào_, gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ AmXe©, _mÝ`VmE±, _`m©XmE±, {dMma-ñdmV§Í` Ym{_©H$ ~§YZ, é{‹T>`m±, na§nam H$m {damoY H$a dh Zò _yë`m| H$m ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¡& ''ì`{ŠVdmX `m ì`{ŠVñdmV§Í` Ho$ AmXe© H$s ñWmnZm H$aVm h¡'', ''~wpÜX Ho$ {déÜX öX` Am¡a ñWyb Ho$ {déÜX gwú_'', ''`WmW© Ho$ ~§YZm| go C~H$a àH¥${V, ahñ`, H$ënZm Am¡a H«$m§{V Ho$ ñdßZ bmoH$ _| nbm`Z H$aVm h¡'', ''ögmoÝ_wI ny±OrdmXr, àd¥{Îm`m|, H$bmdmX, {ZamemdmX, Ah§dmX H$m {dH$mg dh H$aVm h¡& '', ''gm_m{OH$ ̀ WmW©dmX ̀ m àJ{V H$m àma§^ dh H$aVm h¡&'', ''S>m°. e§^wZmWqgh Zo BÝht H$maUmo§ go N>m`mdmX H$mo _Ü`dJu` MoVZm H$m bm¡Q>Zm _mZVo h¡& `h _wë`JV-n[adV©Z H$mì` Ho$ ^md-^mfm-{eën nj _| ñnï> h¡& ̀ hr àd¥{Îm N>m`mdmX Ho$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ MoVZm H$mo h_mao gm_Zo bmVr h¡& hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXrOr Zo CgH$s ahñ`mË_H$Vm Ho$ gmW H$mì` àd¥{Îm`m| H$mo ''^maVr` na§nam _| CX²^yV gm§ñH¥${VH$ MoVZm'' Ho$ én _| XoIm h¡& am_{dbmg e_m© ̂ r gm_«mÁ`dmX, gm_§VdmX, é{‹T>dmX Ho$ {déÜX _Ü`dJ© H$m {dÐmoh _mZVo h¡&

153

11. d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ :-{dkmZ Ho$ A{dîH$mam| Zo ̂ m¡{VH$ VWm ~m¡pÜXH$ MoVZm H$m {dH$mg {H$`m& OrU©

nwamVZ Ho$ Zï>-^«ï> hmoZo H$s H$ënZm N>m`mdmX _| 'd¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$mo hr Xem©Vr h¡& ̂ m¡{VH$ àJ{V, ~wpÜXdmX H$m {dH$mg, _mZdVm H$s {dO`', Z`r g§ñH¥$Vr AWm©V bmoH$V§Ì H$s ñWmnZm H$m ^md, Û§ÛmË_H$Vm AWdm g§Kf© {dMma `h {dkmZdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$mo hr ñnï> H$aVo h¡& d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ _| 'VH©$' ~hþV _hËdnyU© hmoVm h¡& àgmXOr H$s 'H$m_m`Zr' _| nwamZr-Z`r g§ñH¥${V H$s Q>H$amhQ>, ^md-~wÜXr H$m g§Kf©, _mZdVm H$s {dO` Bgr Ñ{ï> Ho$ n[aMm`H$ h¡& H$m_m`Zr _wbV: Xod-Agwa _mZd-g§ñH¥${V H$s Q>H$amhQ> H$m H$mì` h¡& {ZaHw§$e emgZ H$Vm© Ho$ {déÜX OZVm H$m g§Kf© h¡& ''BS>m gJ© _| Xod-Agwa g§ñH¥${V`m| H$m g§Kf© h¡ (Wm EH$ nwOVm Xoh XrZ/Xwgam AnyU© Ah§Vm _| AnZo H$mo g_P ahm àdrU) {\$a Xod Am¡a Agwam| H$s gm±Pr g§ñH¥${V go Q>H$am H$a Z`r _mZdr` g§ñH¥${V {dH${gV hmoVr h¡, Omo Zída h¡, na AnZr ZídaVm _| hr gO©ZmË_H$ ~ZVr h¡ Am¡a ào_ H$s Z`r A^yVnyd© j_Vm H$mo {dH${gV H$aVr h¡&'' dñVwV: H$m_m`Zr àgmXOr H$m CÔoí` hr h¡.''.. _Zw H$m CÔoí` 'Xod g§ñH¥${V' Ho$ {dH$ën én _| '_mZd g§ñH¥${V' H$s aMZm h¡'' {dO`_mohZ qgh Ho$ AZwgma _mÌ 'dh {d\$b hmo MwH$s h¡' H$m_m`Zr _| ̂ m¡{VH$ e{ŠV g§Mma go _mZdVm {dO` H$m {dMma ñnï> hþAm h¡ -

""e{ŠV Ho$ {dÚwwËH$U, Omo ì`ñV{dH$b {~Iao h¡, hmo {Zénm`,g_Ýd` CZH$m H$ao g_ñV

{dO{`Zr _mZdVm hmo Om`!''

em`X {~Iar hþB© e{ŠV Zò bmoH$V§Ì go àmßV hmoJr, {Za§Hw$em|, ~~©am|, VmZmemhm| H$s, H$m_m`Zr Ho$ g§X^© _| _Zw _| {dbmgr 'Xod-Xå^' g~ Hw$N> Zï> hmoZo H$m ^md h¡- ''{dH$b dmgZm Ho$ à{V{Z{Y do g~ ‘waPmE Mbo JE'' ñd§` H$mo Xod g§ñH¥${V H$m Adeof g_PVo h¡ Vmo AnZo Amngo {dV¥îUm CÝh| hmoVr h¡- ''AmO A‘aVm H$m Or{dV hÿ±& _¢ dh ̂ rfU OO©a X§^&''

A{YH$m§e AbmoMH$m| Zo B‹S>m H$mo '~wpÜX', lÜXm H$mo '^mdZm' Ho$ g§Kf© én _| XoIm h¡& ~wpÜX na ^mdZm H$s {dO` 'H$m_m`Zr' H$m CÔoí`, ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$s O`JmWm, nmíMmË` g§ñH¥${V {damoY _| ~ImZ {H$¶m h¡ àgmX Zo {\$a ̂ r ~wpÜXdmX Ho$ _hËd H$mo A§{H$V {H$`m h¡-

""{~Iar AbH|$ Á`m| VH©$Omb&'' dh {díd _wHw$Q> gm CÁÁdbV_ e{e IÊS> gÑí` Wm ñnï> ^mb&

djñWb na EH$Ì Yao g§g¥{V Ho$ V~ {dkmZ kmZ&&''Z`m {dkmZ_wbH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ _mZdOmVr Ho$ {bE {hVH$a hmoJm H$m ̂ md, _mZd

Ho$ e{ŠVembr hmoZo H$m ^md H$dr _Zwî` _| n¡Xm H$aVm h¡& Bg{bE n§V 'g_W© e{ŠVdmZ' Ho$ OrZo H$m A{YH$ma _mZVo h¡'' Vmo {Zambm am_ H$mo e{ŠV H$s 'H$mën{ZH$' nyOm ~m§YH$a 'e{ŠV A{O©V' H$aZo H$m `ËZ H$admVo h¡ VmH$s dh

154

{dO`rZr hmo Omò& e{ŠV H$m _yë` N>m`mdmXr g_` _| ~Xb MwH$m Wm& dh '_mZdVmdmX' Am¡a 'ì`{ŠVñdV§ÌVm' _| {Z{hV hmo J`m Wm& Omo ì`{ŠV ñdV§Ì h¡ dh _m¡{bH$ g¥OZ-AO©Z H$aVm h¡& H$m_m`Zr _| Xodg§ñH¥$Vr H$m Zme Am¡a Zò bmoH$V§Ì H$m CX` Bgr H$s n¥ð>^y{_ _| ~Zm h¡, Eogm H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡&

12. Xoe-ào_ Am¡a amï´>r` ̂ mdZm H$m {dH$mg

N>m`mdmXr H${dVm na Xoe-g_mO go Xya hmoZo H$m Amamon bJm`m OmVm h¡ na§Vy Eogm Zht h¡& OmJaU H$mb _| OZgm_mÝ` _| ñdV§ÌVm àVr ào_ Ed§ bbH$ ̂ r BZ H${d`m| Zo {Z_m©U H$s& Bg{bE Hw$N> {dX²dmZm| Zo H$hm h¡'' N>m`mdmXr H$mì` _| ì`{ŠVdmXrVm _mÌ ì`{ŠVdm{XVm ~ZH$a Zhr Am`m ~pëH$ amï´> ào_ H$s ̂ mdZm Zo Cgo Agm_m{OH$ hmoZo go ~Mm {b`m& '' AZoH$ H${d`m| _| ñdV§ÌVm ào_ ñnï> hþAm h¡& H$^r dh AVrV Jm¡ad Ho$ én _| h¡ Vmo H$^r ~{bXmZ, CËgJ© Ho$ én _| Vmo H$^r 'OrU©-nwamVZ' _| hbMb 'CWb-nwWb' _| h¡& H$^r Ho$db ñdV§ÌVm ào_ _| CâH$a Am`m h¡-

''AéU `h _Yw_` Xoe h_mam'' hmo AWdm ''{h_mÐr Vw§J l¥§J go à~¥ÜX ewÜX ̂ maVr ̀ m '{H$aU' Zm_H$ H${dVm

H$m g§X^© àH$mamÝVa go ^maVr` Jm¡ad go h¡, Omo Cg g_` {~«{Q>e A{YnË` go Ywg[aV hmo J`m h¡& H${d H$mo ̀ h Cå_rX ̂ r h¡ {H$ '^bm Cg ̂ mobo gwI H$mo N>moS> Am¡a Mw^moJr {H$gH$m ^mb'' àgmXOr H$mo bJVm h¡ 'namYrZVm H$s ~o{S>`m| H$mo H$mQ>H$a ^maV {\$a EH$ ~ma ñdV§ÌVm H$mo nmòJm, Imo`m Jm¡ad dmng bm¡Q> AmòJm&

gw{_ÌmZ§XZ n§V H$s J«m_dm{gZr ^maV _mVm H$s CXmgr, XrZVm, {dfßUVm {Zdm©{gVVm H$m {MÌ boH$a CnpñWV hmoVr h¡-

""^maV_mVm J«m_dm{gZr ! IoVmo _| \¡$bm h¡ í`m_b

Yyb âm _¡bm-gm A§Mb J§Jm `_yZm _| Am±gy Ob {_Å>r H$s à{V_m

CXm{gZrX¡Ý` O{S>V, AnbH$ ZV {MVdZ, AYam| _| {Ma Zrad-amoXZ

`wJ-`wJ Ho$ V~go {dfÊU _Zdh AnZo Ka _| àdm{gZr&''

Bg H${dVm ‘| H${d Xoe H$s {dnÝZ pñW{V Ho$ à{V H$éUmÐ© hr h¡& {Zambm _| ^r amï´>r`Vm H$s ̂ mdZm à~b h¡& CZH$s amï´>r` ̂ mdZm Ho$ Xmo nj h¡ 1. amOZr{VH$ 2. gm§ñH¥${VH$ 'OmJmo {\$a EH$ ~ma' VWm '{edOr H$m nÌ' amOZr{VH$ h¡ Vmo "`_wZm' I‹S§>ha Ho$ à{V; "{Xëbr' Am{X H${dVmE± gm§ñH¥${VH$ amï´>r`Vm go g§~§YrV h¡& 'VwbgrXmg' ̂ maVr d§XZm H$mo lÜXm nyd©H$ àñVwV H$aVr h¡-

155

^ma{V, O` {dO` H$a,H$ZH$-eñÌ-H$_b Yao....ñVd H$a ~hþ AW© âo&

`m _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr H$s 'nwîn H$s Mmh' _| ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ {bE CËgJ© A{^bmfm H$m JrV-

""_wPo VmoS> boZm dZ_mbr Cn nW na XoZm Vw_ \|$H$,_mV¥^y{_ na ere MT>mZo

{Og nW Omd| dra AZoH$& Bg_| amï´>r` Am§XmobZ Ho$ {bE àoaUm, H«$m§{V H$s ̂ mdZm H$s 'Mmh' ̂ ar hþB© h¡&

ahñ`mË_H$Vm, d¡`{ŠVH$Vm Ho$ gmW-gmW amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm ^r N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| _| h¡&

13. Jr{VVËd :N>m`mdmXr H${dVm Am¡a H${d ào_ Am¡a gm¢X`© H$s ^mdZm go nw[aV h¡& CZH$s

BÝhr ̂ mdZmAm| Ho$ H$maU d¡`{ŠVH$Vm Am¡a AmË_m{^ì`{ŠV H$mì` _| hþB©& ̀ hr H$maU h¡ H$s ghO Ed Vrd« ^mdm| H$m àH${Q>H$aU JrVmË_H$Vm Ho$ én _| ñnï> hþAm h¡& ñdmZw^y{V N>m`mdmXr H$mì` H$m _ybmYma h¡ CZH$m H$mì` Mmho N>§X~ÜX hmo `m _wŠV N>§X H$m Cg_| JrVVËd Ho$ _mYw`© Ed§ gm¢X`© ̂ am n‹S>m h¡& {Zambm N>m`mdmX Ho$ geŠV Am¡a àm¡‹T> JrVH$ma _mZo OmVo h¡& AmMm`© ewŠb Ho$ AZwgma ''g§JrV H$mo H$mì` Am¡a H$mì` H$mo g§JrV Ho$ {ZH$Q> bmZo H$m à`mg {ZambmOr Zo {H$`m& '' {Zambm H$s JrV-Ñ{ï> H$mo nm±M ̂ mJm| _| aIm Om gH$Vm h¡& 1. àmW©ZmnaH$ JrV…- Bg_| CÝhmoZo H$m_Zm H$s ^mdZm ì`ŠV hþB© h¡& OZZr H$m {Xì` gm¢X`©-_w½Y JmZ _m§J{bH$ ^mdZmAm| go AmoVàmoV h¡& 2. Zmar gm¢X`© naH$ JrV:- Bg_| CÝhm|Zo _mZdr`Vm H$s Ñ{ï> go Zmar Ho${d{^Þ ̂ md-gm¢X`© H$m _Zmoha dU©Z àñVwV {H$`m h¡ '{à` ̂ m{_Zr OmJr', 'ñne© go bmO bJr,' '_m¡Z ahr Ûma', 'Z`Zm| Ho$ S>moao', bmb Jwbmb âo Iobr hmobr' Am{X JrV Bg H$mo[Q> Ho$ CËH¥$ï> CXmhaU _mZo OmVo h¡& 3. àH¥${V naH$ JrV:- BZ_| àH¥${V H$s gm¢X`© _Uramer {dnwb _mÌm _| {~Ia n‹S>r h¡& àH¥${V H$m l¥§JmarH$ gm¢X`© dU©Z {Zambm H$s AnZr Im{g`V h¡& '' gwIr hr `h S>mb dgZ dmgÝVr boJr; gIr dgÝV Am`m _oK Ho$ KZ Ho$e,' a§J JB©, nJ-nJ YÝ` Yam-Yam'' Am{X CZHo$ à{gÜX JrV h¡& 'g§Ü`m gw§Xar' H$m gdm}Îm_ JrV Vmo à{gÜX h¡ hr& 4. Xe©Z naH$ JrV:- h_Zo nhbo hr ñnï> {H$`m h¡ H$s {Zambm na AÛ¡VdmXr Xe©Z H$m à^md ahm h¡& A{YH$m§e JrVm| _| dmo CVa Am`m h¡- 'nmg hr ao hrao H$s ImZ, ImoOVm H$hm± {\$ao ZmXmZ, Vwåhr JmVr hmo AnZm JmZ, nmVm ao _¢ gå_mZ' Am{X JrVm| _| Xme©{ZH$ ^mdZmAm| H$m dU©Z Am`m h¡& 5. Am¡a A§V _| amï´>r` JrV…- ^r ~hþVm{YH$ _mÌm _| J§^raVm go nmò OmVo h¡& '' ̂ mdmdoe ̀ m ì`W© Omoe-Iamoe'' CZHo$ amï´>r` JrVm| _| Zht h¡& H$ht _m± ̂ maVr H$s d§XZm h¡, H$ht OmJaU H$m ñdaZmX, H$ht gwIX ̂ {dî` H$s H$m_Zm h¡& ''OmJmo {\$a EH$ ~ma,' 'da Xo drUm dm{XZr,' Am{X'' JrV amï´>r`Vm

156

Am¡a ̂ maVr` OZ_mZg _o aMo-~go h¡ dñVwV… {Zambm H$s 'Jr{VH$m' BgH$m gdm}Îm_ CXmhaU h¡&

àgmXOr Ho$ 'H$m_m`Zr' _| ̂ r JrV h¡ - ""Vw‘wb H$mobmhb H$hb _|_¢ öX` H$s ~mV ao _Z !{dH$b hmoH$a {ZË` M§MbImoOVr O~ ZtX Ho$ nbMoVZm YH$-gr ahr V~_¢ _b` H$s dmV ao _Z&

gmWhr ''~rVr {d^mdar OmJar !'' ''O¡gm {à`m H$mo OJmZo H$m l¥§JmaàYmZ _Zmo^md h¡,d¡go gw²ú_ n¥ð>^y{_ go g_wMr MoVZm Ho$ OJmZo H$m CnH«$_&'' na nyam JrV H${dVm ̂ md _| Am`m h¡-

''AYam| _| amJ A‘§X {nò,AbH$m| _| ‘b¶O ~§X {H$ò-

Vw A~VH$ gmoB© h¡ Abr& Am±Im| _| âo {dhmJ ar&

`m gw{_ÌmZ§X n§V Ho$ JrVm| H$m ̂ mdmË_H$ gm¢X`© 'à{Vjm'_| CâH$a Am`m h¡-""H$~ go {~bmoH$Vr Vw_H$mo,Cfm Am dmVm`Z go ?g§Ü`m CXmg {\$a OmVr,gyZo J¥h Ho$ Am±JZ gobha| AYra gagr _|

Vw_H$mo VH$Vr CR>-CR>H$a gm¡a^ g_ra ah OmVmào`{g, R>§S> gm°§go â&''

JrVm| Ho$ nm±M VËd JrZo OmVo h¡, Jo`Vm-g§JrVmË_H$Vm, d¡{ŠVH$Vm, AZw^y{V H$s VmOJr Am¡a gÀMmB©, ̂ mdm| H$s KZr^yV Vrd« A{^ì`{ŠV, à^mdmoËnmXH$Vm AmXr N>m`mdmXr JrVm| _| ̂ mdmZw^y{V Ho$ gmW Jo`-g§JrVmË_H$,b`mË_H$Vm Ho$ ~§Y Amò h¡&

14. q~~ àVrH$mË_H$ e¡br

N>m`mdmX _| q~~ àVrH$mË_H$ e¡br H$m gdm©{YH$ à`moJ hþAm h¡ dñVwV… N>m`dmXr H${d`m| H$s A{^ì`§OZm j_Vm {hÝXr gm{hË` _| AZyR>r h¡& CgH$s e¡br ‘| q~~ àVrH$ Ho$ gmW {MÌmË_H$Vm, bmj{UH$Vm, ì`§½`mË_H$Vm, JrVmË_H$Vm _wŠVH$ H$m gdm©{YH$ à`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡q~~-

H$ënZm, ahñ`dmX Am¡a d¡`{ŠVH$Vm Ho$ H$maU N>m`mdmX _| q~~m| H$m à`moJ g^r H${d`m| Zo {H$`m h¡ Zm_da qgh Or Zo N>m`mdmX _| àmßV dU©, Üd{Z, J§Y, ñne©,

157

ag Am{X Ho$ AË`§V gwú_ EopÝÐ` ~moY H$m n[aM` {X`m h¡ '' dU© gm¢X`© Ho$ én _| 'A{¾{eIm' Ho$ a§J H$mo ñnï> ñnï> H$aVo hþE àgmXOr Cgo '_Yw qnJb Vab A{¾' H$hVo h¡ Vmo {h_-g§g¥{V na n‹S>Vo hþE AmbmoH$ H$m dU©-gm¢X`© H$ënZm Ûmam {deX H$aVo h¡ -

""{gV gamoO na H«$s‹S>m H$aVmO¡go _Yw_` qnJ namJ&''

'' Bgr àH$ma Aê$U-AYa na Ydb _wñH$mZ H$s dU©ÀN>m`mE± AbJmVo hþE H$hVo h¡ {H$ O¡go aŠV {H$gb` na -

""Aê$U H$s EH$ {H$aZ AåbmZA{YH$ AbgmB© hmo A{âm_&

Xygar Amoa n§V '' nmdg-H$mbrZ nnrhm, PtJwa, XmXwa, ~mXb, ~y±Xo§, {ZP©a Am{X go CR>Zodmbo {d{^ÝZ àH$ma Ho$ ñda q~~m| H$m {MÌ'' àñVwV H$aVo h¡&

""nnrhm| H$s dh nrZ nwH$ma{ZP©am| H$m ^mar Pa² Pa²PtJwam| H$s PrZr PZH$maKZm| H$s Jwé- J§^ra-Kha{~ÝXwAm| H$s N>ZZr-N>ZH$ma

XmXwam| Ho$ do Xwhao ñda& öX` hmaVo h¡ {d{dY àH$ma e¡b- nmdg Ho$ àíZmoÎma

{ZambmOr Zo AZ{_H$m H$s 'ào`gr' _o§ àU` Ho$ àW_ CX`-H$mb H$s _Z:pñW{V H$m q~~ Bg àH$ma qIMm h¡ -

""Xya WrqIMH$a g_rn Á`m| _¢ hþB©

AnZr hr Ñ{ï> go,Omo Wm ñ_rn {dídXya XyaVa {XIm&''

Bg àH$ma Ho$ H$B© q~~m| H$m à`moJ H$_m`Zr _| hþAm h¡& 'H$m_ gJ©' _| Vmo 'Mmjy' q~~m| Ûmam hr ñdßZ Am¡a ̀ WmW© Ywb{_b OmVo h¡ & '' B‹S>m' gJ© Ho$ àma§^ _| àgmX O~ H$hVo h¡, '{H$g Jwhm go A{V AYra

P§Pm àdmh gm {ZH$bm`h OrdZ {djwãY_hmg_ra ''

Vmo 'A{V AYra', 'P§Pm àdmh', Am¡a '{djwãY ' O¡go eãXm| _| Or {dH$bVm Am¡a AmdoJ h¡, _Zw Ho$ _mZg H$s {djwãYVm H$mo Vmo ì`ŠV H$aVo hr h¡ H$Wm _| AÝV{Z©{hV 'VZmd' H$mo ^r ~aH$ama aIVo h¡& Bgr àH$ma 'B‹S>m' Ho$ {bE O~ ' {~Iar AbH|$ Á`m| VH©$ Omb '' O¡go q~~ H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Vmo gm_mÝ`Vm B‹S>m

158

'~wpÜX' H$m ì`§OH$ _mZr OmVr h¡& '' lÜXm H$mo ̂ rVar-~mhar gm¢X`© H$s g§nyU©Vm _| CVmaZo Ho$ {bE àgmX Zo '_yV©' A_yV© q~~m| H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡& lÜXm Ho$ {bE '' H$m¡Z Vw_ ? g§g¥{V- ObZr{Y Vra Va§Jm| go \|$H$s _{U EH$ ?'' Am¡a 'àW_ H${d H$m Á`m| gw§Xa N>ÝX '' Am¡a 'öX` H$s AZwH¥${V ~mø CXma' H$m à`moJ H$aVo h¡ na§Vy lÜXm gXoh _w{V©_mZ Zht hmo nmVr V~ CgHo$ {bE ''Zrb n[aYmZ ~rM gwHw$_ma/ Iwb ahm _¥Xwb AYIwbm A§J/{Ibm hmo Á`m| {~Obr H$m \w$b/ _oKdZ ~rM Jwbm~r a§J'' H$hm J`m Vmo 'BS>m' Ho$ {dnarV lÜXm Ho$ ~mbm| go {Kao Mohao Ho$ {bE H$hm J`m '{Ka aho Wo Kw±Kambo ~mb A§g Adb§{~V _wI Ho$ nmg' ''H$m_`mZr _|, H$_b, M§Ð_m, {haUr, emdH$, ̂ rZ, O¡go q~~m|-à{VH$m| H$s ̂ a_ma h¡&

à{VH$à{VH$m| Ho$ Ûmam H$mo_b A{^ì`{ŠV N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Zo H$s h¡& _yV© Ho$ {bò

A‘yV© Cn_mZ '{~Mmar AbHo$ Á`mo§ VH©$ Omb 'H$m à`moJ H$aVo h¡ Vmo A_yV© Ho$ _yV© Cn_mZ à`moJ _| 'H$s{V© {H$aU-gr ZmM ahr h¡& 'H$m VWm ''ñd^md H$s erVbVm ~VbmZo Ho$ {bE 'Mm±XZr H$m ñd^md _| dmg 'H$hZm Am¡a {dMmam| H$m ̂ mobmnZ {XImZo Ho$ {bE '{dMmam| _| ~ÀMm§o H$mo gm±g '{bIZm ZyVZ-à{VH$-ì`§OZ H$m CXmhaU h¡&'' Bgr àH$ma JX²>JX Ho$ AëhmX A{^ì`{ŠV Ho$ {bE '{Ibm nwbH$ H$Xå~-gm Wm ̂ am JX²>JX ~mob ' Am¡a àdm{gZr-{à`m H$s _Ywa ̀ mX H$mo àH$Q> H$aZo Ho$ {bE {à`m H$mo Xya H$s VmZ go Cn_mZrV H$aZm- AZwn_Vm H$m gwMH$ h¡& àdm{gV 'aËZmdbr' Ho$ {bE {Zambm H$s Cn_m-

""dh AmO hmo J`r Xya VmZBg{bE _Ywa dh Am¡a JmZ''

N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| _| n§V Zo Vmo N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o {deofUm| _| AX^yV M_ËH$ma n¡Xm {H$`m h¡ - Zrb P§H$ma, J§Y-Jw§{OV, VwVbm CnH«$_, _ypÀN>©V AmVn, VwVbm ^`, VwVbm CnH«$‘ ‘ypÀN>©V AmVn VwVbm ̂ ¶ Vw‘wb V‘ Am{X '' {Zambm Zo Vw‘wb ZmX g§Ü`mgw§Xar H$s à{VH$mË_H$mVm CÎm_ h¡>&{MÌmË_H$Vm …- {MÌmË‘H$Vm N>m`mdmX H$s _hËdnyU© {deofVm h¡ O¡go _hmXodr Zo {damQ> Cn_mAm| Ho$ ghmao gw§Xa {MÌ qIMo h¡-

""V_-V_mb do \w$b{Jam {XZ nbH|$ Iobt&''

Am¡a""Ad{Z, Aå~a H$s ê$nmbr grn _|Aab _moVr-gm Ob{Y O~ H$m°nVm

àgmX- e{e _wI na Ky±KQ> S>mbo, Am°Mb _| Xrn {N>nmE&OrdZ H$s JmoYw{b _| H$m¡Vwhb go Vw_ AmE''

Bg àH$ma H$m à`moJ H$a N>m`mdmX H$mo Ho$db H$mì` Zht ~ëH$s g§JrV, {MÌ JrV ~Zm {X`m& Cgo à^mdmoËnmXH$ ~Zm`m& AmMm`© ewŠb O¡go N>m`mdmX {damoYr AmbmoMH$m| Zo CZHo$ q~~, àVrH$, e¡br H$m ̂ war-^war àe§gm H$s h¡& Bgr Ho$ H$maU

159

N>m`mdmX OmZm OmòJm H$m {dMma ̂ r dh ì¶³V H$aVo h¡&

15. ^mfm :-{ÛdoXrH$mbrZ B{Vd¥ÎmmË_H$Vm Ho$ {damoY _| gm¢X`© go _wŠV H$mo_b-H$m§V

nXmdbr H$m à`moJ N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Zo {H$`m h¡& N>§X~ÜXVm Ho$ {damoY _| '_wŠV N>§X' H$s AdYmaUm H$mo {Zambm Zo bm`m h¡& BZH$s ^mfm _o§ ZmX, b`, _mYw`© h¡& ZmX, g§JrV H$m ~‹S>m Cn`moJ H${dVm _| hþAm h¡& Bg àH$ma H$s {deofVm b`mË_H$Vm ~«O _| Zht I‹S>r ~mobr _| bm`r h¡& CZH$m eãX g§ñH$ma g§ñH¥$V H$mì` go hmoVo hþE _Ü``wJrZ ~«O ^mfm Ho$ g§ñH$mam| _|§ AmH$ma nm¶m J`m& a{d§ÐZmW VWm A§J«oOr H$s amo_¢{Q>H$ eãXmdbr Ho$ n‹T>Vo n‹T>Vo ''nVPa H$s ^mfm... Hw$gw{_V eãXm| go bX J`r&'' eãX g§`moOZ _| N>m`mdmXr H${d {eënr H$s ^y{_H$m {Z^mVm h¡& {OgH$m {OH«$ n§V H$s 'nëbd' H$s ̂ y{_H$m _| {_bVm h¡& n§V, àgmX, {Zambm, _hmXodr Ho$ eãXm| Ho$ ~mao _| Zm_daOr H$hVo h¡- nÝV Ho$ eãX AnojmH¥$V N>moQ>o, Ag§`wŠV dU©dmbo, hëHo$ VWm dm¶dr h¡& àgmX Ho$ eãX A{YH$ àJmT>, _Yw_` Am¡a ZmXmZwH¥${V_` h¡& _hmXodr Ho$ eãXm| _| énò H$s-gr ñnï> R>ZH$ Am¡a IZH$ h¡ Am¡a {Zambm _| gpÝY-g_mg ̀ wŠV {d{dY Om{V Am¡a Üd{Zdmbo eãXm| _| ̂ r AZwàmg_` ì`§OZ-g§JrV CËnÝZ H$aZo H$s Moï>m h¡&'' I‹S>r ~mobr H$mo ZmXmË_H$, _mYw`© go _wŠV H$aZo Ho$ {bE eãXm| Ho$ àVr 'AZmdí`H$ _moh' Am¡a CgH$s '{\$OwbIMu' H$ënZm Ho$ H$maU Am`r h¡& ''^mdmoÀN²>dmg H$s àYmZVm Ho$ H$maU N>m`mdmXr dmŠ` àdmh go eãXm| H$m H«$_ àm`: J‹S>~‹S>m J`m& àgmX H$s ^mfm _| Bg Vah Ho$ XyamÝd`dmbo dmŠ` ~hþV {_bVo h¡& BgHo$ A{V[aŠV ̂ mfm H$mo H$mo_b ~_mZo Ho$ {bE àm`: g^r N>m`mdmXr H${d`mo§ Zo 'h¡', VWm 'Wm' Am{X ghm`H$ {H«$`mAm| H$m ~{hîH$ma {H$`m&'' Bg àH$ma H$s ^mfm H$m 'ZdH${dVm' H$m EH$ CXmhaU ̂ r Zm_daOr Zo {X`m h¡-

""Véda Ho$ N>m`mZwdmX grCn_m gr, ^mdwH$Vm gr

A{d{XV ^mdmHw$b ^mfm grH$Q>r N>°Q>r Zd H${dVm gr''

{Og_| {ZpîH«$` dmŠ`m| H$s l¥§Ibm hr {XImB© XoVr h¡ Am¡a Hw$N> Zht& 'H$m_m`Zr' H$s ^mfm Ho$ g§~§Y _| Vmo {XZH$a Zo {bIm h¡- H$m_m`Zr _| I‹S>r~mobr H$m {OVZm Ag_W© én àH$Q> hþAm h¡, CVZm Am¡a {H$gr H$mì` _| Zht {_boJm '' I‹S>r~mobr _wŠVH$m| H$s ñdV§Ì aMZm _mÌ N>m`mdmX H$s XoZ h¡& 'H$m_m`Zr' hr BgH$m à_mU h¡& {Zambm Zo ̂ r 'Jr{VH$m' H$s ̂ y{_H$m _| {bIm h¡, _¢ I‹S>r~mobr _| {Og CÀMmaU-g§JrV Ho$ ̂ rVa go OrdZ H$s à{Vð>m H$m ñdßZ XoIVm Am`m hÿ±, dh ~«O^mfm _| Zht&'' {Zambm _| g§ñH¥$V H$s VËg_ eãXmdbr H$m A{YŠ` ahm h¡& 'am_ H$s e{ŠVnwOm' O¡gm H$mì` BgH$m CXmhaU h¡&

160

6.4 _yë`m§H$Z :-

{ÛdoXr`wJrZ CnXoemË_H$Vm, B{Vd¥ÎmmË_H$Vm, ñWwbVm H$s OJh N>m`mdmX Zo gwú_Vm, gm¢X`©, H$ënZm Ho$ ghmao gm_m{OH$ `WmW© H$s à{Vð>m H$mì` _| H$s& {df` VWm {df`m{^ì`{ŠV Ho$ ~§YZm| H$mo VmoS>H$a '_wŠV' 'ñdÀN>§X' hmo Jò& ào_-Zmar Ho$ àVr ̂ moJdmXr _m§gbVm Ho$ ñWmZna CgH$s _Zmo AdñWm H$m {MÌU H$a Cgo CÀM ñWmZ na à{V{ð>V {H$`m& àH¥${V Ho$ ̂ ì`-{Xì` ê$n H$mo gwú_ Ñ{ï> go g§nÝZ {H$`m& CgHo$ ̂ rVar e{ŠV H$mo nhMmZH$a CgHo$ ApñVËd H$s gÎmm H$mo H$mì` _| ñWm{nV {H$`m& EH$ Ñ{ï> go `ht go 'AmYw{ZH$ ahñ`dmX' H$m àma§^ hmo OmVm h¡& gm_m{OH$ emo{fVm|, H¥$fH$mo àVr g§doXZm {XIbm`r& Zmar Ho$ ApñVËd H$mo pñdH$ma H$a CgH$s ^mo½` N>{~ H$mo Xya {H$`m& CgH$s A§Va§JVm H$mo H$mì` H$m {df` ~Zm`m& JrV-àJrV e¡br H$ ñdrH$ma H$a H$mì` H$mo ^mdmZwHw$b ~Zm`m& 'H$m_m`Zr' O¡gm _hmH$mì`, {Zambm H$s '_wŠVN>§X AdYmaUm' Zo I‹S>r~mobr à`moJ _| Mma Mm±X bJmò& N>m`mdmXr ̀ wJ AmYw{ZH$ {hÝXr H${dVm _| ñdJ© ̀ wJ _mZm OmVm h¡& gm_m{OH$, amï´>r` ̂ mdZm H$s namoj A{^ì`{ŠV N>m`mdmX H$mo Agm_m{OH$ hmoZo go ~Mm nm`r& ñdßZm| H$s A{YH$Vm VWm ahñ`dmX Ho$ H$maU dh H$ënZm bmoH$ _| Om nhÿ±Mr Wr& Cgo `WmW© na CVmam J`m& CÎmaN>m`mdmXr `wJ _| n§V Zo N>m`mdmX H$m '`wJmÝV' {bIm àgmX Zo 'H$m_m`Zr' Ho$ A§V _| '{dbm{gVm H$s g§ñH¥${V Ho$ Zï>' hmoZo H$s, Zò ̀ wJ Ho$ AmZo H$m KQ>Zm H$m {OH«$ {H$`m& {Zambm Zo Vmo 'H¥$fH$mo H$s AYraVm go boH$a, Hw$Hw$a‘wÎmm O¡gr bå~r ì`§½`mË_H$Vm H$mo bmH$a ahñ`,gwú_ H$s 'N>m`m' H$mo Xya {H$`m& _hmXodr ^r emídV Xw…Im| go ZmVm Omo‹S>H$a 'A~bm {gdm H$éU-Jr{V`m±' {bIZo bJr&

N>m`mdmX Zo ̂ mdZm Am¡a {dMma, H$bm Am¡a gm{hË` Ho$ joÌ _| ̂ mar n[adV©Z bmò& Bg{bE ewŠb, ZJoÐ Zo CgHo$ {Ma-ñ_aU ahZo H$s ~mV H$s' hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr Zo Cg_| gm§ñH¥${VH$ na§nam H$mo XoIm& ^maVr` gm_m{OH$ na§nam go Cgo Omo‹S>m& ^mfm Ho$ joÌ _| Vmo CgZo AX²^yV H«$m§Vr bm`r& S>m°. XodamO Ho$ eãXm| _| 'AmYw{ZH$ {hÝXr H$mb H$mo gwH$a eãXH$moe Am¡a H$mo_b _Ywa AZw^y{V`m± N>m`mdmX H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$ XoZ h¡&

6.5 Cng§hma :-

N>m`mdmXr H$mì` àd¥{Îm`m| go `h ~mV h_mao gm_Zo AmVr h¡ H$s `h H$mì` Kmoa ì`{ŠVdmXr h¡ Am¡a CgH$m H|$Ð ñd§` H${d H$m AmË_H|$Ð ahm h¡ na§Vy CZH$s ì`{ŠVdmXrVm OZVm H$s Amem-{Zamem Ho$ ~rM A{^ì`ŠV hþB© h¡& Bg{bE dh g_mO go Xya Zht h¡& `h {ZpíMV h¡ H$s gm_m{OH$ g§Vmof go ̂ mJH$a dh ñdßZbmoH$ _| Om ~¡R>m, EH$m§VVm H$s eaU br na§Vy CgHo$ nrN>o H$m H$maU ̂ r VËH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ OrdZ hr h¡& Cg_| doXZm Am¡a {Zamem Ho$ ̂ md amï´>r` A§XmobZ H$s Ag\$bVm Ho$ H$maU Amò Wo& {\$a ̂ r dh Cggo Xya Zht ahm& 'Aê$U ̀ h _Yw_` Xoe h_mam' O¡gr _mV¥^y{_ na Jd© H$aZo H$s àd¥{Îm N>m`mdmXr`m| _| ahr h¡& {H$gr {dÛmZ Zo H$hm h¡ AZw^y{V _o§ ̀ h gm{hË` ̂ {ŠVH$mbrZ gm{hË` H$s g_H$jVm

161

_| AmVm h¡ Am¡a H$bmË_H$Vm _| ar{V`wJ H$s VwbZm _| AmVm h¡& Bg na§nam _| ^mdm| H$s H$mo_bVm, AZw^y{V H$s JhamB© Am¡a OrdZ Ho$ àVr EH$ g§doXZm h¡& `h H${dVm ì`{ŠVdmXr H${dVm h¡ na§Vy AmYw{ZH$ à`moJdm{X`m| O¡gm Hw§$R>mJ«ñV Ed§ g§H$sU© Zht h¡&'

EH$ Amoa 'Am±gy' Am¡a 'VwbgrXmg' O¡go I§S>H$mì` h¡ Vmo Xygar Amoa 'H$m_m`Zr' O¡gm _hmH$mì`& BgHo$ A{V[aŠV n§V H$s 'n[adV©Z' {Zambm H$s 'am_ H$s e{ŠVnwOm' àgmX H$s 'àb` H$s N>m`m' _hmXodr H$s Xrn{eIm, `m_m O¡gr CëboIZr` H¥${V`m± Bgr `wJ _| g¥{OV hmo nm`r h¡&`h AÝV_w©Ir gm{hË` ~{h_w©Ir MoVZm OJVm h¡&

6.6 ~moY àíZ …-

1. N>m¶mdmX H$s H$mì¶ àd¥{Îm¶m| na àH$me S>m{bE&2. N>m¶mdmX Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| H${d¶m|, AmbmoMH$m| Ho$ {dMmam| H$m n[aM¶ Xr{OE&

162

163

àJ{VdmX (1936-1943)


7.1 àJ{VdmX CX²>^dH$s n¥ð>^y{_

7.2 àJ{VdmX- AW© ñdê$n

7.3 àJ{VdmXr gm{hË`H$ma

7.4 àJ{VdmX H$s Xme©{ZH$ n¥ð>^y{_

7.5 àJ{VdmX H$s àd¥{Îm`m±

7.6 _wë`m§H$Z

7.7 Cng§hma

7.8 ~moY àíZ


H$. àJ{VdmX Ho$ CX²^d Ed§ {dH$mg H$mo OmZZm-g‘PZm&I. àJ{VdmX Ho$ AW© Ed§ ñdê$n H$mo {díbofrV H$aZm&J. àJ{VdmXr gm{hË¶ H$s Xme©{ZH$ n¥ð>^y{‘ H$m AÜ¶¶Z H$aZm&K. àJ{VdmXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ ‘mZX§S> H$mo XoIZm-naIZm&S>. àJ{VdmXr H$mì¶ d¡{eîQ>çm| H$m n[aM¶ boZm&M. àJ{VdmX Zo gm{hË¶ H$mo H¡$go gm‘m{OH$Vm H$s Amoa CÝ‘wI {H$¶m&

¶mh ~moY boZm&N>. àJ{VdmX gm{hË¶ ‘| Am‘ AmX‘r H$s g‘ñ¶mAm| H$mo aoIm§{H$V H$aVm h¡&

7.1 àJ{VdmX CX²^d H$s n¥ð>^y{_ …-

gm_m{OH$ MoVZm go _wŠV, EH$ Am§XmobZ Ho$ én _| 1936 _| {Og H$mì`Ymam H$m N>m`mdmX H$s H«$moS> go hr OÝ_ hþAm Cgo àJ{VdmXr ̀ m àJ{Verb Am§XmobZ H$hVo h¡& {OgH$s àoaUm _mŠg©dmX _| ahr h¡& ̀ h AmYw{ZH$ {H$gr gm{hË` _| ̀ WmW©dmX Ho$ boH$a Am`m& {df`-gm_m{OH$ pñW{V`m| na nhma H$aVo hþE gm{hË` H$m g§~§Y OrdZ {Z_m©U go Bgr g_` Omo‹S>m J`m& N>m`mdmX go hr VmËH$mb n§VOrZo N>m`mdmX Ho$ '`wJmÝV' H$s KmofUm H$a '`wJdmUr' H$mo OmZm, AnZm`m ̀ h '`wJdmUr' H¥$fH$m|, X{bVm|, l_rH$m| gd©ham ~hþOZm| H$s dmUr H$m gwJnmV Wm& AJmO Wm& n§VOr Zo hr H$hm Wm '' àJ{VdmX dJ© d¡få` H$mo Xya H$a l{_H$m| VWm H¥$fH$m| H$s _§Jb ^mdZm go ào[aV h¡& Cg_| ny±Orn{V`m| VWm emofH$m| Ho$ {déÜX H«$m§{V H$m AmhdmZ H$aZodmbm {dÐmoh H$m ñda h¡'' _hmn§{S>V amhÿb gm§ñH¥$Ë¶m`Z Zo ^r H$hm Wm- ''àJ{VdmX

7

H$moB© g§H$sU© g§àXm¶ Zht h¡& àJ{VdmX H$bm H$s AdhobZm Zht H$aVm& `h Vmo H$bm Am¡a CÀM gm{hË` Ho$ {Z_m©U _| ~mYH$ é{‹T>`m| H$mo hQ>mH$a gw{dYm àXmZ H$aVm h¡& ̀ h é{‹T>dmX Am¡a Hy$n_m§Sy>H$Vm {damoYr h¡& '' ̀ wJ H$s Amdí`H$Vm Ho$ én _| àJ{VdmX H$mo XoIm J`m A§Vam©ï´>r` Am¡a amï´>r` ̀ wJrZ n[apñW{V`m| Zo Bgo {dMma Ho$ joÌ _| ñWm{nV {H$`m& ~mX _| ¶h amOZr{VH$ Jbr`m| go hmoVo hwE gm{hpË`H$ joÌ _| Am`r&

^maV _| ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ Jm§YrOr Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| Omoam| na Wm {H$ÝVw Jm§Yr H$s 'A{h§gm' H«$m§Vrdram| Ho$ {bE An`m©ßV bJ ahr Wr& n[aUm_Vm {dÐmoh, H«$m§Vr ñdam| H$mo VmËH$mb _mŠg©dmX Ho$ én _| Jm§Yr {damoYr VWm Jm§YrdmX _| H$g_ ImZo dmbm| Zo pñdH$mam&

H$m±J«og Am¡a Jm§Yr Zo {H$gmZ-_OXyam| _| EH$Vm n¡Xm H$s Wr& CgHo$ emofU H$mo ̂ r OmZm Wm na§Vy Cgo Xya H$aZo Ho$ H$maJa Cnm` dmbr H$moB© ì`dñWm CZHo$ nmg Zhr§ Wr& _mŠg©dmX Zo dhr {dH$ën Cgo {X`m Wm Vmo dh ñnï> Zhr Wm& nw§OrdmX, gm_«mÁ`dmX Am¡a gm_§VdmX H$mo EH$ gmW {damoY H$a Cgo {_Q>mZo H$m, ÜdñV H$aZo H$m ̂ md H«$m§{V ̂ mdZm Ho$ én _| _mŠg©dmX Zo {X`m&

^maVr` gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ joÌ _| g‹T>r Jbr na§namE§, Hw$ar{V`m±, é‹T>rìmmX, A§Y{dídmg Ed§ _Zwî` H$mo nyU© énoZ Jwbm_ ~Zmò aIZodmbr ^mdZm, ~«m÷Ur {dMmaYmam-ì`dñWm Zo ór Ed§ X{bV H$mo àVm{S>V {H$`m Wm& Am`©, ~«m÷mo g_mO Ho$ Am§XmobZ Ho$db gwYmadmXr Wo n[adV©ZH$m‘r Zht& '{ÛdoXr`wJ _| ̂ r ̀ hr AmXe© _mZdVm H$m ahm& n[aUm_V… CgHo$ {déÜX ̂ r àJ{VdmX Zo AJmO {H$`m& CZHo$ Xw…I, XX©, {n‹S>m H$mo A{^ì`{ŠV gm{hË` Ho$ joÌ _| nhbr ~ma {‘br& àñWm{nV _Zwî`Vm {damoYr ì`dñWm Ho$ {déÜX jwãY ̂ mdZmAm|, MoVZmAm| H$mo ì`ŠV H$aZo H$m Adga àJ{VdmX Zo hr {X`m& nhbr ~ma gm{hË` gd©gm_mÝ` H$s àJ{V Ho$ {bò boIZ H$a ahm Wm&

A§Vaamï´>r` ñVa na 1917 _| ég H$s H«$m§Vr hmo MwH$s Wr CgZo gm_«mÁ`dmX H$m ImË‘m {H$`m Wm& gÎmm gd©hmam Ho$ hmWm| Am`r Bg H«$m§Vr Ho$ _wb _| _mŠg© Ho$ {dMma aho Wo& dJ©hrZ g_mO aMZm Ho$ AmXe© H$mo boH$a ég, gm_«mÁ`dmXr VWm Ho$db nw§Or Ho$& loð> _mZH$a CgHo$ O[aE emofU H$aZo dmbr VmH$Vm| H$m {damoY H$aZodmbo Zò {díd H$m nmWo` ~Zm hþAm Wm& ''amOZr{V Ho$ joÌ _| {ÛVr` {díd`wÜX Am¡a \$m{gÁ_ H$m Z¾ én ~S>m ̂ `mdh hmo CR>m Wm BgH$m {damoY H$aZo Ho$ {bò _mŠg©dmX H$m ñdmJV hþAm& '' Xwgao _hm`wÜX Ho$ n[aUm_ ñdê$n Câm amOZr{VH$ g§H$Q>, gZ 1930-32 H$s {dídì`mnr Am{W©H$ _§Xr, ~oamoOJmar, nw§OrdmX Ho$ H$maU ~‹T>Vm emofU, X[aÐVm H$m \¡$bVm gm_«mÁ`, ~‹T>Vr Am{W©H$ {df_Vm Zo dJ© g§Kf© H$mo Vrd« ~Zm`m BgHo$ {damoY ‘| {H$_mZ _OXyam| Zo CZHo$ emofU Ho$ {bò H$maU-^yV àd¥{Îm`m|, ì`dñWm Ho$ {déÜX _| Am§XmobZ Mbm`m&

^maV _| ^r gd©hmam Ho$ gm_Zo Hw$N> Eogo hr g§H$Q> Wo& {~«{Q>e Am¡a ^maVr` {df_Vm-_wbH$ g_mOì`dñWm Zo X{bV, nr‹S>rV, H¥$fH$, _OXyam| H$s hmbV IñVm hmo ahr Wr& do {Za§Va X[aÐVm, ̂ wI go V‹S>n aho Wo, {~b{~bm aho Wo& CZH$m Am{W©H$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ emofU hmo ahm Wm CÝho {dnÞmdñWm _| aIZo Ho$ Ym{_©H$, B©ídar` Aó-emó H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m Om ahm Wm& Eogo ‘| 'Y_© A’$s‘ H$s Jmobr h¡' H$m {dMma CZHo$ {dÐmoh H$m H$maU ~Zm, 'H«$m§Vr hr n[adV©Z' bm gH$Vr H$s ̂ mdZm na CÝh| {dídmg hþAm& ég H«$m§Vr H$m AmXe© CgHo$ gm_Zo Wm& {díd CgH$s Am¡a VoOr go ~‹S> ahm Wm& ^maVr` gd©hmam-~hþOZ A{ÔZm| Ho$

164

{déÜX I‹S>o hmo MwHo$ Wo& do ̂ r EH$ Eogr ì`dñWm H$s Vbme _o§ Wo Ohm± _Zwî` H$m emofU Z hmo, _Zwî`-_Zwî` _| A§Va Z hmo, g^r g_mO ñVa, gwI,AmZ§X go Or`|Jo H$m ̂ md 'àJ{VdmX' Zo ^maVr` OZ_mZg _| n¡Xm {H$`m& CgH$s ewê$dmV gm{hË` _| 'J«må¶m' go hmoVr h¡, J«m_rUm| go hmoVr h¡, gd©hmam go hmoVr h¡& {díd gm{hË`H$ma ^r OZdmX H$mo AnZm ahm Wm& Bgr g_` A§J«oOr gm{hË` _| 'àmoJ«o{gd {bQ>aoMa' H$m ~mob~mbm Jw§O ahm Wm& gZ 1935 Ho$ Amg-nmg hr B©.E_. \$mñQ>©a H$s AÜ`jVm _| no[ag _|, 'àmoJ«o{gd amBQ>g© Egmo{gèZ' Zm_H$ AÝVam©îQ´>r` g§ñWm H$m nhbm A{YdoeZ hþAm& {Og_| ^maV go S>m°. _wëH$amO AmZ§X Am¡a gÁOmX µOhra em{_b Wo& CÝhm|Zo b§XZ _| '^maVr` àJ{Verb boIH$ g§K' H$s ñWmnZm H$s Wr& O~ do ̂ maV Amò 1936 _| hr ào_M§X H$s AÜ`jVm _| 'àJ{Verb gm{hË`' H$m àMma-àgma H$aZo Ho$ {bE bIZD$ _| nhbm A{YdoeZ g§nÝZ hþAm& Bgr gm{hË` Am§XmobZ Am¡a A{YdoeZ Ho$ Xwgao AÜ`j a{dÝÐZmW R>mHy$a Wo& n[aUm_V… 'àJVr' H$m ̂ md ̂ maVr` ̂ mfm _| gÁOmX Ohra Ûmam 'CXy©' Am¡a a{dÝÐZmW Ûmam "~§Jmb' _| Am`m& ~§Jmb H$s bha Xoe ̂ a _| \¡$br& Am¡a {hÝXr _| dh 'àJ{VdmX' Ho$ Zm_ go 1936 _| hr Am`m& àJ{VdmX Eogm nhbm gm{hpË`H$ Am§XmobZ h¡ Omo gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ H«$moS> _| go Am§XmobZ Ho$ én _| hr CâH$a Am`m& CgHo$ gm{hË`{df`H$ _mZX§S> nhbo hr ñWm{nV Wo& OrdZme© CZHo$ gm_Zo Wm ìb{VËd CgHo$ AZwén CâH$a Am`m& CgH$s loð>Vm Ho$ g§~§Y _| S>m°. hOmaràgmX {XdoXr Zo H$hm- g_{ï> _mZd H$s _w{ŠV Ho$ {bE, CgH$mo àmYmÝ` XoVo hþE àJ{VdmX Am`m& O~-O~ Eogo ~‹S>o AmXe© Ho$ gmW _Zwî` H$m `moJ hmoVm h¡ V~-V~ dh gm{hË` Zò H$mì` énm| H$s CX²>^mdZm H$aVm h¡& Bg ~ma ^r Eogm hr hþAm& ''àJ{Verb gm{hË` Zo g§gma Ho$ ̂ m¡{VH$ ñdê$n H$mo, CXmÎm ñdê$n H$mo, MoVZ_` ñdê$n H$mo h_mao gm_Zo bm`m& VH©$ Ûmam CgHo$ {dH$mg H$s àËòH$mdñWm H$mo CX²Km{Q>V H$aZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m& Bg{bE dh ahñ`dmX, B©ída, ̂ m½`dmX H$m {damoY H$aVm h¡& {díd n[adV©{Z¶ hmoZo H$s ~mV H$aVm h¡ '' n[adV©Z g¥{ï> H$m {Z`_ h¡, `hr n[adV©Z, gm{hË` _|, _mZdVm Ho$ {dH$mg _|, gZmVZ ê${‹T>`m| Ho$ {damoY _|, gZmVZ Y_©, B©ída Ho$ {damoY _| àJ{VdmX ñWm{nV H$aVm h¡&

S>m°. Zm_da qgh Zo ~‹S>r gOJVm Ed§ JhamB© go CgH$s Om±M-nS>Vmb H$s h¡& Hw$N> {dMma {ZåZ h¡ Omo 'àJ{VdmX' Ho$ _hÎd, Amdí`H$Vm Am¡a gwZhbo, gwI_` ̂ {dî` Ho$ {bò Oéar h¡-

1. 'àJ{VdmX Ho$ BZ ~rg dfm] H$m B{Vhmg gm{hË` _| ñdñW gm_m{OH$Vm, ì`mnH$ ^md^y{_ Am¡a CÀM {dMma Ho$ {ZaÝVa H$m {dH$mg B{Vhmg h¡, Omo Ho$db amOZr{VH$ OmJaU go Ama§^ hmoH$ma H«$_e… OrdZ H$s ì`mnH$ gåñ`mAm| H$s Amoa, AmXe©dmX go Ama§^ hmoH$a H«$_e… ñdñW gm_m{OH$ ̀ WmW©dmX H$s Am¡a AJ«ga hmoVm Om ahm h¡&'

2. '' àJ{Verb gm{hË` H$moB© pñWa _VdmX Zht h¡, ~pëH$ ̀ h EH$ {Za§Va {dH$mgerb gm{hË`-Ymam h¡& ... `h gm{hË` boIH$ H$s ñd`§^y AÝV…àoaU go CX²>^yV Zht hmoVm, ~pëH$ gm_m{OH$ Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dH$mg Ho$ H«$_ _| dh ^r n[ad{V©V Am¡a {dH${gV hmoVm ahVm h¡&''

3. ''àJVrdmX H$m Amaå^ gm{hË` _| Am{W©H$ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ Am§XmobZ Ho$ én _| hþAm&''

4. ''N>m`mdmX `{X Bg gXt Ho$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ nwZOm©JmU H$s CnO Wm Vmo àJVrdmX

165

amOZr{VH$ OmJaU H$s&''5. ^{ŠV-Am§XmobZ Ho$ ~mX {\$a Cg Vah H$m A{Ib ^maVr` gm{hË`-g§J_

àJ{VdmX Ho$ hr ̀ wJ _| g§^d hmo gH$m&''6. ''àJ{Verb boIH$m| Zo AnZo g_H$mbrZ gm{hË` _| ^r \¡$bo hþE AmÜ`mpË_H$

Hw$hmgm, Hw§$R>mdmXr JmZm| Am¡a `m¡Zg§X^© H$mo gm\$ H$aZo _| ~‹S>m H$m`© {H$`m&''7Ÿ. ''`{X àJ{VdmXr g_rjm-àUmbr Z hmoVr Vmo ò AñdñW gm{hpË`H$ àd¥{Îm`m±

gm{hË` Ho$ {dH$mg _| {H$VZr ~mYm nhþ±MmVr, `h H$hZm H${R>Z h¡&''8. ''loð> aMZm H$aZo Ho$ {bò gm{hË`H$ma H$mo A{Zdm`© én go OZVm H$m njYa hmoZm

hr nS>oJm&''9. ''{OZ gm{hË`H$mam| Zo nr{‹S>V, X{bV Am¡a gVmE hþE H$m nj {b`m Wm Am¡a Bgr

Va\$Xmar Ho$ H$maU CZ_| CÀMH$mo{Q> H$s _mZdVmdmXr ̂ mdZmE± Wr& O~ {H$ g_mO _|

ñdmWm] H$m g§Kf© hmo Vmo _mZdVm X{bV bmoJm| Ho$ nj _| hmoVr h¡, VQ>ñWVm _| Zht hmoVr&''

10. ''loð> gm{hË`H$ma amoO Zht n¡Xm hmoVo Am¡a Z loð> H¥${V`m± ha jU {bIr OmVr h¡& do gånyU© Eo{Vhm{gH$ {dH$mg H$m n[aUm_ hmoVr h¡& CZHo$ nrN>o OmVr` CËWmZ H$s e{ŠV hmoVr h¡&''

11. Am¡a A§V _| Bg Am§XmobZ énr OZ A{^`mZ Ho$ g§~§Y _| ~‹S>o AmË_{dídmg, Am¡a à{V~ÜX Ho$ g§~§Y _| ÑT>Vm go do H$hVo h¡- ''Bg {damQ> OZdmXr A{^`mZ _| Omo éH$m gmo Ny>Q>m : {OgZo BgH$m {damoY H$aZo H$s {h_mH$V H$s, dh J`m Am¡a {OgZo BgHo$ CÔoí` Am¡a H$m`© _| g§Xoh àH$Q> {H$`m, dh g§XohdmXr Qw>Q>m& do Jwé ÐmoUmMm`© hmo Mmho ^rî_ {nVm_h, do H$U© hmo AWdm O`ÐW- Bg _hm^maV Ho$ {damoY nj _| OmH$a CÝh| JVlr hmoZm hr h¡& AnZo nyd© d¡^d Ho$ Ûmam AmO do Mmho {OVZo ~‹S>o àVrV hmo aho hmo, bo{H$Z ̀ {X B{Vhmg {dYmVm Ho$ AZoH$- ~mhÿXad³ÌZoÌ-dmbo {damQ> dOw H$s dmUr gwZo Vmo nVm MboJm {H$ ̀ o V_m_ _hmaWr dñVwV… _mao Om MwHo$ h¡, B{Vhmg Zo ̂ rVa go BZH$m gmam VoO ha {b`m h¡&''

`h dmŠ`-gwÌ CZHo$ ̂ rVa H$m àJVrdmX g§~§Yr JO~ H$m AmË_{dídmg CgH$s VmH$V, loð>Vm H$mo hr A{^ì`ŠV H$aVo h¡& gm{hË` H$mo OZVm Ho$ gmW, Am¡a gm{hË` _| Cno{jVm| Ho$ gwI-Xw…I H$s ̂ mdZmAm| H$mo àH$Q> H$aZo H$s CZH$s bbH$ H$mo ñnï> H$aVo h¡& Am¡a A§V _| AmMm`© hOmaràgmX H$s ̀ wJ Ñ{ï> H$mo ì`ŠV H$aVo h¡ gmW hr AnZr à{V~ÜXVm Am¡a g_rjm H$m¡eb- Am¡Oma H$mo ^r& {XdoXr ^maVr` ^{dî` H$mo XoIH$a H$hVo h¡- 'àJ{Verb Am§XmobZ ~hþV _hmZ CÔoí` go M{bV h¡& Bg_| gm§àXm{`H$ ̂ md H$m àdoe Zht hþAm Vmo BgH$s gå^mdZmE± AË`m{YH$ h¡& ^{ŠV Am§XmobZ Ho$ g_` {Og àH$ma EH$ AXå` Ñî` AmXe©-{Zð>m {XImB© n‹S>r Wr, Omo g_mO H$mo Zò OrdZ-Xe©Z go Mm{bV H$aZo H$m g§H$ën dhZ H$aZo Ho$ H$maU Aà{VamoÜ` e{ŠV Ho$ én _| àH$Q> hþB© Wr Cgr àH$ma ̀ h AmÝXmobZ ̂ r hmo gH$Vm h¡&'' AmO àJ{VdmXr Am§XmobZ Ho$ gm_Zo X{jUn§Wr, XoerdmXr, à{VJm_r VmH$V| amOZr{VH$

166

joÌ _| OZmYma, gm{hË` Ho$ joÌ _| à{jßV, namoj {dñVma nm ahr h¡& Eogo Cg‘ Cgoo Am¡a A{YH$ g§Kf©erb H$aZm àJVrerb gm{hË`H$ma H$m Xm{`Ëd h¡&

7.2 àJ{VdmX : AW©, ñdê n …-

"àJ{V' H$m AW© {dH$mgmoÝ_wIVm H$s Amoa ~‹T>Zm, ì`dñWm Ho$ gmW g_mO, _Zwî` _| n[adV©Z bmZm, OrdZ H$mo J{Verb ~ZmZm, ñdñW, gw§Xa ~ZmZm h¡& amOZr{V _| H$å`y{Zï> nmQ>u H$m ̀ hr bú` ahm h¡& Vmo gm{hË` _o§ àJ{VdmX H$m& Omo {H$gr ̂ r à{H«$`mdmXr àñWm{nV ì`dñWm H$m {damoY H$aVm h¡& bå~o g_` VH$ 'MVwdJ©\$bàmßVr' AWm©V Y_©, AW©, H$m_, _moj Ho$ {bò gm{hË` {bIm Om ahm Wm& A~ gm_mÝ` _Zwî` H$s à{Vð>m, CgHo$ OrdZH$s Oéar g_ñ`m, CgHo$ MH$ZmMya hmoZo dmbo gnZo, ^mdZmE±, g§doXZmE°, hf©, gwI, Xw…I H$s nr‹S>mE±, gd©hmam Ho$ {bò àJV eó Ho$ én _| CZHo$ hmW _| Am`r& gm{hË` _Zmoa§OZmW© H$m ^md {ZH$mbH$a gm_mOm{W©H$ {hVmW© H$mo A{^ì`ŠV {H$`m OmZo bJm& {dX²>dmZm| Zo Bgo ^r ñnï> H$a {X`m h¡ H$s 'amOZr{V Ho$ joÌ _| Omo gmå`dmX h¡, dhr gm{hË` Ho$ joÌ _| àJ{VdmX h¡&''

`h ñnï> hmo MwH$m h¡ H$s amOZr{V Ho$ joÌ go àJ{VdmX gm{hË` Ho$ joÌ _| Am`m h¡& OZVm H$m g§KQ>Z, CZ_| g§Kf© ^md, `WmW©dmXr _wë`m| H$s à{Vð>m, àñWm{nV ì`dñWm ~XbZo Ho$ {bò H«$m§Vr ̂ mdZm-MoVZ, H$mo OJmZm CgH$m bú` h¡& dJ© hrZ g_mO ì`dñWm H$s ñWmnZm CgH$m CÔoí` h¡, g~H$mo g§JR>rV hmoH$a b‹T>Zm, g§Kf© H$aZm Oéar h¡ V^r àJ{V g§^d h¡& àJ{VdmXr gm{hË` Bgr OZdmXr ̂ mdZmAm| H$s A{^ì`{ŠV h¡&

N>m`mdmX Ho$ H$ënZmbmoH$, ahñ`dmX go C~H$a H$B© H${d àJ{VdmX H$mo AnZm MwHo$ h¡& amï´>r` A§XmobZ H$Vm© ^r g_mOdmX Ho$ gnZo ^maVr`m| _| OJm aho Wo& ñdßZOrdr bmoH$, H$bmH$ma, gm{hË`H$ma Bg àIa Am§XmobZ H$s Amoa Amem ̂ ar {ZJmh go XoI aho Wo& N>m`mdmX Ho$ ¶wJ '_|' Ag\$b hmoVo Agh`moJ O¡go Am§XmobZ Zo Xoedmgr`m| _| Omo CXmgr, {Zamem n¡Xm H$s Wr Cgo Xwa H$aZo _| àJ{VdmX H$m ~‹S>m gh`moJ ahm h¡&

àJ{VdmX Zo Xoe, g_mO, ì`{ŠV _| ~m¡pÜXH$, AÜ`mpË_H$, Ym{_©H$, gm_m{OH$, ^m½`dmXr, B©ídar` j_Vm go _wŠV hmoZo H$s àoaUm Xr& H$ënZm H$s OJh ̀ WmW©, AmXe© {H$ OJh `WmW©, ñdßZ H$s OJh `WmW©, ahñ` H$s OJh bm¡{H$H$Vm, d¡`{ŠVVm H$s OJh gm_m{OH$Vm, àH¥${V H$s OJh _Zwî` H$mo bmZo H$m gmam lo` àJ{VdmX H$mo hr OmVm h¡&

7.3 àJ{VdmXr gm{hË`H$ma …-

N>m`mdmX Ho$ gwHw$_ma H${d n§V Zo hr N>m¶mdmX H$m '`wJmÝV' H$a OZdmXr {dMmam| H$s '`wJdmUr' H$mo AnZm`m& 'J«må`m' _| J«m_ gm¢X`©, J«m_ dYw, J«m_ ór-nwéf Ho$ gmW {H$gmZ, {Q>Q>dr, Ymo{~`m| Ho$ àVr ghmZw^y{V ì`ŠV H$s& {Zambm Zo Z`r ̂ mfm Xr, emofH$m| na ì`§J {H$`m, ny§OrdmX, Y_©dmX, Om{V`Vm H$m {damoY {H$`m& {^jwH$, Hw$Hw$a_wÎmm, J‘© nH$m¡S>r, {S>ßQ>rgm~h, VmoS>Vr nËWa, Hw$Îmm ^m¢H$Zo bJm, Zò nÎmo, IOmoha, _hJy _h±Jm ahm, Am{X

167

H${dVmAm| go àJ{VdmX H$mo AmJo ~‹T>m`m& 1943 _| 'A{U_m', ~mX _| AM©Zm ( ), AmamYZm ( ) _| g§V a{dXmg, àgmX, ~wÜX, {dO`mbú_r n§{S>V na H${dVmE± {bIr&

N>m`mdmXr ̀ m| H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a ñdV§Ì àJ{VdmXr Am§XmobZ go CnOo H${d`m| Zo OZdmXr {dMmaYmam H$mo OZ_mZg _| {~R>m {X`m& {OZ_| _hËdnyU© h¡ - Ho$XmaZmW AJ«dmb, ZmJmOw©Z, am§Jo` amKd, S>m°. am_{dbmg e_m©, ^dmZràgmX {_l, {ed_§Jb qgh 'gw_Z', ZaoÝÐ e_m©, A§Mb, {ÌbmoMZ, A_¥Vam`, AmXr& Ho$XmaZmW AJ«dmb, ZmJmOw©Z, VWm {ÌbmoMZ H$s {d{eï>Vm àJ{Verb gm{hË` _| ahr h¡& nadVu H${d`m| _| '_w{ŠV~moY, Ho$XmaZmW qgh ' O¡go CËH¥$ï> H${d`m| H$s {dMmaYmam ^r Bgr Xe©Z go ~Zr-~wZr h¡& dñVwV… {hÝXr H${dVm H$mo g_¥ÜX, {dñV¥V, Am¡a ̀ wJqMVmAm| go ì`mßV {H$`m àJ{VdmXr H${dVm Zo&

H$Wm-gm{hË` Ho$ joÌ _| dh nhbo go hr Wm& CXy© H$s àJVrerbVm H$mo ào_M§X Zo {hÝXr _| ~rOmamonrV {H$`m& ~mX _| ̂ ¡adàgmX, JwßV, {edàgmX qgh, amOoÝÐ ̀ mXd, am_Xae {_l, _mHª$ÊS>o`, ̂ rî_ ghmZr, M§Ð{H$aZ gmoZ[a³gm Zo ~S>r ̂ m¡{VH$ ̀ WmW©dmXr aMZmE± Xr& ènmb, AíH$, A_¥Vbmb ZmJa, {dîUw à^mH$a, am§Jo` amKd Zo AZoH$ CnÝ`mgm| _| _Ü`dJ© H$mo {M{ÌV {H$`m& àJ{V{eb H$WmH$mam| _| Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgm| H$m boIZ ̂ r {H$`m ̀ enmb H$s '{Xì`m' amhÿb gm§H¥$Ënm`Z H$s 'dmoëJm go J§Jm' qgh goZmn{V, O` ̀ m¡Yo` Am{X&

AmbmoMZ Ho$ joÌ _| ewŠb H$s 'bmoH$_§Jb H$s gmYZmdñWm' bmoH$H$ë`mU ̂ mdZm go nwarV h¡& {edXmZqgh Mm¡hmZ, em§{V{à` {ÛdoXr, àH$meM§Ð JwßV, S>m°. am_{dbmg e_m©, AmXr CëbIZr` h¡& nad{V© H$mb _| _w{ŠV~moY, dV©_mZ _| S>m°. Zm_da qgh Zo gm_m{OH$, OZdmXr aMZm, gw§XaVm, ̂ m¡{VH$ {Xem-{ZX}eZ àJ{Verb AmbmoMZm _| bm`r h¡&

`h gmam gm{hË` d¡km{ZH$, VH©$Ñ{ï> go ̀ wŠV h¡& gm_mÝ` OZVm go à{V~ÜX h¡& ào_M§X Zo g{hË` Ho$ Zò ^md-~moY H$mo ì`ŠV {H$`m Wm, àW_ A{YdoeZ _|- '' gm{hË` Ho$db _Zmoa§OZ Am¡a {dbm{gVm H$s dñVw Zht h¡& dhr g{hË` Iam CVaoJm {Og_| CÀM qMVZ hmo, ñdm{YZVm H$m ̂ md hmo, gm¢X`© H$m gma hmo, g¥OZ H$s AmË_m hmo, OrdZ gÀMmB© H$m àdoe hmo Am¡a Omo h__| J{V, g§Kf© Am¡a ~oM¡Zr n¡Xm H$ao&''

7.4 àJ{VdmX H$s Xme©{ZH$ n¥ð>^y{_ :-

h_Zo nhbo hr ñnï> {H$`m h¡ H$s àJ{VdmX H$s Xme©{ZH$ n¥ð>^y{_ H$m _wbmYma '_mŠg©dmX' h¡& Omo Û§XmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmX Ed§ A{V[aŠV _wë` {gÜXm§V Ho$ én _| ^r OmZm OmVr h¡& ̀ h gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm H$mo Am{W©H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ go XoIVr h¡& ì`dñWm H$m g§Kfm©Ë_H$ én hr dJ© g§Kf© Ho$ én _| ñdrH$ma {H$¶m J¶m h¡& {Og_| EH$ dJ© l{_H$m| H$m h¡ Vmo Xwgam l{_H$m| H$m emofU H$aZodmbm& Bg dJ© dmX H$m _wb _mŠg© Ho$ Û§ÛmË_H$VmdmX Ho$ ̂ rVa h¡& Omo g_mO Y_©, Xe©Z, g§ñH¥${V, B{Vhmg, àH¥${V Ho$ 'CËH«$m§{V'`m {dH$mg Ho$ g§~§Ym| H$mo| {ZVm§V d¡km{ZH$ Ed§ dñVw{Zð> Ñ{ï>H$moZ go XoIVm h¡& {dkmZ _| VH©$ _hËdnyU© hmoVo h¡ Omo ha {dMma, dñVw, KQ>Zm, ì`dñWm Ho$ ~mao _| àíZ I‹S>m H$aVo h¡& Bgr àUmbr go {dH$mg hmoVm h¡& dñVwV… _mŠg© Zo hrJob Ho$ Û§ÛdmX, \$m`ma~mI Ho$ ^m¡{VH$VmdmX Am¡a Mmbg© hmb Ho$ dJ©g§Kf© H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a _mZd gä`Vm Ho$ B{Vhmg H$mo ~‹S>o d¡km{ZH$ T>§J go àñVwV {H$`m h¡& CZHo$

168

amOZr{VH$ Ed§ Am{W©H$ {gÜXm§Vm| Zo Z`r gä¶VmAm| H$mo OÝ_ {X`m& _mŠg© H$s {dMmaYmam H$mo h_ VrZ ̂ mJm| _| ~m§Q> gH$Vo h¡-1. Û§ÛmË_H$ ̂ m¡{VH$ {dH$mgdmX2. _wë`-d¥pÜX H$m {gÜXm§V 3. _Zwî`-gä`Vm Ho$ {dH$mg H$s ì`m»`m

_wbV… ̀ h {dMmaYmam amOZr{VH$ joÌ _| gmå`dmX ̀ m _mŠg©dmX, gm_m{OH$ joÌ _| g_mOdmX Am¡a Xe©Z Ho$ joÌ _| Û§ÛmË_H$ ̂ m¡{VH$VmdmX Ho$ Zm_ go OmZr OmVr h¡& Cgo hr gm{hË` Ho$ joÌ _| h_ àJ{VdmX `m àJ{Verb Zm_ go A{^{hV H$aVo h¡& AnZo {dMmam| H$m _hb _mŠg© Zo VrZ ~mVm| na I‹S>m {H$`m h¡, EH$ gd©hmam H$m H$ë`mU, CgHo$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bò g§Kf©, Am¡a g_mO _| ì`mßV dJu` ^mdZm H$m Zme `m CÝ_wbZ& Bg{bò Cgo gm_m{OH$ `WmW©dmX Ho$ Zm_ go ̂ r nhMmZm OmVm h¡&

1). Û§ÛmË_H$ ̂ m¡{VH$VmdmX :-Xw{Z`m â Ho$ bJ^J Ym{_©H$, AmÜ`mpË_H$ {dMmaH$m| Zo g¥{ï> CËn{Îm Ho$ _wb _|

{H$gr Abm¡{H$H$ `m AÜ`mpË_H$ e{ŠV Ho$ hmoZo H$mo ñdrH$mam h¡& {Ogo B©ída H$hm OmVm h¡& B©ída Zo g¥{ï> H$s CËn{Îm H$s Eogr _mÝ`Vm h¡ na§Vy _mŠg© Eogm Zhr _mZVo& CZHo$ AZwgma g¥{ï> H$s CËnÎmr Zht hþB© ~pëH$ CgH$m "{dH$mg' hþAm h¡& Bg àH$ma do ̂ m¡{VH$ OJV Ho$ {Z_m©U H$s à{H«$`m H$mo d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ go à{Vnm{XV H$aVo h¡& Bg{bE _mŠg©dmX B©ída, AmË_m, na_mË_m, ñdJ©, ZH©$, Y_©, nwZO©Ý_ Am{X H$mo ñdrH$maVm Zht& _mZd-öX` H$mo MoVZm Ed§ {ddoH$ Ûmam kmV VWm {díbo{fV, ̀ m AZw^yV VËdm| na g¥{ï> {dH$mg H$s g§H$ënZm {Z{_©V h¡, {H$gr Abm¡{H$H$ `m AÜ`mpË_H$ e{ŠVna Zht& `hm± Bg ~mV H$m ^r Ü`mZ aho H$s CËH«$m§{VdmX Ho$ OZH$ S>m{d©Z Z| g¥{ï>, _Zwî`, Am{X Ho$ {dH$mg g§~§Yr {gÜXm§V H$m à{VnmXZ H$a MwHo$ Wo&

_mŠg© Ho$ AZwgma Xmo ̂ m¡{VH$ e{ŠV`m| Ho$ Û§Û go {Vgar ̂ m¡{VH$ dñVw H$m {Z_m©U hmo OmVm h¡& àH¥${V _| ̀ h g§Kf© {Za§Va Omar ahVm h¡& Bgo à{Vnm{XV H$aZo Ho$ {bE hr CÝhmoZo dmX (Thesis) à{VdmX (Anti thesis) Am¡a à{VdmX H$m à{VdmX ̀ m g§dmX (Synthesis) H$hm h¡&

1. dmX H$m AW© h¡ ha dñVw Ho$ '{damoY' VËd Cgr dñVw _| {Z{hV ahVo h¢, _mÌ do Hw$N> H$mb Ho$ {bò X~o ahVo h¡&

2. à{VdmX H$m AW© h¡ H$mbm§VaU _| dmX pñW{V dñVw _| {Z{hV {damoYr VËd hr Cg dñVw H$m {damoY H$aZo bJVo h¡& AWm©V XmoZm| _| Û§Û ewé hmo OmVm h¡&

3. g§dmX H$m AW© h¡ dmX, à{VdmX H$m g§Kf© én& Omo {H$gr Vrgar dñVw, napñW{V H$m g¥OZ H$aVr h¡& Omo Cg Xmo n[apñW{V`m| go {^ÝZ hmoVr h¡& Am¡a Bg Vrgar n[apñW{V _| Cg XmoZm| napñW{V`m| Ho$ Hw$N> VËd, A§e CnpñWV hmoVo h¡& àH¥${V, n[apñW{V, gä`Vm, g§ñH¥${V, B{Vhmg, Xe©Z Am{X H$m {dH$mg Bgr Û§ÛmË_H$ g§Kf© go hmoVm h¡&

169

2). _yë`- d¥pÜX H$m {gÜXm§V …-{H$gr ̂ r dñVw Ho$ _yë` {dH$mg _| _mŠg© Ho$ AZwgma Mma A§J {ZYm©[aV hmoVo h¡&

1. _yb nXmW© 2. ñWwb-gmYZ 3. l{_H$ H$m l_ Am¡a 4. _yë` d¥pÜX& CXmhaU Ho$ {bò nm±M énò Ho$ H$moH$m H$mobm H$mo amgm`{ZH$ à{H«$`m Ûmam ~moVb _| ~§X H$aZo Ho$ {bò AJa 20 énò IM© Am ahm h¡ Vmo CgH$m _yë` Vrg énò hmo OmVm h¡& AWm©V ̀ hm± nÀMrg énò H$s _yë`d¥pÜX hmo OmVr h¡ Bg_| CËnmXZ gm_J«r AWm©V ̀ §Ìm| H$s {KgmB© Am{X H$m IM© nm±M énò H$_ H$a Xo Vmo ̂ r dmñV{dH$ bm^ 20 énò hmoVm h¡& ̀ h gmam bm^ l{_H$ H$mo {_bZm Mm{hò na§Vy AmO ̂ r CËnmXZ H§$nZr`m± ̀ h hS>n H$a boVr h¡& nw§OrdmXr ̀ wJ _| ̂ r {_b-_m{bH$m| Ûmam `hr hþAm& {Og_| g_mO _| Xmo dJ© V¡`ma hþE EH$ emofH$ Xwgam emo{fV& _mŠg© Zo {H$gmZ, _OXyam| H$mo emo{fVm| H$s loUr _| aIm Am¡a {_b-_m{bH$, ny±OrnVr dV©_mZ _| CËnmXZ H§$nZr`m| Ho$ _m{bH$ 'emofH$' hmo OmVo h¡& _mŠg© CËnmXZ gmYZm| Ho$ gmW l_ _wë` na emo{fVm| H$m A{YH$ma hmoZo H$s ~mV H$aVo h¡& Eogo _| 'dJ© g§Kf©' n¡Xm hmo OmVm h¡& CËnmXZ H$Vm©Am| H$mo {_bZo dmbo bm^ _| Ag_mZ ~§Q>dmam hmo OmVm h¡& emofH$m| Ho$ C{MV bm^ {_bVm Zht Eogo _| emofU H$mo àmoËgmhZ {_b OmVm h¡& Bg àH$ma H$m emofU _mZdVm na H$b§H$ h¡&

3) {díd-gä`Vm Ho$ {dH$mg H$s ZB© ì`m»`m :-{díd B{Vhmg boIH$m| Zo {d{^ÝZ Om{V`m|, Xoem| H$m B{Vhg {bIVo g_` àm`…

Om{V, dU©, amï´> Ho$ én _| dJuH¥$V Ñ{ï>H$moZ AnZm`m h¡& _mŠg© Zo _mÌ _mZd Om{V H$m B{Vhmg boIZ H$aVo g_` Cgo Ho$db Xmo ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m h¡ 1.emofH$ dJ©- O¡go nw§Orn{V, _m{bH$ 2. emo{fV dJ©- {H$gmZ, _OXya AWm©V l{_H$ dJ© Am{X& dJ© g§Kf© Ho$ B{Vhmg H$mo _mÌ CÝhm|Zo Mma ̀ wJm| _| {d^m{OV H$a CgHo$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$Wm H$mo h_mao gm_Zo aIm h¡&

nhbm `wJ h¡ 'XmgàWm' H$m {Og_| l{_H$ Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd, CgHo$ l_, CËn{Îm Ho$ gmYZ Am¡a CËnmXZ BZ Mmam| na _m{bH$mZm h¸$ Ed§ A{YH$ma _m{bH$ H$m hr ahm&

Xwgam ̀ wJ 'gm_§Vr àWm' H$m {Og_| _OXya Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd H$mo Vmo AmOmXr {_b JB© na§Vy ~mH$s VrZ ~mVm| na emofH$m| H$m hr A{YH$ma ahm&

Vrgam ̀ wJ 'ny§OrdmX' H$m {Og_| _OXya Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd VWm CgHo$ l_ na CgH$m A{YH$ma hmo J`m na§Vy AÝ` Xmo na _mÌ emofH$m| H$m hr A{YH$ma ahm&

Mm¡Wm `wJ 'gmå`dmXr `wJ' hmoJm {Og_| _mŠg© Ho$ AZwgma _OXyam| H$s à{V{ZYr gaH$ma H$m CËnmXZ Ho$ g^r gmYZm| na {Z¶§ÌU hmoJm Am¡a CgHo$ n[al_ Ho$ AZwén Cgo bm^ `m \$b {_boJm& _mŠg© MmhVm h¡ H$s CgHo$ Û§ÛmË_H$, ^m¡{VH$VmdmXr, dJ© g§Kf© VWm gmå`dmX Ho$ {gÜXm§Vm| H$m àMma-àgma {H$`m OmE& {Oggo emofH$ dJ© H$mo Zï> H$aZm g§^d hmoJm& BgHo$ {bò qhgmË_H$ H«$m§{V H$m g_W©Z ̂ r dh H$aVm h¡&

_mŠg© H$m _mZZm h¡ H$s ''g§n{Îm H$m {d^mOZ ì`{ŠV na Z hmoH$a ì`{ŠV H$s gm_m{OH$ Cn`mo{JVm Ho$ AmYma na hmoZm Mm{hE& ''gmå`dmXr ì`dñWm H$m _ybVËd ̀ hr h¡& Omo emo{fVm| H$mo emofH$m| Ho$ {déÜX H«$m§{V H$m AdmhZ H$aVm h¡& EH$ Eogr g_mO ì`dñWm H$m {Z_m©U dh MmhVm h¡ {Og_| g_mZ {dMmaYmam, AmH$m§jm, à`ËZ, gwI^moJ Ho$ gmYZ,

170

A{YH$ma, Am¡a gwI-gw{dYm`| CnbãY hmo gHo$Jo& Bgr àH$ma H$m g_mO àJ{VdmXr g_mO hmoJm àJ{VdmXr gm{hË` H$m bú` ̂ r ̀ hr hmoJm&

AV… Omo gm{hË` à{V{H«$`mdmXr ny±OrdmXr àd¥{Îm, _Zmod¥{Îm Am¡a ì`dñWm H$m {damoYr hmo dh àJ{VdmXr gm{hË` h¡& Eogm gm{hpË`H$ _mZX§S> hr ñWm{nV hmo J`m& _mŠg© Ho$ nad{V© H$mb _| Bgr àH$ma H$m gm{hË` {bIm J`m& _mŠg©dmX H$mo OZVm Xa~ma _| nhÿ±Mm`m J`m& ~mX _| amOZr{VH$ Am§XmobZ Am{X Ho$ _mJ© go gmå`dmXr ì`dñWm ñWmnZm H$m bú` V` {H$`m J`m& ég CgH$m CXmhaU h¡& ̀ hm± Ho$ gm{hË`H$mam| Zo _mŠg© VWm ~moëeo{dH$ H«$m§Vr {dMmaYmam H$mo AnZmH$a gm{hË` g¥OZ {H$`m& gm_mÝ` OZVm Ho$ _Z _| amÁ` g§MmbZ, gÎmm àmßVr H$s A{^éMr H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m& Am{W©H$ {df_Vm H$mo Xya H$a dJ©{dhrZ g_mO ñWmnZm H$s _mÝ`VmAm|,^mdZmAm| H$m àMma-àgma {H$`m OmZo bJm& n[aUm_V… H$Å>an§Wr`m| H$s Amoa go gZ 1932 Ho$ bJ^J égr gm{hË`H$mam| na à{V~§Y bJm`m J`m& l{_H$m| _| H«$m§{V ̂ mdZm O_mZo hoVy CÝhm|Zo gm{hË` _| EH$ Zò dmX H$mo à{V{ð>V {H$`m {Ogo h_ gm_m{OH$ ̀ WmW©dmX Ho$ Zm_ go OmZVo h¡& gZ 1935-36 _| hþE àJ{Verb boIH$ g§K Ûmam Hw$N> Bgr àH$ma H$s {dMmaYmam H$mo ̂ maVr` gm{hË` _| ñWmZ {_bm {H$ÝVw dh ég H$s Vah H«$m§{VH$mar gm{hË` Zht hþAm BgH$m IoX h¡& CgH$m ̂ maVr` g§ñH$aU hþAm CgH$s H«$m§{V H$mo amOZr{V _| qhgmË_H$ H$ma©dmB© Ho$ én _| XoIm J`m& Am¡a CgHo$ H$m`©H$Vm© H$mo qhgH$ d¥{Îm Ho$ én _|& nyU© énoZ _mŠgdm©X H$mo ̂ maV _o§ em`X hr _mÝ`Vm {_br hmoJr, ̀ h H$hZm gmhg H$m H$m_ hmoJm na§Vy {dMma, AW© gm{hË` Ho$ joÌ _| CgZo AnZr n¡R> ~Zm br& ¶hm± dh ÑT> ̂ r hþAm h¡& Bg {damQ> OZm{^`mZ H$s VmH$V hr Zm_daOr Zo aoIm§{H$V H$s h¡ Am¡a ̀ h gÀMmB© ̂ r h¡ H$s {hÝXr _| ha Xygam boIH$ àJ{VdmX go Ow‹S>Vm h¡ ̀ m Omo‹S>m OmVm, ̀ m Ow‹S>Zo H$s MmhV aIVm h¡& dñVwV… pñW{V Vmo ̀ h h¡ H$s àJ{VdmX Ho$ ghmao hr dh g_mO_mÝ`, à{gÜX, ̀ m ~‹S>m hmo OmVm h¡& Hw$N> CÀMdJu` gm{hË`H$ma ^r àJ{VdmX H$m P§S>m \$hamVo ZOa Am aho h¡& Cg_| à{V~ÜXVm, B_mZXmar Am¡a _Zmoa§OZ {H$VZm h¡ ̀ h ñdV§Ì AÜ``Z {H$`m {df` hmo OmòJm&

{hÝXr gm{hË` _| N>m`mdmX Ho$ ~mX àJ{VdmX Zo gm{hË` {df` {g_mAm| H$mo {dñVma {X`m& gm{hË` g_mOmoÝ_wI hþAm& dñVwV… n§V O¡go N>m`mdmXr H${d Zo hr BgH$m AJµmO {H$`m Z`r '`wJdmUr' H$m àma§^ {H$`m& CÎmamoÎma ì`{ŠVdmXr Ah§ ̂ mdZm H$m {nï>nofU boH$a {Zambm Zo ^r Bgo D$±MmB© àXmZ H$s& 'Hw$H$a_wÎmm' H$mo gd©ham Am¡a Jwbm~ H$s emofH$m| H$m à{VH$ ~Zm`m& Vmo Bgr àH$ma H$m am_d¥j ~oZrnyar Zo 'Johÿ± Am¡a Jwbm~' {Z~§Y {bIm& gm{hË` H$s bJ^J _hËdnyU© {dYmAm| _| ̀ h 'dmX' ̀ WmerK« nhÿ±Mm&

7.5 àJ{VdmXr H$mì` H$s àd¥{Îm`m°± :-

Cn`w©ŠV {ddoMZ go ̀ h ñnï> hmo MwH$m h¡ H$s àJ{VdmX Zo g_mOdmXr ì`dñWm H$m bú` gm{hË`H$ma Ho$ gm_Zo aIm& N>`mdmX Ho$ ñdßZOrdr H${d`m| Zo hr CgH$m {damoY H$a àJ{VdmX H$mo AnZm`m& H${dVm _| H$ënZm H$s OJV dmñV{dH$Vm, d¡`{ŠVH$Vm H$s OJh ''gm_m{OH$Vm H$mo gZ 1930 Ho$ ~mX AnZm`m OmZo bJm& '' àJ{VdmX Ho$ Zm_ na n§VOr Zo _mŠg©dmX Am¡a Jm±YrdmX, ^m¡{VH$dmX Am¡a AÜ`mË_dmX, gm_w{hH$Vm Am¡a d¡`{ŠVH$Vm,

171

~{hO©JV Am¡a AÝVO©JV, ^md Am¡a én dJ¡ah H$m g_Ýd` H$aZm Mmhm {Og_| N>m`mdmXr na§nam H$m AmJ«h ñnï> h¡& Bgr Vah àJ{VdmX Ho$ Zm_ na {XZH$a, ^JdVrMaU d_m© Am¡a ZdrZ Zo Omo {dZme Am¡a {dÜd§g H$m AìhmZ {H$`m Cg_| nyd©dVu ì`{ŠVdmX H$s AamOH$VmdmXr VWm {dnWJm _Zmod¥{Îm H$m hr {dñ\$moQ> h¡& àJ{VdmX Ho$ Zm_ na A_¥Vbmb ZmJm, ZamoÎm_ ZmJa Am{X 'CÀN¥>§Ib' Xb Ho$ boIH$m| Zo `m¡Z {dH¥${V`m| H$m Z¾ CX²KmQ>Z {H$`m, dh ̂ r ñnï> én go N>m`mdmXr Aearar ̂ mdZmAm| H$s _m§gb VWm ear[aH$ à{V{H«$`m h¡ Am¡a Bg CÀN¥>§IbVm Ho$ _yb _| ^r dhr ì`{ŠVdmXr AamOH$Vm h¡& BZ g^r àd¥{Îm`m| Ho$ gpå_{bV à^md _| {Zambm Zo Omo 'A{U_m' Ho$ H$éUm âo àmW©Zm JrV Jmò, EH$mH$snZ na {dbmn {H$`m, 'Hw$Hw$a_wÎmm' Ho$ jwÐ _wI go Ah§-âr KmofUmE± H$s Am¡a adrÝÐZmW H$s '{dO{`Zr' H$s n¡amoS>r H$aVo hÿE IOmoham- nr{‹S>V ~wAm H$m aoIm{MÌ ItMm- ¶h g~ CZHo$ N>m`mdmX- ̀ wJrZ g§ñH$mam| H$m hr H$ht ~‹T>md Am¡a H$ht à{V{H«$`m h¡& ... àJ{VdmX Ho$ Ama§^ _| `h Omo AÜ`mË_dmX, AamOH$VmdmX {dH¥$V `WmW©dmX AWdm àmH¥${VH$dmX H$s àd¥{Îm`m± {XImB© n‹S>Vr h¡, CZH$m [aíVm _mŠg©dmX go ~hþV Xya H$m h¡& '' _mŠg©dmXr g§ñH$mam| _| nbr ~‹T>r Z`r nr‹T>r Ho$ én _| h_mao gm_Zo Ho$XmaZmW AJ«dmb, ZmJmOy©Z, {ed_§Jbqgh gy‘Z, S>m°. am_{dbmg e_m©, ̂ dmZràgmX {_l, {ÌbmoMZ, _w{ŠV~moY, Ho$XmaZmW qgh O¡go H${d gm_Zo h¡& {OÝhmo§Zo àJ{VdmX na JhamB© go gm{hË` g¥OZ {H$`m CgH$s àd¥{Îm`m| H$mo h_| XoIZm h¡-

1. gm_m{OH$ ̀ WmW©dmXr Ñ{ï> :->H$ënZm, ñdßZ, EH$m§V OrdZ _| OrZo Ho$ N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Ho$ A§V_w©Ir MoVZm H$s

OJh dñVw{Zð> Ed§ gm_m{OH$ `WmW© H$s Ñ{ï> - A{^ì`{ŠV _mŠg©dmXr H${dVm H$r _w»` àd¥{Îm h¡& 'Š`m hmoZm Mm{hE' H$s OJh 'Š`m h¡' BgH$s ImoO ̀ h H${dVm H$aVr h¡& AmXe© Am¡a gm_m{OH$ ̀ WmW© H$s ̂ mdZm '' ̂ maVoÝXw VWm {ÛdoXr ̀ wJrZ H${dVm _| ̂ r h¡ na do gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mAm| H$m g_mYmZ d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ go, XoZo _| Ag_W© aho h¡& _mŠg©dmX Zo ̀ h H$m`© {H$`m& '' OrdZ H$mo ^m¡{VH$ Ñ{ï> go XoIH$a Cg_o MoVZm âZo Ho$ à`mg _mŠg©dmXr`m| H$s Amoa go hr hþE h¡& OrdZ gÀMmB© Ho$ én _| do gm¢X`© Ho$ gmW Hw$énVm, Z½ZVm, J§Xr, ~r^ËgVm H$mo ̂ r J«hU H$aVo h¡& ¶hr H$maU h¡ H$s ̀ h gm{hË` ̀ WmW© '{df`' énm| Ho$ H$maU AÀN>m Am¡a gÀMm bJVm h¡ g_mO Ho$ g~go Cno{jV H$s {d‹S>å~Zm, Cnhmg, H$mo gm{hË` Ho$ H|$Ð _| bm`m J`m& g§H$sU©Vm Ho$ Koao _| go {ZH$bH$a '^y' ñdJ© H$mo XoIZm n§VOr Zo hr àma§^ {H$`m -

""VmH$ aho hmo JJZ ?_¥Ë`y - Zr{b_m JhZ JJZ ?A{Z_of A{dVdZ, H$mb-Z`Z ?{Zñn§X, eyÝ`, {ZO©Z, {ZndZ

XoImo ̂ y H$moOrd - àgy H$mo - ''

O¡go hr '^y' ñdJ© H$mo àJ{VdmXr H${d`m| Zo XoIm H$B© H${dVm {df` ~Zo _w{ŠV~moY H$m ̀ h H$WZ gË` h¡ H$s, -

'' OrdZ _| AmO Ho$

172

boIH$ H$s H${R>ZmB© ̀ h Zht {H$H$_r h¡ {df`m| H$s daZm ̀ h {H$ Am{YŠ` CZH$m hrCgH$mo gVmVm h¡Am¡a dh R>rH$ MwZmd Zht H$a nmVm h¡ !! ''

OrdZ H$s {dénVm Zo gm{hË` _| gm¢X`© âm& EH$ Amoa H$mì` {df`m| _| n[adV©Z Am`m ahñ`, d¡`{ŠVH$ ào_, H$ënZm H$m H$mZZ, AmXe© H$s OJh _Zwî` H$m g§Kf©erb OrdZ, _¡Q>_¡bm ̂ maVr H$m ‘¡bm Am±Mb, ̂ yI go VS>nVr JñV bJmVr {N>nH$br, {Mb{MbmVr Yyn _| nËWa VmoS>Zodmbr ór, Y_©, B©ída àVr jmo^, H$b H$maImZm| _| H$m_ H$aZodmbo l{_H$, {H$gmZ H$s X[aÐVm, CZHo$ A{e{jV ~ÀMo,A§Y{dídmg go ̂ am EH$ gm_m{OH$ V~H$m, Am{X {d{^ÝZ dJm] Ho$ ^md-^mdZmAm|, g§doXZmAm|, gwI-Xw…Im|, ñdßZm|, AH$m§jmAm| H$m {MÌU gm{hË` _| Am`m& Vmo Xwgar Am¡a '' Jm±dm| Ho$ OrdZ _| KwgVo hr AnZr d¡`{ŠVVm H$mo ̂ ybH$a Jm±d _| ahZodmbo Vah-Vah Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo XoIVm h¡ Am¡a CZH$m {MÌ CHo$aVm h¡& Ahra H$s {Zaja b‹S>H$s Månm, ^moaB© Ho$dQ>, àmB_ar ñHw$b Ho$ _mñQ>a XwIaZ Pm, MZm-M~oZm ImZodmbm MÝXy, {MÌHw$Q> Ho$ ~m¡S>_ `mÌr dJ¡ah'' ZmJmOw©Z Ho$ 'XwIaZ Pm' Am¡a CZHo$ ñHw$b H$m {MÌ Hw$N> Eogm hr h¡-

'' YwZ ImE ehVram| na H$s ~mahIS>r {dYmVm ~m±Mo\$Q>r ̂ rV h¡, N>V MyVr h¡, Ambo na {dgVwB`m ZmMo~agm H$a ~o~g ~ÀMm§o na {_ZQ>-{_ZQ> _| nm±M V_mMoBgr Vah go XwIaZ _mñQ>a J‹T>Vm h¡ AmX_ Ho$ gm±Mo& ''

Zm_daOr Zo Bg na ~‹S>r g[‹T>H$ {Q>ßnUr H$aVo hþE H$hm h¡, Š`m| ? dh CgH$s VZIm go ny{N>ò& ''

Vmo Vrgar Amoa ny§OrnVr`m|, goR>, gmhþH$mam|, _m{bH$m| H$s H«w$aVm, öX`hrZVm H$s eë`-{H«$`m ̂ r H${dVm _| hþB© h¡& ny§OrdmXr gä`Vm eha go Jm°§d J{b`m| VH$ \¡$br h¡& CgH$s {dbm{gVm, A_mZdr` d¥{Îm, em[a[aH$ _mZ{gH$ emofU go àVm{‹S>V emofH$ OZOmVr H$m `WmW© CX²KmQ>Z H${dVm _| hþAm h¡& H$ënZm- H$mZZ H$s H${dVm amZr, YaVr Ho$ gwI Xw…I Ho$ gmW Ow‹S> J`r& ZmJmOw©Z _w{ŠV~moY O¡go H${d BgHo$ loîR> CXmhaU h¡&

2. H«$m§{V H$m Amh²dmZ :-h_Zo nhbo hr ñnîQ> {H$`m h¡ H$s àJ{VdmXr H${dVm dJ©hrZ g_mO H$s gmå`dmXr

ì`dñWm H$s ñWmnZm MmhVr h¡& BgHo$ {bò _mŠg©dmXr H${d`m| Zo Am{W©H$ {df_Vm H$mo Xya H$aZo H$s eV© aIr h¡ Am¡a Bgo V^r Xya {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ O~ gm_m{OH$m| _| qhgmË_H$ H«$m§{V ^mdZm H$mo \¡$bm`m OmE& ny±OrdmXr gä`Vm H$mo Zï> {H$`m OmE& 'H«$m§{V' gå`H$ g_mO ñWmnZm H$m _mÜ`_ ̀ m gmYZ h¡& Cgr Ho$ JrV H${d`m| Zo Jmò h¡& BgHo$ {bò S>m°. am_{dbmg e_m© gd©gm_mÝ` {H$gmZm|, _OXyam| H$mo BH$Ç>m H$aZm MmhVo h¢, CÝh| àñWm{nV ì`dñWm H$s H«y$aVm go n[a{MV H$amZm MmhVo h¡, CZ_| Ag§Vmof Ho$ ~rO ~moZm MmhVo h¡ V^r H«$m§Vr H$s \$gb CJm`r Om gH$Vr h¡ ''H$m {dMma ì`ŠV H$aVo h¡& àJ{VdmXr A{YH$m§e H${d`m| Zo H«$m§{V ̂ mdZm

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H$m {MÌU emofH$m| _| ñ\w$Vu âZo, AnZr pñW{V go AdJV hmoZo, AnZr e{ŠV H$m n[aM` nmZo, AnZo ApñVËd H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {bò H${dVm ‘| {H$`m h¡& ̀ h H«$m§{V gm_m{OH$ Am¡a amï´>r` XmoZm| énm| H$mo A{^ì`ŠV H$aVr h¡& H«$m§{V H$s `h ^mdZm dJ©-ì`dñWm Ho$ {dZme hoVy Am§Vam©ï´>r` én _| ì`ŠV hmoVr h¡& Bg{bE dh {díd_mZdVmdmXr, em§VmdmXr h¡& ''Ho$db AmnX²Y_© Ho$ én _| dh qhgm H$m ñdrH$ma H$aZo H$mo àñVwV h¡& ''Bg{bE ̀ h H«$m§{V Üd§gmË_H$ Zht g¥OZmË_H$ h¡& Zd{Z_m©U go ny[aV h¡& gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOZr{VH$ Xwì`©dñWm go nr{‹S>V h¡ H${d 'ZdrZ' Eogo hr {dßbd H$m JmZ H$aVm h¡ -

""H${d Hw$N> Eogr VmZ gwZmAmo {Oggo CWb-_wWb _M OmE& {Z`_ Am¡a Cn-{Z`_m| Ho$ ̀ o ~ÝYZ Qy>H$-Qy>H$ hmo OmE±{díd§â H$s nmofH$ drUm Ho$ g~ Vma _yH$ hmo OmE±em§{V XÊS> Qw>Q>o- Cg _hméÐ H$m qghmgZ Wam©E,CgH$s nmofH$ ídmgmoÀN>dmg, {díd Ho$ àm§JU _| KhamE,Zme, Zme hmo ! _hmZme H$s àb`§H$mar Am±I Iwb OmE&''

`m àmMrZ dU©-gä`Vm, ì`dñWm, H$m Zme hmo OmE& _mZdVm H$m Xw…I Zï> hmo OmE,ZB© ì`dñWm ñWm{nV hmo OmE H$m AmJ«h H${d H$aVm h¡& g_J« n[adV©Z H$s ̂ mdZm H${d`m| _| h¡& {Oggo ñdñW g_mO {Z{_©V {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& 'OrU© nwamVZ' Ho$ 'Zï>' hmoZo Am¡a Zò ZwVZ H$m 'nëb{dV'hmoZo Ho$ {bE H${d n§V H$m ñda àIa hmo MwH$m h¡-

'' Zï>- ̂ «ï> hmo OrU© nwamVZ,Üd§g- ̂ «§e OJ Ho$ O‹S> ~ÝYZ& nmdH$ OJ Ka Amdo ZwVZ,hmo nëb{dV Zdb _mZdnZ&''

`m ̂ maV ̂ wfU H$m 'OmJVo ahmo' ñda Jw±O CR>m h¡&

3. ~m¡pÜXH$Vm H$m AmJ«h :-àJ{VdmXr H${d Zo d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï> H$m n[aM` XoVo hþE ~m¡pÜXH$Vm H$mo AnZm`m h¡&

H${dVm _| àmMrV é{‹T>`m|, na§nam Ed§ _mÝ`VmAm| H$m I§S>Z hþAm h¡& BZH$s ~m¡pÜXH$ Ñ{ï>, ̂ m½`, ^JdmZ, H$_©, nwZO©Ý_, AmË_m, na_mË_m, A§Y{dídmg Am{X H$maUm| go hmoZodmbo emofU {damoYr én _| ì`ŠV hþB© h¡& emofU àd¥{Îm`m| H$mo Xya H$aZo hoVy hr {Zambm H$s 'Hw$Hw$a^wÎmm' O¡gr H${dVm _| ì`§½`mË_H$Vm H$m Vrd« ñda ì`ŠV hþAm h¡& ZmJmOw©Z O¡go H${d Zo ̂ r 'OO©a g_mO' Am¡a 'AmOmXr H$m d¡få`' ñnï> H$aVo hþE ì`§½` _| H$hm h¡ -

""H$mJO H$s AmOmXr {_bVr bo bmo Xmo Xmo AmZo _|&''

àJ{VdmXr H${d VH©$, àíZ, Ho$ O[aE H$m`©-H$maU ̂ md H$m à{VnmXZ H$aVo hþE àËòH$ {dMma, KQ>Zm, H$mo {deX H$aVo h¡& AmMm`© _hmdraàgmX {ÛdoXr ̂ r H${dVm Ho$ joÌ _| ~m¡pÜXH$Vm H$m AmJ«h, à{Vnm{XV H$a MwHo$ Wo na§Vy CZ_| AVrV Ho$ à{V ̂ dwH$Vm H$m Am{YŠ` Á¶mXm ahm h¡& dh na§namJV ì`dñWm H$m AZwnmbZ H$aVo hþE AmXe© H$mo ì`ŠV H$aVo Wo na§Vy àJ{VdmXr`m| Zo

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_mÌ `WmW© H$mo gm_Zo bmZo _| g~ H$mo g§Xoh Ho$ Koao _| bm`m, g~ na àíZ CnpñWV {H$ò Bgr{bE gm_m{OH$ Anàd¥{Îm`m| H$m {damoY do {Vd« T>§J go H$a nmò& CZH$s ì`§½`mË_H$ H${dVm _| ¶h A{YH$ _mÌm _| ‘wIa hþAm h¡&

4. ì`§½` H$s àYmZVm :-gm_m{OH$ Hw$ar{V`m|, na§namAmo§, {df_VmAm| H$mo gm{hË` _| C^maZo hoVy ì`§½` H$m

à`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡& BZ H${d`m| Ho$ ì`§½` _| gm_m{OH$ gwYma H$s ̂ mdZm {Z{hV h¡& CZHo$ ì`§½` {df` _| ny§Orn{V, {dbmgr, ì`{ŠVËd, CZHo$ emofU H$s àd¥{Îm, amOZr{V, PyR>r {bS>a{en, Am{W©H$ gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm H$mo bú` {H$`m J`m h¡& Vmo gd©ham Ho$ Xw…I,X¡Ý` H$m dU©Z ^r {H$`m h¡& {Zambm H$s '{Îmar' H${dVm Bgr àH$ma H$s h¡& 'Hw$Hw$a‘wÎmm' Ho$ 'A~o ! gwZ ~o Amo Jwbm~' _| Am`m Jmbr H$m ñda {df_Vm Ho à{V AmH«$moe ̂ md H$mo ìæŠV H$aVm h¡& H${d {XZH$a Zo ̂ r gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm H$m {MÌU H$aVo hþE {bIm h¡-

ídmZm| H$mo {_bVm XyY-Xhr, ~ÀMo ̂ yIo V‹S>nmVo h¡& _m± H$s hÈ>r go {R>Rw>a {MnH$, OmS>m| H$s amV {~VmVo h¡&&`wdVr H$s bÁOm dgZ ~oM, O~ ã¶mO MwH$mò OmVo h¡& {_b- _m{bH$ Vob \w$bobm| na, nmZr-gm Ðì` ~hmVo h¡&&

_w{ŠV~moY, ZmJmOw©Z, ^JdVrMaU d_m© Am{X H${d`m| H$s H${dVm Bg Ñ{ï> go CëboI{Z` h¡& ZmJmOw©Z H$s »`mVrbãY H${dVm 'àoV H$m ~`mZ' ì`§J H$m gdm}ËH¥$ï> CXmhaU h¡& {OgHo$ g§~§Y _| Zm_daOr Zo {bIm h¡- ''ZoVmbmoJ Omo AŠga H$hVo h¡ {H$ h_mao ¶hm± ̂ yI `m AH$mb Zht h¡; na Cg ̀ _amO VWm EH$ _ao hþE _mñQ>a H$s ~mVMrV Ho$ Ûmam ̀ hm± {H$VZm gw§Xa ì`§J {H$`m J`m h¡& ZaH$ Ho$ _m{bH$ ̀ _amO 'àoV H$m ~`mZ' boVo hþE nwN>Vm h¡ {H$ H¡$go _am Vy ? Odm~ _| 'ZmMH$a bå~o M_Mm|- gm n°§MJwam hmW, éIr nVbr {H$Q>{H$Q> H$s AmdmO _|' àV AnZm nwam nVm ~VbmVo hþE H$ao_m| H$s n{Îm`m± ImZo H$s AmYr hr H$Wm H$h nmVm h¡ {H$ XÊS>nm{U _hmH$mb A{dídmg H$s h±gr h±gH$a H$hVo h¡- '' ~S>o AÀN>o_mñQ>a hmo ! AmE hmo _wPH$mo ̂ r n‹T>mZo !! dmh ̂ mB© dmh ! Vmo Vw_ ̂ wI go Zht _ao?'' Bg na hX go Á`mXm OmoaS>mbH$a àoV H$hVm h¡ {H$ ''Am¡a Am¡a Am¡a Am¡a ̂ bo ZmZm àH$ma H$s ì`m{Y`m± Am¡a ̂ bo ZmZm àH$ma H$s ì`m{Y`m± hmo ̂ maV _| {H$ÝVw-{H$ÝVw ̂ wI ̀ m jwYm Zm_ hmo {OgH$m Eogr {H$gr ì`m{Y H$m nVm Zhr h_H$mo !'Am¡a ̂ mn H$m Amdoe {ZH$b OmZo Ho$ ~mX em§V-pñ_V ñda _| {\$a H$hVm h¡- {H$ Ohm± VH$ _oam AnZm g§~§Y h¡, gw{ZE _hmamO-

''V{ZH$ ̂ r nra ZhtXw…I Zht, Xw{dYm ZhtgabVmnyd©H$ {ZH$bo Wo àmUgh Z gH$s Am±V O~ no{Me H$m h_bm ...

5. éT>r-àWm na§nam H$m {damoY :-g¥{ï> H$s {Z{_©{V Zht ~ëH$s CËnÎmr hþB© h¡, {dH$mg hþAm h¡ `h {dMma aIH$a

_mŠg© Zo B©ída H$s gÎmm, AmË_m, nwZO©Ý_, ̂ m½`dmX H$m H$‹S>m {damoY {H$`m& B©ída Ho$ Zm_ na

175

hmoZodmbo emofU H$mo COmJa {H$`m& Y_© H$mo Am{\$_ H$hH$a CgH$m ̂ r Zem CVmam& _Zwî` Am¡a _Zwî`Vm H$mo loð> _mZH$a CÝhm|Zo gm_m{OH$ dJ©, dU©,OmV {df_Vm H$mo _mZdr`Vm na H$b§H$ H$hm& Bg{bE _mŠg©dmX _| H$mbm-Jmoam, eyÐ-~«m÷U, AZm`©-Am`©, loð>-H${Zð> ̂ mdZm H$m WmoWm én ñnï> hþAm h¡& _wbV… dh B©ída _| AmñWm Zht aIVm Bg{bE Y_©,ì`dñWm, Ho$ gmW Cggo Ow‹S>r é{‹T>`m|, JbV na§namAm|, _mÝ`VmAm|, {dídmgm| H$m {damoY H$aVm h¡& AmO Ho$ g_` _| _§{Xa-_pñOX, JrVm-Hw$amZ H$m H$moB© _hËd Zht h¡& B©ída Am¡a Y_© Ho$ à{V jmo^ ̂ mdZm H$mo _hoÝÐ ̂ Q>ZmJa ì`ŠV H$aVo h¡-

''O‹S>Ho$ nmgI§{S>V Am¡a Hw$énm Omo a§Jm qgXya go hZw_mZ -gm nmfmU{Q>H$H$a JmoX _| ~¡R>m{H$ {OgH$s AM©Zm H$aVo _ZwO {H$VZoZ`Z hr n[aH«$_m H$aVod AmYr amV H$mo AmImV {OgH$mo MmQ>Vo&''

Y_©-é{‹T>`m| Ho$ à{V H$B© H${d`m| Zo à{V{H«$`mdmXr {dMma aIo h¡& CgHo$ é{‹T>J«ñV ñdê$n H$s AmbmoMZm H$s h¡& Eogr H${dVmAm| _| à_wI h¡, n§V H$s 'OhmO' Ho$XmaZmW AJ«dmb H$s '{MÌHw$Q> Ho$ ̀ mÌr' am_{dbmg e_m© H$s '‘y{V©`m±' Am{X& BZ H${d`m| Ho$ AZwgma _Zwî` nhbo _Zwî` h¡ H$m {dMma ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡&

'' _¢ {hÝXy h¡, Vw_ _wgb_mZ na Š`m XmoZm| BÝgmZ ZhtXmoZm| hr YaVr Ho$ Om`© h_ AZMmho _oh_mZ Zht''

éT>r, àWm, na§namAm| H$s ~o{S>`m| go _Zwî` _Zwî`Vm H$mo _wŠV H$aZo H$s Mmh àJ{VdmXr H${d`m| _| ahr h¡& àJ{V H$m AW© ̂ r ̀ hr h¡&

6. emo{fVm| H$m H$ê$U JmZ :-{H$gr ̂ r àH$ma H$s Jwbm~r _| hmoZodmbm emofU _mZd Om{V Ho$ {bò Kmoa A{êmn

h¡& ̀ h Zht hmoZm Mm{hE Eogm _mŠg©dmXr H${d MmhVm h¡& g_mOdmXr ì`dñWm H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ {bò OZVm _| CgHo$ à{V ghmZw^y{V {Z_m©U H$aZo Ho$ {bò CgH$m H$mê$U JmZ H${dVm _| Am`m h¡& Xwgao AW© _| dh CÝh| gMoV ̂ r H$aVm h¡ AnZr X`Zr` Xem go CÝh| AdJV H$amVm h¡& M§Ð{H$aU gm¡Z[a³gm H$hVr h¡ -

''Xw{Z`m Ho$ _OXya ̂ mB©`m|, gwZ bmo EH$ h_mar ~mV& {g\©$ EH$Vm _| hr ~gVm, Bg Xw{Z`m Ho$ gwI H$m amO&& ''

{H$gmZm|, _OXyam| AWm©V emo{fVm| _| EH$Vm hmoJr Vmo hr dh emofU go _w{ŠV nmòJ| _w{ŠV~moY Zo ^r ̀ hr H$hm h¡ -

'' H$^r AHo$bo _o _w{ŠV Zhr {_bVr

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`{X dh h¡ Vmo g~Ho$ hr gmW h¡&''X{bVm|,emofVm| H$m H$ê$U JmZ H$aVo hþE {Zambm Zo {^jwH$ _| {bIm h¡ -

'' {^jwH$ qIMm hþAm eãX {MÌ dh AmVmXmo Qw>H$ H$boOo Ho$ H$aVm nN>VmVm nW na AmVm&''

`m H$b, H$maImZm| _| H$m_ H$aZodmbo l{_H$, _m{bH$ Ho$ {bE g^r àH$ma gwI -gw{dYm Ho$ gmYZ OwQ>mH$a XoVo h¡ Am¡a ñd`§ _mÌ Cggo Xya ahVo h¡& ̂ wI go ~ohmb, \$Q>ohmb 'X[aÐr ZmamÙ' {H$gmZ _OXya H$m {MÌ H${dVm _| Am`m h¡

''Amo _OXya, Amo _OXya Vy g~ MrOm| H$m H$Vm©, Vy hr g~ MrOm| go XyaAmo _OXya, Amo _OXya,Bg IbH$V H$m I{bH$ Vy h¡,Vw Mmho Vmo nb _| H$a Xo,Bg Xw{Z`m H$mo MH$ZmMwaAmo _OXya, Amo _OXya&''

`hr nr{S>V _mZd '~§Jmb Ho$ AH$mb' na ~ohmb hmo OmVm h¡, OO©a hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a {Zambm H$hVo h¡ -

'' ~mn ~oQ>m ~oMVm h¡, ̂ yI go ~ohmb hmoH$ma&Y_© YraO àmU ImoH$a, hmo ahr AZar{V ~~©a gmam amï´> XoIVm h¡&''

`m XrZ-X{bVm| H$s hrZ-XrZ Xem na 'A§Mb' {bIVo h¡ -''dh Zñb {Ogo H$hVo _mZdnr‹S>m go AmO JB© ~rVr& ~wP OmVr Vmo AmíM`© Z Wm h¡aV na H¡$go OrVr&''

emo{fVm| H$s nr‹S>m H$s ‘m‘uH$ A{^ì¶p³V Bg H$mb H$s H${dVm H$s Img àd¥Îmr h¡&

7. emofH$m| à{V K¥Um Am¡a amof :-emofH$ dJ© _| _m{bH$, ny±Orn{V, ì`mnmar, µO{_ZXma, CXçmoJnVr Am{X H$mo _mŠg©

aIVm h¡& ò g^r emofU naH$ ì`dñWm H$mo ~Zmò aIZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVo h¡ Vmo àJ{Verb H${d Bg àH$ma H$s ì`dñWm H$m Kmoa {damoY H$aVm h¡& àJ{VdmXr H${d`m§o Zo emofH$m| H$s Kmoa qZXm H$s h¡, AmbmoMZm H$s h¡-

'' {\$a {dde CR>r dh H§$Jm{bZ,emofU H$m MH«$ Kw_mZo H$moAnZo ~ÀMo Ho$ Am±gw nr,Hw$Îmm| H$m XyY OwQ>mZo H$mo {\$a ̂ r àb` Zht hmoVm \$Q>Vr Z {H$gr H$s N>mVr h¡&

177

_§{Xa _| Xod Zhr H$m±nVoYaVr Z agmVb OmVr h¡& na H$m¡Z OJV _| {ZY©Z H$mo,Omo Xhb CR>o, Omo CR>o H$m§nZanmb nmbVo Hw$Îmm| H$mobú_r n{V bú_r Ho$ Jwbm_''

ny§Orn{V Am¡a _OXya H$m EH$ VwbZmË_H$ {MÌU H$aZodmbr 'A§Mb'Or H$s H${dVm'{H$aU ~obm' ̂ r emofH$-emo{fV H$m dU©Z H$aVr h¡-

'' EH$ hdobr _| CVamVm, EH$ n‹S>m ŠdmQ>©a _| g‹S>VmCgo Mm{hE amoO ZB©, ̀ h gm§P hþE {ZV Ka Amb‹S>VmYZ Ho$ ZmOmÒ {dVaU go EH$ {bò l_ OO©a H$m`mAm¡a Xygam nwíV¡Zr Cn^moJ ñdËd H$mo gw{dYm bm`m&''

Bg àH$ma H$s gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm H$mo C^maZo _| àJ{VdmXr H${d Zo ~b {X`m h¡&{XZH$a H$s EH$ H${dVm H$m CXmhaU 'ídmZm| H$mo {_bVm XyY, Xhr, ~ÀMo ̂ yI go VS>nVo h¡' H$mo h_Zo nhbo XoIm h¡& {Zambm Zo 'Hw$Hw$a‘wÎmm' _| BgH$m geŠV {MÌU {H$`m h¡-

''A~o ! gwZ ~o Amo Jwbm~ !^yb _V Omo nmB© Iwe~y a§Jm| Am~IyZ Mygm ImX H$m VwZo A{eï>S>mb na BVam ahm h¡ H¡${nQ>{bñQ>&''

`hm± H${d CÀM dJ©, Y{ZH$m| H$m {Y¸$ma H$a ahm h¡ Cgo A{eï>, H¡${nQ>m{bñQg§~mo{YV H$a Cgo {ZMm {XIm ahm h¡ Am¡a AnZm _hËd, VWm {n‹S>m H$mo ì`ŠV H$a ahm h¡&

8. Zmar Ho$ à{V ZdrZ Ñ{ï>H$moZ :-àJ{VdmX Zo Zmar H$mo ̂ r nwéfgÎmmH$, B©ídar, VWm Y_© ì`dñWm Ho$ H$maU emo{fV

_mZm h¡& dh ̂ r Ho$db {dbmg H$s dñVw Ho$ én _| à`wŠV hþB© h¡& CgH$s Z¡{VH$Vm H$m _mZX§S> CgH$m eara ahm h¡ na§Vy H${d n§V Zo hr CgHo$ ñdV§Ì ì`{ŠVËd H$mo _hËd XoH$a Cgo à{Vð>m {Xbm`r h¡-

''`mo{Z Zht h¡ ao Zmar, dh ̂ r _mZdr à{V{ð>VCgo nyU© ñdmYrZ H$amo, dh aho Z Za na Ad{gV&''

Aghm` OrdZ OrZodmbr Zmar 'A~bm H$s N>{~ {ÛdoXr ̀ wJ _| JwßVOr Zo A§{H$V H$s Wr na§Vy dh XmgVm go _wŠV Zht hmo nm`r Wr& àJ{VdmX Zo CgH$s àJ{V H$m nwañH$ma {H$`m Cgo ~§YZm| go _wŠV H$aZo H$m AmdmhZ {H$`m-

''Imobmo ho _oIbm ̀ wJm| go H${Q>-àXoe go, VZ go,A_a ào_ hr ~§YZ CgH$m dh n{dÌ VZ-_Z go& ''

n§. ZaoÐ e_m© Zo ^r doí`mAm| Ho$ à{V gmhmZw^y{V àH$Q> H$a, CgHo$ nVZ Ho$ {bE g_mO H$mo {Oå_oXma R>ham`m h¡-

''J¥h gwI go {Zdm©{gV H$a Xr hm` ! _mZdr ~Zr g{n©Ur,

178

`h {Zðw>a AÝ`m`, AmAmo ~{hU&''àJ{VdmXr H${d Zmar ào_ H$mo ñdñW, gm_{OH$, nm[adm[aH$ ào_ _| ì`ŠV H$aVm h¡&

Cg_§o H$ht na ̂ r CÀN¥>§IbVm, ñdoÀN>mMma, ̀ m¡ZmMma, Hw§$R>m Zhr§ h¡& S>m°. Zm_daqgh Zo H$hm h¡- Eogm Zhr§ h¡ {H$ àJ{Verb H${d H$mo ào_ g§~§Yr Xw…I-XX© Zht gVmVm& gVmVm h¡& dh ̂ r AmX_r h¡ Am¡a Bg ì`dñWm _| Cgo Ohm± Am{W©H$ H$ï> h¡, dhm± CZ Am{W©H$ H$ï>m| Ho$ H$maU AWdm CZHo$ Abmdm AÝ` àH$ma H$s ̂ r _mZ{gH$ ìæmWmE± hmoVr h¡& Kmoa {ZY©ZVm _| Cgo AnZr {à`m H$m 'qgXya-{Vb{H$V ̂ mb' ̀ mX AmVm h¡&... g§nyU© àJ{VdmXr H${dVm _| Bg >'qgXya-{Vb{H$V ^mb' H$s ey{MVm Ho$ Xe©Z Zht hmo gH$Vo...na§Vy ñdÀN>§X ào_ dU©Z _| g§`_ Am¡a ñdñW _Zmod¥{Îm h¡& {ÌbmoMZ H$m CËgmhdY©H$ ào_ H$m EH$ {MÌ Xo{IE -

""`m| hr Hw$N> _wgH$amH$a Vw_Zon[aM` H$s dh Jm±R> bJm Xr

Wm nW na _¢ ̂ ybm ̂ ybm\y$b Cno{jV H$moB© \y$bmOmZo H$m¡Z bha Wr Cg {XZVw_Zo AnZr ̀ mX OJm Xr

H$^r-H$^r ̀ m| hmo OmVm h¡JrV H$ht H$moB© JmVm h¡Jw±O {H$gr Ca _o§ CR>Vr h¡Vw_Zo dhr Yma C_Jm Xr

O‹S>Vm h¡ OrdZ H$s nr‹S>m{ZñVa§J nmfmUr {H«$‹S>mVw_Zo AZOmZo dh nr‹S>mN>{~ Ho$ ea go Xya ̂ Jm Xr ! ''

`hr ào_ ̂ mdZm H${d`m| _| gm_m{OH$ ào_ ̂ mdZm OJm XoVr h¡& ''_wPo OJV²- OrdZ H$m ào_r/ ~Zm ahm h¡ ß`ma Vwåhmam '' H$m ̂ md CZ_| OmJVm h¡& gm_m{OH$ ào_ H$s ̀ h nr‹S>m, {Zamem H$mo dh AHo$bm ^moJZm Zht MmhVm& Cggo D$~ H$a, Zmar ào_ _| Wmo‹S>r-gr {ZOmV nmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVm h¡& AmJo MbH$a Ho$ ̀ hr ào_, Xoe, A§Vam©ï´>r`, gm_m{OH$ ào_ _| {dH${gV hmo OmVm h¡&

9. amï´>r` VWm A§Vam©ï´>r` ̂ md -amï´>r` ^mdm| _| _mŠg©dmX H$s amï´>r` ^mdZm `m Xoe ào_ Jm§YrOr Ho$ AqhgmË_H$

AmË_Šboe_ybH$ `m AmXe©_wbH$ Ñ{ï> Ho$ {damoY _| OZH«$m§{V H$s ^mdZm go AmoVàmoV h¡& ^maVoÝXw ̀ wJ _| Xoe ào_ H$m H$ê$U JmZ, amO^{ŠV _| brZVm Wm Vmo {ÛdoXr`wJ _| amï´>r` OmJ¥{V H$m ^md Xoe _o§ \¡$bm`m J`m& `h H$^r ~§J go à^m{dV ahr Vmo H$^r A§VVmoÝ_wI àd¥{Îm go& N>m`mdmX _| XoeJmZ Am¡a ~{bXmZ H$s ̂ mdZm ñdV§ÌVm Am§XmobZ H$mo MoVZm Ho$ n¥ð>^y{_ _| hþB© h¡& Vmo àJ{VdmX _| gd©hmam dU© H$s Jwbm_r H$s _w{ŠV ñdê$nm qhgmË_H$ H«$m§Vr Ho$ gmW 'J«m_ ào_' H$mo Xoe ào_ _| A{^ì`{ŠV {_br h¡& dh AnZo '{dßbd' ñdam| go emofU H$aZodmbm| na Qw>Q>

179

n‹S>Vm h¡& CgHo$ {bE dh ~{bXmZ ̂ r H$aZo Ho$ V¡`ma Am¡a VËna h¡ na§Vy dh Ho$db OZH«$m§Vr hr Zht h¡ ~pëH$ amï´>r` AmOmXr Ho$ H«$m§Vr JrV ̂ r BZ H${d`m| Zo Jmò h¡& gZ 1942 H$s H«$m§{V, AmOmX qhX \$m¡O, Zm¡g¡{ZH$ {dÐmoh ̂ r CZH$s H${dVm ‘| ñda nmò h¡& {Og_| CëboI{Z` h¡, ''{Zambm H$s '~obm', OJÝZmWàgmX '{_qbX' H$s 'AJñV H«$m§{V H$m JrV', 1942 Ho$ H«$m§Vr na _h|Ð ̂ Q>ZmJa H$s 'O`qhX', ZaoÐ e_m© H$s 'AmXoe' Am¡a EH$ JrV- O`qhX, AmOmX qhX \$m¡O na _hoÝÐ ^Q>ZmJa H$s ~XbVm `wJ, "gw_Z' H$s AmO Xoe H$s {_Q²>Q>r ~mob CR>r h¡, e_eoa ~hmXya qgh H$s 'ehrX H$ht hþE h¡' Am{X Zm¡ g¡{ZH$ {dÐmoh na {bIr''JB© h¡&

àJ{VdmXr H${d`m| Zo 'J«m_ ào_' _| Xoe ào_ H$mo A{^ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡& CgHo$ g§~§Y _| Zm_da qgh Zo H$hm h¡, ''nhbo H$s Xoe^{ŠV gm_mÝ`moÝ_wIr h¡ Vmo àJ{Verb-`wJ H$s Xoe^{ŠV {deofm|Ý_wI h¡ Am¡a Bg{bE A{YH$ R>mog Am¡a dmñV{dH$ h¡, ̀ h {deof Ho$ ̂ rVa go hr gm_mÝ` H$mo àH$Q> H$aVr h¡& àJ{Verb H${dVm H$m ̀ hr ̀ WmW©dmX h¡& _mŠg©dmXr H${d H$s Ñ{ï> Xoe Ho$ gmW hr AnZo Jm±d VWm OZnX Ho$ à{V ^r Anma ào_ aIVr h¡& ''ZmJmOw©Z H$s 'Va‹S>Zr' H${dVm Ðï>ì` h¡& 'gw_Z' H$s 'Ý`w`mH©$ H$s em_' _hoÝÐ ̂ Q>ZmJa H$s 'AmOmar H$m Ë`m¡hma O¡gr H${dVm _| ñdV§ÌVm ~mX Qy>Q>o ñdßZm| Ho$ à{V AmH«$moe ̂ md n¡Xm hþAm h¡& EH$ Vah go ~mX H$s H${dVm _| `h AmOmXr Ho$ à{V _moh^§J H$s pñW{V H$mo ì`ŠV H$aZodmbr H${dVmAm| _| go h¡-

'' bÁOm T>H$Zo H$mo_oar IaJmoe garIr ̂ mobr nËZr Ho$ nmgZht h¡ dó {H$ {OgH$m amoZm gwZVm hÿ± gd©Ì&..._oao XmoZm| N>moQ>o _yH$ {Ibm¡Zo go Xw~©b ~ÀMo{OZHo$ VZ na JmoíV Zht h¡{OZHo$ _wI na aŠV Zht h¡A^r-A^r bS>H$a gmoò h¡amoQ>r Ho$ Qw>H$S>m| na

`{X {dídmg Zht hmo VmoA^r Vw_ CZH$s R>§S>r {ggH$s gwZ gH$Vo hmoOmo do gmoZo _| ah-ah H$a ̂ a boVo h¡&''

A§Vam©ï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm : ^r H${d`m| Zo A{^ì`ŠV H$s h¡& dh AnZo Xw…I H$mo gmd©H$m{bH$ én _| àH$Q> H$aVm h¡ Š`mo{H$ ny§OrdmXr, gm_§VdmXr, XmgàWm, ̂ m§S>dbr emofU naH$ ì`dñWm Ho$db ̂ maV _| hr Zht ~pëH$ {díd _| \¡$br h¡& Bg{bE dh ég Am¡a égr H«$m§Vr {dMmam| H$mo _mZdVm CÜXma én _| XoIVo h¡& CgH$s àe§gm H$aVo h¡, CgH$m _mJ© AZwgaU H$aVo h¡& {ed_§Jb qgh 'gw_Z H$so '_mñH$mo h¡ Xya A^r', 'Mbr Om ahr h¡ ~‹T>r bmb goZm' O¡gr H${dVmAm| _| dh ì`ŠV hþAm h¡-

''~{b©Z A~ ZOXrH$ h¡ \$m{gñVm| H$s H$mb-am{Ì _| Kmoa KQ>m {Ka AmB©&

180

Mbr bmb goZm Á`m| MbVr gmdZ _| nwadmB©&''`m Zao§Ð e_m© H$hVo h¡-

'' bmb ê$g h¡ T>mb gm{W`m|! g~ _OXya {H$gmZm| H$s,dhm± amO h¡ n§Mm`V H$m, dhm± H$hm± h¡ ~oH$mar&''

g§nyU© {díd_mZd à{V dh AnZr _§Jb H$m_Zm H$mo àH$Q> H$aVm h¡& ny§OrdmX Ho$ {déÜX OwPZodmbr `h em§Vr_wbH$ {dMmaYmam h¡& d¡go _mŠg© Zo Xw{Z`m H$mo Xmo dJm] Ho$ {d^m{OV H$a EH$Vm H$mo ñWm{nV {H$`m Wm& ^maV Ho$ _mŠg©dmXr AnZm ZmVm ég Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>Vo h¡& Bgr _| CZH$s {díd_mZdVmdmXr ̂ mdZm {XImB© XoVr h¡&

10. g_gm_{`H$ g_ñ`mAm| H$m A§H$Z :-àJ{VdmXr H${d Xoer-{dXoer g_ñ`mAm| à{V gOJ ahm h¡& _mŠg© Xe©Z _wbV…

OrdZ-n[adV©Z H$m {H«$`mË_H$ Xe©Z h¡& g§Kf© CgH$m ñWm`r ̂ md h¡ dJ© {dhrZ aMZm CgH$m bú` h¡& Eogo _| g_gm_{`H$ àíZm| na dh {bIVm ahm ̀ h CgH$s gOJVm H$m à_mU h¡& {díd nQ>b na dh gm_«mÁ`dmX, ny±OrdmX, go g§Kf© H$aVm h¡& Xoer-{dXoer _hËdnyU© KQ>ZmAm| na CÝhmoZo {bIm h¡& 1942 H$s H«$m§Vr, ~§Jmb H$m AH$mb, {ÛVr` {díd`wÜX VWm Cggo CËnÝZ n[apñW{V H$s {d^r{eH$m, Zm¡-goZm H$m {dÐmoh, AmOmX qhX \$m¡O,ñdmYrZVm g§J«m_, gmåàXm{`H$ X§Jo, ̂ maV {d^mOZ, AmµOmXr àm{á,Jm§YrOr H$s hË`m, H$í_ra g_ñ`m, MrZ H$m AmH«$_U, Am{X Xoer KQ>ZmAm| na CÝhm|Zo H${dVm {bIr h¡& A§Vam©ï´>r` KQ>ZmAm| _| {dídKQ>ZmAm|, _| emo{fV _mZdVm H$mo à{V H${d`m| _| ghmZw^y{V H$s dmUr ahr h¡& hramo{e_m H$s ~a~mXr, H$mo[a`m ̀ wÜX, Am{X g_ñ`mAm| H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡& amï´>{nVm _hmË_m Jm§Yr H$s _¥Ë`y Zo BZ g§doXZerb H${d`m| H$mo PH$Pmoam Am¡a {ed_§Jbqgh 'gw_Z', _mWya Or Zo CZna H${dVm {bIr& ZmJmOw©Z Zo '_hmeÌwAm| H$s Xmb Z JbZo Xo§Jo' O¡gr H${dVm {bIH$a ^maV _| ~‹T>Vo H$Å>adm{X`m| H$s H$aVwVm| VWm ~mny Ho$ à{V AmHw$bmhQ> H$mo ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡-

~mny _oao ....AZmW hmo JB© ̂ maV _mVm...

A~ Š`m hmoJm...hm` ! hm` ! h_ aho H$ht Ho$ ZhtbwQ> Jò... amo-amo H$aHo$ Am±I bmb H$a br YyVm] Zo

''MÝÐHw$±da dËdm©b Zo {hamo{e_m H$s ~~m©Xr na Am±gy ~hmVo hþE A_arH$m H$mo H$mogm h¡''''{hamo{e_m H$m emn-EH$ {XZ Ý`y`mH©$ ̂ r _oar Vah hmo Om`Jm;{OgZo {_Q>m`m h¡ _wPo dh ̂ r {_Q> Om`Jm&...XoI bmo b§XZ _wPo no[ag _wPo Vw_ XoI bmo;h¡ g^r Ho$ ̂ m½` _| Bg ̂ m±{V {_Q>Zm {bIm&''

181

Bgr àH$ma Xoe _| ~‹T>Vr {df_Vm, ~oamoOJmar, ̂ wI_ar, byQ>, Q>¡ŠgMmoar, _h±JmB©, AH$mb, _hm_mar O¡gr KQ>ZmAm| go `h H${d Ð{dV hmo OmVm h¡& gmåàXm{`H$ X§Jmo _| ^maV bå~o g_` go Pwbg ahm h¡& àJ{VdmXr gm{hË` _mÌ _mZd- Ed§ CgH$m _w{ŠV H$m ̂ r gm{hË` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Y_mªYVm, gmåàXm{`H$Vm, Om{V`Vm H$m {damoY ì`ŠV H$aVm ahm h¡& ̂ maV _| 16 AJñV 1946 H$mo H$bH$Îmm, ZmoAmImbr, {~hma, n§Om~ Am{X ñWmZm| na ̂ rfU Zag§hma hþE& H${d`m| Zo _mZdVmdmXr ̂ mdZm go Bg àH$ma H$s H$Å>aVm H$m, nmJbnZ H$m {damoY {H$`m h¡ Am¡a Zò `wJ-{Z_m©U H$s ^mdZm ì`ŠV H$s h¡& n§Om~ hË`mH$m§S> na S>m°. am_{dbmg e_m© Zo Hw$N> Eogm hr ̂ md ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡-

'' Z`r \$gb Xoer {\$a YaVr bnQ>m| go PwbgmB©& ñdma ~Z|Jo bwQ> Am¡a hË`m Ho$ ̀ o ì`dgm`r& nm±Mm| Z{X`m± EH$ gmW IrM|Jr ̀ h h[a`mbr& bnQ>m| Ho$ ~Xbo hmoJr CJVo gwaO H$s bmbr&''

AVrV Am¡a na§nam H$mo ̂ r H${d`m| Zo dV©_mZ g§X^m] _| XoIZo H$m gå`H$ à`mg {H$`m h¡& ̂ maVoÝXw ̀ m {ÛdoXr ̀ wJ H$s Vah do CgHo$ AVrV à{V A§Ym _moh Zht aIVo Am¡a Z CZ_| nwZéËWmZ H$s ̂ mdZm H$m_ H$aVr h¡& AVrV {MÌU A§Y{dídmgr Zht ~pëH$ Zd{Z_m©U H$s Ñ{ï> go {H$`m J`m h¡& {XZH$a Ho$ 'Hw$éjoÌ' Am¡a 'apí_aWr', am§Jo` amKd Ho$ '_oYmdr', O¡go à~§Y H$mì` VWm {J[aOmHw$_ma _m`ya H$s '~wÜX', 'gw_Z' H$s 'Ob aho h¡ XrZ', 'ObVr h¡ OdmZr', am§Jo` amKd H$s 'goVw~§Y' O¡gr H${dVmE± CëboI{Z` h¡& g_gm_{`H$ g_ñ`m {MÌU _| H${d`m| Zo ì`§½`, hmg-n[ahmg H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m h¡& ZmJmOw©Z H$s 'H$mJO H$s AmOmXr {_bVr bo bmo Xmo-Xmo AmZo _| ' ~S>r à{gÜX n§{ŠV`m± h¡&

11. àJ{VdmX H$m H$bm H$m¡eb :-àJ{VdmXr H$mì` OZgmYmaU H$m H$mì` h¡& Bg{bE CgH$s A{^ì`{ŠV ^r

OZgmYmaU H$s hr ahr h¡& CÝhm|Zo A{^ì`{ŠV nj go Á`mXm AZw^y{V nj na Omoa {X`m h¡& àJ{VdmX Ho$ àdV©H$ gw{_ÌmZ§XZ n§V Zo hr H$hm h¡-

""Vw_ dhZ Z H$a gH$mo, OZ _Z _| _oao {dMma& dmUr _oar Mm{hò Š`m Vwåh| Ab§H$ma&&''

`h ̂ md hr Ab§H$aU H$s àd¥{Îm, N§Xmo~ÜXVm H$s e¡br H$mo OZgmYmaU _| gm{hË` Ho$ _mÜ`_ go, _mŠg©dmXr {dMmam| H$mo nhÿ±MmZo, CÝho gOJ H$aZo, H«$m§{V Ho$ {bò V¡`ma H$aZo _| ~mYm Ho$ ê$n _| XoIVm h¡ CÝh| n[adV©Z H$s b‹S>mB© b‹T>Zr h¡ BgHo$ {bò _mÌ do ñdm^m{dH$ {MÌ`wŠV e¡br H$mo AnZmVo h¡-

""Iwb Jò N>§X Ho$ ~§Y, àmg Ho$ aOV nme,A~ JrV _wŠV Am¡, ̀ wJdmUr ~mVr A`mg&''

Bg{bò àJ{VdmXr H${dVm H$s ̂ mfm ghO, gab, ~moYJå` h¡& N>§X joÌ _| JrVm| Am¡a bmoH$JrVm| Ho$ gmW _wŠVH$, AVwH$m§V H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡& àJ{VdmXr H$mì` _| nhbo nhbo, Jm±d H$m IwaXwamnZ, {Ib§S>XnZ Wm ~mX _| Cg_| H$mo_bVm Am¡a gagVm H$m g§Mma hþAm {\$a ^r A{YH$m§eV: dh H$R>moa, ì`§½`mË_H$, {dÐmohr, AZJ‹T> ê$nm| Ho$ boH$a hr Mbr h¡& BZ H${d`m| Zo gd©OZ H$s gd©gå_V ̂ mfm H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡&

182

7.6 _yë`m§H$Z

gZ 1936 go 1945 Ho$ _hO Xg dfm} _| àJ{VdmX Zo {hÝXr joÌ H$mo ~‹S>m

g_¥ÜX {H$`m h¡& {hÝXr H${dVm _| nhbr ~ma {dñVma go X{bV, _OXya, Zmar H$m Z`m ñdV§Ì ì`{ŠVËd, OrdZ H$s gmar Hw$ê$nVmAm|, ~r^ËgVm, H$éUm Ho$ gmW H${dVm _| Am`m h¡& gm_m{OH$ `WmW©dmXr Ñï>r Zo Zò {df`m| H$mo H${dVm, H$hmZr, CnÝ`mg, ZmQ>H$ H$mo g_¥ÜX {H$`m h¡& AbmoMZm Ho$ g_mOemór`, _mŠg©dmXr _mZX§S> Vmo AmO ̂ r aMZm H$mo OH$‹S> boVr h¡& Xoe _| Zò _Ü`dJ© H$m CX` Ed§ {dH$mg àJ{VdmX go Ow‹S>m h¡& loð> gm{hË` àJ{VdmXr gm{hË` ̀ h YmaUm Ñ‹T> H$s h¡& gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z H$s H«$m§Vr, b‹S>mB© H$mo Hw$N> g_` VH$ Vmo àJ{VdmX Zo ~‹T>m`m h¡& AmO ̂ r ~‹T>m ahm h¡& Z§XXwbmao dmOno`r Ho$ eãXm| _| H$ho Vmo, àJ{VdmX Zo h_mao `wdH$m| H$mo ZB© VoOpñdVm àXmZ H$s Am¡a EH$ Z`m AmË_~b {X`m& gm{hË` Ho$ gm_m{OH$ bú`m| H$m {dkmnZ H$aZodmbr ̀ h EH$ {dkmnZ nÜXVr h¡& ''g_mO gwYma H$s Vrd« ^mdZm Cg_| àmUñdê$n ahr h¡&

AZoH$ {dX²dmZm| Zo Bgo àMmamË_H$Vm H$m gm{hË` H$hm h¡& ̀ h Ho$db g_mOdmX, gmå`dmX H$m àMmaH$ ahm h¡& `h {OVZr erK«Vm go gm{hË` _| Am`m CVZr erK«Vm go Zò 'à`moJ' Zo Bgo IË_ ^r H$a {X`m dh pñWa Zht hmo nm`m& àMmamË_H$Vm Ho$ H$maU H$bmË_H$Vm H$s àm`… hË`m hmo JB©& H$mì` {df`m| _| nwZwé{ŠV Am`r, {df` Ed§ e¡br Zrag hmo J`r& ì`{ŠV Ho$ A§V©OJV H$s ~Om` ~{h©OJV H$m dU©Z {ddoMZ {H$`m J`m& ^maV _| AÜ`mpË_H$Vm nwaOmoa {damoY H$a CgH$s OJh d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ, dJ© a{hV g_mO H$s ñWmnZm H$aZm CgH$m bú` Ag§^d hmo J`m& dñVwV… ^maV _| EH$ ~mV Eo{Vhm{gH$ ê$n go {XImB© XoVr h¡ H$s {Og {H$gr OrdZ Xe©Z _o§ qhXy-Y_© CgH$s AÜ`mpË_H$Vm H$m {damoY, ~{hîH$ma {H$`m J`m& VmËH$mb CgHo$ à{V, à{V{H«$`m, à{VH«$m§Vr CâH$a Am`r h¡& {h§XyAm| Ho$ _Z na ̀ h AmKmV, ̀ m dU©ì`dñWm H$mo nyU© énoZ Z N>moS>Zo H$s _mZ{gH$Vm ̂ r CgHo$ nrN>o ahr h¡& h_mao ̀ hm± doX {damoYr ̂ m¡{VH$VmdmXr Mmdm©H$, doX {damoYr d¡km{ZH$ _mJ© à{VnmX H$aZo dmbo Xw{Z`m Ho$ _mJ©XmVm, em§Vr Ho$ XyV ~wÜX, Am¡a H$mbm§VaU _| Y_© Am{\$_ H$m g§Xoe boH$a Am`m, Y_© {damoY H$aZodmbm _mŠg©dmX àm`… A{YH$ g_` \$b-\w$b Z gHo$ na§Vy ò {dMma gm_m{OH$m| _| ÑT> aho h¡& hmo gH$Vm h¡ Bg à{VH«$m§Vr H$m AJbm {ZemUm X{bV gm{hË` hmo Š`mo{H$ dh ̂ r B©ída, AÜ`mpË_H$Vm, Y_© Am{X Jwbm_r H$m {damoY H$aVm h¡&

àJ{VdmXr aMZmH$ma ̂ r AnZo bú` go H¡$go {d_wI hþE h¡ BgH$m {OH«$ S>m°. Zm_da qgh Or Zo {H$`m h¡& {\$a ̂ r do AmMm`© H¥$VH$m`© hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr Ho$ eãXm| _| àJ{VdmX H$mo _hmZ, loð>, g§H$ënm| H$m dhZ H$aZodmbm Am§XmobZ _mZVo h¡& {\$a ̂ r do gme§{H$V h¡ H$s Bg_| 'gmåàXm{`H$ ̂ md H$m àdoe Z hmo' Vmo '^{ŠVH$mb' H$s Vah ̀ h ̂ r Zò OrdZmXe© Aà{VamoY e{ŠV Ho$ én _| Bg Am§XmobZ H$m {dH$mg hmoJm& A~ g_` ̂ r Am MwH$m h¡ H$s Eogm hþAm h¡ ̀ m Zhr BgH$m AZwg§YmZ H$aZo H$m&

183

7.7 Cng§hma :-

àJ{VdmXr gm{hË` Zo H${dVm, H$Wmgm{hË`, AmbmoMZm Ho$ joÌ _| gm_m{OH$ `WmW©dmXr gm¢X`©Ñ{ï> H$mo ñWm{nV {H$`m aMZm Ho$ ^rVar gm¡X`© H$mo XoIZo Ho$ ~Om` Cg_| Amò AmË‘gm¢X`© Ho$ ómoV H$mo XoIZm Mmhm& CgH$s g§wXaVm Ho$ ómoV g_mO H$m dh V~H$m ahm h¡ Omo g{X`m| go A^md, X[aÐVm, AkmZ, Am¡a Jwbm_r _| AnZm OrdZ OrVm Am`m h¡& Bg{bE dh gVV CZH$m njYa ahm h¡ Bg{bE ¶h _Zwî` Ho$ àVr _mZdVmdmX H$m gm{hË` ahm h¡& ̀ h gm{hË` H$mën{ZH$, H$moao _Z ̀ m AmË‘h§Vm go Xwa g_mO_Z H$m ahm h¡& {dídâ _| Bg àH$ma Ho$ gm{hË`H$ma, Omo àJ{VerbVm H$mo boH$a Câo {\$a Mmho do VmoëgVm`, JmoH$s© hmo ̀ m ào_M§X, ZmJmOw©Z hmo dh loð> Am¡a à{Vð>m àmßV H$a MwHo$ h¡&

H$Wm gm{hË` _| amhþb gm§H¥$Ë`m`Z,ènmb, ZmJmOw©Z, amJo`-amKd, ̂ JdVrMaU d_m©, AmbmoMZm _| {edXmZqgh Mm¡hmZ, S>m°. am_{dbmg e_m©, àH$meMÝÐ JwßV, A_¥Vam`, Zm_da qgh O¡go AmbmoMH$m| H$s g_¥ÜX na§nam ahr h¡& JUn{VM§Ð JwßV Zo àJ{VdmX H$s Ý`yZVmE± ñnï> H$s h¡& EH$ '^maV O¡go Xoe _| AÜ`mpË_H$Vm H$m {VañH$ma `m ~{hîH$ma, Xmo _mŠg© Ho$ AZwgma H$moB© ̂ r ì`dñWm A§{V_ Zht hmoVr,gmå`dmXr na ̂ r ̀ h bmJw hmoVr h¡, dh ^r AnyU© {gÜX hþB©, VrZ g_mOdmX H$s Am¡a H$m±J«og H$m ~‹T>Zm, _mŠg© Ho$ à^md H$mo Ý`yZ H$aZm ahm, Mma _mŠg©dmX H$mo h_mao gm{hË`H$mam| Zo ~wpÜX H$m {df` ~Zm`m öX` H$m Zht, CZH$s aMZmAm| _| ewîH$Vm Am`r, AZw^y{V H$s VabVm H$m Am^md Am`m, gÀMmB© Vmo ̀ h h¡ H$s àJ{VdmXr dJ© Ho$ ZoVm gm{hË`H$ma ñd§` {H$gr nw§Orn{V go H$_ Zht h¡, nhm{‹S>`m| Ho$ d¡^dnyU© dmVmdaU _| ~¡R>H$a {ZpíMÝVVm go _OXyam| Ho$ Xw…I XX© Ho$ JrV {bIo Om gH$Vo h¡, {H$ÝVw CZ_| AZw^y{V H$s gOrdVm Am OmE Amdí`H$ Zht& \$bV… àJ{VdmXr gm{hË` h_mao öX` H$mo ñne© Zht H$aVm, nm±M '_{V^«_ go AZoH$ H$WmH$mam| Zo Z½Z-{MÌU H$mo _mŠg©dmX _mZ {b`m n[aUm_V… boIH$ H$s à{Vð>m H$mo Y¸$m bJm, N>h ñd§` àJ{VdmXr AbmoMH$m| _| nmañnm[aH$ _VôXm| Ho$ H$maU dh gwÑT>Vm, n[anŠdVm Ed§ CÀMVm àmßV Zht H$a nm`r, gmV ̂ mfm-e¡br H$s Ñ{ï> go H$mì`ñVa ZrMo {Ja J`m& n[aUm_V… JwßVOr Ho$ AZwgma ''bJ^J ~rg df© H$s Ad{Y _| ^r dh Eogr H$moB© {d{eï> aMZm Zht Xo gH$m {Ogo h_ 'H$m_m`Zr' `m 'JmoXmZ' Ho$ ñVa na aI gHo$& g§nyU© gm{hË` _| H$moB© Eogr XoZ Zht {Ogo h_ A{dñ_aUr` H$h gHo$&'' na§Vy h‘| Bg ~mV H$m Ü`mZ aIZm hmoJm H$s _w{V~moY H$s 'A§Yoao _|', ~«÷amjg O¡gr H${dVm, CZH$s AmbmoMZm Ho$ gmW S>m°. Zm_da qgh, H$m `moJXmZ {ZpíMV àJ{VerbVm H$s H$‘r H${d`m| H$mo ̂ a gH$m h¡& Xmof H$B© aho hm|Jo {\$a ̂ r h_ AmO VH$ XoI aho h¡ H$s àJ{VerbVm H$m Om‘m nhZH$a hr {hÝXr _| CÀMVm nmB© Om ahr h¡& à`moJdmX VWm Ako` Zo ̂ r Bg H$mì` na Hw$N> _m`m©XmE± bm`r& bo{H$Z dV©_mZ _| Ho$XmaZmW qgh, ñd§`àH$me O¡go boIH$ CgH$mo AmJo bo Om MwHo$ h¡& gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z H$s b‹S>mB© _| `h Am§XmobZ ~S>m ì`mnH$ Ed§ _hËdnyU© hmo MwH$m h¡& gd©gm_mÝ` Ho$ àVr Jhar g§doXZm Bgr H$mì` H$s XoZ h¡& AmÜ`mpË_H$Vm H$s AmS> _| \¡$bo nmI§‹S>> H$mo Xya H$a g_mO, Xoe _| 'ZdOmJaU' H$m ahm AYyam H$m`© àJ{VdmX Zo nyam {H$`m Eogm H$hZm JbV Zht hmoJm& Š`mo§{H$ ~mX _| Xoe H$s pñW{V`m± O¡go-O¡go ~Xbr gm{hpË`H$ àd¥{Îm`m± ̂ r ~Xbr& bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ emgZ àUmbr, n§Mm`V amO, d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï> H$m

184

{dH$mg, Jm§d H$s ~Xhmbr Ho$ OJh Iwembr Am{X H$m {dñVma Bg A§XmobZ H$m n[aUm_ H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡& EH$ Va\$ amOZr{VH$ X~md Am¡a Xwgar Va\$ gm_m{OH$ {dñVma Ed§ AmYma nmZo H$m g§Kf© Bgo PobZm n‹S>m& àe§gm H$s OJh BgH$s gw{Z`mo{OV ~XZm_r A{YH$ hþB©& g_mO {Zð>m Ho$ H$maU ì`{ŠV_Z H$s ̂ md-^mdZmAm| H$mo {dñVma Zht {_b nm`m& Ohm± VH$ hmo gH$Vm h¡ ~hoVarZ Ed§ ñdñW Ñ{ï> H$m {dH$mg gm_m{OH , amOZr{VH$, gm{hË`, Ho$ joÌ _| àJ{VdmX Ûmam hr gmÜ` Ed§ g§^d hþAm h¡&

7.8 ~moY àíZ …-

1. àJ{VdmXr H${dVm H$s Xme©{ZH$Vm H$m n[aM¶ Xr{OE&2. àJ{VdmXr H$mì¶ {deofVmAm| na àH$me S>m{bE&

185

186

à`moJdmX(1943-1960)


8.1 à`moJdmX : CX²^d-Zm_H$aU

8.2 à`moJdmX : nmíMmË` à^md

8.3 à`moJdmX : à_wI àd¥{Îm`m±

8.4 _yë`m§H$Z

8.5 Cng§hma

8.6 ~moY àíZ


H$. à¶moJdmX Ho$ CX²^d Ho$ H$maUm| H$s Om±M-n‹S>Vmb H$aZm&I. à¶moJdmX H¡$go nmíMmË¶ {dMmam| go à^m{dV hþAm ¶h OmZZm&J. à¶moJdmXr H$mì¶ d¡{eîQ>çm| H$m AÜ¶¶Z H$aZm&K. à¶moJdmX Zo {eën Ho$ ñVa na ‘m¡{bH$ à¶moJ H${dVm ‘| H$aZo ewê$ {H$¶o Cgo

XoIZm&S>. à¶mooJdmXr H${dVm H$m ‘yë¶m§H$Z H$aZm&

8.1 à`moJdmX: CX²^d H$s n¥ð>^y{_ :-

1943 _o AkoÒr Ho$ g§nmXH$Îd _| "Vma gßVH$' àW_ H$m g§nmXZ {hÝXr H${dVm _o 'à`moJ' àd¥{Îm H$mo boH$a, _hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm ahr h¡& dñVwV: `h H$mbI§S> AZoH$ Zm‘m| go OmZm OmVm h¡ "à`moJdmX', 'ànÚdmX', 'ZB© H${dVm' Am{X & {~hma Ho$ VrZ H${d`m| Z{bZ{d_moMZ, Ho$ear ZmamÙ ewŠb, Zaoe Zo "ZHo$ZdmX', ¶m 'ànÚdmX' H$m àdV©Z {H$`m& `h à`moJdmX H$m {damoYr hmoVo hþE ̂ r Cgr H$s EH$ emIm h¡& {Og na AZoH$ {dXoer dmXm| H$m à^md ñnï> ahm h¡& {Og_o à_wI h¡ A{V `Wm`©dmX (AmÝÐo ~oaZ Am¡a CZH$m {_Ì {\$brn gmonmoëQ> 1920), àVrH$dmX ({\$Jmam| n{ÌH$m Ûmam ~¡{XboAa, AW©a ~oª[aå~mo, daboZ, _bm‘], nmb dobar 1885), q~~dmX (Q>r. B©. h`y_, EOam nmD§$S>, [aMS>© Eb{S>§½Q>Z, E\$. E_. pâbÝQ>- 1908), XmXmdmX ({MÌH$ma OrZ An© VWm AÝñQ>© _mŠg©- 1916), ApñVÎddmX (gmoaoZ {H$H}$JmS>©, E\$ ZrËeo, _m{Q>©Z h¡S²>S>Ja Am¡a Oo. nr. gmÌ©- 1813-1905) _Zmo{díbofU ({g½_§S> \«$m`S>, ̀ w§J, ES>ba-) AmXr& BgH$m _Vb~ ̀ h h¡ H$s {hÝXr gm{hË` na nmíMmË`dmXm| H$m à^md nS>Zo bJm Wm, ̀ m ¶m| ̂ r H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ {hÝXr Ho$ H${d, H$WmH$ma nmíMmVm| H$s gm{hË` àd¥{Îm`m| H$m AZwH$aU "à`moJ' H$a aho Wo & à`moJ Vmo gm{hË`

8

H$m d¡{eï>` h¡ Mmho dh Am{XH$mb hmo ̀ m ̂ {ŠV, ar{V, N>m`mdmX, àJ{VdmX hmo& H$moB© ̂ r H$mb `m H$mì`m§XmobZ Zò à`moJ Ho$ ~J¡a ñWm{nV Zht hmoVm& Ako` Zo Hw$N> Zò Am¡a AZOmZo H${d`m| H$mo boH$a àW_ gßVH$ H$m àH$mímZ {H$`m& {OgHo$ H${d h¡- àW‘ gáH$ ‘| -1. Ako`, 2. JOmZZ _mYd _w{ŠV~moY, 3. {J[aOmHw$_ma _mWwa, 4. à^mH$a _mMdo, 5. Zo{_MÝÐ O¡Z, 6. ̂ maV ̂ yfU AJ«dmb, 7. am_{dbmg e_m©

Xwgao gßVH$ _|- 1. ̂ dmZr àgmX {_l, 2. eHw$ÝVbm _mWwa, 3. h[aZmamÙ ì`mg, 4. e_eoa ~hmXya qgh, 5. ZaoeHw$_ma _ohVm, 6. aKwdra ghm`, 7. Y_©dra ̂ maVr

Vrgam gßVH$ _|- 1. à`mJZmamÙ {ÌnmR>r, 2. H$s{V© Mm¡Yar, 3. _XZ dmËñ`m`Z, 4. Ho$XmaZmW qgh, 5. Hw$±daZmamÙ, 6. {dO`Xod ZmamÙ gmhr, 7. gd}ídaX`mb gŠgoZm.

h_ OmZVo h¡ H$s Cn`w©ŠV g^r H${d "à`moJdmX' H$mb _| àH$m{eV' Vma gßVH$ go {hÝXr OJV _| Amò na§Vy Jm¡a {H$ OmZodmbr ~mV ¶h ̂ r h¡ {H$ nadVu H$mb _| do Cgr Ho$ gmW à{V~ÜX Zht aho& Ako` Zo _mÌ 'Zò à`moJH$mb' H$m àdV©Z {H$`m& H$mì` Ho$ dÊ`© {df` VWm {eën _| Hw$N> Z`mnZ bm`m Am¡a Zò à`moJY_uVm go EH$ Am§XmobZ Mbm`m J`m& Ako` H$s H${dVm {Og g_`-H«$moS> H$s CnO h¡ Cgo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a hr à`moJdmX H$mo OmZm Om gH$Vm h¡& Bg na H$R>moa Xmofmamon H$aZodmbo ~hþV go à{V{ð>V AmbmoMH$m| Zo BgHo$ _yë`hrZ hmoZo H$s KmofUm h¡&

Ako` H$m ì`{ŠVËd, ì`{ŠV ñdV§ÌVm go b~mb~ ̂ am h¡& Cgo hr do gO©ZmË_H$Vm H$s H$gm¡Q>r ̂ r _mZVo h¡ Am¡a 'gË` H$m AÝdofU' Cgr go g§^d h¡, gm_m{OH$Vm H$s naI ̂ r Cgr go H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ H$m Xmìmm H$aVo h¡& g§H$Q> H$m ~moY, gË` H$s ImoµO H$s Amoa ì`{ŠV H$mo àd¥Îm H$aVm h¡ Am¡a aMZmH$ma AmË_ajm hoVy ì`{ŠVdmXrVm H$s Amoa ~‹T>Zo bJVm h¡& Ako` _| `h g§H$Q>-~moY ^rVar Ed§ ~mhar XmoZmo àH$ma H$m h¡& ^rVar g§H$Q> g_mO _| H${d H$mo Z {_bZodmbm gå_mZOZH$ ñWmZ ahm h¡& ì`{ŠVdmXr àd¥{Îm _| gÝ‘mZ nmZo H$s "`w¶wËgVm' hmoVr h¡ Am¡a Z {_bZo na boIH$ nbm`Z H$a OmVm h¡ na§Vy Bg_| gm_m{OH$ à{VamoY, nr‹S>m-~moY _| ì`ŠV hmoVm h¡& "nr‹S>m, Xw:I Am¡a OrdZ H$s AnyU©Vm' na _Ü`dJ© Am¡a CÀMdJ© go Cna CR>H$a gmoMZo H$s H$mo{ee Ako` H$aVo h¡& Ako` Ho$ ̂ rVa H$hr na ̂ r O‹S> Z nmZo H$s {ddeVm à~b h¡& "ZXr Ho$ Ûrn' CgH$m CXmhaU h¡& S>m° Zm_da qgh Zo H$hm h¡- AnZo dJ© Ho$ YZr-_mZr Am¡a à{V{ð>V bmoJ {ZY©Z H${d H$mo AnZo ~rM gå_mZ XoVo Zht Am¡a {H$gmZ- _OXyam| Ho$ ~rM CVaH$a gå_m{ZV hmoZm CgHo$ {bE hoR>r hr h¡; Z dh BZH$m JrV Jm gH$Vm h¡, Z CZH$m& ... Bg{bE dh BZ g~go nao ahH$a H$mën{ZH$ "{ZînjVm' H$m d«V boVm h¡& bo{H$Z Yrao-Yrao Bg "{ZînjVm' H$m ̂ r d¥Îm Qy>Q>Vm h¡ Am¡a dh A§V _| AnZr _§em gm\$-gm\$ BZ eãXm| _| àH$Q> H$aVm h¡ {H$ dh "n[apñW{V' Ho$ ^rVa hr AnZo {bE EH$ "g§VmofOZH$' n[apñW{V J‹T> gH$Vm h¡& ̀ h "n[apñW{V' Am¡a Hw$N> Zht dñVwV: dh _Ü`dJu` n«d¥{Îm hr h¡& Bg H${d H$s gmar OmJéH$Vm ̀ hr {gImVr h¡ {H$ {H$gr ZdrZ g_mO-ì`dñWm _| hr {H$gr Vah {Xb ~hbmZo H$s Moï>m H$aZr Mm{hE `m Vmo dh g_mO-ì`dñWm Wmo‹S>r Am¡a ^r bMrbr hmoH$a H${d Ho$ AZwHw$b hmo Omò AWdm ñd`§ H${d hr Wmo‹S>m-gm Am¡a PwH$H$a Cg g_mO-ì`dñWm Ho$ AZwHw$b hmo OmE, Xygao eãXm| _| {H$gr àH$ma {ZåZ _Ü`dJu` ì`{ŠV H$s Am{W©H$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ pñW{V Hw$N> AÀN>r hmo OmE-dh goR>m| H$s Vah YZr ^bo Z hmo, na§Vy ñdV:

187

g_W© Adí` hmo Omò& _Vb~ ̀ h {H$ {H$gmZ-_OXya Mwëh|-^m‹S> _| OmE±, {ZåZ _Ü`dJ© H$m `h ~w{ÕOrdr ì`{ŠV Hw$N> Am¡a D$±Mo M‹T> OmE& '' _Ü`dJ© go CgH$m eÌw ̂ md IË_ hþAm Bg àñVmd na', Cgo g§ajU àmá hmo' Ho$db Bg Qw>H$‹S>o na Cƒ-_Ü`dJ© H$m gmam AË`mMma Am¡a AnZr gmar nr‹S>m ̂ wbmB© Om gH$Vr h¡& ''... {\$a _Ü`dJu` H${d Ho$ gmW YmoIm hþAm, CgH$m _moh^§J hþAm... CgH$s Bg EH$mH$s `mMZm na _Ü`dJ© Zo Ü`mZ Zht {X`m& Eogr pñW{V _| CgZo AnZo H$mo gd©W: ''{Z:ghm` AZw^d {H$`m'' '{dñWm{nV hþAm'... _Ü`dJu` n[adoe go gm_m{OH$ én _| H$Q>H$a ^r _mZ{gH$ én go `h H${d CgHo$ _moh H$mo N>mo‹S>Zo _| {OVZm Ag_W© h¡, CVZm Vr Ag_W© OZ-OrdZ Ho$ gmW VXmH$ma hmoZo _| ̂ r h¡&''\$bV: Bg ßbmdZ Ho$ gå_wI CgH$m 'pñWa g_n©U' h¡& Bg 'pñWa g_n©U' _| ̂ r d¡`{ŠVH$ 'EoR>' {Z{hV h¡&'' {\$a ̂ r Cg_| Ñ‹T> {dídmg h¡ H$s CgH$m ApñVËd gwa{jV ahoJm& AnZr Bg '{Ìe§Hy$' pñW{V Ho$ à{V Cg_| 'pñWa g_n©U,' EH$mH$snZ 'Am¡a' {ZpîH«$` n[aV¥pßV' _| Sw>~o'' ahZm n‹S>m, AnZo AmnH$mo Jm¡adpÝdV H$aZo Ho$ {bE CgZo "Xw:I' H$m '\$bgµ’$m' J‹T>m'& `hr CZH$m Xme©{ZH$ gwÌ h¡- 'Xw:I g~ H$mo _m±OVm h¡& '' Bg àH$ma CZH$s Am§V[aH$ ~ZmdQ-~wZmdQ>> CÝho AHo$bmnZ, {dÐmoh, ̂ m¢S>m-`m¡Z-àXe©Z, _Zmo{dkmZ Am{X go Omo‹S>Vm h¡& AnZm 'Ah§', 'jUdmX', {Zamem, nbm`Zd¥Îmr, 'gm_m{OH$ AZwn`mo{JVm' Ho$ {déÜX AnZr Cn`mo{JVm H$mo à_m{UV H$aZo' H$m à`ËZ dh H$aVo h¡&

am_ñdén MVwd}Xr Ho$ {dMmam| H$mo BgHo$ g§~§Y ‘|, XoIZm hmoJm, ''{ÛVr` {díd`wÕ Ho$ g_` bJ^J g^r amï´>m| Zo AmË_g§ajU Ho$ {bE ̂ rVar X~md H$mo Vrd« én go _hgwg {H$`m Cgr H$m n[aUm_ '{dkmZ Am¡a à{d{Y' Ho$ {dH$mg _| h_ XoIVo h¡& Am§V[aj-`mÌm H$m Am`moOZ, AUwe{ŠV H$m A{dîH$ma Vmo ̀ wÜXH$mbrZ _Z:pñW{V Ho$ X~m~ _| A{YH$ hþAm& ̀ wÜX H$mb Ho$ CI‹S>o hþE _wë` {ddmh, n[adma, Y_©, na§namJV Z¡{VH$Vm Am{X _m¡{bH$ g§X^m} _| - {\$a Zhr O_ gHo$ Š`mo{H$ _hm`wÜX Vmo g_mßV hmo MwH$m Wm na A§Xa-hr A§Xa gwbJmVo aMZodmbm ha X_ V¡`mar _| aIZodmbm _Zmo^md, ̀ wÜX, erV`wÜX ewé hmo MwH$m Wm, Omo H$^r IË_ Z hmoZodmbm Am¡a _mZdr` àd¥{Îm`m| na X~m~ ~‹T>mZodmbm ahm& Bg àH$ma H$s _Zmod¥{Îm H$m à^md joÌ ~‹T>Vm J`m& ^mar CÚmoJ Am¡a à{d{Y H$s bnoQ> ^r ~‹T>Vr JB©& OrdZ _| g§H$Q> H$mbrZ pñW{V H$s gm_mÝ`V: AmB©& ... AZw^y{V H$m kmZ hmoZo bJm AWm©V _mZdr` gm¡hmÐ© _| CÎmamoÎma H$_r VWm EH$ Vah H$s H$R>moaVm H$m {dH$mg hþAm& _Zwî` H$m _Zwî` go g§nH©$ ~‹T>m, Ohm± ì`{ŠV go ì`{ŠV H$mo {_bZo Ho$ {bE bå~m g_` Am¡a g§Kf© hmoVm Wm dhm± Vrd«Vm ~‹T>r, `h ~‹T>Vr _yë`hrZ pñW{VVm H$m àYmZ H$maU ~Zm, _mZdr` g§doXZerbVm na ~hþV ~‹S>m X~m~ ahm {Og_| AZw^y{V H$m jaU hmoVm h¡, Am¡a ñZm`{dH$ amoJm| H$s ~T>moÎmar&'' g¥OZmË‘H$Vm Am¡a ì`{ŠVËd H$m g§ajU hr Ako` H$mo Oéar bJm Am¡a Cgo ì`{ŠVdmX go gmYZo H$m, 'EH$m§V' go gmYZo H$m à`mg CÝhm|Zo {H$`m& '' em¶X ¶hr H$maU h¡ H$s do ì¶{º$dmX Ho$ {dê$Õ ì¶{º$ ñdV§ÌVm H$mo ‘hÎd {X¶m h¡& Ako` Zo AnZo H¥${VËd _| ~w{Z`mXr Vm¡a na _mZd ì`{ŠVËd H$s Bg ñdmYrZVm, gO©ZmË_H$Vm Am¡a Xm{`Ëd H$mo gyú_ Am¡a à^mdr ê$n _| A§{H$V {H$`m h¡&'' ̀ h nhMmZ hr ì`{ŠVËd Ho$ ApñVËd H$s g~go ~‹S>r gmW©H$Vm h¡& Bgr{bE 'ZXr Ho$ Ûrn _|' CI‹S>> OmòJo, H$ht O_ OmòJo H$m ^md ì`mßV h¡& Ako` H$m ì`{ŠVËd Ed§ H¥${VËd à`moJdmX' H$s àd¥{Îm H$m ~moY H$amVo h¡& ̀ h à`moJ g§^dV: A{YH$Va e¡br Ho$ joÌ ‘| g§ñ_aUr` h¡&

188

8.1 Zm_H$aU

à`moJdmX ̀ h g§km à`moJ à`moJdmXr H${d`m| Ho$ Hw$N> dŠVì` Ho$ H$maU hr àM{bV hþB© h¡& d¡go A§J«oOr H${dVm _| 'à`moJ' Ho$ {bE 'EŠgno[a_|Q>' eãX à`wŠV hþAm& {hÝXr _| dhr à`moJ Ho$ én _| é‹T> hþAm na§Vy ''A§J«oOr _| 'à`moJdmX' AWm©V 'EŠgno[a_|Q>{bÁ_' Zm_H$ H$moB© dmX Zht h¡&'' dV©_mZ ̀ wJ-{dkmZ {Og àH$ma VH©$ Am¡a ̀ w{ŠV Ûmam nXmWm}§ H$m {díbofU H$aVm h¡ Cgr àH$ma à`moJdmX _mZd eara Am¡a _pñVîH$-VËd H$m {díbofU H$aVm h¡& _mZ{gH$ ̂ mdZmAm| H$m {díbofU H$aZo Ho$ {bE dh AZoH$ à`moJ H${dVm Ho$ joÌ _| H$aVm h¡&''

''à`moJdmX H$m AW© Hw$N> {dX²>dmZm| Zo 'éndmX' AWm \$m°_©{bÁ_' {b`m h¡ na§Vy `h CgH$s EH$ emIm _mÌ h¡& àm`: g^r à`moJdmXr H${d`m| Zo Ho$db én-{dYmZ na Ü`mZ Zht {X`m, {X`m ̂ r Vmo do g§»`m _| ZJÊ` h¡&'' à`moJdmX H$moao éndmX go ì`mnH$ àd¥{Îm VWm {dMmaYmam H$m H$mì` h¡& H$_- A{YH$ _mÌm _| ̀ h 'èhgmoÝ_wIr _Ü`dJu` _Zmod¥{Îm`m| VWm {dMmaYmamAm|' H$m dmhH$ h¡& 'Eo{Vhmg én _| dh CÎma-N>m`mdmX H$s g_mO{damoYr A{Ve` ì`{ŠVdmXr _Zmod¥Îmr'' H$m H$mì` h¡&

à`moJ Ho$ Ûmam Z`m gË`mÝdofU CgH$s {deofVm ahr h¢, Omo nwamZo gË`, na§namJV én _o§ ñWm{nV {H$ò Om MwHo$ Wo, H$mì` {df`, e¡br, Cn‘mZ , àVrH$, ̂ mfm, eãX Ho$ én _| CgH$m Z`m AÝdofU à`moJdmXr H${dVm _| {H$`m J`m h¡& à`moJ dmX Ho$ g§~§Y _| {d{^Þ à`moJdmXr boIH$m| H$s {dMmaYmam go CgH$m AW© J«hU {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡-

Y_©dra ̂ maVr- ''Ohm± VH$ Bg H$mì` Zo ZB© n[apñW{V`m| go à^m{dV ZB© AZw^y{V`m| H$s A{^ì`{ŠV Ho$ {bE Z¶m H$mì` ê$n, ZB© H$ënZmE±, ZB© JR>Z ImoOr dhm± VH$ ̀ h H$mì` {ZíM` hr {dH$mg Am¡a àJ{V _| Z Ho$db ghm`H$ {gÜX hþAm h¡ daZ dh EH$ ~hþV _hËdnyU© MaU ahm h¡&''

_XZ dmËñ`m`Z- ''Cfm XodVm go boH$a JYo VH$, Z¾ ̀ m¡Z ̂ mdZm go boH$a gm_m{OH$ H«$mpÝV VH$, XohmVr A_amB© go boH$a H$b-nwOm} VH$, AdMoVZ go boH$a ñWwb Ho$ AZwÎmo{OV {MÌU VH$ BVZm ì`mnH$ {dñVma em`X nhbo {H$gr 'dmX' H$s H${dVm ‘| Zht hþAm&''

bú_rH$m§V d_m©- ''à`moJ H$m CÔoe h¡ _mÝ` gË` H$m narjU Am¡a narjU Ûmam gË` Ho$ Zò AmYmam| H$m AÝdofU& à`moJH$Vm© M_ËH$ma, é{‹T> AWdm A§Y{dídmgm| H$mo Zht _mZVm& {H$gr ̂ r gË` H$mo A§{V_ gË` Ho$ én _| Zht pñdH$maVm& H$moB© H$h ahm h¡, Bg{bE ̂ r dh Cg na {dídmg Zht H$aVm& dh Cg AZw^d go IwX JwOaZm MmhVm h¡& jU-à{VjU H$s AZw^y{V`m| H$mo ̂ r dh _hÎd XoVm h¡& àIa ~m¡pÜXH$Vm Am¡a {ddoH$ hr CgH$m ~hþV ~‹S>m AmYma h¡& à`moJ EH$ _mÜ`_ _mÌ h¡, CÔoí` h¡ gË` H$s ImoO&'' Bg Ñ{ï> go 'à`moJ' Z`m 'dmX' ahm h¡&

à`moJdmXr H${dVm Ho$ {bE Hw$N> bmoJm| Zo 'ZB© H${dVm' H$m Zm_ {X`m Vmo H$B©¶m| Zo Bg_| g_mZ àd¥{Îm`m| H$mo ̂ r nm`m h¡&

{Og àH$ma N>m`mdmXr H${d`mo H$s AéMr Ho$ ~mdOyX N>m`mdmX Zm_ Mb n‹S>m Cgr àH$ma à`moJdmX' ^r à`wŠV hþAm& Xwgam gßVH$ H$s ^y{_H$m _| Ako` Zo hr CgH$m {damoY

189

H$aVo hþAm {bIm h¡- ''à`moJdmX H$moB© dmX Zht h¡& h_ dmXr Zht aho h¡& Z à`moJ AnZo Amn _| Ñï> ̀ m gmÜ` h¡& R>rH$ Bgr Vah H${dVm H$m ̂ r H$moB© dmX Zht h¡, H${dVm ̂ r AnZo Amn _| Ñï> `m gmÜ` Zht h¡& AV: à`moJdmXr H$hZm CVZm hr gmW©H$ ̀ m {ZaW©H$ h¡ {OVZm H${dVmdmXr'' H$hZm&

S>m°. Zm_da qgh Zo à`moJdmX _| Ho$db {eënJV àd¥{Îm H$mo ZH$ma H$a Cg_| OrdZ-Ñï>r Ho$ à`moJ Xe©Z H$m {dMma à{Vnm{XV H$aVo hþE H$hVo h¡- 'dmX' Ho$ {déÜX {dÐmoh à`moJerb H${d`m| H$s nhbr {deofVm h¡& Ako` Ho$ Cn`w©ŠV H$WZ H$m AmYma boH$a do AmJo H$hVo h¡, 'dmX' H$m {damoY H$aVo hþE à`moJerb H${d amOZr{VH$ d Xme©{ZH$ {H$gr ̂ r 'dmX' H$m {ZfoY H$aVo h¡, dmX AWm©V '_VdmX' `m {gñQ>_& à`moJdmXr `h _mZVo h¡ H$s O~ dmX ñdrH$mam OmVm h¡ Vmo H${d H$s ì`{ŠVJV Ed§ {dMmaJV ñdV§ÌVm _| ~mYm n‹S>Vr h¡ Š`mo{H$ {dMma H$s Ñ{ï> go 'dmX' EH$ ~§X àUmbr h¡& à`moJmerb Ñ{ï> H$m gwÌnmV hr Bg YmaUm go hþAm {H$ nyd©{ZpíMV H$moB© ̂ r dmX gË` VH$ nhþ±MmZo _| g_W© Zht h¡& '' dmX go ~MZo H$s H$mo{ee _| hr gË` H$m {Za§Va AÝdofU A{Zdm`© hmo OmVm h¡, Am¡a dh ha EH$ H$mo ñd`§ H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡& Bg ÑpîQ> go àËòH$ ì`{ŠVËd gË`mÝdofU Ho$ {bE ñdV§Ì h¡& AWm©V à`moJerbVm 'ì`{ŠVJV AÝdofU' H$s dñVw h¡& Zm_daOr Zo Bgo Jm±YrOr H$s Vah H$m 'gË¶ à`moJ' _mZm h¡& OmZo -AZOmZo à`moJdm{X`m| Zo Bg {gÜXm§V H$mo ñdrH$mam& Jm§Yr H$s Vah à`moJdmXr ̂ r 'gË` H$mo AmÝV[aH$' VËd _mZVo Wo& ~wpÜX H$s Anojm AZw^d H$mo àYmZVm XoVo h¢ Bgo hr à`moJdmX _| ~m¡pÜXH$Vm H$m Am§XmobZ H$hm J`m&''

H$mì` Ho$ ^rVa à`moJdm{X`m| Zo 'gmhg' Am¡a' Omo{µµI_' Ho$ à`moJ {H$ò {Ogo Ako` Zo 'JmoVmImoa' H$s Cn_m Xr& BZ H${d`m| Zo gË`mÝdofU Ho$ à`moJ A{^ì`{ŠV Am¡a AZw^y{V Ho$ joÌ _| {H$ò h¡& CZH$m _mZZm h¡ H$s Zò à`moJ Ho$ {bE Z`r ^mfm Am¡a Z`m A{^ì`{ŠV én Oéar hmoVm h¡& Bgr{bE H$mì` Ho$ dñVw Ed§ {eën XmoZm| _| à`moJ h¡&'' H$hZm Z hmoJm {H$ {hÝXr H$mìèmó Ho$ B{Vhmg _| ̀ h EH$ Z`r H$mì` Ñ{ï> Wr&

gm¢X`©~moY H$s Z`r na§nam _| 'à`moJ' H$s ZB© ì`m»`m aKwdra ghm` Zo ñnï> H$s h¡- ''gr{‹T>`mo na Yyn _| g§J«h _| ̀ WmW©, Z`r gm_m{OH$ MoVZm, Zò _mZd-g§~§Y, Zò H$mì`-VËd Ho$ {bE Zò N>§X, ^mfm Am{X _| {H$gr ^r YamVb na Zhr§ hmoVm& ... ò H$m`© joÌ h¡&.. aMZm EH$ Am¡a hr YamVb h¡ Ohm± EH$ gån¥ŠV ~wpÕOrdr ì`{ŠV _| AË`ÝV _m¡{bH$ Ed§ AË`§V {Ma§VZ Hw$N> AmÝV[aH$ VËd H$m_ H$aVo h¡& do VËd Š`m h¡? AnZo go D$na CR> OmZo H$s BÀN>m...'' AV: ghm` Ho$ AZwgma' AnZo ì`{ŠVËd H$s ImoO' ̂ r à`moJ Zht h¡,'' H$bm H$s AnZr gm¡ÝX`©-naånam _| H${d Ûmam BZ H$bmË_H$ AZw^d Ho$ jUm| H$m aIZm hr à`moJ h¡'' AÝVV: 'à`moJ' H$bmË_H$ AZw^d H$m jU h¡& Bg àH$ma 'à`moJ' eãX Am¡a 'dmX' XmoZm| H$m {dñVma {hÝXr H$s H${dVm _| hþAm& Ako` Ho$ ~mX aKwdra O¡go H${d`m| Zo Cgo D$±MmB© àXmZ H$s& CZH$s Ñï>r _o§ n[adV©Z Am`m CÝhm|Zo {dMmaYmam H$s 'dmX' H$s amOZr{V go _wŠV {H$`m& {dMma CÝh| {‘Ï¶m àVrV hþE, ̂ mdZmE± ̂ mdyH$ bJZo bJr& EpÝÐ` ~moY- ̀ m g§doXZ hr ̀ WmW© bJZo bJo& n[aUm_V: EpÝÐ`-~moYmZw^d H$s à{V{H«$`mE± H$mì` _| Am`r Eogo _| gwI Ho$ jUmo§ _| _mXH$ CÝ_mX Am¡a Xw:I Ho$ jUmo§ _| A§Y {dÐmoh AWdm {ZéÔoí` {Zamem' H${dVm _| Am`r& AmJo MbH$a Zò H${dVm _| jUmdmXr Ñ{ï> Am`r `h à`moJdmX H$s ì`mnH$ OrdZ Ñ{ï> H$m

190

'{dñVma g_Pm J`m& Y_©dra ̂ maVr Zo à`moJdmX H$s gr_mAm| ̀ m H$h| CgHo$ gË` H$mo àH$Q> H$aVo hþE H$hm H$s ''à`moJdmXr H${dVm _| ^mdZm h¡, _mÌ ha ^mdZm Ho$ AmJo EH$ àíZ{MÝh bJm h¡& Bgr àíZ{MÝh H$mo Amn ~m¡pÕH$Vm H$h gH$Vo h¡; gm§ñH¥${VH$ T>m§Mm Ma_am CR>m Am¡a `h àíZ Cgr H$s Üd{Z _mÌ h¡&''

O¡gm H$s h_Zo nhbo H$hm h¡& {ÛVr` {díd`wÜX, Ho$ ~mX {dídâ _| _yë`m| H$m {dKQ>Z Vrd« hþAm& {dkmZ, `§Ì, àgma _mÜ`_m| Zo g§doXZmAm| H$s A{^ì`{ŠV-AZw^y{V _| O{Q>bVm Am`r& na§namJV OrdZ _yë`m|-Zò n[adoe _| AV: g§Kf© VZmd ̂ am, ì`{ŠVdmX, ~m¡pÕH$Vm, {dÐmoh, `m¡Z J«§{W`m| _| CgH$mo ~m§YZo H$m à`mg à`moJdmXr H${d`m| Zo {H$`m& ì`{ŠVdmXr AZw^y{V H$mo g_{ï> _| H$bmË_H$ jU {deof A{^ì`ŠV H$aZo H$s ~mV, aKwdra ghm`, bú_rH$m§V d_m© Zo H$s h¡&

à`moJdmXr H$mì` Ñ{ï> H$mo g_PmZo Ho$ {bE Ako` Ho$ {dMmam| H$mo OmZZm Amdí`H$ h¡& à`moJdm{X`m| Ho$ gm_Zo g§doXZm, AZw^y{V, A{^ì`{ŠV, ì`{ŠV, g_{ï>, O¡go gmYmaU eãXm| _| ~‹S>m AW© ̂ aZo H$s àd¥{Îm, ̂ mfm à`w{ŠV H$s gr_m, A{^ì`{ŠV Ho$ joÌ _| CÝh| IbVr ahr ̀ hr H$maU h¡ H$s {dam_ g§Ho$V, grYr-{VaN>r bH$sa|, N>moQ>o-~‹S>| Q>mB©n H$m grYo-CbQ>o AWm} _| à`moJ, bmoJ-ñWmZm| Ho$ Zm_m|, AYwao dmŠ`.... CbPr g§doXZm H$mo nmR>H$m| VH$ nhþ±MmZm CgH$m gmÜ` ahm h¡& Bg{bE à`moJ CZHo$ {bE Ho$db gmYZ h¡, gmÜ` Zht& Bg{bE à`moJ H$s {Za§VaVm na CÝhm|Zo ~b {X`m& à`moJdmXr`m| Zo gåàofUr`Vm H$mo _hËd {X`m& ̂ md gåàofU H$s Ñ{ï> go AZmoIo à`moJ à`moJdmX H$s {d{eï>Vm ahr h¡& Bg{bE N>m`mdmX Ho$ {eën H$m, ̂ mfm H$m gwú_ {damoY àm`moJdmX _| ñnï> h¡&

8.2 à`moJdmX : nmíMmË` à^md :-

dñVwV: à`moJdmXr H${d`m| H$s ZB© nr‹T>r nmíMmË` ^mfm, gm{hË` Ed§ g§doXZmAm§o H$s OmZH$ma Wr& Cgr Ho$ Hw$N> à`moJ {hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ Bg `wJ _| hþE h¡& ñd`§ Ako` na ApñVËddmXr, _Zmo{díbofUdmXr, {Q>. Eg. B{bEQ>, S>r. EM. bmaoÝg, Ho$ gmW OnmZr A{X H${d Ed§ H${dVm H$m à^md ñnï> h¡& H${dVm, H$hmZr CnÝ`mg {Z~§Y _| ̀ h A{YH$ ‘wIa hþAm h¡ 'S>r. EM. bma|g H$s 'Birds', Beasts and 'Flowers' g§J«h H$s H${dVm 'Snake' H$m à^md CZH$s H$hmZr 'gm§°n' na ahm h¡& ^mobm^mB© nQ>ob Zo AnZo emoY J«§W 'Ako`! EH$ AÜ``Z' _| CgH$m {dñVma go {dMma {H$`m h¡& JUn{VM§Ð JwßV Zo ^r q~~dmX, XmgdmX, à{VH$dmX, A{V`WmW©dmX, ApñVËddmX, _Zmo{díbofUdmX O¡go {d{^Þ gm§àXm`mo Ho$ à^md H$m CëëoI à`moJdmX VWm 'ZB© H${dVm' Ho$ g§X^m] _o§ {H$`m h¡& \«$m`‹S> H$s X{_V dmgZm, Hw§$R>m, ApñVËddmX H$m jUdmX, {Zame, bKw _mZd H$s à{Vð>m, à{VH$dm{X`m| H$s d¡`{ŠVH$Vm, é½UVm XwéhVm, ̂ mfm énm| H$m à`moJ, XmXmdm{X`m| H$s Vah na§namJV, g§ñH¥${V Ed§ gä`Vm H$m {damoY à`moJdmX _o§ hþAm h¢& Bg{bE Cgo H$^r 'éndmX', H$^r 'ànÚdmX', H$^r 'ZB© H${dVm Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm J`m Xme©{ZH$ _Zmod¡km{ZH$ à^md {gYm Ako` na ahm& AÝ` H${d`m| Zo em`X CZgo J«hU {H$`m hmoJm& Bg{bE nad{V© H$mì` _| {Og Vah N>m`mdmX H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Hw$N> H${d àJ{VdmX H$mo AnZm MwHo$ Wo Cgr Vah àJ{VdmXr¶m| Zo à`moJ H$mo AnZm¶m Am¡a Hw$N>

191

à`moJdmXr ̂ r A§V: VH$ à`moJdmXr Zht aho, Hw$N> àJ{VdmXr, O‹S>mo H$s Am¡a bm¡Q>o Vmo Hw$N> 'Z`r H${dVm' _| CJ Amò&

Ako` H$m àJ{V Ho$ {déÜX 'à`moJ', dmX Ho$ {déÜX {dÐmoh, 'Ah§' go 'EoR>' go ̂ am hr Š`m| Z hmo {hÝXr gm{hË` OJV _| _mÌ M{M©V Ed§ {dbjU à^mdr ahm h¡& _Ü`dJ© Ho$ `WmW©, CZH$s gd© àH$ma H$s èhmgmoÝ_wIVm Am¡a Hw§$R>m, CXmgr, {Zamem, AmñWm go ̂ am ̀ h H$mì` AmË_{Zð> g§H$sU©Vm Ho$ ~mdOyX _hËdnyU© hmo MwH$m h¡& CgH$s gm_mÝ` àd¥{Îm`m| H$mo XoIZm ̀ hm± h_mam A{^ï> h¡&

8.3 à`moJdmX : àd¥{Îm`m±

à`moJdmXr H${dVm Ho$ OÝ_ Ho$ Xmo H$maU _mZo Jò h¡& EH$ gm_m{OH$ Am¡a Xwgam gm{hpË`H$& _Ü`dJ© Ed§ CƒdJ© Ho$ nmQ>m| Ho$ ̂ rVa H${d {ngVm Om ahm Wm ̀ m Bg àH$ma H$m AZw^d H$a Wm& gm_m{OH$ OrdZ _| Am`r {JamdQ>, na§nam H$s OH$‹S>> ~§Xr go N>wQ>Zo H$s N>Q>nQ>mhQ>, _wë`m| Ho$ ZH$ma H$mo CZH$s g§doXZmAm| Zo J«hU {H$`m& Bg H${dVm H$mo _Ü`dJ© H$s èhmgmoÝ_wI OrdZ H$m {MÌU H$aZodmbr H$hm J`m& à`moJdmX VH$ AmVo-AmVo N>m`mdmX Ho$ H$mo_b bjUm àYmZ Ed§ g§ñH¥$V{Zð> dmm`dr` H$ënZm _| H${dVm Zo gmW©H$Vm VWm AW©dÎmm Imo Xr Wr, Vmo àJ{VdmX Zo {H$gmZ-_OXyam| Ho$ ̀ WmW© {MÌU _| A{Zdm{XVm VWm àMmamË_H$ Zmao~mOr H$s H«$m§{V`wŠV gm_m{OH$Vm Ho$ Zm_ na gnmQ>~`mZr, ̀ m§{ÌH$ A{^ì`{ŠV H$s Wr& Ü`mZ aho à`moJdmXr H${d ̂ r _Ü`dJu` aho h¢& do AnZr H$mo_b g§doXZm VWm n[apñW{V Ho$ X~md _| BZH$m 'ì`{ŠV' _mZg-VZmd ~‹T>Vm Mbm J`m& gm_m{OH$ ~§YZm| VWm Am{W©H$ g§H$Q>m| H$m AZw^d do H$aZo bJo& AnZo AmnH$mo do g_mO go H$Q>m hþAm, hmam hþAm, Am¡a H$hr§ O‹S>m hþAm Z nmZo bJo, Qw>Q>m hþAm XoIZo bJo& ì`{ŠV ñdV§ÌVm H$s gmW©H$Vm H$mo CÝhm|Zo nhMmZm Cgr Ho$ AmYma na Z`r g_{ï> Ho$ gmW VmXmå` ñWm{nV H$aZo H$s Moï>m CÝhm|Zo H$s na§Vy CZHo$ hmWm| _moh^§J hr ha ~ma Am`m& S>m°. Zm_daOr Zo "H${dVm Ho$ Zò à{V‘mZ' _| ñnï> {H$`m h¡ H$s, ''g_H$mbrZ g§H$Q> H$s ñdrH¥${V, _mZ{gH$ {d^mOZ H$m à{VamoY Am¡a `WmW©J«mhr, ̀ WmVÏ` H$mì`-^mfm H$m {Z_m©U-ò VrZm| H$m`© 1938 B©. Ho$ Amgnmg hr ewé hmo JE Wo& {gÜXm§V Ho$ ñVa na N>m`mdmXr ^mdyH$Vm, H$mën{ZH$Vm Am¡a AmXe©dmX Am¡a CÎmaN>m`mdmXr ~o{\$H«$s go ̂ ar Aëh‹S>Vm H$s {ZñgmaVm {gÜX hmo MwH$s Wr& Amdí`H$Vm Wr Vmo Cgo gm_w{hH$ à^mdembr én XoZo H$r& gZ 1943 ‘|o 'VmagßVH$' H$m àH$meZ Cgr Amdí`H$Vm H$s ny{V© h¡&''

gßVH$ Ho$ g^r H${d AnZr-AnZr Ñï>r go AbJ Wo O¡go ñd§` Ako` Zo H$hm h¡- 'do g~ {H$gr ñHw$b Ho$ Zht h¡ {H$gr EH$ _§{Ob na nhþ±Mo hþE ̂ r Zht h¡, A^r amhr h¡- amhr Zhr, amhm| Ho$ AÝdofr& CZ_o _V¡Š` Zht h¡, g^r _hËdnyU© {df`m| na CZH$s am` AbJ-AbJ h¡- OrdZ Ho$ {df`m| _| g_mO, Y_© Am¡a amOZr{V Ho$ {df` _| H$mì`-dñVw Am¡a e¡br Ho$, N>§X Am¡a VwH$ Ho$, H${d Xm{`Ëdm| Ho$ àËòH$ {df` _| CZH$m Amngr _VôX h¢& ̀ hm± VH$ {H$ h_mao OJV Ho$ Eogo gd©_mÝ` Am¡a ñd`§{gÜX _m¡{bH$ gË`m|§ H$mo ̂ r do g_mZ én go ñdrH$ma Zht H$aVo O¡go bmoH$V§Ì H$s Amdí`H$Vm, CÚmoJm| H$m gm_mOrH$aU, `m§{ÌH$ `wÜX H$s

192

Cn`mo{JVm, dZñn{V Kr H$s ~wamB© AWdm H$mZZ~mbm Am¡a ghJb Ho$ JmZm| H$s CËH¥$ï>Vm Am{X&'' ̀ hr H$maU h¡ H$s nadVu H$mb _| _w{ŠV~moY, ̂ dmZràgmX, e_eoa, am_{dbmg O¡go H${d à`moJdmX go AbJ OrdZ-g§Kf©, {dMmaYmam go Ow‹S>Vo Jò& Ako` go AbJVm hr CZH$m d¡{eîQ>ço hmo J`r&

BZ H${d`m| Zo H$mì` Ho$ H$bm Ed§ ̂ md nj _| Zò à`moJ go Zd`wJ bm`m& Omo é‹T>Vm H$m {damoY H$a Zd-AÝdofU H$m g_W©Z H$aVm h¡& dñVwV: do na§namAm| H$m {damoY Zht H$aVo, {H$ÝVw CZ_| Am`r é‹T> VWm {ZOud VËdm| H$mo Ë`mJH$a ZE Ord§V VËd H${dVm _| ̂ aZm MmhVo h¡& Zò H$m AÝdofU ì`{ŠVJV gË` go ì`mnH$ Am¡a CËH$f©H$mar hmoVm h¡ Eogr YmaUm BZH$s ahr h¡& Bgr go do g_{ï> gË` VH$ nhþ±MZm MmhVo h¡& BgHo$ {bE do ~m¡pÜXH$Vm H$m nwañH$ma H$aVo h¡& àËòH$ AZw^y{V _| ~m¡pÜXH$Vm H$mo ̂ mdyH$Vm Ho$ ñWmZ na aIVo h¡& _Ü`dJ© H$s g_ñV Hw§$R>m, O‹S>Vm, AZmñWm, namO`, _mZ{gH$ g§Kf© H$mo do ~m¡pÜXH$Vm go hr ì`ŠV H$aVo h¡& ̀ WmW© H$m Z¾ én, é½U én ^r CZH$s H${dVm _| Am`m h¡& AV: A{^ì`§OZm Ho$ {bE Zò àVrH$, Cn_mZ, q~~, ^mfm-e¡br _| _Zmo{díbofU Am{X H$m ñdrH$ma à`moJdmX H$s ZB© H${dVm go AbJ àd¥{Îm`m± h¡&

1. ì`{ŠVdmX:-à`moJdmXr ì`{ŠVdmX N>m`mdmXr ì`{ŠVdmX go AbJ h¡& à`moJdmXr Kmoa

ì`{ŠVdmXr h¡& CZH$m ì`{ŠVdmX ''Xmo gr_mÝVm| Ho$ ~rM \¡$bm hþAm h¡& CZ_| go EH$ gr_mÝV h¡ _Ü`dJu` n[adoe Ho$ à{V _Ü`dJu` H${d H$m d¡`{ŠVH$ Ag§Vmof Am¡a Xygam gr_mÝV h¡- OZ-OmJaU go S>ao hþE H${d H$s AmË_ajm H$s ̂ mdZm& Hw$b {_bmH$a ̀ h Ma_ ì`{ŠVdmX hr à`moJdmX H$m Ho$ÝÐ-q~Xy h¡ Am¡a {d{^Þ amOZ¡{VH$, Z¡{VH$, gm_m{OH$ _mÝ`VmAm| Ho$ én _| `h g§H$sU© ì`{ŠVdmX AnZo H$mo ì`ŠV H$aVm h¡&''

à`moJdmXr H${d AnZo AmnH$mo _Ü`dJ© go H$Q>m hþAm _hgyg H$aVm h¡& {OgHo$n[aUm_ ñdén dh A{YH$ Ah§ dmXr, AmË_H|${ÐV hmoVm J`m&AmË_ajm Ho$ {bE hr dh AnZo Amn _| {g_Q>H$a ahZo bJm& CZH$m ApñVËd CÝho§ H$ht Zht {XI ahm Wm& ha OJh gm_w{hH$Vm Ho$ X~md _| dh ~m¡ZmnZ _hgyg H$a ahm Wm& Bggo Xya H$aZo H$s Mmh ̂ r CZ_o aht h¡& Eogo _| N>moQ>m hmo H$a ahZm Am¡a {damQ> ì`{ŠVËd YmaU H$a boZo H$m ^md à`moJdmX H$s {deofVm h¡& O¡go Y_©dra ̂ maVr H$hVo h¡-

''ha _Zwî` ~m¡Zm h¡ bo{H$Z_¢ ~m¡Zm| _| ~m¡Zm hr ~ZH$a ahVm h±ÿ

hmamo _V, gmhg _V N>moS>moBggo ^r AWmh ewÝ` _|

~m¡Zm| Zo hr VrZ nJm| _| YaVr Zmnr''H${d AnZr d¡`{ŠVH$Vm go gwa{jV ahZm MmhVm h¡ {H$ÝVw g_wh X~md _| `h

Ag§^d bJVm h¡& {\$a AZwHw$b g_` nmH$a AnZo AmnH$mo g‘mO ‘| O‹S>m nmòJm H$m {dídmg ^r aIVm h¡& Ako` H$s 'ZXr Ho$ Ûrn' Bgr àH$ma H$s h¡-

''h_ ZXr Ho$ Ûrn

193

.... pñWa g_n©U h_mam....{\$a N>Zo§Jo h_... H$ht {\$a n¡a Q>oHo$J|

H$ht {\$a ^r I‹S>m hmoJm Zò ì`{ŠVËd H$m AmH$ma''dñVwV: à`moJdmXr H${d AnZr gm_m{OH$ Cn`mo{JVm H$mo d¡`{ŠVH$Vm go {gÕ

H$aZm MmhVo h¡& ''nbm`ZdmXr àd¥{Îm`m| H$m {damoY H$aHo$ Amapå^H$ ì`{ŠVdmXr à`moJdmX Zo ''à{VamoY'' Am¡a '`w`wËgw-^md' H$m Zmam {X`m&'' g§^d h¡ `h àJ{VdmX H$s 'A{V gm_m{OH$Vm Ho$ {damoY _o§ A{V ì`{ŠVdmXr hmo Jò& N>m`mdmX H$m ì`{ŠVdmX Abm¡{H$Vm VWm ahñ`dmXr ^mdZm _| ~XbVm h¡ {H$ÝVw à`moJdmXr ì`{ŠV g§H$sU©Vm Ho$ H$maU AnZo _| hr {g_Q>H$a ah OmVm h¢& {\$a AnZo Xw:I, nr‹S>m ~moY H$mo _m±OZm' ewé H$aVm h¡ O¡go Ako` Zo H$hm ''Xw:I g~H$mo _m±OVm h¡'' {\$a H$hm H$s dh, ''g~H$mo _wŠV hmoZo H$s grI XoVm h¡,'' CÝho ¶h grI XoVm h¡ {H$ g~H$mo _wŠV aI|& '' 'Xw:I AmË_ H$s ewÜXr H$aVm h¡ H$s ̂ mdZm go ^r CgH$m {dídmg CR>Vm J`m Am¡a 'pñWa g_n©U' H$aVm Mbm'', J`m na§Vy Cg_o ‘| ^r ì`{ŠVJV Ah§ hr A{YH$ ahm& ̀ h 'Ah§' hr Cgo gm_m{OH$ hmoZo go amoH$Vm h¡& {H$ÝVw CgH$m _Z _mÌ CgH$m AmH$m§jr ahm h¡& ''Ako` àma§^ go _Ü`dJ© Ho$ {déÜX d¡`{ŠVH$ Ag§Vmof CJmb aho Wo'' dñVwV: Ako¶ H$m ì¶{º$Ëd hr ‘Ü¶dJ© H$m h¡ àH$mam§Va go ¶h H$h gH$Vo h¡ {H$ ¶h ‘Ü¶dJ© H$s gƒmB© H$m AmB©Zm h¢&

2. {Zamem Am¡a AZmñWm :-{Zamem Am¡a AZmñWm à`moJdmXr H${d`m| H$s Xwgar à_wI {deofVm h¡& S>m°.

Zm_daOr Zo CgHo$ _wb _| 'Ah§dmX' H$mo _mZm h¡& {OgH$mo do nhMmZVo ̂ r h¡-Ah§! AÝVJw©hmdmgr! ñda{V! Š`m _| {MÝhVmH$moB© Z XyOm} amh?OmZVm Š`m Zhr {ZO _| ~ÜX hmoH$a h¡ Zht {Zdm©h?

Bg{bE do OrdZ go nbm`Z Zht H$aVo h¡ ~pëH$ {Zamem Ho$ {d{^ÝZ ñVam| H$s A{^ì`{ŠV H$aVo h¢& dñVwV… `h {Zamem dV©_mZ `wJ-OrdZ Ho$ à{V AZmñWm Ho$ H$maU Am`r h¡& do OrdZ _| ì`mßV ̀ m§{ÌH$Vm, gm_m{OH$ AñdrH$m`©Vm, go {d\$bVm Ho$ AZw^d én _| CZHo$ ì`{ŠVËd _| Am`r h¡& EH$ àH$ma H$s Hw§$R>mdñWm CZ_| n¡Xm hmo OmVr h¡& CZ na ì`§½` H$aVr h¡& Bg àH$ma Ho$ Xw:I H$mo do _yH$Vm go ghZo Ho$ Abmdm Hw$N> H$a ̂ r Zht gH$Vo Wo-

""_wPna ì`§½` H$aVr h¡ _oar hr naN>mB>`m±XX© ̀ o {H$ggo H$hÿ±''

H$m ^md gd}ída O¡go H${d _Z _| {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡& N>m`mdmX H$s Vah BZH$s {Zamem AÜ`mË_ ̀ m àH¥${V gm¢X`© H$s Amoa Zht _w‹S>Vr Z hr àJ{VdmX`m| H$s Vah Bgo Xya H$aZo Ho$ {bE H«$m§Vr H$m h{W`ma CZHo$ nmg h¡& Bg{bE do CZHo$ H$maUm| H$m AÝdofU H$aVo h¡& BgH$mo Xya H$aZo H$m {dídmg ì`ŠV H$aVo h¡, ̀ ht na h_ H$h gH$Vo h¡ H$s OrdZ ̀ WmW© go ̀ h H${d ^mJ I‹S>m Zht hmoVm ~pëH$ AnZr gmW©H$Vm, Am¡{MË` H$mo à_m{UV H$aVm h¡-

''Xrn h¡ h_..

194

`h Zht h¡ emn& ̀ h AnZr {Z`{V h¡&`{X Eogm H$^r hmo`h ómoVpñdZr h¡ hr H$_©Zme& H$s{V© Zmem Kmoa

H$mb-àdm{hZr ~Z OmòVmo h_| ñdrH$ma h¡ dh ̂ r& Cgr _| aoV hmoH$a {\$a N>ZoJ| h_& O_oJ| h_& H$ht {\$a n¡a Q>oHo$J| H$hr {\$a I‹S>m hmoJm Zò ì`{ŠVËd H$m AmH$ma&''

{Zamem, AZmñWm H$mo AmñWm _| n[ad{V©V H$aZo H$m gmhg BZ H${d`m| _| h¡& Ako`, _w{ŠV~moY EH$ àH$ma go g§Kf© H$m amñVm AnZmVo h¡&

3. ~m¡pÕH$Vm H$m àmYmÝ` :-à`moJdmXr H${d`m| Zo AnZr AZw^y{V H$s A{^ì`{ŠV _| ~m¡pÕH$Vm H$m A{YH$

à`moJ {H$`m& ^mdZm `m amJmË_H$Vm H$ht na ^r Zhr§ h¡ Ohm° h¡ dhm± dh àíZm§{H$V h¡& Bgr àíZ H$mo Y_©dra ̂ maVr Zo ~m¡pÕH$Vm H$hm h¡& ~m¡pÕH$ ̀ wJ _| ~m¡pÕH$ Ñ{ï> H$m ñdrH$ma ̀ h H${d H$aVo h¡& Ako` Zo AnZr H${dVm 'har Kmg na jU ̂ a' _| ~m¡pÕH$Vm H$mo à{V{ð>V {H$¶m h¡& g_mO go ̀ o ̂ `^rV _Z ào_ H$s ̂ mdyH$Vm H$s OJh ~m¡pÕH$Vm ̀ m '{deof VH©$dmX' H$mo ì`ŠV H$aVo- h¡ H$s Xw{Z`m gmoM gH$Vr h¡' ''H$moB© Z OmZo Š`m gmoMo Bg{bE dh H$hVo h¡-

''Mbmo CR>o A~A~ VH$ h_ Wo ~§Ywg¡a H$mo AmE-Am¡a aho ~¡R>o Vmo bmoJ H$h|JoYw±Ybo _| Xw~Ho$ Xmo ào_r ~¡R>o h¡&dh h_ ̂ r hmo ̂ rVmo ̀ h har Kmg hr OmZo&''

em`X Bgr ~m¡pÕH$Vm Ho$ H$maU hr H$s Ako` Zo Ho$edXmg H$s àe§gm H$s Am¡a A§J«oOr H${d ~oZ OmZgZ go CZH$s VwbZm H$a CZH$s loð>Vm H$mo ñdrH$mam& ewŠb Or Zo Ho$ed H$mo öX`{dhrZ H$hm Wm Ako` 'Ho$ed H$s H${dVmB©' erfH©$ g§dmX Ñï>mì` h¡''

~m¡pÕH$Vm H$m n[aUm_ hr h¡ H$s dh N>m`mdmX H$s {H$emoa ̂ mdyH$Vm H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a AnZr {à`m H$mo 'H$bJr ~mOao' H$s H$hVm h¡- AJa _¢ Vw_H$mo bbmVr gm±P Ho$ Z^ H$s AHo$br Vm[aH$m/ A~ Zht H$hVm, `h eaX Ho$ ^moa H$s Zrhma Ýhm`r Hw$±B©/ Q>Q>H$s H$br Måno H$s/ dJ¡aoh Vmo / Zht H$maU {H$ _oam öX` CWbm ̀ m {H$ gwZm h¡/ ̀ m {H$ _oam ß`ma _¡bm h¡/ ~pëH$ Ho$db ̀ hr Wo Cn_mZ _¡bo hmo Jò h¡/ XodVm BZ àVrH$m| Ho$ H$a JE h¡ Hy$M&''

4 bKwVm Ho$ à{V Ñ{ï>nmV :-EH$ Amoa à¶moJdmXr H${d¶m| Zo AnZo AmnH$mo bKw AWm©V gm_mÝ` Cno{jV _mZd

Ho$ én _| H$mì` _| {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡ Vmo Xwgar Amoa bKw Am¡a ewÐ àmUr`m| H$mo Cƒ _mZd ê$n _| aIH$a CZHo$ gm¢X`© H$m, {deofVm H$m, _mZdVm H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡& bKw _mZd H$s X{_V

195

dmgZm, gwI Xw:I Am¡a ApñVËd H$s bKwVm BZH$s {deofVm h¡& bKw dñVwAm| H$m {MÌU H${dVm _| Am`m ''nhbr ~ma H§$H$arQ> Ho$ nmoM©', 'Mm¶ H$s ß`mbr', 'gmàZ', 'ao{S>`_ H$s K‹S>r', 'Mw‹S>r H$m Qw>H$‹S>m', '~mWé_', 'Ja_ nH$m¡‹S>r', '~m±g H$s Qw>Q>r hþB© Q>Å>r', \$Q>r Amo‹T>Zr H$s qM{X`m±', '_yÌ-g§{MV _¥{ÎmH$m Ho$ d¥Îm _| VrZ Q>m±Jmo§ na I‹S>m ZVJ«rd Y¡`©YZ JXJ', '~ƒo', 'XB_mao no‹S>' ~mQ>m Mßnb', 'gmB{H$b', \«|$M boXa, 'Hw$Îmm', 'doqQ>J é_', hmoQ>b. 'Xmb', Vob. 'htJ', 'hëXr', '\$Q>m H$moQ>' Am{X- go BZH$s H${dVm ~Zr h¡& AZÝV Hw$_ma 'nmfmU' H$s H${dVm-

""{XZ _a J`m h¡, _| ̂ r _a J`m hÿ±,htJ Am¡a hëXr go dm{gV _oar ~r~r _Ja A^r qOXm h¡!Am¡a CgHo$ noQ> _| Hw$N> Am¡a Z`r {OÝXJr h¡,_oam H$moQ> \$Q>m h¡ CgZo hr {g`m h¡&''

Bg àH$ma CXmÎmVm H$s OJh jwÐVm H$m dU©Z à`moJdmXr`m| Zo {H$`m h¡& N>m`mdmX H$s H$ënZm{eënVm H$s OJh BZ H${d`m| _| ̀ WmW© dmX H$m AmJ«h ahm h¡& ''CXmhaU Ho$ {bE N>m`mdmXr H${d Zo Ohm± Mm±XZr H$m ~‹S>m ^ì` {MÌU {H$`m h¡ dh à`moJdmXr Zo "{e{ea H$s amH$m-{Zem' H$m ̀ WmW© àñVwV {H$`m h¡-

""d§MZm h¡ Mm±XZrPyR> dh AmH$me H$m {Zad{Y JVZ {dñVma{e{ea H$s amH$m-{Zem H$s empÝV h¡ {ZñgaXya dh g~ em§{V, dh {gV ̂ ì`Vm, dheyÝ` Ho$ Adbon H$m àñVma-Bœa Ho$db {Pb{_bmVoMoV-ha, XwY©a Hw$hmgo H$s hbmhb-pñZ½Y _wÇ>r _|{ghaVo go, n§Jw, Qw>ÊS>o, Z¾ ~ÀMo, XB_mao, noS>!

amH$m-{Zem Ho$ ̂ rVa H$s Hw$énVm H$m {MÌ ̀ hm± àñVwV {H$`m J`m h¡& Bg àH$ma gmYmaU go gmYmaU {df`m| H$mo H${dVm _| à`moJdmX Zo CnpñWV {H$`m h¡& AmbmoMH$m| Zo Bg àH$ma H$s gmYmaUV: H$r AmbmoMZm ̂ r H$s h¡&

5. `WmW© H$s Hw$énVm H$m {MÌU :-à`moJdmXr H${d A{V`WmW©dmXrVm H$mo J«hU H$a OrdZ H$s Hw$énVm H$mo, {dH¥${V

H$mo ght ‹T>§J go gm_m{OH$m| Ho$ gm_Zo bmZm MmhVm h¢& AmbmoMH$m| Zo Bgo Z¾ gm¢X`© MoVZm ̀ m {dH¥$V é{M ^r H$hm h¡ {H$ÝVw Bg àH$ma H$s Hw$énVm H$m, Agw§XaVm Ho$ {MÌU ‘| ^r dh gm¢X`©-éMr {XImVm h¡& Ako` H$hVo h¡-

'"_yÌ- g§{MV _¥{ÎmH$m Ho$ d¥Îm _|VrZ Q>m±Jm| na I‹S>m ZV J«rdY_© YZ JXhm&''

AWdm _Ðmamjg H$hVo h¡-

196

''_whã~V EH$ {Jao hþE J^© Ho$ ~ƒo gr hmoVr h¡MmhV dh, _O~yar hmo gH$Vr h¡,{Ogo _arO Im±g H$a WyH$ Z gHo$&''

‘Ü¶dJu¶ {ddeVm go CnOr ¶WmW©Vm à¶moJdmXr H${dVm H$s à‘wI {deofVm h¡& A{V¶WmW© Zo H${dVm H$mo Z¾Vm H$s µO‘r na bmH$a ¶hm {H$¶m h¡&

6. A{V Z¾ ̀ WmW©dmX :-N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Zo AnZr Z¾ ^mdZmAm| H$mo àH¥${V gm¢X`© Ho$ ^rVa ì`ŠV

{H$¶m h¡& em`X H${d gm_m{OH$ ~§YZm| H$mo ñdrH$m`© g_PVm hmo na§Vy à`moJdmXr H${d`m| Zo gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï> go à{V~§{YV ̀ m Aì`ŠV H$m_ dmgZm Ho$ Z¾ ̀ WmW© H$mo AnZr H${dVm _| bm`m h¡& AnZr Hw§$R>mAm|, X{_V dmgZmAm| AV¥ßV BÀN>mAm| H$m IwbH$a dU©Z à`moJdmX H$s {deofV: h¡& H$m_ OrdZ H$m CËg h¡, na§Vy à`moJdmXr H${dVm _| dh {dH¥$V ̂ m¢S>o én _| àñVwV {H$`m h¡& dñVwV: Ako` Am{X na \«$m`S,> bmaoÝñm H$m à^md AË`m{YH$ ahm h¡& AZ§VHw$_ma nmfmU H$s H${dVm ‘| ̂ r ¶h XoIZo Ho$ {bE {‘bVm h¡ -

''_oao _Z H$s A°{Y`mar H$moR>ar _|AV¥ßV AmH$m§jm H$s doí`m ~war Vah Im±g ahr h¡&...nmg Ka Amò Vmo{XZ ̂ a H$m WH$m {O`m _Mb-_Mb Omò&''

`m eHw§$Vbm _mWwa H$s H${dVm 'gwhmJ ~obm'-''Mbr AmB© dobm gwhm{JZ nm`b nhZo...~mU {dÕ haUr gr~m±hm| _| {bnQ> OmZo H$s,_moVr H$s b‹S>r g_mZ&''

g§^moJ d¥{Îm H$m {MÌU ̀ hm± {H$`m J`m h¡& gwhm{JZ H$mo '~mU {dÕ haUr' ~Zm`m h¡, ~mU H$mo nwéfopÝÐ` H$s Cn_m Xr JB© h¡& `m¡Z ^mdZmAm| H$m {MÌU IwbH$a à¶moJdmXr H${dVmo ‘| hþAm h¡&

7. ào_ H$m ñdén :-à`moJdmXr`m| Ho$ ào_ _| Z¾Vm, _m§gb-~moY, A{YH$ h¡& N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| H$m

ào_ embrZVm _| ~§Ym Wm, Bg{bE CÝhmo§Zo {Ma {dah H$mo ì`ŠV {H$`m {H$ÝVw à`moJdmXr H${d {dah Zht MmhVm dh _m§gb CÎmßV eara nmZo Ho$ {bE CËgwH$ h¡& ào_ H$m ̀ h Z`m én \«$m`S>, bmaoÝg Ho$ à^md go {hÝXr _| Am`m& Ako` 'gmdZ _oK' _| Bgr ào_ H$mo ì`ŠV H$aVo h¡-

""{Ya J`m Z^, C‘‹S> Amò _oK H$mbo,^y{_ Ho$ H§${nV CamoOm| na PwH$m-gm{deX, ídmghV, {MamVya N>m J`m B§Ð H$m Zrb dj-

197

dO« gm, ̀ {X V{‹S>V² go Pwbgm hþAm-gm&Amh, _oam ídmg h¡ CÎmËn-Y_{Z`m| _| C‘‹S> AmB© h¡ bhÿ H$s Yma-ß`ma h¡ A{êßV Vw_ H$hm± hmo Zmar?''

'gmdZ _oK' ¶hm± H$m_-ì`J« nwéf H$m énH$ h¡ Vmo 'ñZoh go ßbm{dV' ~rO Ho$ H${dVì` go CË\w$b, gË`-gr {Zb©‚m, Z§Jr Amo 'g_{n©V' Omo Y[aÌr h¡, dhr Zmar h¡&

H$m_ H$mo BZ H${d`m| Zo nmn Zht _mZm, Z hr emn ~ëH$s dh CgHo$ OrdZmZ§X ^moJ go n[aV¥ßV hmoZm MmhVm h¡& H$Zw{à`m _| Y_©dra ̂ maVr Hw$N> Cgr ̂ md H$mo ì`ŠV H$aVo h¡-

""AJa _¢Zo {H$gr Ho$ hm|R> Ho$ nmQ>b H$^r My_o,AJa _¢Zo {H$gr Ho$ Z¡Z Ho$ ~mXb H$^r Mw_o,AJa _¢Zo {H$gr H$s _Xâr A±JS>mB`m± My_r,AJa _¢Zo {H$gr H$s gm±ñm H$s nwadmB>`m± My_r,

_hO Bggo {H$gr H$m ß`ma _wPna nmn H¡$go hmo?_hO Bggo {H$gr H$m ñdJ© _wPna emn H¡$go hmo?

BZH$m ̀ m¡Z-gwI-em[a[aH$ Am¡a _mZ{gH$ XmoZm| ñVam| na MbVm nbVm h¡& Cgo do jU^§Jwa Zht _mZVo, Z hr Bggo g§Vwï> hmoVo h¡& EopÝÐ` gwI Ho$ gm¢X`© na do IwbVo Am¡a {IbVo h¡& Bg{bE ~ma-~ma CgH$s H$m_Zm H$aVo h¡-

''H$m¡Z H$hVm h¡ {H$ E|{ÐH$ gwIgr{_V h¡, ̂ §Jwwa h¡;Vwåho nmH$aha én, ag, J§Y, JmZ _| OmZo H¡$gr ̀ h AZ§VVm AJmYVm Jm JB© h¡:{H$ ha ̂ moJ Ho$ eof _|AZm`mg {H$gr ZwVZ ̂ moJ H$mH$ën-H$m_ H$_b {Ib CR>Vm h¡:ha én-gm¢X`© Ho$ S>moa na nhþ±MVo hrAm¡a ̂ r ZdrZVa, J{hZVa, {dnwbVagm¢X`©-bmoH$ H$m Ûma Am¡MH$ hr Iwb n‹S>Vm h¡&''

S>m°. Zm_daOr Ho$ eãXm| _o H$ho Vmo, ''N>m`mdmX H$m Nw>B©-_wB© gm ào_ A~ _m§gb én _| àH$Q> hmoZo bJm& '' gm¢X`© A~ Xwa go XoIZo H$s {MO Zht ahm. ̂ moJZo Am¡a V¥ßV hmoZo H$m hmo J`m&

ñd§` Ako` Zo AnZr AZoH$ H${dVmAm| _| Zmar, ào_,_mXH$Vm, EopÝÐH$Vm Ho$ {MÌU {H$ò h¡& 'ZI-{eI', Am¡a Xohd„r BgHo$ CXmhaU h¡&

''Vwåhmar Xoh_wPH$mo H$ZH$-Måno H$s H$br h¡Xya hr goñ_aU _| ̂ r J§Y XoVr h¡&''

198

Vmo {à`m `mX _| do namO` ~moY H$m AZw^d H$aVo h¡& Ako` H$m ~m¡pÕH$, A{^_mZr öX` ào_ _| ̂ mdH$ hmo Zht nmVm S>m°. Zm_da Zo R>rH$ {bIm h¡ H$s 'Ako` O¡gm {H$ XX© A{^_mZr H${d hr Bg namO` H$s {dH$bVm H$m AZw^d H$a gH$Vm h¡&'' `h A{^_mZ CÝh| Am±gy ̂ r ~hZo Zht XoVm-ß`ma _| A{^_mZ H$s H$gH$ na hmoZo Zht XoVr'' H${dVm ‘| dh {dH$bVm ì`ŠV H$aVo h¡&

àU` Ho$ IwbH$a {MÌU Ho$ gmW ào_ _| ~m¡pÕH$Vm Am`r h¡& Ako` Zo 'VmagßVH$' H$s ^y{_H$m _| H$hm h¡,'' AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$m gmYmaU ì`{ŠV goŠg g§~§Yr dO©ZmAm| Zo AmH«$m§V h¢, CgH$m _pñVîH$ X‘Z H$s JB© goŠg H$s ̂ mdZmAm| go ̂ am hþAm Wm& Bg{bE CgH$s gm¢X`© ̂ mdZm ̂ r goŠg go nr{‹S>V h¡& Am¡a ̀ hr H$maU h¡ {H$ à`moJdmXr H${d _| Z Vmo ào_ H$m gm_m{OH$ én h¡, Z ahñ`mË_H$ AmdaUdmbm Am¡a Z N>m`mdmX H$m-gm gwú_ Ed§ ̂ mdmË_H$&'' _Zmo{díbofU H$m ñdÀN>§X én BZH$s H${dVmAm| _| ̂ am n‹S>m h¡&

8. jUdmX :-jU ^md H$mo OrdZ H$s emídVVm Ho$ én _| Am¡a gm{hË` g¥OZ Ho$ én _|

à`moJdmXr H${d`m| Zo XoIm h¡& ì`{ŠV OrdZ _| jUâ H$m gwI g§nyU© OrdZ H$mo narV¥{ßV XoVm h¡& jUâ H$m AZw^d H${dVm gO©Z H$aZo H$s j‘Vm XoVm h¡& {\$a 'VËjU', 'OmJaU Ho$ jU', XoeH$mb _w{ŠV Ho$ jU H$mo boH$a AZoH$ H${dVm Ako` Zo {bIr h¡& O¡go 'gO©Zm Ho$ jU', _¢Zo XoIm EH$ ~y±X'. hmoVo h¡ jU' H${dVmE± _hËdnyU© h¡- "gO©Zm Ho$ jU H${d Ho$ AZwgma bå~o Zhr hmoVo'-

'' EH$ jU-â Am¡a; b§~o gO©Zm Ho$ jU H$^r ̂ r hmo Zht gH$Vo&

~y±X ñdmVr H$s ̂ bo hmo~oYVr h¡ __© grnr H$m Cgr {Z_©_ Ëdam godO« {Oggo \$moS>Vm MÅ>mZ H$mo^bo hr {\$a ì`Wm Ho$ V_ _|~ag na ~ag ~rV|EH$ _wŠVm-én H$mo nH$Vo''

'_¡Zo XoIm EH$ ~y±X' _| VËjU H$m Xe©Z Am¡a A{^ì`{ŠV Ho$ én {XImB© XoVo h¡-''_¡Zo XoImEH$ ~y±X ghgmCN>br gmJa Ho$ ̂ mJ go:a§Jr J`r jUâ‹T>bVo gwaO H$s AmJ go&''

`m OmJaU Ho$ jU H$s ImoO H$mo XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡-''~agm| _oar ZtX ahr&dh J`m g_` H$s Yma _| OmoH$m¡Z _wI© CgH$mo dmng _m±Jo?

_¢ AmO OmH$a ImoO ahm hÿ±

199

dh jU {Og_| OmJm hÿ±& ''Xoe-H$mb _wŠV jUm| H$mo Z h_ Xmoham gH$Vo h¡, 'Z Vmo AnZr BÀN>m go bm

gH$Vo h¡ -''CZH$m hmoZm, OrZm, ̂ moJm OmZmh¡ ñd¡a{gÜX, g~ ñdV:nyV©

- h_ Bgr{bE Vmo JmVo h¡&''AWm©V jU AnZo Amn _| n[anyU© h¡ g_J« h¡-

'"EH$ jU! hmoZo H$mApñVËd H$m AOó A{ÛVr` jU!hmoZo Ho$ gË` H$mgË` Ho$ gmjmV H$mjU Ho$ AI§S> nmamdma H$mAmO h_ AM_Z H$aVo h¡&''

Y_©dra ̂ maVr H$s H$Zw{à`m H$s amYm ̂ r ào_ OrdZ H$s VÝ_`Vm Ho$ jUm| _| hr OrdZ H$s gmW©H$Vm XoIVr h¡& CgHo$ Abmdm OrdZ H$s gmW©H$ Š`m hmoJr H$m àíZ hr dh nwN>Vr h¡-

''AÀN>m _oao _hmZ H$Zw _mZ bmo {H$ jUâ H$mo _¢ ̀ h ñdrH$ma H$aVr hÿ±

{H$ _oao ̀ o gmao VÝ_`Vm Ho$ Jhao jU{g\©$ ̂ mdmdoe WogwH$mo_b H$ënZmE± Wra§Jo hþE AmH$f©H$ eãX Wo....Vmo gmW©H$ {\$a Š`m h¡ H$Zw?''

jU H$s j{UH$Vm, OrdZ H$s AZ§VVm Ho$ én _§o à`moJdmXr H${dVm _| {M{ÌV hþB© h¡& jU H$m ~‹S>m _hËd boIH$, gm_mÝ`, ào_r göX` Ho$ {bE hmoVm h¡& CgH$s nhMmZ Ako` Zo h¡&

9. {dÐmoh H$s ̂ mdZm :-à`moJdmXr`m| H$m {dÐmoh H$mì` Ho$ H$bm Ed§ ̂ md nj XmoZmo§ Ho$ à{V h¡& _Ü`dJ© Zo

_Ü`dJu¶ H${d H$s Amoa Ü`mZ hr Cg H$mb _| Zht {X`m Vmo _Ü`dJ© H$m ̀ h H${d {dÐmoh Ho$ Vrd« CX²Jma ì`ŠV H$aVm h¡& dñVwV: N>m`mdmX H$s H$ënZm Am¡a gm¢X`© go _wŠV H$_Zr` ̂ md-^mfm Am¡a àJ{VdmX H$s AË`m{YH$ gm_m{OH$Vm Ho$ àVr à`moJdmX H$m {dÐmoh ì`ŠV hþAm h¡& {Zambm Ho$ 'Hw$Hw$a_wÎmm' H$m {dÐmohr g‘` Am¡a g_mO à`moJdmXr H$mb _| ^r ahm h¡& Ako` Iwbo én _| 'OZmìhmZ' _| emofH$mo Ho$ à{V Amh²dmZ H$aVo h¡-

'"R>ha, R>>ha, AmVVm`r! Oam gwZ bo-_oao H«w$ÜX dr`© H$s nwH$ma AmO gwZ bo!

200

amJmVrV, Xn©ñ\$sV, AVb, AVwbZr`,_oar AdhobZm H$s Q>ŠH$a gVhma bo-jU ̂ a pñWa I‹S>m ah bo-_oao ÑT> nm¡éf H$s EH$ MmoQ> gh bo!''

`m A{OV Hw$_ma H$s H${dVm 'H${d`m| H$m {dÐmoh' _| ^r `h ^md {dÚ_mZ h¡& ImgH$a Cn‘mZm| Ho$ joÌ _|-

''Mm±XZr MÝXZ gÑí¶'' h_ Š`mo§ {bIo? _wI h_| H$_bm| garIo Š`m| {XIo&

h_ {bIoJ| :Mm±XZr Cg énò gr h¡ {H$ {Og_|M_H$ h¡ na IZH$ Jm`~ h¡& h_ H$hoJ| Omoa go_w°h-Ka- AOm`~ h¡Ohm± na ~oVwHo$, AZ_mob, {OÝXm Am¡a _wXm©^md ahVo h¡&''

Ako` H$s 'H$bJr ~mOao H$s' _| ̂ r {dÐmoh ̂ md ñnï> hþAm h¡&

10. ì`§½` H$s àIaVm :-à`moJdmX _| gm_m{OH$, ̀ §Ì ̀ wJrZ, AmYw{ZH$ g_mO, ehar gä`Vm Am{X na

Ako` O¡go H${d`m| Zo ì`§½` H$Qw> C{ŠV`m| go àhma {H$`m h¡& g_mO VWm ì`{ŠV OrdZ _| Am`r {dg§½mVr H$mo ^r ì`ŠV {H$`m J`m h¡& gm_m{OH$ OrdZ _| nbVr {dÐþnVm, eham| _| ~‹T>Vr doí`md¥Îmr Am{X na ì`§J {H$`m h¡& 'emofH$ ̂ ¡`m' O¡gr ì`§J àdU aMZmAm| _| H${d H$m AmdoJ `m AmH«$moe Bg H$Xa {VIm ~Zm h¡-

""S>amo _V, emofH$ ̂ ¡`m,nr bmo&_oam aŠV VmOm h¡_rR>m h¡öÚ h¡&nr bmo emofH$ ̂ ¡`m,S>amo _V&........_wPgo Š`m S>aZm?dh _¢ Zht, dh Vmo Vwåhmam-_oam g§~§Y h¡

Omo Vwåhmam H$mb h¡ emofH$ ̂ ¡`m& ''

`m ZJa gä`Vm Ho$ à{V Ako¶ H$s ì`§½`mË_H$, à{VH$ H${dVm 'gm°n' _hËdnyU©

201

h¡& O§Jb H$m gm±n Vmo gä` h¡, CgH$m {df A~ ZJadm{g`m| Zo {b`m h¡, S>°§gZm do hr {gImVo h¡-

gm±n! Vw_ gä` Vmo hþE Zht ZJa _| ~gZm ^r Vwåh| Zht Am`m&

EH$ ~mV nyNy>±- (CÎma-XmoJo?) V~ H¡$go grIm S>±gZm- {df H$hm± nm`m?

AWdm _hmZJa _| amV hmoVo hmoVo A±Yoao _| ór AnZr do Xoh ~oMZo Ho$ {bE I‹S>r ahVr h¡ '_hmZJa : amV' O¡gr H${dVm {H$g àH$ma ZJadm{g`m| _| H$Mao àVr AmH$f©H$ ì`§½`mË_H$ hmo CR>r h¡-

""Yrao Yrao Yrao Mbr OmE±Jrg^r _moQ>>a|, ~wP OmE±Jrg^r ~{Îm`m±, N>m OmEJmEH$ VZmd ̂ am gÞmQ>m Omo CgH$mo AnZo ̂ mar ~yQ>m| go am¢X am¢X MbZo dmbodXu Ymar H$mß`mam Zht, qH$Vw dm§{N>V h¡&''

Bgr gÞmQ²>o _| H$moB© ór Xoh ~oMZo Ho$ {bE I‹S>r h¡& ì`§½` H$m EH$ Am¡a gw§Xa én '~m±Ja Am¡a ImXa' _| Am`m h¡& `hm± CgH$m én R>§‹S>m h¡, na§Vy VrúU h¡& à^mH$a _mMdo, ^maV^yfU AJ«dmb, gd}ída X`mb gŠgoZm Am{X H${d`m| Zo ì`§½` ~‹S>o gw§Xa {bIo h¡&

11. {eën H$s ZdrZVm :-à`moJdmXr H${dVm H$m H$bmnj A{^ì`§OZm H$s Ñï>r go {hÝXr H${dVm Ho$ {bE

EH$ Amoa ~ohX O{Q>b, XwéhVm go âm h¡ Vmo Xwgar Am¡a {dbjUVm Ho$ M_ËH$ma hoVy gnmQ>~`mZr go& eãX à`moJ H$s Ñ{ï> go dh ~S>m ~m¡{ÕH$ {H«$`mE± H$aVm h¡& H$^r ar{VH$mbrZ H${d Ho$ed Zo {H$`m Wm& Ako` Zo CZH$s VwbZm A§J«oOr H${d ~oZ OmZgZ go H$s h¡&'' `hr H$maU h¡ H$s CÝhm|§Zo Z`r à{VH$ `moOZm, H$mì` _| H$s Q>o‹T>r-_oT>r, AmS>r, {VaN>r, S>¡e O¡gr aoImAm| H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡& Ako` Zo hr Vma gßVH$ H$s ^y{_H$m _| H$hm Wm H$s CbPr hþB© AZw^y{V`m| H$mo na§namJV ̂ mfm, àVrH$, Cn_m`±,. énH$ Am{X Ho$ Ûmam ì`ŠV H$aZm H${R>Z h¡& Bgr{bE CÝhm|Zo Z`r ̂ mfm-{eën H$mo ̂ r J‹T>m& ̂ mfm, {~å~, àVrH$, ZdrZ Cn_mZm| Ho$ gmW e¡br Ho$ Z¶o-Zò à`moJ à`moJdmXr H$bm nj H$m {d{eï>Vm h¡&

A. ^mfm :-à`moJdmXr H${d`m| H$m _mZZm ahm h¡ H$s Zò H${d`m| H$s ^mfm{^ì`{ŠV nwamZr

^mfm _| Zht hmo gH$Vr& ̂ mfm H$m à`moJ à`moJdm{X`m| Ho$ gm_Zo EH$ g_ñ`m Ho$ én _| I‹S>r Wr& Ako` Ho$ AZwgma ̂ mfm H$s H«$_e: g§Hw${MV hmoVr hþB© gmW©H$Vm H$s Myb \$m‹S>H$a Cg_| Z`m,

202

A{YH$ ì`mnH$, A{YH$ gma-J{^©V AW© âZm MmhVm h¡& '' Am¡a `h Ah§ Ho$ H$maU Zht ~ëH$s ̂ rVar Jhar _m±J Ho$ H$maU& Bg{bE ''Ama§^rH$ {XZm| _| Ako`, _w{ŠV~moY Zo{_M§Ð O¡Z Am{X H$s aMZmAm| _| EH$ àH$ma Ho$ ~wpÕ-àgyV ~‹S>o-~‹S>o pŠbï> Am¡a XwéÀMm`© eãXm| Ho$ à`moJ H$s ~hþbVm {XImB© n‹S>Vr h¡& N>m`mdm{X`m| Ho$ eãX Ohm± H$ënZmH${bV Hw$gw_-H$mo_b Wo, dhm± Amapå^H$ à`moJdmXr H${dVm Ho$ eãX AZJ‹T> R>moH$am|-go H$‹S>o Wo& Ako` H$m CZ{XZm| H$m CXmhaU Xo{IE-

""{Z{dS>m AÝYH$ma, EH$ AqH$MZ {Zîà^, AZmhþV, AkmV, Úw{V-{H$aU, AmgÝZ-nVZ {~Z O_r Amog H$s A§{V_ B©fËH$éU, pñZ½Y H$mVa erVbVm Añn¥ï> {H$ÝVw AZw^yV, eV-\$U ~w^wjm Ho$ H$mobmhb H$m Amñ\$mbZ, àñdoXíbW g§^ma, AmË_-b` Ho$ éÐ-VmÊS>d H$m à_mWr VßV AdmhZ, KZmd¥Îm EoŠ`... Am{X&''

Zm_daOr BZHo$ Ûmam à`wŠV ̂ mfm na AmJo ̂ r H$hVo h¡- Yrao-Yrao AmV§H$_` {defUm| H$m `h g_ñV g§^ma Cg Xn©ñ\$sV AmdoJ Ho$ gmW H«$_e: H$_ hþAm Am¡a A~ do grYo-gmXo hëHo$-\w$ëHo$ '' eãXm| H$m à`moJ H$aZo bJo-

''^moa H$m ~mdam Amhoar, bmbH${Z`m±, H$b_-{Vgyb, {d\$b {XZm| H$s H$bm¡§g, N>mo[a`m±, Jmo[a`m±, ̂ mo[a`m± dJ¡ah&'' VmËn`© ̀ h H$s ~mX Ho$ {XZm| _| à`moJdmXr H${d OZ ̂ mfm Ho$ {ZH$Q> AmVm h¡ Am¡a Cgr H$m H$mì`^mfm _| à`moJ H$aVm h¡& {\$a dh H$bJr ~mOao H$s, H$^r ~mgZ A{YH$ {KgZo go _wbå_m Ny>Q> OmVm h¡ (Ako`) '^y§Om hþAm nmn‹S>, M_H$ h¡ na IZH$ Jm`~ h¡, (A{OVHw$_ma) {ga na OwVm n¡a _| Q>monr, (bú_rH$m§V d_m©) W_m©_rQ>a Ho$ nmao-gr, {~Obr Ho$ ñQ>mod-gr gd}ída B© go B©ída, C go Cëby (Zaoe _ohVm) _¢ H$Z\$Q>m hÿ± hoQ>m hÿ±, bbQ>oZ Z`Z, (_w{ŠV~moY) Am{X& ^mfm _| A{YH$ AW© âZo hoVy Cgo An`m©á nmH$a {dam_-g§Ho$Vm|, Am‹S>r- {VaN>r aoImAm| N>moS>o ~‹S>o Q>mB©n, grYo-CbQ>o Aja, AYyao dmŠ`m| H$m à`moJ, S>¡e VWm S>¡e, S>¡e, S>¡e H$moï>H$ _| ~mV H$hZm Am{X H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡-

Im_moehmo;hmoe...... Z Imo;amo, _Ja-Or&{OÝXJr g§gma H$s Am{Ia

Vy hr&Amo gm{~a

{Ibm nada ̀ h ~o- éhr

Am{Iadh ̂ r h¡Vy- hr!Vy- hr!Vy- hr!

e_eoa H$s H${dVm H$m ̀ h CXmhaU Ñï>mì` h¡, 'à`moJdmXr H${d`m| _| e_eoa H$s

203

dmŠ`-`moOZm g~go {dbjU h¡& e_eoa dmŠ` Zhr, àm`: eãX {bIVo; h¡, 'CŠV CXmhaU _o {df` dñVw _| {Z{hV b` H$mo `WmVÏ` énm§Va H$aZo H$s Omo H$mo{ee e_eoa _| {XImB© n‹S>Vr h¡, dh {H$gr à`moJdmXr H${d _| Zht h¡&'' EH$ Am¡a CXmhaU à`moJdm{X`m| Ho$ d¡{MÍ` àXe©Z H$m ahm h¡& ̀ h àH¥${V ̂ r ~‹S>r hñ`mñnX h¡& Ako` H$s 'hdmB© ̀ mÌm'- ""AJa H$ht _¢ VmoVm hmoVm& Vmo Š`m hmoVm? Vmo Š`m hmoVm? VmoVm hmoVm& (AëhmX go Py_H$a)

Vmo Vmo Vmo Vmo Vm Vm Vm Vm({ZíM` Ho$ ñda _|)hmoVm hmoVm hmoVm&''

Am. {~å~ :-à`moJdmXr H${d`m| na q~~dmX H$m à^md ahm h¡& dñVwV: q~~ H$m gm_mÝ` AW© h¡

_mZd-à{V_m Omo kmZo{Ð`m| go én, ag, J§Y, ñne©, eãX go g§doXZmE± J«hU H$aVr h¡, ò à{V_mAm| Ho$ én _| _Z _| AmdpñWV ahVo h¡& H${d _Z {d{^Þ g§doXZmAm| Ho$ g§`moJ go q~~ {Z{_©Vr H$aVo h¡& EOam nmD§$S> VWm q~~dmX Ho$ àdV©H$ Q>r. E. h`y_ go `h na§nam {hÝXr _| Am`r& H${dVm gw§XaVm Ho$ {bE H$_ go H$_ eãXm| _| {MÌ Ho$ àñVwVrH$aU H$mo g\$b q~~ à`moJ _mZm OmVm h¡& à`moJdmX _| ̀ m¡Z q~~-àVrH$m| H$s ̂ a_ma h¡& ̀ o h_mao na§namJV gm¢X`©~moY na AmKmV H$aVo h¡& Ako` H$s '{e{ea H$s amH$m {Zem' H$m ̀ §Ì q~~ Xo{IE-

""{ZH$Q>Va-Y§éZr hþB© N>V, AmS> _| {Zd}X_yÌ g§{MV _¥{ÎmH$m Ho$ d¥Îm _|VrZ am§Jm| na IS>m, ZVJ«rdY¡`©YZ JXhm{ZH$Q>V_ar‹T> ~§{H$_ {H$E, {ZíMb qH$Vw bmobyn

I‹S>m ~§X {~bma-nrN>o Jmo`R>m| Ho$ J§Y_` Am~ma&''

Bg àH$ma Ho$ q~~-à{VH$m| Ho$ g§~§Y _| ñd§` Ako` Zo H$hm Wm {H$, AmYw{ZH$ ̀ wJ H$m gmYmaU ì`{ŠV ̀ m¡Z-dO©ZmAm| H$m nw§O h¡' Am{X& g§píbï> q~~ H$m EH$ Am¡a CXmhaU-

""gm±g& ~wPVm {j{VO& _Z H$s Qy>Q>-Qy>Q> nN>mS> ImVr bhaH$mbr C_‹S>Vr naN>mB`m± V~ EH$Vmam ̂ a J`m AmH$me H$s JhamB`m±''

Y_©dra ̂ maVr Zo ̂ r Bg àH$ma Ho$ à`moJ {H$ò h¡-

204

""WH$m hþAm ~mXb npíM_ Ho$ í`m_ {Zamd¥Îm {eIam| na erVb H$nmob na

jU Jhar ZtX gmo J`m''AWdm

""{ZVm§V Hw$_mar KmQ>r§Bg H$m_mVya _oKYy_ Ho$Am¡MH$ AmqbJZ _| {ngH$aa{Vlm§V-gr _{bZ hmo JB©!WH$m hþAm ~mXb&''

_w{ŠV~moY _| AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ H$s {df_Vm H$s AmZw^y{V H$s boH$a `h àñVyV q~~- ""_¡§ H$Z\$Q>m hÿ±, hoQ>m hÿ±

eod«boQ>-S>mO Ho$ ZrMo _¢ boQ>m hÿ±Vo{b`m {b~mg _| nwaoOo gwYmaVm hÿ±Vwåhmar AmkmE± hmoVm hÿ±&''

B. àVrH$-`moOZ :-Ako`, e_eoa Am{X H${d àVrH$dmX go à^m{dV h¡& àVrH$ AZw^y{V H$m dh

g§{já én hmoVm h¡ Omo H$Ï` H$mo Z`m Ed§ ì`mnH$ g§X^© àXmZ H$aZo _| gj_ hmoVm h¡&''N>m`mdmXr bmj{UH$ dH«$Vm go AmJo ~‹T>H$a AË`m{YH$ gm§Ho${VH$ àVrH$m| H$m à`moJ ''CÝhm|Zo {H$`m h¡&''`WmW© H$s H$Qw>Vm, Z¾Vm Am¡a ̂ `§H$aVm go ~MZo Ho$ {bE àm`: go g§Ho$V Jû àVrH$m| H$m à`moJ H$aVo h¡& .. Ako` Ho$ àVrH$ CÝht Ho$ eãXm| _| ̀ m¡Z àVrH$ Wo'

""{Ka J`m Z^, C_S> AmE _oK H$mbo^y{_ Ho$ H§${nV CamoOm| na PwH$m-gm{deX, ídmghV, {MamVyaN>m J`m B§Ð H$m Zrb dj dO« gm, ̀ {X V{S>V go Pwbgm hþAm gm&''

na§Vy ~mX _| CÝhmoZo gm_m{OH$, AmË_m-na_mË_m g§~§Yr, ì`{ŠV ApñVËd g§~§Yr àVrH$m| H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡& '`h Xrn AHo$bm' _| 'Xrn Am¡a 'n§{ŠV' ̀ o Xmo eãX ì`{ŠV Am¡a g_mO Ho$ àVrH$ h¡-

""`h Xrn AHo$bm ñZoh ̂ amh¡ Jd© ̂ am _X_mVm, naBgH$mo ̂ r n§{ŠV H$mo Xo Xmo&''

`h g§nyU© H${dVm àVrH$dmXr h¡&' ZXr Ho$ Ûrn' ̂ r 'ApñVËd-g§H$Q>' H$m àVrH$ h¡& AÝ` à`moJdmXr H${d`m| Ho$ g§~§Y _| Zm_daOr Zo H$hm h¡, H$s do àVrH$dmXr Z hmoVo hþE ̂ r ^mdm| Am¡a dñVwAm| Ho$ gwú_ {MÌU Ho$ {bE AZoH$ gwÝXa AàñVwVm| H$m {dYmZ {H$`m h¡- Yrao-

205

Yrao PwH$Vm OmVm h¡ ea_mE Z`Zm|-gm {XZ, {gZo_m H$s arbm|-gm H$gHo$ {bnQ>m h¡ g^r Hw$N> _oao AÝXa, {Xb H$s Y‹S>H$Z ̂ r BVZr ~o_mZr {OVZr ̀ h {Q>H$-{Q>H$ H$aVr hþB© ̀ hr, {ZH$b ahr {N>nH$br-gr b‹S>H$s XadmOo go, hëH$s _rR>r Mm-gm {XZ, Mm±XZr H$s C±J{b`m± M§Mb H«$mo{eE go ~wZ ahr Wr Mnb \o$Z-Pmba ~ob _mZm|, _m¡Z Amhm| _| ~wPr Vbdma V¡aVr h¡ ~mXbm| Ho$ nma, ImoIbr ~ÝXyH$ go T>§S>o nS>o Xmo hmW!'' e_eoa, Ako`, Y_©dra ^maVr, _w{ŠV~moY Am{X`m| Zo àVrH$m| H$m gw§Xa à`moJ {H$`m h¡& ̂ maVr Ho$ 'A§Ym ̀ wJ', 'H$Zw{à`m' KQ>Zm, M[aÌ H$s Ñ{ï> go àVrH$ hr ~Zo h¡& gmW hr Hw§$daZmamÙ H$s 'AmË_O`r' Zaoe ‘ohVm H$s 'g§e` H$s EH$ amV', e§å~wH$ Am{X&

B©. N>§X Am¡a b`:-à`moJdmXr H${dVm _| _wŠVN>§X b` H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡& N>§X b` Ho$ H$maU

BZH$s H${dVm _| JrVmË_H$Vm Am`r h¡& H$ht H$ht, Zò ñda, dU© {df` H$m à{VnmXZ H$aVo h¡& Ako` H$s '_m±Pr ~Zer Z ~OmAmo', {JarOmHw$_ma _mWwa ho_ÝVr, nwZmo Am{X Y_©dra ̂ maVr Ho$ 'A§Ym`wJ' H$m ̀ h CXmhaU Xo{IE

""WHo$ hþE h¡ h_,Bg{bE Zht {H$H$ht ̀ wÜXm| _| h_Zo ̂ r~mhþ~b {XIm`m h¡àhar Wo h_ Ho$dbgÌh {XZm| Ho$ bmo_hf©H$ g§J«m_ _|^mbo h_mao ̀ oT>mb| h_mao ̀ o{ZaW©H$ nS>r ahtA§Jm| na ~moP ~ZrajH$ Wo h_ Ho$dbbo{H$Z ajUr` Hw$N> ̂ r Zht Wm ̀ hm±&''

Ako`-""Vw_ h°gr hmoOmo Z _oao AmoR>> na XrIo_wPo ha _mo‹S> na {_bVr ahr h¡&Yyn_wP na Omo Z N>mB© hr,qH$Vw {OgH$s Amoa_oao éÜX OrdZ H$s Hw$Q>r H$s {I‹S>{H$`m± IwbVr ahr h¡&''

C. ZdrZ Cn_mZ :-

206

na§namJV Cn_mZm| H$mo Z ñdrH$maVo hþE à`moJdm{X`m| Zo Zò Am¡a d¡km{ZH$ gmYZm|-CnH$aUm| H$m à`moJ ~‹S>o n¡_mZo na {H$`m h¡& _Ü`dJu` J¥{hUr H$m {MÌU H$aVo hþE gd}ída H$hVo h¡-

""W_m©_rQ>a Ho$ nmao-grMwnMmn {Og_| ̂ mdZmE° M‹T>Vr CVaVr h¡AI§S> H$sV©Z H$sWH$s hþB© Añnï> YyZ-gr{OgH$s qOXJr h¡...ß`ma H$m Zm_ boVo hr{~Obr Ho$ ñQ>mod grOmo EH$X_ gwI© hmo OmVr h¡&''

à`moJdmXr`m| Zo ZoÌm| Ho$ {bE ar{VH$mbrZ, N>m`mdmXr I§OZ-Z`Z, _rZ O¡go à`moJ Zhr§ {H$ò& CÝh| AmO Ho$ _Zwî` Ho$ n¡a I§ô O¡go bJVo h¡, {OZna ZoÌm| H$s bmbQ>oZ Q>±Jr h¡-

""AV_©Zwîàrº$-gm JohXmo bmbQ>oZ go Z`Z{Zîàm` ñV§^Xmo I‹S>o nmd''

AWdm A{V ZdrZ Cn_mZm| H$m do à`moJ H$aVo h¡-""_oao gnZo Bg Vah Qy>Q> JEO¡go ̂ w§Om hþAm nmnS>''

à`moJdmX Zò CÝ_of H$m H$mì` ahm h¡& AZoH$ AmbmoMH$m| Zo Cgna O_H$a h_bm {H$`m Cgo d¡`{ŠVH$, gm_m{OH$Vm go Xya, ~wpÕJ«ñVVm go ~mo{Pb Am{X _mZm na§Vy ̀ h Wr _Ü`dJ© H$s dmñV{dH$Vm& CZ_o Am`r hrZ-XrZVm, AZmñWm, H$Qw>Vm, A§V‘w©I, nbm`Z Am{X {Og H$m {MÌU à`moJdmXr`m| Zo {H$`m h¡& ̀ h ̂ m¢S>r Z¾Vm OrdZ H$m EH$ nj h_mao gm_Zo bmVr h¡& O¡gm H$s h_Zo nhbo hr H$hm h¡ {ÛVr` {díd`wÜX Ho$ ~mX _yë`m| _| Vrd« Qy>Q> Am`r Cgo nmQ>Zm Ag§^d hþAm {díd Ho$ gmW ̂ maV _| ̂ r ̀ hr pñW{V`m± Am`r Bg{bE ̀ hm± gm_m{OH$ ‹T>m±Mm ImgH$a, n[adma, {ddmh g§ñWm na CgH$m AmKmV hþAm& gmo Cgr H$m AmË_{Zð> {MÌU H${dVm _| Am`m h¡& ha ~‹S>m H${d AnZr H${dVm Ho$ gmW AnZm gm¢X`©emó JT>Vm h¡, ̀ m ̀ y± H$ho gm¢X`©emó Ho$ gmW H${dVm, Ako` Zo ̂ r ̀ hr {H$`m& 'Xw:I g~H$mo _m±OVm h¡' H$s ì`{ŠV{Zð> ^mdZm go EH$ AnZm n¡_mZm ~Zm`m {Oggo g_{ï> na AZw^d Ho$ én _| H${dVm _| A{^ì`ŠV {H$`m, CgH$m à`moJ {H$`m&

207

8.4 _yë`m§H$Z

à`moJdmXr 'AÝdofU Ho$ amhr' ̀ m| Zo, {deofV: Ako` Zo CŠV H$mbrZ pñW{V`m| Ho$ à{V {dÐmoh, {djmo^ ì`ŠV {H$`m na§Vy Bg_o _yë` {dKQ>Z, {dkmZ H$m à^md, _Zwî` ApñVËd g§doXZm na Câm àíZ{MÝh, `§Ì`wJ, amï´>r` dmVmdaU Ho$ gmW gm{hË` na nmíMmË` H$mì`m§Xbmo§Zm H$m à^md, ~m¡{ÕH$Vm, Cg Ho$ AmJo gX¡d bJm àíZ {MÝh, _Zmo{díbofU go CnOm AmË_mbmoMZ ^md, AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY, H$mì`{eën _| ZwVZVm H$m AmJ«h à`moJdmX H$s AÝ` {deofVmE± ahr h¡& EOam nmD§$S>, ~m°Xboa, B{b`Q>, S>r. EM. bmaoÝg H$m ~hþVm{YH$ à^md ñd`§ Ako` na ahm {H$ÝVw nmíMmË` {dMmam| Ho$ à^md go _wŠV hmoH$a Ako` ̂ maVr` ~m¡Õ _V Ho$ _m¡Z H$mo AnZmVo h¡& Xw{Z`m ̂ a Ho$ {dMmam| Xe©Zm| H$m nR>Z-nmR>Z H$aZo Ho$ ~mX do ~m¡ÜX _V Ho$ '_m¡Z' H$mo ' AgmÜ` Ho$ ~rM aIVo h¡& Hw$N> {dX²dmZm| H$s Am¡a go Ako` H$s OÝ_eVmãXr df© _| Am`mo{OV g§Jmo{ð>`m| _| _¢Zo gwZm h¡ H$s Ako` H$s H${dVm '_m¡Z' ahr O~{H$ _w{ŠV~moY _wIa hmo Jò& Š`mo{H$ _m¡Z Vmo‹S>Zo Ho$ ~mX 'A{^ì`{ŠV Ho$ IVao CR>mZo hr hmo§Jo, _R> Am¡a J‹T> Vmo‹S>Zo hmoJ| H$m OwPmaZ ̂ md ̀ m d¥{Îm Ako` H$s H${dVm _| Zht h¡& Bg{bò dh gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï> go CnmXo` Zhr h¡& na§Vy Eogm Zht h¡& Amn ~marH$s go 'Aar Amo H$éUm à^m_`', Am±JZ Ho$ nma Ûma _| ì`ŠV éPmZ H$mo XoIo§Jo Vmo Ako` _| OnmZ Ho$ MrZ Ho$ OoZ _V H$s g§doXZm ahr h¡& OrdZ H$s Am§V[aH$Vm _| CËnÞ ̀ h AÜ`mpË_H$ éPmZ CZHo$ A§{V_ H$mì` g§J«hm| _| ñnï> h¡& CZH$s OnmZ ̀ mÌm, hm`Hy$ H$m boIZ ̂ r Bg Ñ{ï> go _hËdnyU© h¡& dñVwV: ^maV go hr ~m¡ÜX _V MrZ, OmnmZ nhÿ±Mm& Ako` Cggo Aà^m{dV Zht ah gHo$& AñVw:&

à`moJdmXr H${d`m| Zo {hÝXr H${dVm Ho$ B{Vhmg _| gwú_ ^md g§doXZm, Zò Cn_mZ, JhZ A{^ì`§OZm Ho$ Ûmam, B_mZXma {H$ÝVw {ZVm§V d¡`{ŠVH$ ^mdZmAm| H$mo ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡& 'AmË_{Zð>m'Ho$ ~mdOyX g_mO Ho$ EH$ A§J H$s ̀ Wm`© _Z: pñW{V H$mo à^m{dV {H$`m h¡& ''

~m¡pÕH$Vm Ho$ H$maU H${dVm _| ^mdZmË_H$Vm H$m Am^md n¡Xm hmo J`m, N>m`mdmXr H$ënZmnaH$ gm¢X`© CË\w$„Vm H$s OJh OrdZ `Wm`© go âr Hw§$R>m, {Zamem, dmgZmË_H$Vm H$s A{^ì`{ŠV hþB©& H$mì` ~‹S>m H${R>Z hmo J`m& 'ZdrZVm Ho$ ñWmZ na AH$mì`mË_H$ VËdm| H$mo$ ñWmZ {X`m'' pŠbï> eãXm|, {deofUm| H$m _Z_mZm à`moJ' 'Aíbrb Ed§ Aé{MH$a Ñí`m| H$m A§H$Z'. 'H${dVm Ho$ Zm_ na eãXm| Ho$ gmW {IbdmS>' BgHo$ Xmof _mZo Jò h¡& JUnVr M§Ð JwßV Zo Vmo ̀ hm°§ VH$ H$hm± h¡ H$s.' H$mì`-emó _| H$mì`JV Xmofm| Ho$ {OVZo ôX ~Vmò Jò h¡, CZ g^r Ho$ gwÝXa Ed§ Cn`wŠV CXmhaU à`moJdmXr Z`r H${dVm _| {_b OmVo h¡& ' H$mì` _| hmoZo dmbo Zò 'à`moJm|' na Bg àH$ma Ho$ Xmof bJmZm AZw{MV Bg{bE _mZm Om gH$Vm h¡ H$s do {ZVm§V Zò eãXm| _| Z`r g§àof{U` A{^ì`{ŠV ghOVm go H$aZmMmhVm h¡& Bg Ñ{ï> go à`moJdmXr H${dVm AÀN>r Ed§ gÀMr h¡&

208

8.5 Cng§hma :

AnZr AZoH$ {deofVmAm| Ho$ H$maU dh M{M©V ahm& CÝhr Hw$N> {deofVmAm| H$mo AnZmH$a 'AÝdof Ho$ amhr`m| Zo' 'Z`r H${dVm' H$m Am§XmobZ Mbm`m& Hw$N> ì`{ŠVdmXr H${d {\$a àJ{VdmX, gmå¶dmX, H$s Am¡a _w‹S>o Vmo Hw$N> Zo Z`r H${dVm Ho$ ~rM AnZr amh Ty>±‹T> {ZH$mbr& H$mì`m§XmobZ _mÌ M{M©V ahm&

8.6 ~moY àíZ …-

1. à¶moJdmXr H$mì¶ {deofVmAm| H$mo A§{H$V H$s{OE&2. à¶moJdmXr H${dVm H$moo gmoXmhaU g‘PmBE&

209

210

ZB© H${dVm


9.1 ZB© H${dVm: CX²>^d H$s n¥ð>^y{_

9.2 ZB© H${dVm: àma§^ Ed§ Zm_H$aU

9.3 ZB© H${dVm Ed§ H${d H$s {d{eï>Vm

9.4 ZB© H${dVm H$s àd¥{Îm`m±

9.5 ZB© H${dVm: _wë`m§H$Z

9.6 Cng§hma

9.7 ~moY àíZ

9.0 BH$mB©© H$m CÔoí¶

H$. ZB© H${dVm H$s {d{eï>VmAm|H$m AÜ¶¶Z àmá H$aZm&I. ZB© H${dVm H¡$go {dH${gV hþB© ¶h OmZZm&J. ZB© H${dVm ¶h Zm‘ ³¶m| {X¶m J¶m ¶h XoIZm&K. ZB© H${dVm à¶moJdmX go {H$Z AWm] ‘| AbJVm aIZr h¡ ¶h g‘PZm&S>. ZB© H${dVm ‘| bKw ‘mZd H$s g§H$ënZm {H$g àH$ma à{V{ð>V hþB© BgH$mo aoIm§{H$V

H$aZm&M. ZB© H${dVm H$s H$mì¶ àd¥{Îm¶m| H$m AÜ¶¶Z H$aZm&N>. ZB© H${dVm H$m ‘yë¶m§H$Z H$aZm Amdí¶H$ h¡&

9.1 ZB© H${dVm: CX²>^d H$s n¥ð>^y{_:-

àma§^ _| hr Bg ~mV H$mo ñnï> H$aZm Oéar h¡ H$s à`moJdmXr VWm ZB© H${dVm _| Hw$N> g_mZVmE± ^r h¡ Vmo {d{^ÝZVmE± ^r> {H$ÝVw BgH$m CX²^d _mÌ à`moJdmX Ho$AñdrH$ma _| hr hþAm h¡& O¡gm H$s Zm_da qgh Zo H$hm h¡, 'à`moJ' eãX H$mo dmX-Xy{fV nmH$a 'ZB© H${dVm' Zm_H$ g§km H$m àMbZ hþAm& 1951 _| Xygam gßVH$ Ho$ àH$meZ Ho$ gmW 'ZB© H${dVm' Ho$ {OZ {gÜXm§Vmo H$m gyÌnmV {H$`m, J`m CZH$m {dñVma Vrgam gßVH$ Ho$ àH$meZ-H$mb 1959 VH$ A~mY J{V go hmoVm ahm&'' OJXre JwßV Am¡a bú_rH$m§V d_m© Zo à`moJ' go ì`mnH$ ^y{_ na 'Z`r H${dVm' H$m Zm_ àMm[aV {H$`m& BgHo$ _wb _| AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$m dh g§nyU© n[adoe Câ H$a Am`m h¡& {Og_| gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$, d¡km{ZH$, ̀ m§{ÌH$Vm Ho$ gmW Hw$N> {dXoer H$mì`m§XmobZ _hËdnyU© h¡& Z`r H${dVm H$s n¥ð>^y{_ H$mo XodamO Zo Xmo ñVam| na aIH$a XoIm h¡ EH$ amï´>r` Am¡a Xygar AÝVam©ï´>r`& Bg_| Z Ho$db amOZr{V h¡ ~ëH$s {dXoer gm{hpË`H$ Ed§ gm_m{OH$, Z¡{VH$ _yë`~moY ^r h¡& ZB© H${dVm gm_m{OH$Vm Ho$ d¡{dÜ`nyU©

9

_mZd_wë`m| H$s CXmÎm na§nam H$mo boH$a MbVr h¡& {Og_| ÌmgXr, {dS>å~Zm, KwQ>Z, g§Ìmg, jUdmX, ApñVËd~moY, A§V{d©amoY go CnOm 'AmË_g§Kf©' EH$ Amoa h¡ Vmo Xygar Amoa BZ Z`r n[apñW{V`m| go CnOr g§doXZmAm| H$s g§àofUr` A{^ì`{ŠV H$m àíZ _hËdnyU© hmo MwH$m h¡& Bg H$mì`Ymam Ho$ {dH$mg _| amOZr{VH$, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ n[apñW{V`m± H$maU^yV ahr h¡&

{ÛÎmr¶ {díd`wÜX go CnOr _yë`hrZVm Zo amOZr{V go Z¡{VH$Vm H$mo IË_ {H$`m& gm_m{OH$ pñW{V _| gmoMZr` pñW{V CËnÝZ hmo J`r& nm[admarH$, gm_m{OH$ ‹T>m§Mm àm`… Xh J`m Am¡a àm`… ì`{ŠVdmX H$m Omoa ~‹T>Vm J`m& ^maVr` amOZr{V _| Jm§Yr-Zohé à^«{V Zo AnZm-AnZm AbJ à^md N>mo‹S>m& ñdV§ÌVm nyd© pñW{V _| ñdV§ÌVm O¡go-O¡go ZOXrH$ AmVr JB© h_mao ZoVmAm| _| AmÝV[aH$ g§Kf© Vrd« hmoVm J`m& '' ̀ h g§Kf© Ho$db ZoVmAm| _| hr Zht. 'ZoVmAm| Am¡a OZVm Ho$ ~rM VWm ~y‹T>r Am¡a ̀ wdm nr‹T>r Ho$ ~rM'', ̂ r CâH$a Am`m& O~ VH$ Jm§Yr H$m ZoV¥Ëd ZB© nr‹T>r Zo nm`m V~ VH$ R>rH$ Wm na§Vy ~mX _| Zd`wdH$m| H$m emofU hmoZo bJm, àËòH$ ZoVm AnZo ñdmW© Ho$ {bE CÝh| à`wŠV H$aZo H$s {\$amH$ _| ahZo bJm& VmH$s CZH$m nb‹S>m ̂ mar hmo'' ''gZ 1942 H$s H«$m§pÝV _| hr Am§XmobZ H$s VrZ eŠbo Wr, EH$ Vmo CZH$s Omo Zd`wdH$mo H$mo Ho$db InZodmbr gm_J«r g_PH$a, CZH$m BñVo_mb H$aHo$, CÝh| \|$H$ XoZo _| {dídmg H$aZodmbr ZoVm nr‹T>r Wr Vmo Xwgao do Wo Omo CZH$s gÀMr Am¡a B_mZXma ̂ mdZmAm| H$mo VmoS>-\$moS>H$a OZ-`wJ Am¡a OZ-`wÜX Ho$ Zm_ na A§J«oOr gaH$ma H$s {IX_VJmar H$aZo Am¡a H$amZo Ho$ {bE VËna Wo AWm©V ̀ h dJ© H$å`y{ZñQ> nmQ>u H$m Wm, Omo ghr Am¡a gÀMo AWm] _| A§J«oOr emgZ Ho$ à{V {dÐmoh H$aZo dmbm| H$mo Iwbo Am_ AamOH$VmdmXr Am¡a O§JImoa Ho$ Zm_ go g§~mo{YV H$aVm Wm& BgHo$ A{V[aŠV EH$ Vrgam dJ© ^r Wm, Omo Cg g_` Xoe Ho$ Zd`wdH$m| _| Eogm CËgmh ̂ aZm MmhVm Wm, Omo g~ Hw$N> XoH$a ~T>Vr hþB© A§J«oOm| H$s Jwbm_r H$s à{H«$`m H$mo g_mßV H$aZo _| ghm`H$ hmo& '' bú_rH$m§V d_m©-{hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ {nN>bo drg df©-3, H$ënZm- _B© 1967 A§H$ 5. n¥-12' go CX²Y¥V n[aUm_ ̀ h hþAm H$s amOZr{V _| 'gw{dYmnaH$Vm' VWm '_yë`{hZVm' H$m CX²^d Jm§Yr Ho$ g_` hr hmo MwH$m Wm& g_mO Ed§ gm{hË` _| ^r dh àdoe H$a Jò& XodamO Zo Bgo gZ 1935 go 1945 Ho$ ~rM n¡Xm hþE g§H«$_UH$mbrZ pñW{V _| gm{hpË`H$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌ _| CËnÞ ̂ «_mË_H$ _yë`m| H$m {dH$mg'' H$hm h¡& {Og_| EH$ Amoa Jm§Yr H$s J{Verb amï´>r`Vm Vmo Xwgar Am¡a Zohé H$s eãXmS>å~a dmbr H$mën{ZH$ {H$ÝVw ~‹S>o Omoa emoa go ñWm{nV A§Vam©ï´>r`Vm H$s Xmo YmamAm| H$m {dH$mg hþAm Eogm _mZVo h¡&

CgHo$ n[aUm_ bú_rH$m§V d_m© Ho$ eãXm| _| H$B© AJ§^ra {H$ÝVy J§^raVm H$m n[aM` XoH$a Zò dmX ñWm{nV hþE do, ̀ WmW© dmX Ho$ Zm_ na g§nyU© OrdZ Ho$ ì`m»`mVm H$å`w{ZñQ> nmQ>u Zo BgH$m bm^ CR>m`m, n[aUm_V: àJ{VdmX Zo AnZo {ZVm§V AmË_{dídmg Ho$ H$maU Am¡a ì`mnH$ d¥Îm H$m AmYma N>moS>H$a {dewÜX nmQ>u H$s amOZr{V Ho$ AmYma na AnZo d¥Îm _| boIH$ dJ© H$mo H$gZm ewé {H$`m, Bgr H$mo AmYma _mZH$a Omo àJ{VdmXr Am§XmobZ I‹S>m hþAm dh amï´>r` Ed§ gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§X^© go hQ>H$a EH$ {d{eï> amOZ¡{VH$ ñda _| ‹T>bZo bJm, {\$a A{Zdm`©Vm ~m¡pÕH$ dJ© H$mo gm{hpË`H$ ñVa na CZ _yë`m| H$s Amoa CÝ_wI hmoZm n‹S>m Omo gm{hË` H$s {dYmJV Ed§ g§nyU©Vm H$mo ñWm{`Ëd XoVr h¡&''

ñdmYrZVm Ho$ ~mX Xoe Ho$ gm_Zo AZoH$ g_ñ`mE± I‹S>r hþB©& EH$ Am¡a ñdmYrZVm H$m Cëhmg Wm Vmo Xwgar Amoa qhgm H$m Vm§S>d& 'gmåàXm{`H$ X§J| Ed§ eaUmWu H$s g_ñ`mZo

211

^`§H$a én J«hU {H$`m& 'amï´>r` EH$sH$aU H$s g_ñ`m' Ho$ én _| H$í_ra àíZ CbPVm J`m n[aUm_V. nhbm ^maV-nmH$ `wÜX hþAm& ' {OgZo ^maV H$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V H$mo n`m©ßV à^m{dV {H$`m& ' Jm§Yr hË`m ^maVr`m| Ho$ lÜXm, {dídmg, _yë`mo H$s hË`m gm{~V hþB©& {dH$mg ̀ moOZmAm| Zo gwI_` dmVmdaU n¡Xm Vmo {H$`m na§Vy eaUm{W©`m| Zo Am{W©H$ g§H$Q> H$mo OÝ_ {X`m, ImÚmÝZ Ho$ A^md H$s g_ñ`m gm_Zo Am`r, ñdVÝÌVm-àm{á go nyd© ^maV _| H$m`©aV A§J«oO A{YH$m[a`m| Ho$ {bE gm‹T>o Zm¡ H$amoS> énò B½b¢S> H$mo XoZo Ho$ {bE {dde hmoZm n‹S>m'' Jm§Yr Ho$ AmJ«h na nm{H$ñVmZ H$mo... H$amoS> XoZo n‹S>o VWm gmW hr gaH$ma Ûmam Xoe _| {dXoe nw§Or {Zdoe H$s gw{dYm àXmZ H$s& Bggo ^maVr` gån{Îm ^mar _mÌm _| {dXoe OmZo bJr& '' Zohé ̀ wJ go gm_mÝ` OZVm _| AmµOmXr AmòJr, Iwehmbr AmòJr, X[aÐVm, Jar~r, ^yI_mar, ~r_mar Xya hmoJr H$m '^«_' Qw>Q>Vm J`m& Eogo ‘| gZ 1962 _| MrZ H$m AmH«$_U, ^maV H$mo {_br Ag\$bVm, ImoIbr {dXoe Zr{V H$m nXm©\$me hþAm& {\$a _mM© 1965 _| nmH$ Zo ̂ maV na AmH«$_U {H$`m, ̂ maVr` goZm Zo OrV hm{gb H$s na§Vy ég, A_arH$m Ho$ hñVjon Ho$ H$maU VmeH§$X _| emórOr H$mo Agå_mZOZH$ g_Pm¡Vm H$aZm nS>m, Hw$N> K§Q>m| ~mX _| dh H$mb Ho$ AmYrZ hmo Jò& B§{Xam Jm§Yr gÎmm _| Am`r& 20 AJñV 1969 _| amï´>nVr MwZmd Zo H$m±J«og H$mo {d^m{OV {H$`m B§{Xamdmbm BÊS>rHo$Q>' Am¡a Xwgam {gÊS>rHo$Q> ~Zm ''`hr go Xbrb VmZmemhr Am¡a ì`{ŠVnwOm Ho$ Zò ̀ wJ H$m àma§^ hþAm&'' {\$a 1971 _| ~m§½bmXoe ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ {bE ^maV-nmH$ `wÜX hþAm, 10 hOma nm{H$ñVmZr goZm Ho$ gmW ~‹S>m ^y^mJ ^maV Ho$ A{YH$ma _| Am`m, B§{Xam H$m 'XwJm©' én ~mX dmbo MwZmd _| CgH$mo ̂ mar _Vmo go OrV {Xbm MwH$m, {\$a EH$ ~ma '{e_bm g_Pm¡Vo' Zo goZm H$s OrV H$mo hma _| ~Xb {X`m& ''

dñVwV: {e_bm-g_Pm¡Vm ̂ maV H$s ~hþV ~‹S>r Hy$Q>Zr{VH$ hma {gÜX hþB© '' Cggo ~wpÕ Or{d`m| H$mo Jham Y¸$m bJm''.... Xoe _| AempÝV ~‹T>Vr Om ahr Wr& ^«ï>mMma, ^mmB©-^VrOmdmX, Om{VdmX [aídV Imoar, H$m_Mmoar AnZr Ma_ gr_m H$s Amoa ~‹T> aho Wo& ~oamoOJmar, {e{jV Zd`wdH$m| _| {Zamem, Hw§$R>m Am¡a AnamYd¥{Îm OmJm ahr Wr... Bgr g_` 1974 _| O`àH$me ZmamÙ Zo ̀ wdH$m| H$s ̂ «ï>mMma {damoYr Am§XmobZ ̀ mÌm JwOamV go àma§^ H$a {~hma _| Am`r.. 'g§nyU© H«$m§{V' H$s KmofUm H$s J`r& '' Bg g_` H$m dmVmdaU B§{Xam{damoYr YaUm|, Owbygm| Ho$ VUmd go ̂ am Wm& 26 OyZ 1975 H$mo g_ñV {damoYr nm{Q>©`m| Ûmam àYmZ_§Ìr nX H$m Ë`mJnÌ _m§JZo Ho$ {bE {X„r Ho$ am_brbm _¡XmZ na {demb a¡br H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m J`m& R>rH$ EH$ {XZ nhbo gaH$ma H$s Amoa go B§{Xam Or Zo 25 OyZ 1975 H$mo Xoeâ _| AmnmVH$mb bmJy H$a {X`m J`m& 12 OyZ 1975 H$mo Bbmhm~mX Ý`m`mb` Zo CZHo$ {déÜX \¡$gbm {X`m Wm& CÝhmoZo Ë`mJnÌ Z XoH$a Xoe na AmnmVH$mb bmX {X`m&'' 19 _hrZo AmnmVH$mb Xoe _| ahm& ZoVmAm| H$mo Oob _| Ry>±g {X`m J`m, ^mar X_Z go OZVm ^r JwOar& 1977 _| CgH$m {dÐmoh MwZmd Ho$ ^rVa go Am`m& IwX B§{XamOr am`~aobr go MwZmd hma J`r& 'OZVm nmQ>u' Zm_H$ {IM‹S>r Xbm| dmbr gaH$ma gÎmm _| Am`r& {Ogo 'Xygar AmOmXr' H$hm J`m& CZ_| àYmZ_§Ìr nX H$mo boH$a g§Kf© {N>‹S>$J`m _moamaOr XogmB©, MaUqgh Am¡a OJOrdZam_ ñd§` H$mo XmdoXma _mZVo Wo& Oo.nr-H¥$nbmZr Ho$ hñVjon go XogmB© àYmZ_§Ìr Vmo ~Zo na§Vy ‹T>mB© gmb _| dh gaH$ma Qw>Q> ̂ r J`r& ~mX _| MaUqgh H$mo g_W©Z XoZo H$m dmXm H$a B§{XamOr Zo ~hþ_V Ho$ Am^md dmbr Bg gaH$ma go AnZm g_W©Z dm{ng bo {b`m& 'Hw$b Mmo{dg {XZ Ho$ Bg amOZr{VH$ ZmQ>H$ _| B{Vhmg _| nhbr ~ma Xoe H$mo Eogm

212

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215

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H${dVm H$s ^y{_H$m H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡& XodamO Zo ghr H$hm h¡ H$s, 'BZ H${dVmAm| H$mo Z`r H${dVm H$s nyd©dVu H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡, BZ H${dVmAm| H$s àH¥${V H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo go Bg_| Am¡a 'Z`r H${dVm' AmÝXmobZ H$s H$mì`-MoVZm _| A§Va ñnï> n[ab{jV hmo OmVm h¡, {H$ÝVw `h AÝVa {damoYr Zhr h¡, `h {dH$mg à{H«$`m H$m AÝVa h¡&'' Bg{bE XodamO Bgo Z`r H${dVm ̂ r Zht H$hVo CÝh| 'g§H«$_UH$mbrZ H${dVmE±' H$hVo h¡ {H$ÝVw 'Z`r H${dVm' Zm_ A~ CgHo$ {bE EH$ ~ma Mb n‹S>m gmo dhr ahm h¡&

9.2 ZB© H${dVm: àma§^, Zm_H$aU

'ZB© H${dVm' ̀ h Zm_ ~S>m ̂ «m_H$ h¡ Bg_o A{Vì`{ŠV H$m Xmof h¡& Bg{bE H$s ̀ h {H$gr ̂ r ̀ wJ _| Câr ZB© ̂ mdZm, àd¥{Îm, g§doXZm Ho$ {bE à`wŠV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& {\$a dh N>m`mdmX hmo `m àJ{VdmX, à`moJdmX hmo `m hmbmdmX dñVwV: H${dVm Ho$ joÌ _| ¶h Zò Am§XmobZ hr h¡& ZB© 'Z`m' ̀ h {deofU AnZo g_` g§X^m] H$mo ì`ŠV H$aZodmbm h¡&

{hÝXr _| à`moJdmX Ho$ ~mX H$s H${dVm Ho$ {bE 'ZB© H${dVm' Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡& Hw$N> AmbmoMH$ à`moJdmX Ed§ ZB© H${dVm H$mo EH$ hr _mZVo h¡ na§Vy ñd§` Ako` Zo 'àVrH$' Ho$ OyZ 1951 Ho$ A§H$ _| 'ZB© H${dVm' eãX H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡& CÝh| ZB© H${dVm Ho$ {bE 'à`moJdmX' eãX AnyU©, Aì`mßV Am¡a nyd©J«h `wŠV bJm& ZB© H${dVm eãX à`moJ Xwgam gßVH$ go hr àma§^ hþAm& ~mX _| Ako` Zo BZ H${d`m| H$s ̂ Ëg©Zm ̂ r H$s {H$ÝVw à`moJdmX Ho$ ~mX H$s H$mì` àd¥{Îm 'ZB© H${dVm' Ho$ én _| A~ OmZr OmVr h¡&

O¡gm H$s h_Zo nhbo hr H$hm h¡ H$s 'à`moJ' eãX H$mo dmX-Xy{fV nmH$a 'ZB© H${dVm' Zm_H$ g§km H$m àMbZ hþAm& 1951 _| Xwgam gßVH$ Ho$ àH$meZ Ho$ gmW 'ZB© H${dVm' Ho$ {OZ {gÜXm§Vm| H$m gyÌnmV {H$`m J`m CZH$m {dñVma Vrgam gßVH$ Ho$ àH$meZ-H$mb VH$ (1959) A~mY J{V go hmoVm ahm& {Ogo OJ{Xe JwßV VWm am_ñdén MVwd}Xr Zo 1954 _| AY©dm{f©H$ 'Z`r H${dVm' n{ÌH$m g§nmXrV H$s BgHo$ gmW Cgo à{Vð>m ^r {_br& bú_rH$m§V d_m© Zo Cgo A{YH$ ì`mnH$ joÌ àXmZ H$aVo hþE. H$hm H$s, Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ñ{ï> go ZB© H${dVm 'Xygam gßVH$ (1951) Ho$ ~mX H$s H${dVm H$mo H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡, {H$ÝVw Bg Eo{Vhm{gH$ H«$_ Ho$ A{V[aŠV ̂ r ZB© H${dVm H$m dmñV{dH$ én Cg g_` à{V{ð>V hþAm, O~ 'Xygao gßVH$' Ho$ ~mX Ho$ H${d`m| Zo gmar H${dVm H$mo 'Xwgam gßVH$' Ho$ {ZH$Q>dVu nmVo hþE, {H$Ýhr AWm] _| {^ÝZVm H$m AZw^d ̂ r {H$`m&

Hw$N> AmbmoMH$m| Zo Z`r H${dVm H$m {dH$mg {Zambm Ho$ 'Zò nÎmo' (1946 Ho$ àH$meZ go _mZVo h¡& ''àd¥{ÎmJV d¡{dÜ` Ho$ A{V[aŠV {Zambm Ho$ XrK©H$mì`-{dH$mg _| AJbo aMZm Am§XmobZm|-àJ{VdmX, à`moJdmX Am¡a Z`r H${dVm Ho$ ~rO {_b OmV| h¡& CZHo$ g§H$bZ 'Zò nÎmo' (1946) go MbZo dmbo A§{V_ Xm¡a _| Bg àH$ma H$s AZoH$ H${dVmE± Ñï>ì` h¡,'' AmJo am_ñdén MVwd}Xr Zo ̀ h ̂ r ñnï> {H$`m h¡ H$s ''Z`r H${dVm'' AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m Vrgam Xm¡a h¡ Omo, ñ_aU aho, ñdmYrZ ̂ maV H$s nhbr aMZmË_H$Vm h¡& ... Z`r H${dVm _| AZw^d H$m

216

OZV§Ì nhbr ~ma ñWm{nV hmoVm h¡, Am¡a OrdZ VWm H$mì`mZw^d XmoZm| _| AmYw{ZH$ ̂ md-~moY nyar Vah g_ag hmo OmVm h¡& '' dñVwV: Z`r H${dVm N>m`mdmX, àJ{VdmX Am¡a à`moJdmX H$s CnbpãY`m| H$mo g_oQ>o hþE h¡& em`X `hr H$maU h¡ H$s à`moJdmX Ed§ àJ{VdmX Ho$ H$B© H${d AnZr gr_mAm| H$mo bm±KH$a ZB© H${dVm H$s J{V_mZ, OZVm§{ÌH$ Ymam Ho$ gmW hmo Jò&

ZB© H${dVm _| d¡{dÜ`nyU© àd¥{Îm`m| Ho$ H${d h¡ {OZH$s ì`mnH$ OrdZ Ñ{ï> Zo CÝh| ~m§YH$a aIm h¡& H${dVm {dH$mg H$s A~mY na§nam H$m CX²J_ Z`r H${dVm h¡ {dÐmoh H${dVm H$m ñWm`r ̂ md h¡& N>m`mdmX _| 'ñWwb Ho$ à{V gwú_' H$m {dÐmoh Wm, àJ{VdmX _| 'ì`{ŠV Ho$ à{V g_wh H$m' à`moJdmX _| 'gm_w{hH$Vm Ho$ à{V d¡`{ŠVH$Vm' H$m Vmo ZB© H${dVm _| 'ì`{ŠVdm{XVm Ho$ à{V AmYw{ZH$Vm' H$m {dÐmoh h¡& ̀ h {dÐmoh {dH$mgmË_H$Vm H$m n[aMm`H$ h¡& H${dda n§V Zo h_o 'CÎmam{YH$marUr' H$hm h¡& {OZ_| g^r 'dmX' H$s àd¥{Îm`m± g_m{hV h¡& bú_rH$m§V d_m© Zo BgHo$ Mma _w»` VËd _mZo h¡- AmYw{ZH$Vm _| {dídmg, _wŠV ̀ WmW© H$m g_W©Z, {ddoH$ na AmYm[aV ̀ WmW© H$m gmjmËH$ma Am¡a jU VWm g_gm_m{`H$Vm H$m Xm{`Ëd& '' ̀ hr H$maU h¡ H$s Zò H${d`m| Zo 'AZw^d H$s àm_m{UH$Vm' na Omoa {X`m h¡, Am¡a 'n[adoe Ho$ à{V dh gOJ' h¡ Am¡a CZ_o§ 'AZmhV {OOr{dfm' ̂ ar h¡&

9.3 ZB© H${dVm: H$mì` àd¥{Îm`m±

AmµOmXr Ho$ ~mX _Ü`dJ© VWm {ZåZdJ© _o§ Am`m ñIbZ H$B© g_ñ`mAm| H$mo OÝ_ Xo MwH$m& _h§JmB©, [aídVImoar, ^«ï>mMma, ~oB©_mZr, H$mbm~mOmar, Om{V`Vm, gmåàXm{`H$Vm, Y_m©YVm, ̀ §Ì`wJ Ho$ H$maU ~‹T>Vr ~oamoOJmar, ̀ m¡Z OrdZ _| Am`m IwbmnZ, Qw>Q>Vo nm[admarH$ g§~§Y, ì`{ŠV _Z _| ~‹T>Vm VZmd, Am{X Zo `WmW© Ho$ jU H$s _hÎmm H$mo aoIm§{H$V {H$`m& bKw_mZd Ho$ ~hmZo CgH$s à{Vð>m, _hÎmm Oéar bJr& H$bmH$mam|, H${d`m| H$s Z¡{VH$ {Oå_oXmar Zo CZ_o ~¡M¡Zr, N>Q>nQ>mhQ>, Z¡amí` , VUmd Am¡a BZ g~Ho$ {déÜX à{V~ÜX g§Kf© H$s A{^ì`{ŠV Z`r H${dVm _| hþB©& _mZdr` g§~§Ym| Ho$ gmW AZw^y{V ì`{ŠV Ho$ {bE Z`r ̂ mfm H$m {Z_m©U hþAm Omo OZ-OZ H$s ^mdZm, H«$m§Vr, g§Kf©, AmñWm H$mo boH$a gnmQ>~`mZr, JÚmË_H$Vm, _wŠVN>§X H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmZo bJm& `wJrZ n[apñW{V Am¡a ì`{ŠV Ho$ nmañnm[aH$ g§Kf© Am¡a g_Ýd` H$mo H$mì` {df` Ho$ én _| Z`r H${dVm Zo pñdH$ma {H$`m& S>m°. aKwd§e Zo {bIm h¡- ''Z`r H${dVm AnZr A{^ì`{ŠV, àofUr`Vm VWm CnbpãY H$s Ñ{ï> go à`moJerb H${dVm Ho$ AmJo H$s pñW{V h¡ & à`moJerb H${dVm Zo naånam go {dÐmoh Ho$ én _| à`moJ VWm AÝdofU H$m _mJ© ñdrH$ma {H$`m Wm, na Z`r H${dVm Ho$ g§X^© _| do CgH$s àd¥{Îm Ho$ gyMH$ h¡& à`moJ ̀ wJ H$m H${d AnZo g§Kf© Ho$ à{V {ZpíMV Zht Wm, AmO H$m H${d AnZr gmar e§H$mAm| Ho$ ~rM AnZo ì`{ŠVËd Ho$ à{V AmñWmdmZ h¡& '' (gm{hË` H$m Z`m n[aàoú`)]

ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX AmµOmXr go CgH$m _moh^§J hmo J`m& ~mX _| ̂ r CgH$s gm_m{OH , Am{W©H$, amOZr{VH$ pñW{V _| H$moB© gwYma Zhr hmo nm`m& n[aUm_V: _Ü`dJ© _| AnZr pñW{V Ho$ à{V g§Kf© ̂ md CËnÝZ hþAm& Bg_| ̂ r CgZo {damoY H$mo nm`m, ''EH$ Amoa amï´>r` ñdmYrZVm Am¡a CÝZ{V go CgHo$ _Z _| AmñWm Am¡a {dídmg {Z_m©U hmo ahm Wm Vmo Xwgar Amoa AnZr ~T>Vr hþB© _hËdmH$m§jmAmo H$s ny{V© Z hmoZo go {Zamem Am¡a AdgmX go dh {Ka ahm Wm& '' Hw$N>

217

Eogr hr O{Q>b g_ñ`mE± CZHo$ gm_Zo Am`r Bgr àH$ma Ho$ ~XbVo _Zwî` VWm g_mO H$mo Z`r H${dVm Zo ì`ŠV {H$`m& CgH$s àd¥{Îm`m± {ZåZ h¡&

1. bKw _mZd Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd H$s ImoO Am¡a ñWmnZm:-

bKw _mZd H$m H$ënZm-~moY Z`r H${dVm H$s {d{eï>Vm h¡& ''Z`r H${dVm Zo {Og _mZd H$s H$ënZm H$s dh ì`mnH$ _mZd-AmË_m H$m bKwV_ ~moY H$hm J`m h¡& '' 'Z`r H${dVm' {H$gr ̂ r àH$ma Ho$ {damQ>Ëd Ho$ g_j _Zwî` Ho$ ApñVËd H$mo Zï> Zht H$aZm MmhVr'' {damQ>Ëd Ho$ gm_Zo ì`{ŠV Ho$ ApñVËd H$mo H${d`m| Zo g§H$Q> _| nm`m Bg{bE CÝhmoZo CgH$s _hÎmm H$mo H${dVm _| aoIm§{H$V H$a CgHo$ ApñVËd H$mo ~MmZm Mmhm& Bgr Zò _Zwî` H$mo bú_rH$m§V d_m© Zo 'bKw _mZd' H$hm& Am¡a CgH$s g~go ~‹S>r {deofVm h¡, CgH$s 'g§doXZm ^r‹S> H$s g§doXZm Zht h¡'... dh {ddoH$ Am¡a AmË_gmjmËH$ma na AmYm[aV g§doXZm h¡', dh Mmho {OVZr ZJÊ` hmo, Mmho {OVZr AdhobZm Ho$ ̀ mo½` hmo, Cg g_whdmX go A{YH$ _wë`dmZ h¡, Omo Ho$db ̀ §Ì Ûmam h_mar B§{Ð`m| H$mo Mm{bV H$aHo$ AnZm _ÝVì` Vmo {gÜX H$a boZm h¡ {H$ÝVw Omo Cg ^r‹S> H$s ha BH$mB© H$mo ImoIbm Ry>±‹T> ~ZmH$a N>mo‹S>> XoVm h¡& '' Zò bmoH$V§Ì Am¡a AÚmo{JH$ ì`dñWm go {Z{_©V Omo g§ñH¥${V-g_mO Zò H${d`m| H$mo {_bm Cg_| CgH$m {ddoH$ Am¡a ñdV§ÌVm AmhV hmo J`r& CZ_| Hw§$R>m n¡Xm hþB© Am¡a AnZr Bg g§nyU© pñW{V Ed§ 'na§namJV gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ ì`dñWm' à{V {dÐmoh H$m OÝ_ hþAm Am¡a ''Eogo _| _Zwî` H$s H$ënZm H$mo àmoËgmhZ {X`m Omo gmar ì`dñWm Ho$ gm_Zo N>moQ>m hmoVm hþAm ^r AnZr ñdV§ÌVm Am¡a {ddoH$ H$m {Z`ÝVm'' dh hmo J`m& bú_rH$m§V d_m© Ho$ AZwgma bKw _mZd H$s {ZåZ {deofVmE± h¡&

1. bKw _mZd Ho$ bKw n[adoe H$s ~mV BZ Hw§$R>mAm| go n¥WH$ h¡ Am¡a _mZdmZw^y{V Am¡a _mZd gmW©H$Vm Ho$ _hËd go g§~§ÜX h¡&

2. bKw _mZd H$m n[adoe AZw^y{V H$s JhamB© Am¡a {ddoH$ H$s _`m©Xm go àem{gV hmoVm h¡&

3. ^{dî` Ho$ à{V dh AnZr AñWm Vmo aIVm hr h¡, {H$ÝVw bKw n[adoe H$s gmW©H$Vm Ho$ gmW&

4. CgH$s A{^ì`{ŠV _| `h {dídmg ^r {Z{hV h¡ {H$ CgH$m ^md~moY {H$gr nyd© {ZpíMV {Z`{VdmX ̀ m M_ËH$ma go à^m{dV Zhr h¡&

5. ñdV§ÌVm H$s H$moB© Am¡a n[a^mfm {~Zm Bg _mZdr` ñVa Ho$ AWm©V bKw-_mZd Am¡a CgHo$ bKw n[adoe Ho$ nyar Zhr hmoVr&

6. dh OrdZ {H«$`merb Ho$ (`m {H«$`merb OrdZ Ho$) Cg én H$mo MmhVm h¡, {Og_| g_J«Vm hmo, g§H$sU©Vm Z hmo&

7. OrdZ H$s g_J«Vm H$m ì`dhm[aH$ én EH$-Xygao H$mo ghZ H$aZo _| h¡ Z {H$ Cg Aì`mdhm[aH$ Am{YnË` _|, {Og_| {damoYm| H$m Zme H$aHo$ Ho$db EH$ gÎmm éT> ì`{ŠV Ho$ à{V g_ñV MoVZm A{n©V hmo OmE&

Bggo bKw-_mZd H$s EH$ Eogr 'N~r' CâH$a AmVr h¡ Omo 'AnZo bKw n[adoe,

218

ñdV§ÌVm, {ddoH$ Am¡a OrdZ nÜX{V Ho$ à{V nyU©V… gOJ h¡&'' CÝhmoZo KmofUm H$s _mZd BH$mB© H$mo nyU© gå_mZ'' {X`m OmE& AWm©V Z`r H${dVm OrdZ àVr ñdm{^_mZ, gXd¥{Îm. AñWm aIVm h¡& Am¡a Eogo hr _Zwî` H$mo gOJ-bKw _mZd H$hm J`m& OJXre JwßV Ho$ eãXm| _| H$ho Vmo ''Z`m _Zwî` é{T>J«ñV MoVZm go _wŠV, _mZd _yë`m| Ho$ én _| ñdmV§Í` Ho$ à{V gOJ, AnZo ̂ rVa, AZmamo{nV gm_m{OH$ Xm{`Ëd H$m ñd§` AZw^d H$aZodmbm, g_mO H$mo g_ñV _mZdVm Ho$ {hV _| n[ad{V©V H$aHo$ Z`m én XoZo Ho$ {bE H¥$V-g§H$ën, Hw${Q>b ñdmW© ̂ mdZm go {daV, _mZd_mÌ Ho$ à{V jmo^ H$m AZw^d H$aVo dmbm, ha _Zwî` H$mo OÝ_V: g_mZ _mZZodmbm _mZd ì`{ŠVËd H$mo Cno{jV, {ZaW©H$ Am¡a ZJÊ` {gÜX H$aZodmbr {H$gr ^r X¡{dH$ e{ŠV `m amOZ¡{VH$ gÎmm Ho$ AmJo AZdaV, _Zwî` H$s A§Va§J-gXd¥{Îm Ho$ à{V AmñWmdmZ, àËòH$ ì`{ŠV Ho$ ñdm{^_mZ Ho$ à{V gOJ, Ñ‹T> Ed§ g§J{R>V AÝV:H$aU g§`wŠV, g{H«$` {H$ÝVw Anr‹S>H$, gË`{Zð> VWm {ddoH$g§nÝZ hmoJm&''

Z`r H${dVm _| Cgr _mZd H$mo _hËd {X`m J`m h¡, Omo {H$gr àH$ma ̂ r Abm¡{H$H$ e{ŠV go Ag§nÝZ hmo, gmYmaU OrOr{dfy hmo& _mZdoÎma Zht _mZdr hmo, H¥${Ì_ Zhr ñdm^m{dH$ d¥{Îm dmbm hmo& bKw-~ZH$a, ahH$a hr g§Kf© g§^d h¡& {damQ>, gwna‘¡Z go g§Kf© Zht M_ËH$ma hmoVm h¡& Omo _Zwî` ApñVËd H$mo ZH$maVm h¡& Z`r H${dVm CgHo$ Cno{jV, ho`, ApñVËd _| ñdV§ÌVm ̂ md H$m à{VnmXZ H$aVr h¡& XodamO Zo bKw-_mZd Am¡a Zò _Zwî` H$mo g§Vw{bV Ñ{ï> go XoIVo hþE CgH$s {deofVmAm| H$mo ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡&

1. dh AnZo Mmam| Amoa {~Iao n[adoe go {H$gr àH$ma H$s AmË_hrZVm AZw^d Zht H$aVm&

2. dh AnZr gr{_V e{ŠV H$mo {H$gr àH$ma H$s namO` H$m H$maU Zhr§ _mZVm, ~pëH$ g_` n‹S>Zo na AnZr g_ñV MoVZm go {H$gr ̂ r ~‹S>o g§H$Q> Ho$ {déÜX I‹S>m hmoZo H$m gmhg aIVm h¡&

3. dh {ZpíMV én go `h _mZVm h¡ {H$ BH$mB© H$s Apñ_Vm H$s gwajm Ho$ {~Zm gm_m{OH$-Apñ_Vm H$s gwajm H$m H$moB© AW© Zht h¡ Š`mo{H$ BH$mB© g_mO H$m à_wI VËd h¡&

4. dh _mZVm h¡ {H$ ì`{ŠV Am¡a ì`{ŠV Ho$ ~rM _mZdr`-_yë`m| Ho$ ñVa na H$moB© ̂ oX Zht hmoVm&

5. dh AnZo OrdZ-{Z_m©U _| {H$gr ̂ r Cg e{ŠV H$mo ̂ mJrXma Zht ~ZmZm MmhVm Omo H$mën{ZH$-_hËd go g§~ÜX h¡ Š`m|{H$ Eogm H$aHo$ Cgo AmO VH$ N>bm J`m h¡&

6. dh AnZo dV©_mZ Ho$ à{V nyU©V… gOJ h¡&7. dh AnZo ApñVËd H$m dmhH$ hmoZo na ̂ r {H$gr àH$ma gm_pîQ>H$Vm H$m {damoYr Zht

h¡ Š`m|{H$ _ybV… CgH$m g§Kf© gm_m{OH$Vm go Zhr, g_mO _| \¡$br _yë`hrZVm Am¡a AbmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ àd¥{Îm go h¡&

8. dh AnZr O` Am¡a namO` XmoZm| H$m daU ñd§` H$aVm h¡, VWm ̀ h à`mg H$aVm h¡ {H$ dV©_mZ Ho$ ñdén go ̂ {dî` H$m {ZYm©aU {H$`m OmE& gwI Am¡a Xw:I XmoZm| H$mo ^moJZo Ho$ {bE CgHo$ nmg OmJéH$ Ñ{ï> h¡&

219

2. AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY H$s nhMmZ …-

Z`r H${dVm _| AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY H$s nhMmZ H$m VmËn`© h¡- '_mZd pñW{V Ho$ gmjmËH$ma H$s {ZVm§V ZdrZ OmJéH$ nÜX{V', OrdZ H$s g_P H$s JË`mË_H$ àH¥${V', 'AnZo H$mb H$mo AmË_gmV H$aZo H$s AW©nyU© MoVZm', 'AW©nyU© OrdZ-_yë`m| H$mo àmá H$aZo H$s {d{Y,' 'n[adoe Ho$ à{V ì`{ŠV H$s gVV gOJVm' Am{X& '' BZH$m AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY n[adV©Zr` h¡, Bg_| H$moB© 'é‹T>' `m 'O‹S>' YmaUm Zht& Omo é{‹T>`m±, naånamE± n[adV©Z d '_Zwî` ñdV§ÌVm H$m {dH$mg' gmYZo Zht XoVr CgH$m {damoYr H$mì` h¡ Z`r H${dVm&

CgH$m `h AW© ^r Zht H$s dh g_¥ÜX AVrV na§nam Ho$ H$Q>r h¡& ~ëH$s CgHo$ JVrerb VËdm|, _yë`m|, {dídmgm|, H$mo Zò g¥OZmË_H$ g§Kf© j_Vm go CnOrì` ~ZmVr h¡& ̀ hr CgH$m ñdV§Ì {ddoH$ h¡, g_` Ho$ àVr à{V~ÜXVm Ed§ gOJVm h¡& ''Bggo'' AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY ì`{ŠV H$mo AnZm ghr Xm{`Ëd {Z~mhZo H$s Amoa ào[aV H$aVm h¡& AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s Ñ{ï> {ddoH$nyU© Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$s ñWmnZm H$aVr h¡& ì`{ŠV AnZo n[adoe H$mo g§dmaZo H$s {Xem _| {H«$`merb aho Am¡a {H$g J{V go {H$g Amoa Om ahm h¡ ̀ h g~ gmoMZo H$s e{ŠV AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY H$s eV© h¡&'' (S>m°. Za|Ð _mohZ… AmYw{ZH$Vm Am¡a g_H$mbrZ H${dVm gßVqgYy (Zd H$mì` {deofm§H$- EH$) AJñV, 1973 A§H$ 8, n¥. 22) AWm©V `h Ho$db ^m¡{VH$ {dH$mg gmYZo H$s Zhr _mZ{gH$ CÝZVr nmZo H$s H$mo{ee ̂ a h¡& Bg{bE Cg_| 'EH$ Amoa ñdrH¥${V h¡ Vmo Xygar Amoa AñdrH¥${V& ' dh OrdZ H$mo JVr, {dH$mg àXmZ H$a ahr h¡ H$s CgHo$ ApñVËd H$m Zme H$a ahr h¡, Bgr H$s Vbme h¡ Z`r H${dVm& S>m°. XodamO Ho$ AZwgma CgH$s {deofVmE± h¡-

1. AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY dh ghO; ñdm^m{dH$ Am¡a J{Verb à{H«$`m h¡, Omo OrdZ H$mo ghr g§X^© _| g_PZo H$s Ñ{ï> àXmZ H$aVr h¡&

2. `h _yb én _| nañna{damoYr Zht h¡- àË`wV ì`dñWm_wbH$ _w{ŠV H$s ̂ mdZm àYmZ hmoVr h¡&

3. AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY dh Ñ{ï> h¡ Omo _Zwî` _| {N>nr gO©ZmË_H$Vm H$mo _wI[aV H$aVr h¡ Am¡a Cgo gË` go grYo gmjmËH$ma Ho$ {bE V¡`ma H$aVr h¡&

4. AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY _| g§H$sU©VmAm| Ho$ {bE H$moB© ñWmZ Zht hmoVm, CgHo$ _yb _| _mZdVmdmXr Ñ{ï> hmoVr h¡&

5. AmYw{ZH$Vm-~moY H$moB© ~mh`mamo{nV VËd Zhr h¡, ~pëH$ àJ{Verb OrdZ Ho$ {dH$mg-H«$_ Ho$ AZÝVa àmßV MoVZm h¡, Omo _yë` Z hmoVo hþE ̂ r dmñV{dH$ OrdZ-_yë`m| Ho$ à{V gMoV H$aVr h¡&

3. AmñWm H$m ñda :-

Zò H${d H$m AnZo ì`{ŠVËd na ̂ amogm H$aVo h¡& do H${R>U go H${R>U {dnXm _| ̂ r AnZr AmñWm Ho$ ~b Cgo ghZo Ed§ Xya H$aZo H$m ^md CZ_| h¡& ^{dî` H$s CÁOdVm na CZH$m Ñ‹T> {dídmg h¡& OrdZ Ho$ `WmW© nj H$mo ^r do Bgr Ñ{ï> go XoIVo h¡& Bgr H$maU do OrdZ-g§Kf© go N>m`mdmXr`mo VWm à`moJdmXr`mo O¡gm nbm`Z Zht H$aVo& Cgo AnZmH$a

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CZ_| ̂ ar {dÐÿnVm H$mo Xya H$aVo h¡& Eogo g_` CZH$s H${dVm _| ì`§J Yma-Yma àdm{hV hmoVm h¡& AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ go ghmZw^y{V Am¡a gm¡hmÐ àm`… g_mßV hmo MwH$m h¡& _mZd-_mZd _| PyR> Am¡a K¥Um H$m ì`dhma MbVm Om ahm h¡& Bg àH$ma H$s '{nemM g§ñH¥${V' na H¡$bmg dmOno`r H$m ì`§½` XoIrE-

""{H$VZm AÀN>m h¡ g^r PyR> ~mobVo h¡ {H$VZm AÀN>m h¡

g^r K¥Um H$aVo h¡ An[aM` Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Ow‹S>Vo h¡ An[a{MV {~Nw>S>Vo h¡- ...Z H$moB© amoVm h¡

Z H$moB© h±gVm h¡ {H$VZm AÀN>m h¡ A~

ha H$moB© S>gVm h¡&''OrdZ ̀ WmW© H$s A{^ì`{ŠV H$aVo hþE Ho$db AmñWm hr CZ_o h¡ Eogm Zhr, S>a.

^`. AZmñWm, e§H$m, {Zamem, A{dídmg ^r CZ_| h¡& O¡go _w{ŠV~moY H$s 'A§Yoao _|' H$m Zm`H$ CZ g^r pñW{V`m| go JwOaH$a AnZo 'Jwé' H$m '{eî`' hmoVm h¡& VWm ~«÷amjg' 'OrdZ_yë`m| H$s ImoO _| ^Q>H$Vo g§emoYH$ H$s H$hmZr, Xw:I XX© Ho$ gmW ì`ŠV hþB© h¡& AmYw{ZH$ gm_mÝ` ì`{ŠV H$s ̀ h 'Q´>¡OS>r' ̂ r h¡ Vmo '~wpÜXOr{dVm' ̂ r& OrdZ MwZ¡{V`m| H$m pñdH$ma ̂ r Z`m H${d H$aVm h¡ Cg_o CËnÝZ {dfmŠV _Z…pñW{V H$mo ̂ r& {\$a ̂ r dh OrdZ _| AmñWm aIVm h¡&

4. jU- ~moY H$s A{^ì`{ŠV …-

Z`r H${dVm jUmZw^y{V H$mo A{YH$ _hËd XoVr h¡& g¥OZ Ho$ {bE jU hr ~moY OJmVo h¡& jU ~moY H$s AZw^y{V hr CZ H${d`m| Ho$ {bE gË` h¡& OrdZ jU-g§doXZm go ̂ am h¡& Cgr _| Cgo OrdZ Ho$ gwI Xw…I {_bVo h¡& Cggo hr OrdZ gVV n[adV©Zerb hmoVm h¡& jU H$s g§doXZm H$mo AZw^d H$aZm H$mì` _| Cgo gwa{jV H$aZm {\$a {H$gr Xwgao jU- g§doXZm H$mo OrZm, ''Bggo ñnîQ> h¡ {H$ àËòH$ jU AnZr gr_m _| hr JhZ AZw^y{V_wŠV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Bgr H$maU Z`r H${dVm _| jUmZw^y{V Ho$ A§H$Z H$mo n`m©ßV _hËd {X`m J`m h¡& '' XodamO Zo BgHo$ Xmo àH$ma _mZo h¡ EH$ gyú_ Am¡a Xwgam ñWwb, '' gyú_ jU _| H${d gË` Ho$ gmjmËH$ma H$amZo dmbo jU H$s AZw^y{V`m| H$mo ì`ŠV H$aVm h¡& ̀ h _w{ŠV H$m jU hmo gH$Vm h¡& .... O~{H$ ñWyb jU _| AgË`, ̂ m¡{VH$, Amg{ŠV`wŠV H$mbI§‹S> H$s A{^ì`{ŠV hmoVr h¡& '' jU AZw^y{VnyU© Ed§ Jhao hmoVo h¡& {Og_o 'ñWyb Ed§ gwú_' AZw^y{V`m± n¡Xm' hmo OmVr h¡, CgH$s AZw^y{V Ed§ ^mo½`m H$s VrZ pñW{V`m± XodamO Ho$ AZwgma hmoVr h¡- EH$ ñVa dh, {Og_| g§doXZm gwú_ Am¡a A{YH$ JhZ hmoVr h¡, Xygam dh {Og_| ñWyb H$mo ^moJH$a AZw^y{V EH$Ì H$aZo H$s AXå` bmbgm hmoVr h¡ Am¡a Vrgam dh {Og_| Xmo jUm| Ho$ Ow‹S>Zo H$m VZmd ahVm h¡& Bgo ì`{ŠV ̂ moJZm Zht MmhVm, {H$ÝVw Cgo ̂ moJZm n‹S>Vm h¡& '' (dhr-n¥-81)

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jUdmX H$s Z`r ñWmnZm hr Z`r H${dVm H$m {deof h¡& CgHo$ g§~§Y _| CZH$m {dMma h¡,'' jU H$mbhrZ hmoVm h¡, Cg_| gË` Am¡a ̀ WmW© Ho$ gmjmËH$ma H$s gdm©{YH$ JhZ pñW{V hmoVr h¡, Cg_| AJbo jU H$s àoaUm {N>nr hmoVr h¡, ̀ h gË` H$s CnbpãY H$amVm h¡, Bg_| AmË_m{^ì`{ŠV H$m gyú_ én {dÚ_mZ hmoVm h¡ Am{X& '' BÝhr H$maUm| go OrdZ Ho$ gm_mÝ` H$m`©-ì`mnma _| Z`m AW© ImoµOVm, âVm h¡& CgH$s Jhar nH$‹S> Ho$ H$maU H${dVm _m{_©H$ ~Z OmVr h¡& Z`r H${dVm _| jU~moY emídV OrdZ ~moY H$m {damoYr Zhr "~pëH$ Cgo àmá H$aZo H$s `WmW© à{H«$`m h¡& jU _| AZw^yV hmoZodmbm OrdZ Cëhmg Y_©dra ̂ maVr H$s H${dVm _| Am`m h¡- 'O~ H$moB© ̂ r _Zwî` AZmgŠV hmoH$a MwZm¡{V XoVm h¡ B{Vhmg H$mo Cg {XZ ZjÌm| H$s {Xem ~Xb OmVr h¡& {Z`Vr Zhr§ nydm©{ZYm©[aV CgH$s ha jU _mZd {ZU©` ~ZmVm {_Q>mVm h¡& ''

5. n[adoe Ho$ à{V gOJVm …-

AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY Am¡a AZw^d H$s àm_m{UH$Vm Ho$ H$maU Z`r H${dVm n[adoe Ho$ à{V gOJ h¡& {OgHo$ H$maU gm_m{OH$ ̀ WmW© H$m CX²KmQ>Z hþAm h¡& AnZo n[adoe à{V dh Xm{¶Ëd~moY H$mo pñdH$maVo h¡& bKw _mZd H$s Ñ{ï> H$mo _hËd XoZo Ho$ nrN>o H$s ̂ y{_H$m ̀ h ̂ r ahr h¡ Š`mo§{H$ AmYw{ZH$ H$mb _| gdm©{YH$ Cno{jV, ÌmgX, {dS>å~Zm go `wŠV OrdZ Cgr Ho$ {hñgo _| Am`m h¡& CgHo$ _Z _| CâH$a Am`m Z¡amí`, g§Ìmg, g§H$Q>~moY, g§Kf© H$s A{^ì`{ŠV H$s geŠVVm Zo Z`r H${dVm H$mo OrdZ Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>> {X`m h¡& g_mO AHo$bonZ Am¡a doXZm Ho$ H$maU g~go ~‹S>m Xw^m©½èmbr bKw _mZd hr ahm h¡& N>m`mdmX go boH$a à`moJdmX _| ì`{ŠV H$s pñW{V-J{V _| Omo ~Xbmd Am`m CgHo$ gmW Z`r H${dVm-g_` _| dh {ZnQ> AHo$bm Ed§ ÌmgX OrdZ OrVm ahm h¡& aKydra ghm` Zo H$hm h¡-

""{H$VZm AÀN>m Wm N>m`mdmXr EH$ Xw…I boH$a dh EH$ JmZ XoVm Wm

{H$VZm Hw$eb Wm àJ{VdmXr ha Xw…I H$m H$maU dh nhMmZVm Wm

{H$VZm _hmZ Wm JrVH$ma Omo Xw…I Ho$ _mao AnZr OmZ boVm Wm {H$VZm AHo$bm hÿ± _¢ Bg g_mO _| Ohm± gXm _aVm h¡ EH$ Am¡a _VXmVm&''

Z`r H${dVm H$m g§doXZerb H${d O~ amOZoVm H$m OZV§Ì Ho$ Zm_ na, em§VrdmXrVm Ho$ Zm_ na AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ \$ao~ H$aVo ZoVmAm| H$mo XoIVm h¡, Vmo dh {Vb{_bmh CR>Vm h¡ - lrH$m§V d_m© H$hVo h¡-

""Hw$N> bmoJ _y{V©`m ~ZmH$a ~oMoJ| em§{V H$s (AWdm fS>`§Ì H$s) Hw$N> Am¡a bmoJ gmam g_`

222

H$g_o ImòJ| bmoH$V§Ì H$s&

`WmW©, OZV§Ì Ho$ Zm_ na emofU V§Ì, X_Z V§Ì, fS>`§Ì, H$m geŠV {damoY _w{ŠV~moY H$s H${dVm _| hþAm h¡& 'A§Yoao _|' CZ g^r à{V{ð>V g_mO H$s {eZm»V dh H$aVm h¡& CZHo$ {damoY _| dh I‹S>m hmoVm h¡ ¶h EH$ MwZm¡Vr h¡& H$hVm h¡-

""A~ A{^ì`{ŠV Ho$ gmao µIVao CR>mZo hr hmoJ|& VmoS>Zo hmoJ| _T> Am¡a _T> g~''

Z`r H${dVm Zo Zò _mZd H$s à{Vð>m H$mì` _| H$s h¡& `hr CgH$m bú` ^r h¡& bú_rH$m§V d_m© Zo CgH$s gOJVm Ho$ g§~§Y _| H$hm h¡,'' Z`r H${dVm H$m AmJ«h {Og {deof VËd na h¡, dh Cg _mZd ì`{ŠVËd H$s ñWmnZm Am¡a CgH$s Cn`mo{JVm go {dH${gV hmoVm h¡, Omo g_ñV {dÐÿnVmAm| Am¡a H$Qw>VmAm| Ho$ ~mdOyX _Zwî` H$mo CgH$s _wb _`m©Xm Ho$ à{V, {ZOËd Am¡a ApñVËd Ho$ à{V OmJéH$ aIZm MmhVm h¡& '' ̀ hr H$maU h¡ H$s dh IVam| H$s CR>mVm h¡& X_KmoQw> n[adoe go _wŠV hmoZo Ho$ {bE ̂ mJVm-Xm¡‹S>Vm, g§Kf© H$aVm, AnZo-Amn go g§Kf© H$aVm {OOr{dfy ~ZVm h¡& {\$a do Ako` hmo ̀ m _w{ŠV~moY, lrH$m§V d_m© hmo ̀ m OJXre JwßV, aKwdra ghm` hmo ¶m H$sVu Mm¡Yar do g^r g_` Ho$ à{V gOJ h¡&

6. `WmW©dmXr Ñ{ï> …-`WmW© H$m à{VnmXZ àËòH$ H$mb H$m H${d H$aVm h¡ na§Vy CgHo$ à{V CgH$s

{d{^ÝZ Ñ{ï> H$m AmJ«h ̂ r hmoVm h¡& àJ{VdmXr`m| _| gm_m{OH$ ̀ WmW© Wm Vmo à`moJdmXr`m| _| ì`{ŠV `WmW©, `m A{V`WmW© dmX na§Vy Z`r H${dVm _| g_` `WmW© _| ~ZVo-{~JS>Vo ì`{ŠVËd Ho$ `WmW© H$mo H$mì` _| à{Vnm{XV {H$`m h¡& '_Zwî` H$m XX© _wbV: EH$ hr h¡ Am¡a AmO H$m H${d ~‹S>r B_mZXmar Ho$ gmW Cgo g§doXZmnyU© T>§J go ì`ŠV H$aVm h¡& ' Ako` Zo H$hm h¡-

''.... ̀ o Ag§»` Am°Io Wr

XX© g^r _| Wm OrdZ H$m XX© g^r Zo OmZm''

àJ{Verbm| H$s Vah Ho$db Hw§$R>mAmo AmË_H|${ÐVVm Ed§ ̀ m¡Z dO©ZmAm| H$mo ̀ WmW© Ho$ én _| Z pñdH$maVo hþE Cgo g_J« gm_w{hH$ én _| AnZm`m h¡&

7. OrdZmZw^dm| Ho$ à{V B_mZXma :-n[adoe àVr gOJVm Am¡a gm_w{hH$ ̀ WmW© Ho$ MbVo OrdZmZw^dm| à{V dh gOJ

h¡& AmYw{ZH$ ì`{ŠV _| {N>nH$a Xygam| na AmH«$_U H$aZodmbo qhó newËd H${d _Z _| ̂ r H¡$go OmJVm h¡, CgH$m CXmhaU _w{ŠV~moY H$s H${dVm 'Am¡am§J-CQ>m±J' _| Am`m h¡&

ñd`§ H$s J«rdm na\o$aVm hÿ± hmW {H$

223

H$aVm hÿ± _hgygEH$mEH$ JaXmZ na CJr hþB©gKZ Am`mb Am¡aeãXm| na CJo hþE ~mb VWmdmŠ`m| _| Am¡am±J... CQ>m°§J Ho$

~T>o hþE ZmIyZ&''OrdZ H$s AZoH$ g_ñ`mAm| H$mo XoIH$a dh {dH$Q> pñW{V _| n‹S>> OmVm h¡& OrdZ

_| Am`r hþB© ApñWaVm H$m ~moY ̂ r CZ_| OJVm h¡& Eogr H${R>UmB©`m| Ho$ {déÜX ̂ r dh I‹S>m hmoVm h¡& O¡go _w{ŠV~moY '_R>' Am¡a 'JR>' Vmo‹S>Zo H$m H¥$V g§H$ën H$aVo h¡ na§Vy Xwî`§VHw$_ma _| ^r EH$ àH$ma H$m ì`W©Wm ~moY-AZw^d CâH$a AmVm h¡-

""`h g_§Xa h¡`hm± Ob h¡ ~hþV Jham&`hm± ha EH$ H$m X_ \y$bAmVm h¡&`hm± na V¡aZo H$s Moï>m ̂ rì`W© bJVr h¡&''

AZoH$ KQ>Zm àg§Jm| _| Z`r H${dVm Ho$ H${d`m| Zo OrdZ-AZw^dm| H$mo B_mZXmar go ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡&

8. Cno{jV OZgmYmaU H$m H$mì` …-am‘ñdén MVwd}Xr Ho$ AZwgma ''Z`r H${dVm AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m Vrgam Xm¡a h¡ Omo

ñdmYrZ ̂ maV H$s nhbr aMZmË_H$Vm h¡& ñnï> hr A~ VH$ amï´>r`Vm H$m AmJ«h _§X hmo MwH$m h¡, Am¡a Cg Ho$ ñWmZ na ì`mnH$ OZ-MoVZm H$m X~m~ ~T>m h¡& Bg én _| EH$ Vah go amï´> H$s AdYmaUm gm_mÝ` OZg_wh go EH$mH$ma hþB© h¡, {deofV… OZg_wh Ho$ Cg {hñgo go Omo AnojmH¥$V gmYZhrZ h¡& aMZm-qMVZm _| gmYZhrZ Cno{jV OZg_wh Ho$ Ho$ÝÐ _| AmZo Ho$ nrN>o ̂ r EH$ b§~r à{H«$`m {Z{hZ h¡& '' do Bg à{H«$`m H$m Ama§^ ̂ maVr` H$mìèmór` Cg na§nam Ho$ {damoY _| _mZVo h¡, Ohm± XodVm `m {H$gr CÀMHw$brZ _Zwî` H$mo hr H$mì` H$m M[aVZm`H$ ~Zm`m' OmZo H$s na§nam Wr, CgH$s OJh ~§Jmb Ho$ _mBHo$b _YwgwXZ Ho$ '_oKZmW dY' (1861 B©.) go _mZVo h¡&''Bg H$mì` _| nhbr ~ma na§nam go {VañH¥$V Am¡a bm§{N>V amjg-d§e Ho$ _oKZmX H$mo ghmZw^y{V XoVo hþE Cgo Zm`H$ én _| ñWm{nV {H$`m J`m h¡& `h OmZZm AnZo _| amoMH$ h¡ {H$ _mBHo$b Ho$ Cg amdUd§er` H$mì` H$m (H$B© AÝ` H$mì`m| H$m ^r) nÚ AZwdmX qhXr _| am_ Ho$ AZÝ` ̂ ŠV H${d _¡{WbreaU JwßV Zo {H$`m& AnZr _m¡{bH$ aMZm _| Vmo H${d Zo ñd§` BVZm gmh{gH$ H$X_ Vmo Zhr§ CR>m`m na 'gmHo$V' _| H¡$H$`r H$m M[aÌm§H$Z EH$ A^yVnyd© ghmZw^y{V Ho$ gmW Adí` {H$`m& '' ... Bg na§nam _| gyV-nwÌ H$U©, {ZfmX, Hw$b H$m EH$bì` Am{X à_wI h¡& {XZH$a (aí‘raWr) am_Hw$_ma d_m©, (EH$bì`) OJXre JwßV (e§å~wH$), Ho$XmaZmW {_l 'à^mV (F$Vå~am) Zaoe _ohVm (e~ar) AmXr& Z`r

H${dVm H$m `h 'JwUmË_H$ n[adV©Z' Cno{jV M[aÌm| H$mo gm{hË` Ho$ H|$Ð _| bm`m& 'g_J«

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OrdZmZw^d H$mì` `mo½`' hþAm&''AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ nhbo Xm¡a _| Zm`H$ H$s n[aH$ënZm ~Xbr JB©: YamoXÎm amOm-XodVm ̀ m _Zwî`-Ho$ ñWmZ na gm_mÝ` _Zwî` ̀ m amjg ̂ r H$mo H$mì` H$m Zm`H$ ~Zm`m J`m& Z`r H${dVm ì`{ŠVJV Zm`H$s` M[aÌ H$mo ~XbZo Ho$ gmW-gmW nyar {df` n[aH$ënZm H$mo ~Xb XoVr h¡& '' A~ H$moB© ag à_wI Zht ahm Z H$mì` {df` H$s OmVr-dM©ñd JV loð>Vm& {dZ_« T>§J go na§nam g§n¥ŠV 'bKw _mZd' H$mo H$mì` _| bmVr h¡& ''_mZmo H${dVm H$s hr {\$a go ewéAmV hr OmVr h¡ ̀ hm±& d¥V ̀ m| nyam Kw_ OmVm h¡& '' àJ{Verb ̀ WmW© Ho$ à{V ̀ h OmJéH$Vm Z`r H${dVm H$s {d{eï>Vm h¡& à~§Y Ho$ gmW H${dVm _| ̂ r ̀ hr ̂ md-g§doXZ ì`ŠV hþAm h¡& _w{ŠV~moY, {J[aOmHw$_ma _mWya, Xwî`§VHw$_ma, aKwdra ghm` H$s H${dVmE± BgH$m gmú` h¡& Z`r H${dVm Ho$ nmg-

''AmO Xw{Z`m Ho$ H$amoS>m| AmX_r gh aho h¡ Yyn gXu Am¡a Z‘r {OÝXJr H$m EH$ ̂ r gmYZ Zht ~g VnVr Yyn h¡, gmdZ Zht&''

`hr Cg ì`{ŠV H$m M[aÌ h¡ Omo g{X`m| go nN>m‹S> Im J`m Wm, ~{hîH¥$V Wm A~ dh ̂ r 'bKw' Ho$ ̂ rVa '{damQ>'Ëd H$mo boH$a CnpñWV hþAm h¡&

9. ì`§J H$s àYmZVm :-ì`§½` gwYma H$s ̂ mdZm go ào[aV hmoVm h¡& ''Z`r H${dVm _| ì`{ŠV, g_mO Am¡a ̀ wJ

VrZm| H$s {df_-X`Zr` pñW{V`m| na ì`§½` {H$E JE h¡& Ako` H$s 'gm±n' Am¡a ̂ dmZràgmX {_l H$s 'JrV \$amoe' O¡gr H${dVmAm| _| _mZdr` Agm_§Oñ`m| H$s {MÝVZr` pñW{V H$m {MÌU {H$`m J`m h¡& '' OJXre JwßV Zo H$hm h¡, ZdboIZ _| EH$ àYmZ ñda ì`§½` Am¡a {dÐÿn H$m h¡, {OgH$m g§~§Y Xoe H$s {df` n[apñW{V`m| VWm _yë`hrZVm H$s X`Zr` XemAm| go h¡, N>moQ>r-_moQ>r BYa H$s aMZmAm| Zo AË`ÝV gmhg Ho$ gmW BZ na Jhar MmoQ> H$s h¡& '' ì`§½` Ho$ O[aE dh g_mO H$mo ~XbZm MmhVm h¡, Z¡{VH$Vm _| gwYma bmZm MmhVm h¡&

ì`§J Ho$ gmW Ow‹S>m EH$ Am¡a _yë` Z`r H${dVm _| h¡ Am¡a dh h¡ ''AZwHy$b A{^ì`{ŠV H$m ñdén'' CgHo$ à{V B_mZXmar& Z`r H${dVm Zo na§namJV _mZX§S>m|, é‹T>, _mÝ`VmAm| Ed§ g‹S>o-Jbo _yë`m| H$mo AñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡& CgZo g§nyU© emgZV§Ì Ed§ ì`dñWm Ho$ {déÜX {dÐmoh {H$`m h¡, AnZo T>m|Jr n[adoe H$m nXm©\$me {H$`m h¡& '- Eogo g_` ̂ r H${d`m| Zo ì`§½` H$m ~‹S>m gw§Xa à`moJ {H$`m h¡-

""_¡§ Agä` hÿ± Š`mo{H$ Iwbo Z§Jo nm§dm| MbVm hÿ± .. .. ..

Amn gä` h¡ Š`mo{H$ hdm _| CS> OmVo h¡ CnaAmn gä` h¡ Š`mo{H$ AmJ ~agm XoVo h¡ ̂ y na...Amn gä` h¡ Š`mo{H$ O~‹S>o IyZ gZo h¡Amn ~‹S>o qM{VV h¡ _oao {nN>‹S>onZ Ho$ _maoAmn gmoMVo h¡ {H$ grIVm ̀ h ̂ r T>§J h_mao_¢ CVmaZm Zht MmhVm Om{hb AnZo ~mZo

225

YmoVr-Hw$aVm ~hþV Omoa go {bnQ>mò hÿ± ̀ mZo!''AWdm CZH$s à{gÜX ì`§½` H${dVm 'JrV \$amoe' H${d H$s X`Zr` pñW{V Ho$

gmW, gm_m{OH$Cnojm H$mo ì`§½` _| C^maVr h¡-''... ̀ m ̂ rVa OmH$a nyN> AmBE Amn,h¡ JrV ~oMZm d¡go {dëHy$b nmn,Š`m H$ê$± _Ja bmMma hma H$a JrV ~oMVm hÿ±!

Or hm±, hþOya _¢ JrV ~oMVm hÿ±&''

10. _mZdVmdmXr ñda:-Zò H${d g^r àH$ma Ho$ dmXm| go _wŠV h¡, do Ho$db _mZdVmdmXr h¡& 'dmX'

g§H$sU©Vm h¡ Am¡a do g§H$sU© hmoZm Zht MmhVo& CZH$s H${dVmAm| _| dmX {deof H$mo nm`m Om gH$Vm h¡ na do {H$gr Iw§Q>o go ~§Yo CZH$m g_W©Z H$aVo h¡ Eogm Zht& am¡§Xr J`r _mZdVm Cno{jV d§{MVmo Ho$ Xw…I, H$éUm à{V ghmZw^y{V Z`r H${dVm H$s {deofVm h¡& dh g^r Ho$ àíZ AnZr AmJmoe _| boH$a MbVm& g^r H$s A{^ì`{ŠV H$aVm h¡, dh Mwn ah hr Zht gH$Vm& O¡go Xwï>m§VHw$_ma H$hVo h¡-

""_wP_| ahVo h¡ H$amoS>m| bmoJ Mwn H¡$go ahÿ± ha JµOb A~ gëVZV Ho$ Zm_ ~`mZ h¡&''

dh H$ënZm H$s D±$Mr C‹S>mZ, Ho$ én _| H${dVm Zht H$aVm& AnZr H${dVm H$mo AnZo go Ka, n[adma, g_mO, Xoe go Omo‹S>Zm MmhVm h¡& ̀ hr H$maU h¡ H$s {_Å>r H$s J§Y, hdm, Yyn Am¡a a§J boH$a H${dVm {bIVm h¡& R>rH$ Bgr OJh CZH$s H${dVm bmoH$moÝ_wI hmo OmVr h¡- Am¡a H${dVm _|, ''hÅ>o-H$Å>o hmS>m| dmbo/Mm¡S>r, MH$br H$mR>r dmbo/WmoS>r IoVr ~mS>r aŠIo/Ho$db ImVo-nrVo OrVo/H$ËWm,MyZm,bm¢J gwnmar/Vå~mHw$ Im nrH$ CJbVo/MbVo {\$aVo ~¡‹R>o ‹R>mS>o/J§Xo è go YaVr a§JVo/Jw‹S>-Jw‹S>-Jw‹S>-Jw‹S> hþ¸$m nH$‹S>o/Iy~ Y‹S>mHo$ YwAm± CS>mVo/\w$h‹S> ~mVm| H$s MMm© Ho$/\$m¡dmao \¡$bmVo OmVo/XrnH$ H$s N>moQ>r ~mVr Wr/_ÝXr C{O`mar Ho$ ZrMo/KÊQ>m| Amëhm gwZVo-gwZVo/gmo OmVo h¡ _wXm© O¡go& '' bmoH$OrdZ H$s g_¥ÜX ~mX-nmZr go H${dVm ^r g_¥ÜX hmo OmVr h¡& CXma-_mZdr` hmo OmVr h¡& Zò OrdZmXe© H$mo ñWm{nV H$aVr h¡&

BZ _w»¶ àd¥{Îm`m| Ho$ Abmdm ~m¡pÕH$Vm H$s ì`mnH$Vm, 'Agån¥{ŠV', 'nam`mnZ', 'AOZ~rnZ', ào_, Zmar, àH¥${V, ag_`Vm Am{X _hËdnyU© h¡& A~ H${d Eogr pñW{V _| Am J`m h¡ H$s CgH$s _m¡{bH$Vm, JhamB©, Vrd«Vm, g§doXZm, ì`mnH$Vm, {díd_mZdVm H$mo dh Zht CZH$s H${dVm '~moboJr' gmao 'ôX' 'ImoboJr' aKwH$a ghm` H$hVo h¡-

''~mV ~moboJr h_ ZhtôX ImoboJr ~mV hr&''

226

11.{eënJV {deofVm…-à`moJdmXr`m| H$s {eën àd¥{Îm H$m à^md Z`r H${dVm _| {XImB© XoVm h¡& {~å~,

àVrH$, ZdrZ AàñVwV {dYmZ Am{X H$m à`moJ nyd©dVu H${dVm Ho$ gmW Z`r n[adV©Z Ñ{ï> go {H$`m J`m h¡& Z`r H${dVm Ho$ ̂ rVa A{^ì`{ŠV H$s gåàofUr¶Vm H$m àíZ _hËdnyU© hmo MwH$m h¡& ̂ mfm ga§MZm, ̂ mfm à`moJ, AZw^m{dV g§doÚ-VËd, J{VerbVm H$s Ñ{ï> go Z`r H${dVm H$s ̂ mfm {d{eï> h¡&

A. ^mfm:-Zò H${d`m| _| ̀ h {dMma nZnm H$s 'naånamJV ̂ mfm go ̀ wJ-OrdZ Ho$ ghr {MÌU

H$s Amem Zht H$s Om gH$Vr Wr& _yb én _| ̀ hr H$maU Wm {Ogg| Zò H${d H$mo ̂ mfm g§ñH$ma H$s Amdí`H$Vm n‹S>r& '' Z`r H${dVm ̂ mfm H$s {deofVm ̀ h h¡ H$s 'dh {H$gr EH$ nÜX{V _| ~§YH$a Zht MbVr' {H$ÝVw à^m{d Ed§ geŠV A{^ì`{ŠV Ho$ {bE CËH¥$ï> H${d ~mobMmb H$s ^mfm-à`moJ H$mo àmYmÝ` XoVm h¡& Z`r H${dVm ̂ r Cgr H$m ñdrH$ma H$aVr h¡& ̂ dmZr àgmX H$s 'gVnw‹S>m Ho$ O§Jb' H${dVm O§Jb àH¥${V Am¡a àd¥{Îm XmoZmo§ H$mo gm_Zo bmVr h¡& AmemoH$ dmOno`r H$s H${dVm 'eha A~ ̂ r g§^mdZm h¡, H$m CXmhaU XodamO Zo {X`m h¡, ''_m±/bm¡Q>H$a O~ AmD$±Jm/Š`m bmD$±Jm/`mÌm Ho$ ~mX H$s WH$mZ/gyQ>Ho$g _| Ka â Ho$ {bE H$nS>|/{_R>mB`m±, {Ibm¡Zo/~‹S>r hmoVr ~hZm| Ho$ {bE/A§XmO go Z`r \¡$eZ H$s Mßnb|/''

g§ñH¥$V, A§J«oOr CXy©, OZnXr` ~mobr-eãX H$m à`moJ Z`r H${dVm _| hþAm h¡& {ÌbmoMZ, Ho$XmaZmW AJ«dmb, Yw{_b, gd}ída Am{X _| ¶h XoIo OmVo h¡& 'bmoH$ ̂ mfm, bmoH$ YyZ' Am¡a 'bmoH$ g§ñH¥${V' H$m à`moJ 'Jr{V gm{hË`' _| hþAm h¡& Ako` H$s H$bJr ~mOao H$s H${dVm CËH¥$ï> CXm h¡&

Z`r H${dVm Ho$ Zò _whmdao ^mfm H$mo 'gmd©OZrH$' ~ZmVo h¡& ^mfm H$m gmYmaUrH$aU Z`r H${dVm H$s {d{eï>Vm h¡& H$ht H$hr gnmQ>~`mZr ̀ m 'dŠVì` Zw^m' ̂ mfm H$m à`moJ ̂ r àMwa hþAm h¡& Yw{_b Am{X H$s ̂ mfm Bgr àH$ma H$s h¡&

gm_mÝ` AmX_r, gm_mÝ` ̂ mfm CZH$s Im{g`V h¡-""am§nr go CR>r hþB© Am±Imo§ Zo _wPojUâ Q>Q>mobmAm¡a {\$aO¡go n{V`mVo hþE ñda _|dh h±gVo hþE ~mobm-~m~yOr! gM H$hÿ±-_oar {ZJmh _|Z H$moB© N>moQ>m h¡Z H$moB© ~‹S>m h¡_oao {bE, ha AmX_r EH$ Omo‹S>r OwVm h¡Omo _oao gm_Zo _aå_V Ho$ {bE I‹S>m h¡&''

Z`r H${dVm _| JÚ ̂ mfm H$m à`moJ ̂ r gd© pñdH¥$V hmo J`m h¡& A{YH$ma bå~o Mm¡‹S>o dmŠ`, dŠVì` XoVo, ~mV g_PmVo, dU©Z H$aZo Bgr àH$ma H$s ̂ mfm à`wŠV hþB© h¡& Ako` H$s

227

H${dVm H$m EH$ CXmhaU-''Am¡a EH$ Mm¡Wm _moQ>a _¢ ~¡R>Vm hþAm Mnamgr go \$mBb| CR>dmEJm-

EH H$moB© ~r_ma ~ÀMo H$mo ghbmVm hþAm AmídmgZ XoJm-XoImo, hmo gH$m Vmo Oéa bo AmD$±Jm'- Am¡a EH$ H$moB© AmídmgZ H$s AgmaVm OmJVm hþAm ̂ r _wñH$mamH$a H$hoJm-

'hm±, Oéa, ̂ ybZm _V&'Bggo Š`m {H$ EH$ H$s H$_a PwH$s hmoJrAm¡a EH$ C_§J go Jm ahm hmoJm- '_mogo J§Jm Ho$ nma......'Am¡a EH$ Ho$ Mí_o H$m H$m±M Qy>Q>m hmoJmAm¡a EH$ Ho$ ~ñVo _| ñHw$b H$s {H$Vm~| Am{Y go A{YH$ \$Q>r hþB© hmoJr?EH$ Ho$ Hw$aVo H$s Hw$h{Z`m± {N>Xr hm|Jr,EH$ Ho$ {ZH$a _o ~Q>Zm| H$m ñWmZ EH$ AmbnrZ Zo {b`m hmoJm&

Z`r H${d`m| Ho$ aMZmAm| _| {MÝh g§Ho$Vm| go ̂ r H${dVm n§{ŠV`m± {bIr Om MwH$s h¡& EH$ eãX EH$ n§{ŠV ~Zm h¡& Vmo Xwgar Amoa {dam_, AY©{dam_, nyU©{dam_ Ho$ {MÝhm| H$mo {Vbm§O{b Xr J`r h¡& O¡go-

""^mfU _| Omoe h¡nmZr hr nmZr h¡naH$s M ‹S>Im_moe h¡''

_wŠVN>§X H$m, _wŠVH$ e¡br H$m ñdrH$ma Z`r H${dVm Ho$ Ymam _| hþAm h¡& O{Q>b Ed§ CbPr hþB© AZw^y{V`m| H$mo ì`ŠV H$aVo g_` O¡gm Mmhm d¡gm à`moJ hþAm h¡& BgH$m| XodamO ^mfm joÌ _| '{dÐmoh' H$hVo h¡ Am¡a BgHo$ nrN>o 'M_ËH$ma H$s Anojm {ddeVm' H$s A{YH$Vm _mZVo h¡& '~Xbo hþE n[ade H$mo {M{ÌV H$aZo Ho$ {bE' CÝhm|Zo 'EH$ Eogm _whmdam ñdrH$ma H$a {b`m Wm, {OgHo$ AZwgma AmnmX-_ñVH$ H$sM‹S> go âo _mZd H$mo ^r _mZd Vw_ g~go gw§XaV_ H$hZm Oéar Wm&'' Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo Zo ̂ mfm H$mo hr Zò g§ñH$ma {Xò& àJ{V-à`moJ H$mb H$s Anojm Z`r H${dVm H$s ̂ mfm-e¡br Z`r hr ahr h¡&

Am. à{VH$Z`r H${dVm _| na§namJV VWm Zò àVrH$m| H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡& Hw$N> H${d`m| Ho$

H${dVm erf©H$ hr àVrH$mË_H$ h¡ Ako` H$s 'ZXr Ho$ Ûrn', gmJa VQ> H$s gr{n`m±, _w{ŠV~moY H$s '~«h_amjg', '^yb-JbVr' 'bH$‹S>r H$m amdU' A§Yoao _| 'A§Yoam, H$mbm nhmS>, {VbH$ H$s _wVu, Jm§Yr, AmH$me _| VmbñVm` AmXr àVrH$ hr h¡&

'~«÷amjg' dV©_mZ _| ~mh`m§VarH$ g§Kfm} Ho$ ~rM nr{‹S>V _mZd H$m àVrH$ h¡, Vmo 'bH$‹S>r H$m amdU' emofH$ gÎmm H$m Am¡a 'dmZa OZdmXr H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| Ho$ àVrH$ h¡& '' ~‹T> Z

228

Om`& N>m Z Om`& _oar Bg A{ÛVr`/gÎmm Ho$ {eIam| na ñdUm©^/h_bm Z H$a ~¡R>o IVaZmH$/ Hw$hao Ho$ OZV§Ìr& dmZa ̀ o Za ̀ o&''

Z`r H${dVm _| VrZ àVrH$ énm| H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡& EH$ {OZH$m g§~§Y ^maVr` H$mìèmó H$s na§nam go h¡& BZ_| àmH¥${VH$, n¡am{UH$, Eo{Vhm{gH$, AÝ`mo{ŠV _ybH$, énH$ _ybH$ Am¡a {~å~ _ybH$ Am{X AmVo h¡& Xwgao do àVrH$ h¡ {OÝh| Zò H${d`m| Zo J‹T>m h¡& Am¡a Vrgao do àVrH$ h¡ Omo ̂ maVr` gm{hË` _| {H$gr EH$ ̂ md-~moY Ho$ à{V{Z{Y h¡ VWm Xygao Xoem| Ho$ gm{hË` _| {H$gr Xygao ̂ md-~moY Ho$ {H$ÝVw Zò H${d`m| Zo Xygao Xoe H$s _mÝ`Vm Ho$ AmYma na hr CÝh| AnZo H$mì` _| à`wŠV {H$`m h¡-

''bmo {j{VO Ho$ nmg-dh CR>m Vmam, Aao! dh bmb Vmam Z`Z H$m Vmam h_mamgd©hmam H$m ghmam''

_| ̂ maV^yfU AJ«dmb Zo 'bmb Vmam' ê$gr H«$m§Vr Ho$ én _| à`wŠV {H$`m h¡ O~H$s ^maV _| dh AneHw$Z H$m àVrH$ _mZm OmVm h¡& Ako` H$s 'gm±n' '~mdam Amhoar' Bgr àH$ma H$s H${dVm h¡& I§S>H$mì¶m| _| n¡am{UH$ àVrH$m| H$m àMya à`moJ hþAm h¡& H$U©, ÐmoU, A{^_Ý`y, EH$bì`, AídËWm_m, grVm, ÐmonXr, Am{X&

B. {~å~:- {~å~ H$mo _wV© eãX-{MÌ H$hVo h¡& H${dVm Ho$ {bE dh _hËdnyU© gmYZ h¡ Omo H${d

AZw^y{V H$mo à^mdj_Vm Ho$ gmW nmR>H$m| VH$ nhÿ±MmVm h¡& ñd§`{Z{_©V _m¡{bH$ {~§å~ H$m àMya à`moJ Z`r H${dVm _| hþAm h¡& {~å~ H$B© àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¡& _w{ŠV~moY Zo {~å~m| H$m g_W© à`moJ H${dVm _| {H$`m h¡& CÝhm|Zo _mZd-öX` H$s O{Q>bVm H$mo EH$ àmH¥$V Jwhm Ho$ g_mZ {~§~ _mZm h¡- ''^y{_ H$s gVhm| Ho$ ~hÿV ZrMo/A§{Y`mar EH$mÝV/àmH¥$V Jwhm EH$&''

H$B© d¡km{ZH$ q~~m| H$m à`moJ AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ H$mo ì`ŠV H$aZo Ho$ {bE _w{ŠV~moY Zo {H$`m h¡-

{gVmao Amg_mZr N>moa/na \¡$bo hþE/AZ{JZV Xe‘bd go/Xe‘bd-q~XyAmo§ Ho$ gd©V…/ngao hþE CbPo J{UV _¡XmZ _|&

AWdm-EH$ EH$ dñVw `m EH$-EH$ àmUm{½Z-~_ h¡/ò na_mó h¡, àjonmó h¡, `_

h¡/eyÝ`mH$me _| go hmoVo hþE do/Aao, A[a na hr Qy>Q> n‹S>o A{Zdma&àjonmó, eodboQ>-S>mO, ao{S>`mo EpŠQ>d aËZ, H¡$_am, ao\«$sOaoQ>a O¡go q~~ {_bVo

h¡ Omo nyar Vah AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ g§doXm| H$mo ì`ŠV H$aVo h¡& àVrH$mË_H$ q~~m| H$m Vmo IµOmZm hr Z`r H${dVm _| h¡& _w{ŠV~moY _| ~«÷amjg, A§Yr Jw\$m, ̂ yV AmXr& Ho$ gmW hr g§e` H$s EH$ amV, H$Zw{à`m, AgmÜ`drUm, ‘mo{Mam^, Am{X _| H$B© q~~m| H$mo àñVwV {H$`m J`m h¡& _Zmod¡km{ZH$ VWm ̀ m¡Z q~~m| H$mo ̂ r à`wŠV {H$`m J`m h¡& na§Vy CÎmamoÎma Z`r H${dVm Zo q~~m| H$s OJh gnmQ>~`mZr dŠVì` {Xò h¡& ~mX Ho$ H${d`m| Zo g§^dV… q~~mo§ H$mo H$mì` H$m gmYH$ _mZZo Ho$ ~Om` ~mYH$ hr _mZm h¡& Ho$XmaZmW qgh O¡go H${d {OÝho q~~m| H$m H${d H$hm OmVm h¡ do ̂ r H$h aho h¡-

229

""Vw_Zo Ohm± {bIm h¡ 'ß`ma'dhm± {bI Xmo 'g‹S>H$'\$H©$ Zht n‹S>Vm& _oao ̀ wJ H$m _whmdam h¡\$H©$ Zht n‹S>VmAm¡a ̂ mfm Omo _¢ ~mobZm MmhVm hÿ°_oar {Ohdm na Zht~pëH$ Xm±Vm| Ho$ ~rM H$s OJhm| _|-

gQ>r hþB© h¡&''S>m°. Zm_da qgh Zo R>rH$ H$hm h¡- 'dñVwV: Bg q~~-_moh Ho$ Qy>Q> Zo H$m H$maU

gm_m{OH$ Am¡a Eo{Vhm{gH$ h¡& N>R>o XeH$ Ho$ A§V Am¡a gßVd| XeH$ Ho$ Ama§^ _| gm_m{OH$ pñW{V BVZr {df_ hmo CR>r {H$ CgH$s MwZm¡{V Ho$ gm_Zo q~~-{dYmZ H${dVm Ho$ {bE AZmdí`H$ ^ma àVrV hmoZo bJm& {Og àH$ma gZ 36' VH$ AmVo-AmVo ñd§` N>m`mdmXr H${d`mo§ H$mo ̂ r gw§Xa eãXm| Am¡a {MÌm| go bXr hþB© H${dVm {Z…gma bJZo bJr, Cgr àH$ma gZ 60' Ho$ Amg-nmg ZB© H${dVm H$s q~~-Y{_©Vm H$s {ZaW©H$Vm H$m Ehgmg hmoZo bJm& g_ñ`m n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ grYo 'gmjmËH$ma' H$s Wr, àíZ ha MrO H$mo CgHo$ ghr Zm_ go nwH$maZo H$m Wm, Š`mo{H$ O¡gm {H$ Ho$XmaZmW qgh Zo H$hm h¡-

""MrO| EH$ Eogo Xm¡a go JwOa ahr h¡{H$ gm_Zo H$s _oO H$mo grYo _oO H$hZmCgo dhm± go CR>mH$a AkmZ Anam{Y`m| Ho$ ~rM aI XoZm h¡&''

~mX _| ''{MÌ_`Vm H$mo ImoE {~Zm Cgo (H${dVm) H$mo amoO‘am© H$s Ord§VVm Xr'' J`r& 'VmOr H${dVm' Ho$ Xm¡a _| bú_rH$m§V d_m© Zo 'Z§Jr' ̂ mfm à`moJ H$s AmJ«herbVm aIr, ''CÝhmoZ| {bIm h¡- q~~m| H$s ̀ h {ZaW©H$Vm hr h_| A~ 'Z§Jo eãXm|' H$s Amoa bo Om ahr h¡- AmdaUhrZ, gÁOmhrZ, g§ñH$mahrZ, Am¡a BZ g~go h¡& '' A{YH$ Eogm Z§JmnZ {Og_| Am{ÔmË` O§JbrnZ Ho$ D$na EH$ g_`-~moY H$s N>mn bJm gHo$& '' ''H${dVm _| gnmQ>~`mZr H$m ̀ h AmJ«h dñVwV… JÚ-gwb^ OrdZ dmŠ`-{dÝ`mg H$mo nwZ… à{V{ð>V H$aZo H$m à`mg h¡& '' {hÝXr H${dVm Ho$ B{Vhmg _| b§~o g_` go {~§~mo, àVrH$mo H$m à`moJ hþAm na§Vy Z`r H${dVm Zo Cgo ^md 'A_yV©Z' H$m H$maU _mZm. AdmñV{dH$, g§àofU A`mo½` _mZm 'dmñV{dH$Vm go ~MZo H$m EH$ T>§J' Ho$ én _o {~§~m| H$s Amoa XoIm OmZo bJm 'H${dVm H$mo ~mobMmb H$s ̂ mfm go Xya' nm`m OmZo bJm CgH$s 'ghO b` I§{‹S>V hþB©, dmŠ` {dÝ`mg H$s e{ŠV H$mo YŠH$m bJm, ̂ mfm Ho$ A§VJ©V {H«$`mE± Cno{jV hþB©, {deofUm| H$m AZmdí`H$ ̂ ma ~‹T>m Am¡a H$mì`-VÏ` H$s VmH$V H$_ hþB©, BZ H$_Omo[a`m| H$mo Xya H$aZo Ho$ {bE hr H${dVm _| 'gnmQ>~`mZr' ''Am`r'' A~ H${dVm H$s ^mfm H¥$îUZmamÙ H$ŠH$S> Ho$ eãXm| _| 'nwamZo H${d`m|' H$s hmo JB©& Zm_da H$s Ñ{ï> go ̀ o nwamZo H${d H$~ra, gya, Vwbgr O¡go _ybV… q~~-Y_}Va'' H${d h¡& A~ Z`r H${dVm ̂ mfm H$s ̀ h gmW©H$Vm ̂ r _mZr OmZo bJr h¡&

230

B©. b`, VwH$ Am¡a N>§X…-b`, VwH$ Am¡a N>§X H$s AdYmaUm N>m`mdmX go hQ>Zo bJr h¡& {Zambm Zo _wŠV N>§X

H$s KmofUm H$s n§V Zo ̂ r Z`r H$mì` ̂ mfm H$mo AnZm`m& Z`r H${dVm Zo Vmo N>§X H$mo AñdrH¥$V hr {H$`m na§Vy CgHo$ Zò à`moJ ̂ r hþE h¡& XodamO Zo R>rH$ H$hm h¡- Z`r H${dVm _| N>ÝX H$mo Ho$db Kmoa AñdrH¥${V hr {_br hmo- ̀ h ~mV Zht h¡, ~pëH$ dhm± Bg joÌ _| {d{dY à`moJ ̂ r {H$E JE h¡& Bg g§~§Y _| nhbm à`moJ {hÝXr Ho$ nwamZo N>§Xm| H$mo Vmo‹S>H$a Z`m _wŠV N>§X ~Zm`m J`m, O¡go {J[aOmHw$_ma Zo H${dÎm d gd¡`m _| Vmo‹S>-\$mo‹S> H$s am_{dbmg e_m© Zo N>Zmjar go é~mB© H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m Xygao à`moJ _| {d{dY Xoer-{dXoer ̂ mfmAm¡ Ho$ N>§Xm| H$mo Z`r H${dVm _| bm`m J`m& Xoer ̂ mfm _|, ~§Jbm, _amR>r, g§ñH¥$V Am¡a {d{dY bmoH$-^mfmAm| Ho$ N>§X g_`-g_` na à`moJ {H$E JE& {dXoer ̂ mfmAm| _| A§J«oOr Ho$ 'gm°ZoQ>', '~¡boS>', OnmZr H$m 'hm`Hy$' Am¡a MrZr \«o$M Am¡a A_arH$s H${dVm Ho$ {MÌm| H$mo Z`r H${dVm _| à`moJ {H$`m J`m& '' N>§X H$m g§~§Y g§JrV go ahm h¡ Am¡a g§JrV VwH$, b` go Ow‹S>m h¡& Z`r _wŠV N>§X H${dVm 'JrËm H${dVm' Ho$ én _| {dH${gV hþB© h¡ na§Vy BZ JrVmo _| Ho$db ^mdmZwHw$bVm Zht OrdZ H$s gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOZr{VH$ d _Zmod¡km{ZH$ pñW{V`m| H$m A§H$Z h¡& 'JrV' Z`r H${dVm H$s _hËdnyU© {deofVm _mZr OmVr h¡& Omo bmoH$JrV 'bmoH$YwZm|' bmoH$ na§namAm|, bmoH$ g§ñH¥${V' go Ow‹S>m h¡&

B©. Z`r H${dVm: bå~r H${dVmnwamZo g_` _hmH$mì`, IÊS>H$mì` Ûmam AZw^yV A{^ì`{ŠV H$mo ì`ŠV H$aZo H$m

Adga CnbãY Wm {H$ÝVw Z`r H${dVm _| 'bKw' H${dVm _| `h Ag§^d hmo J`m& na§Vy ''AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ H$s O{Q>b {dg§J{V`m| H$mo A{^ì`{ŠV àXmZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE na§namJV à~§Y gj_ Zht Wm, Cgr àH$ma Cgo Z`r H${dVm Ho$ AÝVJ©V aMr OmZodmbr CZ aMZmAm| _| ̂ r nyU© én go Zht aIm Om gH$Vm Wm, Omo AmH$ma _| bKy Wr& ''... AZw^yV gË`m| H$mo {demb ̂ m§S>ma H$mo EH$ gmW EH$ hr H${dVm _| A{^ì`ŠV H$aZo H$s Z Hw$b~wbmhQ> Zo bå~r H${dVmAmo§ H$mo OÝ_ {X`m& '' bå~r H${dVm H$s na§nam na ZOa ‹S>mbo Vmo Z`r H${dVm g_` hr do A{YH$ _mÌm _| {bIr J`r h¡& gZ 1923 _| n§V H$s 'n[adV©Z' {hÝXr H$s àW_ b§~r H${dVm _mZr OmVr h¡& ~mX _| àgmX H$s EH$ H${dVm 'àb` H$s N>m`m' Omo 1933 _| VWm {Zambm H$s EH$ am_ H$s e{ŠVnwOm gZ 1937 {bIr Om MwH$s Wr {H$ÝVw Z`r H${dVm Xm¡a _| g~go nhbo Zaoe _ohVm H$s 'g_` XodVm' gZ 1951 _| àH$m{eV hþB©& CgHo$ ~mX H$B© H${dVmE± gm_Zo Am`r h¡& Ako` H$s AgmÜ`drUm-1961, Y_©dra ̂ maVr H$s 'à_Ï`w JmWm'- 1959, _w{ŠV~moY H$s 'A§Yoao _|'-1964), ~ÀMZ H$s '{g{g\$g ~aŠg hZw_mZ'- 1965, {dO`Xod ZmamÙ gmhr H$s 'Ab{dXm'- 1966, lram_ d_m© H$s 'eãXmo H$s eVmãXr'- 1966-67, aKwdra ghm` H$s' AmË_hË`m Ho$ {déÜX'-1967, Zrbm^ H$s 'g§ñ_aUmaå^'-1967, gm¡{_Ì _mohZ H$s 'bwH$_mZ Abr'-1968^maV^yfU AJ«dmb H$s 'Mra\$m‹S>'-1968, am_Xae {_l H$s '{\$a dhr bmoJ-1969, à_moX {gÝhm H$s 'VbKa'-1970, Yw{_b H$s 'nQ>H$Wm'- 1972, brbmYa OJw‹S>r H$s 'ZmQ>H$ Omar h¡'-1972, a_oe Jm¡S> H$s 'EH$ _m_ybr AmX_r H$m ~`mZ' 1974, gd}ída X`mb gŠgoZm H$s 'Hw$AmZmo ZXr'- 1972, ~bXod d§er H$s, 'CnZJa _| dmngr- 1974 Ho$XmaZmW qgh H$s '~mK- AmXr&

231

bå~r H${dVmE± 'AZw^y{V Ho$ Q>H$amdnyU© {dÝ`mg' Ho$ H$maU bå~r hþB© h¡& ZmQ>H$s`Vm CgH$m A{dm¶© bjU h¡& ZaoÐ _mohZ Ho$ AZwgma, ''b§~r H${dVm H$s aMZm V^r g§^d h¡ O~ gO©ZmË_H$ VZmd XrK©H$m{bH$ hmo VWm {dñV¥V \$bH$ na AnZr {H«$`mË_H$Vm {gÜX H$a ahm hmo& '' CgHo$ {bE Oê$ar h¡ {H$ b§~r H${dVm _| gO©ZmË_H$ VZmd Ho$ {d{dY ê$n, ñVa Am¡a YamVb {dÚ_mZ h¡& '' ̀ hr ~mV _w{ŠV~moY Am{X H$s H${dVm _| nm`r OmVr h¡& Bg{bE _w{ŠV~moY Zo H$hm h¡ 'H${dVm H$^r IË_ Zht hmoVr' ̀ WmW© Ho$ J{Verb VËd H${dVm H$mo bå~r ~ZmVo h¡& ̀ hr ~mV _w{ŠV~moY Zo ñnï> H$s h¡- ̀ WmW© Ho$ VËd nañna Jw§{\$V hmoVo h¡, gmW hr nyam ̀ WmW©' J{Verb hmoVm h¡& A{^ì`{ŠV H$m {df` ~ZH$a Omo ̀ WmW© àñVwV hmoVm h¡, dh ̂ r Eogm hr J{Verb h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ VËd Jw§{\$V h¡& ̀ hr H$maU h¡ {H$ _¢ N>moQ>r H${dVmE {bI Zht nmVm Am¡a Or N>moQ>r hmoVr h¡ do dñVwV: N>moQ>r Z hmoH$a AmYwar hmoVr h¡& (_¡§ AnZr ~mV H$h ahm hÿ±) Am¡a Bg àH$ma H$s Z _mby_ {H$VZr hr H${dVmE± _¡Zo AYyar {bIH$a, N>moX Xr h¡& CÝh| IË_ H$aVo H$s H$bm _wPo Zhr§ AmVr, ̀ hr _oar Q´>oOS>r h¡& '' aMZmH$mam| H$s BZ àd¥{Îm Ho$ H$maU bå~r H${dVm H$s na§nam hr {dH${gV hmo MwH$s h¡& {Zg§Xoh, Z`r H${dVm H$s `h CnbpãY hr _mZr OmòJr&

9.5 _yë`m§H$Z:-

Z`r H${dVm g§~§Yr Bg {dñV¥V MMm© Ho$ ~mX `h H$hm OmòJm H$s CgH$m dU©-{df` joÌ H$m\$s {dñV¥V h¡& AmYw{ZH$ _Zwî` H$s 'Q´>oOS>r' go ̀ h Ow‹S>r ahr& Bg{bE OrdZ Ho$ g^r àg§Jm|, AÀN>o-~yao, Hw$én-{dén, H$s g§nyU©Vm Cg_| Am`r h¡& ì`§½` H$m à`moJ Bgr H$maU H${dVm _| àIaVm Ho$ gmW hþAm h¡& bKw _mZd H$s H$ënZm {deof Zo Cgo dV©_mZ Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>m h¡& H$mì` ̂ mfm Ho$ én _| ̀ h nyd©dVu H${dVm go {deof h¡& N>§X Ho$ gmW CgHo$ ~§Y§Zm| H$mo Vmo‹S>H$a `h gnmQ>~`mZr, dŠVì` H$s ^y_r na nhÿ±Mr h¡& ''Zò AW© Ho$ {bE Zd{Z{_©V eãXm| H$m à`moJ' hþAm h¡& {\$a EH$ ~mX ̀ h H${dVm OZmoÝ_wIVm H$s Amoa bm¡Q> n‹S>r h¡& {~å~, àVrH$, Ab§H$marH$Vm Ho$ _moh go dh _wŠV hmo ahr h¡& Ho$XmaZmW qgh H$s H${dVmE± CgH$m à_mU h¡&

{\$a ^r Cg_| {dXdmZm|, Ho$ gmW Zò H${d`m| Zo hr Hw$B© Xmof nmò h¡& ñd§` _w{ŠV~moY Zo H$hm h¡, ''Z`r H${dVm _|, ~hþV ~ma, Eogo ^md-{dMma àH$Q> {H$ò OmVo h¡ Omo {ZVmÝV à{V{H«$`mdmXr h¡,'' Z`r H${dVm H$mo npíM_r {dMma Zo {gIm`m H$s ''OZVm g_wh h¡- dh A§YH$ma h¡, AÝ`H$a-J«ñV h¡, dh OëXr hr ̂ r‹S> ~Z OmVr h¡& CgH$m gmW _V Xmo& Vw_ gMoV ì`{ŠVËdembr àmU-H|$Ð hmo& Cg_| AnZo-AmnH$mo {dbrZ _V H$mo& AnZo ApÝV_ {ZîH$f© _| ̀ h {dMmaYmam AË`ÝV à{H«$`mdmXr h¡, dh OZ Ho$ à{V K¥Um na AmYm[aV h¡, Am¡a ~wpÜXOr{d`m| H$mo OZVm go AbJ H$aHo$ aIZo H$m Cnm` h¡& '' Bg{bE do {\$a H$hVo h¡- _¢ 'Owby_ _| em{_b hmo OmD$±Jm; bo{H$Z '^r‹S>>' Am¡a 'Owby_' Vmo _Zwî` Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd Ho$ n[ahma H$m, AÝVì`©{ŠVËd Ho$ g§hma H$m gyMH$ h¡, Bg{bE _oar _w{ŠV H$ht ^r Zht h¡& '' {\$a ^r g_wh "AgmYmaU H$m`© H$aVm' h¡ ~eV} CgH$m EH${ÌV hmoZm CÔoí`nyU© hmo H$m {dMma ̂ r dh aIVo hþE H$hVo h¡ H$s _w{ŠV AHo$bo _| Zht hmoVr-

232

''`mX aImo,H$^r AHo$bo _| _w{ŠV Zht {_bVr,`{X dh h¡ Vmo g~Ho$ gmW h¡&''

Bgr H$maU Z`r H${dVm '^r‹S>', 'g_wh' Ho$ gmW hmo J`r& dh OZVm{^_wI hmo J`r& àma§^ _| dh g§Ho${VH$Vm, à{VH$mË_H$Vm, q~~mË_H$Vm Ho$ H$maU dh O{Q>b hmo J`r& AW© J«hU Ag§^mì` hmo J`m na§Vy CÎmamoÎma `h àd¥Îmr H$_Va hmoVr J`r& A~ Cg_| R>>oR> ^mfm, OZ^mfm, gab ^mdm{^ì`{ŠV hþB© h¡& {OgH$m à`moJ H$^r ZmJmOw©Z Zo {H$`m Wm A~ Ho$XmaZmW qgh H$a aho h¡& ZmJmOw©Z H$s 'AH$mb Am¡a CgHo$ ~mX' VWm Ho$XmaZmW qgh H$s 'H$moB© \$H©$ Zht n‹S>Vm' BZ H${dVm AÜ``Z go `h ~mV ñnï> hmo OmòJr& Ako`, e_eoa, lrH$m§V d_m©, Yy{_b Am{X H$s H${dVmE°§ CgH$m à_mU h¡& CZ H${d`m| Zo ̂ mfm _| {MÌ_`Vm Ho$ ñWmZ na gnmQ>Vm Am`r& AemoH$ dmOno`r Zo Bgr ~mV H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIVo hþE H$hm H$s, ''ZB© H${dVm q~~ H|${ÐV ahr h¡ Am¡a AŠga H${d`m| _| q~~ H$m Eogm KQ>mQ>mon V¡`ma hþAm {H$ gmVdo XeH$ VH$ AmVo-AmVo H$B© H${d`m| H$mo ̀ h _hgwg hþAm {H$ H${dVm H$mo q~~ go _wŠV H$amHo$ hr Cgo Ord§V Am¡a àmg§{JH$ aIm Om gH$Vm h¡& CZHo$ gm_Zo q~~-àYmZ H${dVm Hw$N> eH$ H$s MrO ~Z JB© Am¡a gnmQ>~`mZr H$s Va\$ H$B© H${d PwHo$ Am¡a Cgo {dídmgZr` _mZm OmZo bJm& '' Bgr H«$_ _| aKwdra ghm`, Ho$XmaZmW qgh, lrH$m§V d_m©, VrZ H${d`m|§ H$m {deof én go CëboI H$aVo hþE do AmJo ̀ h ̂ r OmoS>Vo h¡ {H$, ''CZ_| go ha EH$ Zo gnmQ>~`mZr Ho$ _yë` H$mo nhMmZm bo{H$Z Cgo AnZr ~w{Z`mXr q~~-Y{_©Vm Ho$ à{VHw$b Z aIH$a CgHo$ gm` g§`mo{OV {H$`m Am¡a AnZo _whmdam| H$mo Am¡a CZgo COmJa hmoZodmbo H$mì`-g§gma H$mo g_¥ÜX {H$`m, {MÌ_`Vm H$mo ImoE {~Zm Cgo amoO‘am© H$s Ord§VVm Xr& '' Z`r H${dVm _| Am`m ̀ h ~Xbmd ̂ r H${dVm H$mo {\$a EH$ ~ma, OZVm go Xya hþB© 'àm`mo{JH$' 'ZB©' H${dVm H$mo OZVm Ho$ ~rM bmH$a I‹S>r H$aVr h¡&

9.6 Cng§hma :-

ZB© H${dVm OZVm H$s Am¡a OZVm Ho$ gmW H$s H${dVm h¡& dh na§nam go {dÀN>oX hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX na§nam go _wŠV Zhr h¡& Bg H${dVm Am§XmobZ goo {hÝXr gm{hË` _| _w{ŠV~moY, ^dmZr àgmX {_l, e_eoa ~hmXya qgh, H$s{V© Mm¡Yar, ̂ maV^yfU AJ«dmb, gd}ída X`mb gŠgoZm, Ho$XmaZmW AJ«dmb, bú_rH$m§V d_m©, OJXre JwßV, _wÐm amjg, Zo{_M§Ð O¡Z, à^mH$a _mMdo, amOH$_b Mm¡Yar, aKwdra ghm`, lrH$m§V d_m©, Xwî`ÝVHw$_ma, Yy{_b, Hw§$da ZmamÙ, H¡$bme dmOno`r, lram_ d_m©, XwYZmW qgh O¡go geŠV _hËdnyU© H${d CâH$a Amò& XodamO Zo H$hm h¡ H$s 'Bg H${dVm Zo hr nhbr ~ma ì`{ŠV H$mo ì`{ŠV H$s na§nam _| aIH$a XoIZo H$m à`mg {H$`m& ̂ {ŠVH$mb go boH$a àJ{VdmX VH$ ì`{ŠV H$mo _§{Xa, _hb, ñdJ©, AmH$me, Am¡a _mŠg© H$s VWmH${WV _mŠg© dm{X`m| Ûmam ñd`§ H$s JB© Añdm^m{dH$ ì`m»`mAm| Ho$ a§JrZ nQ>m| _| bnoQ>m Om ahm h¡& Z`r H${dVm Zo hr Cgo Am_ {OÝXJr H$s AÀN>mB`m| Am¡a ~wamB`m| Ho$ ~rM _Zmod¡km{ZH$ én _| {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡& AV… Z`r H${dVm Zo ì`{ŠV H$mo na§nam go H$mQ>m Zht, ~pëH$ Omo‹S>m h¡& '' ̀ h _V ghr ̂ r à{VV hmoVm hmo na§Vy H$~ra

233

O¡go H${d`m| Zo OZVm H$s ~mV OZVm H$s ̂ mfm _| H$hr h¡, dh {hÝXr gm{hË` _| nhbm H${d Am¡a CgH$s H${dVm h¡ {OgZo OZm{^ì`{ŠV' H$mo nyU© énoZ pñdH$ma {H$`m Wm& Z`r H${dVm _| ̀ h na§nam {\$a {dH${gV hmoVr h¡& ̀ h CgH$s H$Q>r na§nam go Ow‹S>r ̂ mdZmE± h¡ Eogm H$hm OmòJm& '^{ŠV H$mb' eãX à`moJ O~ XodamO H$aVo h¡ Vmo H$~ra Cgr H$mb _| AmVo h¡& Am¡a CÝh| ̀ m| Im[aO H$aZm, A`mo½` hmoJm, Š`mo{H$ ewŠbOr Ho$ AZwgma 'D$±M-ZrM Am¡a Om{V-nm°Vr Ho$ ^md H$m Ë`mJ Am¡a ̂ {ŠV Ho$ {bE _Zwî` _mÌ Ho$ g_mZm{YH$ma H$m ñdrH$ma Wm& '' H$~ra _| _Zwî` _mÌ Ho$ {bE g_mZm{YH$ma H$s ^mdZm Zo CÝh| gm_m{OH$, OZVm{^_yI ~Zm`m Am¡a CÝht Ho$ Xw:I, nr‹S>m, {df_Vm H$mo H${dVm _| bm`m& _Zwî` na B©ída, Y_©, na§nam, é{‹T>`m| H$s Jwbm_r Ho$ dM©ñd H$mo CR>m`m&

dU©-{df` Ho$ gmW ^mfm ^r Cgr àH$ma H$s ahr h¡& '{IM‹S>r' AWmV© gmYmaU OZ H$s ̂ mfm h¡& Z`r H${dVm _| ̂ r '^r‹S>', 'g_wh' A{^ì`ŠV hþAm h¡& Cg H$s ñdV§ÌVm H$s ajm H$m àíZ I‹S>m {H$`m J`m h¡& CgHo$ AÝV©~mh` ì`{ŠVËd H$s A{^ì`{ŠV Zo Cgo H$~ra H$s na§nam go Omo‹S>m Eogm H$hZm A{Ve¶mo{º$ Zht hmoJr&

9.7 ~moY àíZ …-

1. ZB© H${dVm H$s àd¥{Îm¶m| H$s MMm© H$s{OE&

234

235

ZdJrV


10.1 CX²^d

10.2 Zm_H$aU

10.3 {dH$mg

10.4 àd¥{Îm`m±

10.5 ~moY àíZ


H$. {hÝXr ‘| JrV H$s na§nam H$m {dH$mg H¡$go hþAm ¶h OmZZm&I. ZdJrV ¶h Zm‘ Bgo ³¶m| {X¶m J¶m Am¡a BgH$s àd¥{Îm¶m± {H$g àH$ma H$s h¡

BgH$m AÜ¶¶Z H$aZm&K. ZdJrV ‘| eha Am¡a Jm±d H$s g§doXZm H$mo A{^ì¶³V H$aVo hþE CgHo$ H${d {H$g

àH$ma H$m AZw^d àVrV H$aVm h¡ Bgo XoIZm-g‘PZm&S>. ZdJrV {hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$s EH$ geº$ {dYm h¡ Omo ¶hm± H$s O‘rZ go Ow‹S>o ahZo H$m

~moY H$amVr h¡&

10.1 CX²^d :-

{hÝXr _| Jr{V H$mì` H$s na§nam Am{XH$mb go hr ahr h¡>& {dÚmn{V, A_ra Iwgamo _| Bgo XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& ̂ {ŠV H$mì` Ho$ H${d`m| Zo Vmo Bgo Ma_ CËH$f© na nhÿ±Mm`m ImgH$a H¥$îU^ŠV H${d`m| _| gyaXmg, Z§XXmg, _ram~mB© Ho$ nX Jo` aho h¡& ar{VH$mb _| Z¥Ë`, g§JrV O¡go H$bmAm| H$m ~hþ_wIr {dH$mg hþAm& `hm± go ^maVoÝXww H$mb VH$ JrV na§nam H$s OS>m| go nmo{fV aho h¡& {ÛdoXr `wJ H$s B{Vd¥ËVmË_H$Vm H$s àd¥{Îm Zo H${dVm H$mo JÚ én _| ñdrH$mam Jo`Vm H$m A^md Bg H$mb _| ~Zm ahm {H$ÝVw àgmX, n§V, {Zambm Am¡a _hmXodr Zo g\$b JrVm| H$m boIZ {H$`m& ò H$m\$s à{gÜX ^r hþE ^mdmË_H$Vm, d¡`{ŠVH$Vm, AZw^y{V H$s amJmË_H$Vm, g§JrVmË_H$Vm, g§{jßVVm Am{X JwUmo do b~mb~ ̂ ao JrVm| Zo {\$a EH$ ~ma CËH$f© H$mb XoIm& CgHo$ ~mX ~ÀMZ, {ed_§Jb qgh "gw_Z', am_oída ewŠb 'A§Mb' ZaoÐ e_m©, ^JdVrMaU d_m©, Ho$XmaZmW {_l 'àYmZ', JmonmbXmg gŠgoZm 'ZraO' Xod|Ð e‘m© "B§Ð' ¶moJoÝÐ XÎm e‘m©, C‘mH$m§V "‘mbdr¶' dV©‘mZ ‘| ^maVoÝXþ {‘l, YZ§O¶, Hw±$da ~oM¡ nmb Agr‘, {dkmZ Am{X`m| Ho$ JrV __© ñneu, Ed§ gm_m{OH$ gamoH$ma Ho$ gmW AmemdmXr, _mZdVm Ho$ Jm`H$ aho h¡&

10

10.2 Zm_H$aU :-

gZ 1950 Ho$ ~mX JrV H$s MoVZm _| n[adV©Z Am`m Am¡a ''`h _mZm OmZo bJm {H$ JrVm| H$m ñda Zò OrdZ Am¡a Z`r àJ{V Ho$ à{V AmñWm Am¡a {dídmg H$m ñda aho h¡& '' Bg Z`r MoVZm H$mo XoIVo hþE hr 'Z`m JrV', 'AmO H$m JrV', 'AmYw{ZH$ JrV', 'Zò JrV' Am{X {d{^ÝZ Zm_m| go Cgo {MpÝhV {H$`m J`m& gZ 1975 _| draoÝÐ {_l Zo 'Z`r H${dVm, Zò JrV: _yë`m§H$Z H$s g_ñ`m`| '{df` na Bbmhm~mX Ho$ gm{hË`H$ma gå_obZ _| AnZm AmboI nT>m& 'ZdJrV' g§km gd© àW_ lr. amOoÐ àgmX qgh Zo 'JrVm§{JZr' Ho$ _mÜ`_ go gZ 1958 _| àXmZ {H$ BÝhr H$s 'AmB©Zm' n{ÌH$m Zo ZdJrV H$mo Cd©a ̂ y_r {Xbm`r& gZ 58 _| 'bha' Ho$ g§nmXH$ àH$me O¡Z H$m H${dVm§H$ Am`m& Bgr ‘| go JrV Ho$ Zò Voda H$m nVm MbVm h¡& g§nmXH$ _hoÝÐ e§H$a H$s 'dmg§Vr' Ûmam Am`mo{OV 'Zò JrV: Zò ñda' H$s l¥§Ibm Zo ^r ZdJrV H$mo J{V Xr& BgHo$ ~mX _mÌ ñdV§Ì ZdJrVH$mam| Ho$ g§H$bZ VWm g_doV g§H$bZ Amò& {OZ_| _hËdnyU© h¡, 'JrVm§{JZr' Ho$ Abmdm 'H${dVm' 64 (1964), JrV-EH$ (1966) JrV-Xmo (1967), gmVd| XeH$ Ho$ CâVo ZdJrVH$ma' (1967) nm±M OmoS> ~m±gwar (1969), ZdJrV XeH$-EH$ (1982), ZdJrV XeH$-Xmo (1983), ZdJrV XeH$-VrZ (1984) Am¡a ̀ mÌm _o§ gmW-gmW (1984) Am{X _hËdnyU© h¡&

ZdJrV Zo CnZo CËg H$mo J«m_ MoVZm Ho$ gmW ~XbVo ZJa ~moY _| Am`r OrdZ H$s {dg§J{V`m| _| nm`m& OrdZ `WmW© VWm ‘Im¡b ~ZmVr Om ahr BÝgmZr`VVm H$mo ñda {X`m ZdJrV Zo& '' Bg g_` ZdJrV AnZr nyar e{ŠV Ed§ gmYZ go àmMrZ na§namJV é{T>`m| Ed§ _¥V aMZm-Y{_©Vm H$mo Vmo‹S>H$a gm_{OH$ n[apñW{V Ho$ {dÐÿn_` pñW{V H$mo ñda XoVm {XIVm h¡& 'ZdJrV' ̀ wJ H$s V_m_ _Zmod¥{Îm`m| H$mo g_m{dï> H$a Cgo àñVwV H$aZm MmhVm h¡& Bg{bE Bg g_` 'ZdJrV' _| {OVZm AmH«$moe h¡, {OVZm VZmd h¡, {OVZr Znw§gH$Vm h¡, {OVZr Ñ‹T>Vm h¡, {OVZm jmo^ h¡, {OVZr nr‹S>m h¡, {OVZr CXmgr h¡, Cëbmg Ho$ {bE {OVZr bbH$ h¡, _w{ŠV Ho$ {bE {OVZr Vrd« N>Q>nQ>mhQ> h¡, CVZm g~ Hw$N> em`X hr H$^r JrV _| XoIm J`m hmo& `h ~Xbmd AH$maU Zht h¡& BgHo$ _wb _| AÜm©-gm_§Vr, AY© ny±OrdmXr- AY©Cn{ZdoedmXr gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$, Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm Ho$ g§ñH$ma {Z{hV h¡ Omo nyar j_Vm Ho$ gmW H${d g_mO H$mo AnZo AmXe© H$s Amoa T>Ho$b aho h¡& '' ZdJrV AnZr g§ñH¥${V, _mZdr` amJmË_H$Vm, bmoH$ g§X^© go Ow‹S>r _wbV: Am§M{bH$ àd¥{Îm h¡& eharH$aU Ho$ H$maU {dH${gV hmoVr g§doXZmAm| go Ow‹S>H$a dh {dñV¥V hmo MwH$s h¡& ̀ h H$moB© Am`m{VV na§nam Zht Bgr {_Å>r H$s CnO h¡& dñVwV: 'ZdJrV AnZr g¥OZ à{H«$`m _| gX¡d gOJ Ed§ gH«$s` ahm'' h¡& AZoH$ {dX²dmZm| Zo Cgo N>m`mdmX Am¡a Z`r H${dVm H$s JrV na§nam H$mo Omo‹S>Zodmbm goVy _mZm h¡& `h ghr ^r h¡& ''N>m`mdmXr JrV na§nam Ho$ {bO{bOo, _m§gb, _mXH$, JwXJwXo, H$ënZm{lV d¡`{ŠVH$Vm H$s O_rZ H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a OrdZ Ho$ IwaXaonZ H$mo ñda Xo ahm Wm, Vmo Xwgar Amoa Z`r H${dVm Ho$ Zrag ZmJarH$aU Am¡a ̀ m§{ÌH$ n[adoe-{Og_| ~oJmZmnZ, {dKQ>Z, AOZ~rnZ, KwQ>Z, AZmñWm, g§Ìmg, IrP, namO`, Hw§$R>m H$m {MÌU Wm&'' Eogo _| ZdJrV _mÌ BZ gmar {MOm| H$mo ZH$ma H$a, ''_mZd Ho$ MoVZmË_H$ ñVa na àmH¥${VH$ ñZo{hb Am`m‘m| Ûmam Eogm g_Ýd` àñVwV H$a ahm Wm Omo _pñVîH$ H$mo CX²~wÕ H$aVm n¡Xm Am¡a gmW hr öX`

236

H$mo agmßbm{dV ^r& '' ZdJrV Zo N>m`mdmX H$s amo_m{Z`V H$m g§ñH$ma Vmo {H$`m hr Z`r H${dVm H$mo ̂ r AnZr ñZo{hV b`mpÝd{V Ed§ ghO ~moYJå`Vm go ghmam {X`m& Z`r H${dVm Ho$ Qw>Q>Vo hþE gm_m{OH$ gamoH$ma H$mo ZdJrV Zo AnZr Cd©a Ed§ geŠV bmoH$m{^ì`{ŠV Ho$ _mÜ`_ go nwZ: g_mO go Omo‹S>Zo H$m à`mg {H$`m'' Am¡a H${dVm H$s XwéhVm H$s OJh ñZo{hb ^md g§doXZ go ì`{ŠV _Z H$mo P§H¥$V Am¡a PH$PmoaVm ahm h¡&

10.3 ZdJrV H$m {dH$mg

ZdJrV H$m AmYw{ZH$ {dH$mg VrZ H$mbI§S>mo§ _| {d^m{OV H$a XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡&1. àW_ ñVa (1950 go 1960 VH$)2. {ÛÎmr` ñVa (1960 go 1970 VH$)3. V¥Vr` ñVa (1970 go A~ VH$)

àW_ ñVa ñdV§Ì ^maV _| 'Zdamo_m{Z`VVm' go âm AmemdmXr Am¡a '`WmWm©oÝ_wIVm' H$m ahm h¡& Zohé H$s {dH$mg g§^mdZmAm| go à^m{dV Zò boIH$m| H$s nr‹T>r H$m ̀ h Xm¡a, gm_m{OH$ é{‹T>`mo, na§namAm| Ho$ à{V AmH«$moe, {dÐmoh go ̂ am ahm h¡& n[aUm_V: AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m Zdamo_m{Z`VVm H$m à^md Bg H$mbI§S> _| {bIo Jò ZdJrVm| _| {XImB© XoVm h¡&

{ÛÎmr` ñVa ~XbVr ZJa~moY H$s MoVZm go âm h¡, {Og_| OrdZ _| Am`r `m§{ÌH$Vm, AOZ~rnZ, {dg§J{V`m±, g§Ìmg, Hw§$R>m Ho$ gmW ghO J«må` ~moY nm`m OmVm h¡& ApñVËddmX Ho$ à^md H$m Xm¡a ZdJrVm| na ̂ r ahm h¡&

V¥Vr` ñVa OrdZ ̀ WmW©Vm, OrdZ _| ~T>Vm gm_m{OH$-amOZr{VH$, AH«$m§VVm, bmoH$V§Ì H$m ImoIbmnZ, n[adV©Z à{V {Zamem, Ho$ gmW AmnmVH$mb Ho$ AmV§H$ go à^m{dV ahm h¡& _Zwî` _Z AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ H$maU CâH$a Am`r Hw$ÊR>m, g§Ìmg, AOZ~rnZ, AZmñWm, D$~, KwQ>Z, nm[adm[aH$ {dKQ>Z VoOr go \¡$bm& ZB© H${dVm H$s Vah ZdJrV ^r ApñVËddmX H$s AZw^y{V H$m d¡`{ŠVH$ ñVa na AZw^d H$a ahm Wm& Cgr H$s A{^ì`{ŠV gm_m{OH$ én bo MwH$s h¡&

e§^wZmW qgh H$s '_mÜ`_ _¢', Ohm± XX© Zrbm h¡, am_Xae {_l H$s '_oao {à` JrV', Hw$±da ~oM¡Z H$s '^rVa gm±H$b-~mha gm°§H$b AZwn Aeof H$s 'dh _oao Jm±d H$s h±gr Wr, _`§H$ lrdmñVd H$s 'ghgm hþAm Ka', XodoÐ e_m© B§Ð H$s 'nWarbo emoa _| VWm 'Hw$hao H$s àË`m§Mm' {daoÐ {_l H$s 'A{dam_ Mb _Ywd§Vr', ̀ moJoÐXÎm e_m© H$s 'Iwe~wAm| Ho$ X§e', Ohra Hw$aoer H$s 'EH$ Qw>H$S>m Yyn', _hoída {Vdmar H$s "haqgJma H$moB© Vmo hmo', R>mHw$aàgmX qgh H$s 'd§er Am¡a _mXb,' C_mH$m§V _mbdr` EH$ Mmdb Zoh arYm', ~wpÜXZmW {_l H$s, 'Omb \o$H$ ao _N>oao, lram_ qgh 'eb^' H$s 'nm°M OmoS> ~m±gyar, nmc ̂ grZ H$s "Iwe~wAm| H$s gm¡JmV' Z{MHo$Vm H$s 'AmX_H$X I~ao', {dÚmgmJa d_m© Ho$ 'H$mohao H$m Jm±d, a_oe a§OH$ H$s 'hamnZ Zht Qw>Q>oJm' AmXr ZdJrV H$mam| H$mo JrV Ed§ JrV g§H$bZ ZdJrV Ho$ B{Vhmg H$mo g_¥ÜX H$aVo ZOa AmVo h¡& BZ_| Anma g§^mdZm H$mo XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& ZdJrVm| H$s {d{dY àd¥{Îm`m± ahr h¡

237

{H$ÝVw J«m_ OrdZ AWm©V O_rZ go OwS>r ̀ h {dYm geŠV ahr h¡& Bgr _| CgH$m gm_Ï`© ahm h¡& dh {H$gr Am`mVrV {dMma ^y_r na I‹S>m Zht h¡, daUm A{YH$m§e H${dVm, H${dVm Am§XmobZ {dXoer dmXm|, {dMmam| na {bIr J`r h¡& Hw$§°da ~oM¡Z Zo H$hm h¡-

""{OÝhm|Zo IarXr h¡Xya go, {dXoem| go Qy>Q>r ~¡gm{I`m±do g~ Vmo H$hbmE~wpÜX_mZ, VJ‹S>o,h_ nyao AmX_rAnZo hr nm°§d I‹S>o{\$a ̂ r Vmo Kmo{fV h¡- b§J‹S>o&''

(Hw$°da ~oM¡Z, {nZ ~hþV gmao, n¥-45)ZdJrVH$mam| H$s ̀ h KmofUm hr h¡ H$s h_ ̂ maVr` Xe©Z, 'h_ nyao AmX_r' AWm©V

nyU©V… h¡ Am¡a Bgr Ho$ _mÜ`_ go do AnZr ~mV H$aVm Om ahm h¡& ̂ maVr` OrdZ_yë`m| Ho$ àVr AmñWm CZ_| ahr h¡&

10.4 ZdJrV H$s àd¥{Îm`m°§ …-

ZdJrV H$s à{V~ÜXVm AmYw{ZH$sH$aU Ho$ Xm¡a _| ~ZVo-{~J‹S>Vo _Zmo^md MoVZm Ho$ {d{dY Am`m_m| go JwOaVo hþE {damQ> AZw^dm| H$s A{^ì`{ŠV ñdén Câr, nZnr, ~‹T>r h¡& BZH$m g§~§Y A{YH$Va gm_m{OH$ gamoH$mamo§ go ahm h¡&

1. gm_m{OH$ ̀ WmW©:-ZdJrV `WmW© Ho$ àVr AmJ«hr ahm h¡& dñVwV: 'X¡{hH$ amo_mZ VWm H$mën{ZH$

Am»`mZ go _wŠV hmoH$a AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ Ho$ {dg§JV njm| H$mo A{^ì`ŠV H$aZo Ho$ nrN>o ̀ hr `WmW©-~moY H$m_ H$a ahm Wm& Xygar Vah go H$ho Vmo ̀ h {H$, ZdJrV AnZr Bgr àd¥Îmr Ho$ MbVo 'ZdJrV' g§km A{O©V H$a gH$m h¡& ñnï> h¡ {H$ ZdJrV H$s g§nyU© gm¡X`©_`Vm Bg `WmW© {MÌU Ho$ H$maU hr {Z{_©V hþB© VWm ZdJrV gm{hË` _| AnZm ñdV§Ì ApñVËd H$m`_ H$a gH$m& '' dra|Ð {_l Zo Bgo hr ñnï> {H$`m h¡ -

''Xya hmoVr Om ahr h¡ H$ënZm nmg AmVr Om ahr h¡ qOXJr''

(dra|Ð {_l - JrV_)Bgr Vah ZdJrV nwamZo ̂ md~moY go {ZH$bH$a AmYw{ZH$ hmo J`m Am¡a CgZo OZ

OZ Ho$ gmW AWm©V g_mO Ho$ gmW AnZm [aíVm H$m`_ {H$`m& Bgr OJh dh gm_m{OH$ `WmW© Ho$ à{V à{V~ÜX ̀ m ̀ mo§ H$h| X`m~moY aIVm h¡& dra|Ð {_l hr AmJo H$hVo h¡-

''nra Voar H$a ahr J_JrZ _wPH$mo Am¡a Cggo ̂ r A{YH$

238

Voao Z`Z H$m Zra amZr Am¡a Cggo ̂ r A{YH$ ha nm±d H$s O§Ora amZr& ''

(dhr)R>mHw$a àgmX qgh Bgr àH$ma gm_m{OH$ dU© {df_Vm VWm Zmar emofU H$mo EH$

JrV _| ~m§YVo h¡-''_oao Ka Ho$ nrN>o MÝXZ h¡bmb MÝXZ h¡,Vw_ Cna Q>mobo H$s_¢ {ZMbo Jm±d H$samh| ~Z OmVr h¢ aoH${‹S>`m± nm±d H$sg_Pmo {H$VZm _oao àmUm| na ~ÝYZ h¡Am OmZm ~ÝXZ h¡bmb MÝXZ h¡&''

(R>mHw$aàgmX qgh- d§er Am¡a ~mXb, n¥-23)àmUm| na ~ÝYZ' _Z _| {dfmX â XoVm h¡, H$éUm n¡Xm H$aVm h¡, Vmo 'Am OmZm

~ÝXZ h¡' {df_Vm_wbH$ ì`dñWm H$mo ì`ŠV H$aVm h¡, Zmar emofU H$mo gm_Zo bmVm h¡& 'bmb' Ho$ àVr ñZoh Am¡a '~ÝYZ' Z {_b nmZo H$m ̂ md JrV Ho$ gm¢X`© H$mo ~‹S>mVm h¡& 'H${‹S>`m± nm±d H$s' {df_ dU© ì`dñWm H$m g§Ho$V H$aVr h¡&

ZdJrVH$mam| _| 'gm_m{OH$ Aì`dñWm' go `WmWm©Zw^yVr H$m ^md Câm h¡& `h Aì`dñWm, _yë`, g§ñH$ma, _erZrH$aU, emofU_wbH$ ì`dñWm, {df_Vm, AmYw{ZH$Vm go CnOr _Zmod¥Îmr`m| Ho$ n[aUm_ñdén Câr h¡& Bgr H$mo A{^ì`ŠV H$aVo hþE _mZdr` {n‹S>m H$mo JrVm| _| ~m§Ym h¡& Aì`dñWm Ho$ {Ibmµ’$, ZdJrV {dH$mg H$mbI§S> Ho$ {ÛVr` VWm V¥Vr` MaU _| {dÐmoh H$m `h ñda Am¡a ^r VrIm h¡& dh g_W© _mZd H$mo XoIVm hþAm ^r CZHo$ qH$H$V©ì`{d_y‹T>Vm go jwãÜX h¡& H$^r-H$^r dh AË`m{YH$ H«w$ÜX hmo OmVm h¡-

'"IÊS>ha _éñWb, ~rh‹S> O§Jb go hmoH$a h_ Amò {Og R>m¡a {d`m~mZ h¡- A±Yoam h¡,~§Oa, Hw§$R>m, AH$mb, Ìmg, ̂ wI_ar, {MÝVmH$s YaVr H$mo H$mbo {j{VOm| Zo Koam h¡A{êm{nV Xoe ̀ hm±H$^r Hw$N> Zht hmoJmMmho {H$VZo XYr{M ApñW-~rO ~mo Om`|&''

(Amo_ à^mH$a, nwîn-a{MV, n¥. 87)ZdJrV H$s g§doXZm Ho$ {d{dY nj h¡& `WmW© {MÌU, AmYw{ZH$Vm, ZJa~moY,

J«m_~moY, Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU, _yë`m| H$m hZZ Am{X& AmµOmXr Ho$ àVr, gmR>moÎmar H${dVm H$s Vah _moh^§J H$s pñW{V ZdJrVH$mam| _| ̂ r nm`r OmVr h¡& ''AmµOmXr Ho$ nyd©, gwI Ho$ Omo gnZo bmoJm|

239

Zo g§Omoò Wo, AmµOmXr {_bZo na CZH$s ny{V© Vmo Xya, Z¡{g{I`m| H$s ì`dñWm Zo CZ na Zò A§Hw$e bmXo VWm ^«ï>mMma, amOZr{V go hmoVr hþB© ¶h XbZ Ed§ X‘Z àd¥{Îm gm_mÝ` OZ _| à{dï> hmoZo bJr& Eogo _| bmoJm| H$m ì`dñWm Ho$ àVro jwãY hmoZm bmO_r Wm& '' Bgr ^md H$mo XodoÐ e_m© BÝÐ Zo 'nWarbo emoa _|' ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡-

''OmZo AZOmZo _| h_Zo ̀ h ̂ yb H$sXoIo gwI Ho$ gnZo N>m±d _| ~~yb H$s&PyR>o {ZH$bo gmaoAmídmgZ, ì`W© hþB© gmYZm&{hbm Zht à^yVm H$mqghmgZ,{Zî\$b AmamYZm&VQ> na h_ I‹S>o I‹S>o ̀ mX| ~wZVo aho-Qy>Q>o Ob`mZ Ho$ IpÊS>V _ñVyb H$s& ''

gm_m{OH$ ̀ WmW© H$s ̂ mdm{^ì`{ŠV ZdJrV H$s _hËdnyU© {deofVm ahr h¡& ZdJrV d¡`{ŠVH$Vm go {ZH$bH$a g_mO, Xoe H$s pñW{V H$m {ZXe©H$ ahm h¡& ̀ hr CgH$m _yë`~moY ahm h¡&

2. J«m_ ~moY …-ZdJrVH$ma àm`… J«m_ OrdZ Ho$ {ZH$Q> ahm h¡& CgHo$ à{V AZwaŠV, `m H$ho

'_mohJ«ñV' ahm h¢& Jm±d BZHo$ {bE 'gm§ñH¥${VH$ Yamoha' ahr h¡& ''J«må` OrdZ H$m AmË_r`VmnyU©, nm[adm[aH$ gÝX^m] Am{X H$mo ñ_¥{V Ho$ ghmao ZdJrV _| dh bmVm h¡& {Og na eharH$aU Ho$ AmH«$_U {ZaÝVa hmo aho h¡& BgH$m _yb H$maU Am{W©H$ X~m~ h¡ {OgHo$ ZJa _| nyao hmoZo Ho$ Adga A{YH$ h¡& Bg{bE Jm§d Ho$ bmoJ eha H$s Va\$ ^mJ aho h¡& ZdJrVH$ma ehaOrdr h¡ na Jm±d H$s _Ywa ñ_¥{V CgHo$ _Z _| {OÝXm h¡& dh bmoJm| H$mo AJmh H$aVm h¡'' eha _V AmZm-

'"Ka H$s {H$ëbV ̂ yI-{~_mar h°§g H$a gh OmZm ^¡`m!

eha Zht AmZm&''(AZyn Aeof, ZdJrV XeH$-2 n¥-39)

Š`m|{H$ dh _mgw{_`V, ̂ mobonZ H$mo CS>m bo OmVm h¡& Jm§d Ho$ à{V AñWm Am¡a ZJa à{V AZmñWm H$m ̂ md ZdJrVH$mam| _| AË`m{YH$ ahm h¡& _mYdoÝÐàgmX Zo R>rH$ H$hm h¡ H$s, ''ZdJrVH$ma {Og gm¡X`© H$m g¥OZ H$aVm h¡ dh ̂ r eharH$aU Ho$ ImoIbonZ VWm J«må`-OrdZ Ho$ ñ_¥{V_ybH$ AmË_n[adoe go AZwà{UV h¡& ~moY Ho$ ñVa na ZdJrVH$ma `hm± njYaVm H$m {eH$ma hmo J`m h¡& EH$ Amoa Ohm± Cggo J«må`- OrdZ H$s ~Xhmbr, _yë`hrZVm, AmMma ̂ «ï>Vm Ny>Q> J`r h¡ dht Xygar Va\$ eham| H$s AÀN>mX`m| H$mo ̂ r ZOa A§XmO H$a XoVm

240

h¡& ~moY H$m ̀ h n[adV©Z gm¢X`© H$m dh Ñí` CnpñWV H$aVm h¡ {Og_| Jm±d gå~Ym| H$s {_R>mg H$m n`m©` h¡- _rR>mnZ Omo bm`m Wm Jm±d go/Hw$N> {XZ eha ahm/ A~ H$‹S>dr H$H$S>r' BVZm hr Zhr§ eha n[adma {~Iamd Ho$ H$maU ~Z Jò h¡, CgH$s MMm© ̂ a go Xrdma| XaH$Zo bJVr h¡ 'Xrdma| {hbVr O~ Ka H$s/MMm©E± OÝ_Vr/eha H$s& '' ~w‹T>mno _| _mVm-{nVm AnZo ~ÀMm§o go ~‹S>r AmemE± aIVo h¡ {H$ÝVw do eha OmH$a g~H$mo ̂ yb OmVo h¡& Jm±d H¡$go hmo MwHo$ h¡ BgHo$ AZyn Aeof Zo ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡-

''~y‹T>o {XZ h¡, Jm±d AHo$bo b‹S>Ho$ eha Jò

IoVm| _| H$ÀMo C{O`maoCZH$mo ~moò H$m¡ZWH$s nwamZr XohYyn H$mo ~oMo AmYo-nm¡ZZr_ Vbo boQ>o gÞmQ>o {\$a Xmonha-Jò&''

(dh _oao Jm°§d H$s h±gr Wr-n¥-60)Jm±d _| A~ Ho$db ~w‹T>o aho h¡ ̀ m {OÝh| eha OmZm AmgmZ Zht bJVm dh& ZJam|,

_hmZJam| H$s Am{W©H$, gw{dYm, M_H$-X_H$ H$m AmH$f©U, amoOr-amoQ>r Ho$ gdmb H$mo gwbPmZo â H$m ahm h¡ {\$a ̂ r Jm§d CZH$mo Nw>Q>Vm Zht& CgHo$ àVr AmË_r`Vm, ̂ mdyH$Vm AH$maU Zht, gH$maU h¡& ehar OrdZ-_yë`m| go Vmb_ob {~R>mVo-{~R>mVo dh ~ma-~ma Jm±d H$s Amoa bm¡Q>Vm h¡& Bg_| dh H$^r Qw>Q>Z, Nw>Q>Z, ÌmgXr, {dg§JVr, IÅ>m-{_R>mnZ nmVm h¡& {ed~hmXya qgh ^Xm¡[a`m H$m EH$ JrV Jm±d Ho$ _hËd H$mo aoIm§{H$V H$aVm h¡-

''Jm±d go ̂ mJm bo{H$Z `hm± ̂ r Zht g±dam, MbVo jU ZmB© Omo {XIm J`m Amagr ì`W© ahr, AjV g~ PyR>m Wm Á`mo{Vfr, e{Z àH$mon nhbo-gm hr Á`m| H$m Ë`m| R>ham&''

(ZdJrV XeH$-1 n¥-101)`m EH$ Xwgao JrV _o§ ̀ moJ|ÐXÎm e_m© H$hVo h¡-

""~pñV`mo§ _| H$m±M-gm _ZQy>Q> OmZm h¡,Jm±d O~ nrN>o eha goNy>Q> OmVm h¡& ''

(Iwe~wAm| Ho$ Xoe-n¥-26)`m _`§H$ lrdmñVd H$hVo h¡-

''Jm±d Z§Jm H$a {X`m h¡ H$maImZm| Zo

241

Am¡a Iw{e`m± N>rZ H$a aI br g`mZm| Zo&''

(gh_m hþAm Ka-n¥. 17)BZ CXmhaUm| _| J«m_-~moY H$s AZw^y{V hmoVr h¡& ZdJrVH$mam| Ho$ {bE, ''Jm±d

g§ñH¥${V H$m g§ajH$ h¡& dhm± AmË_r`Vm h¡, g§~§Ymo§ H$m {Zdm©h h¡ naÝVw BZ g~Ho$ ~mdOyX Jm±d _| (dh) g§Vwï> Zht h¡ Am¡a eha H$s Va\$ ̂ mJVm h¡ Bgo ZdJrVH$mam| H$s {dg§J{V ̂ r H$hm OmE ¶m gw{dYm nañVr& `h ZdJrV H$m AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ Ho$ à{V AmJ«h h¡& dh AnZo OrdZ _| ~Xbmd MmhVm h¡, AnZr gh^m{JVm H$s ghr g_P nmZm MmhVm h¡& na§Vy gmW hr dh AnZo _yë`m| _| ~Xbmd H$m BÀNw>H$ H$VB© Zht h¡, AnZr g§ñH${V H$mo boH$a dh J{d©V ̂ r h¡ Am¡a eham| H$s _yë`hrZVm H$mo hH$maV H$s Ñ{ï> go XoIVm h¡& ''

3. ZJa ~moY :-ZdJrV _| eha V_m_ ZH$mamË_H$ _yë`m| Ho$ àVrH$ én _| CâH$a Am`m h¡&

gm§ñH¥${VH$ èhmg, {dKQ>Z, nm[adm[aH$ Qy>Q>Z, ZH$brnZ, CXmgr, {~Iamd, gå~§Ymo§ H$m ImË_m, Cn^moŠVm g§ñH¥${V Ho$ OÝ_, Am{W©H$sH$aU, emofU, `ÝÌUm, D$~, KwQ>Z, VZmd, AOZ~r`V, AZ¡{VH$Vm, BË`m{X H$m H$maU eharH$aU H$mo _mZVo hþE ZdJrVH$ma Zo AnZo ~moY H$mo BgHo$ {Ibmµ’$ I‹S>m H$a {X`m h¡ Am¡a gm¡ÝX`© Ho$ Cg Zò _mZH$ H$m emoY {H$`m h¡ Omo {g\©$ _mZd Ho$ Cëbm{gV VWm _Yya gÝX^m] go hr {Z{_©V Zht hmoVm daZ² OrdZ Ho$ Xw…ImË_H$ nhbwAm| H$mo ^r g§ñne© H$aVm h¡& '' dñVwV… ZdJrV _| eha OrdZ H$s g§doXZ{gŠVVm H$m ânya {MÌU Am`m h¡& J«m_ H$s VwbZm H$aVo hþE ZdJrVH$mam| Zo ZJa ~moY H$s A{^ì`{ŠV H$s h¡& BZH$s BZ gmar g§doXZmAm| H$mo amOoÐ Jm¡V_ Ho$ eãXm| _| ì`ŠV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡- ''Üd§gH$ AUw-Aóm| Ho$ AmV§H$ Ho$ gmò _|, `m§{ÌH$ `wJ Ho$ ^`mdh VZmd _|, ^m¡{VH$Vm Ho$ {dñ\$moQ> go _mZdr` g§~§Ym| H$s I§{S>VVm Ho$ ~rM, AmXem}§ Ho$ Qy>Q>-{~Ia OmZo dmbo ImoIbonZ Ho$ Xm¡amZ, A{ZíM` H$s A§Yoamo, gwa§Jm| go JwOaVo hþE, _wIm¡Q>mYmar amOZr{V Ho$ n[ahmg-ZmQ>H$ Ho$ ~rM VWm _yë`m| H$s {^{Îm H$mo ̂ aâmH$a {JaVo XoIVo hþE ̂ r OrdZ _| gm¢X`© H$s- EH$ ZdrZ gm¢X`© H$s- ImoO hr _mZdr` {dídmg H$s CnbpãY H$s EH$ _mÌ amh hmo gH$Vr Wr Am¡a ̀ h ImoO {Og àH$ma Ho$ gm¢X`© VH$ Bg nr‹T>r H$mo bo J`r, CgH$s _yb-ga§MZm H$m gm¢X`© H$s 'H¡${_ñQ´>r' go {^Þ hmoZm ^r An[ahm`© Wm, gå^dV: Bgr{bE ZdJrVH$ma Zo _erZr H$mobmhb Ho$ ~rM b`m| H$m g§YmZ {H$`m h¡, VZmdm| Ho$ ~rM g§doJm| H$mo A{^ì`{ŠV Xr h¡, EH$-ag ̂ m¡{VH$Vm Ho$ ~rM àmUdmZ {~å~m| H$m gO©Z {H$`m h¡, {~Iamd Am¡a Qy>Q>Z Ho$ ~rM {eën H$mo g§píbï>rH¥$V én {X`m h¡&''

ehar OrdZ H$s Amnm-Ymnr, ì`ñVVm Ho$ H$maU `m§{ÌH$ OrdZ OrZo Ho$ {bE ì`{ŠV {dde h¡, _O~ya h¡& Bgr H$maU CZH$m OrdZ ag gwI J`m h¡& _Ü`dJu` ZmoH$ar noem dJ© Ho$ {bE eha H¡$gm hmo J`m h¡ Bgo _mhoída {Vdmar Zo AnZo JrV haqgJma H$moB© Vmo hmo' _| ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡-

'"eha hmo Jò,gmao Jwb_moha, A_bVmg^r‹S> _hmZJa hmo Jò&

242

gw~h| OJt,Obr A±Jr{R>`m±YwAm± nhZZo bJo _H$mZMrIm| goâ JB© {Xem`|emoa nhZgwÞ hþE H$mZ gmo` H$_aooCR>H$a g\$a hmo Jò &''

ehadmgr`m| _| ~ZmdQ>rnZ CâH$a Am`m h¡ & EH$ àH$ma go do Am¡nMm[aH$Vm H$m {Zdm©h H$aVo OmVo h¡ {Oggo Amngr [aíVm| _| bJmd, ̀ m H$ho 'ag" Ho$ gmoVo \w$Q>Zm ~§X- gm hmo J`m h¡& a_oe a§OH$ Ho$ eãXm| _| - "{\$a Z ao{JñVmZ hmoVo/ Xoh _| Eogo/ {\$a Z AmVo Ûma na/ _oh_mZ hmo O¡go/ h{S²>S>`m| H$mo H$mQ>Vr Š`m|/ Am¡nMm[aH$Vm '' ~mV ̀ hm± VH$ H$s Zht eha Zo J«m_ OrdZ H$s Kmoa Cnojm H$s h¡& CgH$m XmohZ {H$`m h¡ ''eha ~wbS>moOa H$s Vah Cgo am¢X ahm h¡ & '' ,'' em_| g~ gaH$mar hmo J`r / AnZmnZ noQ> _| X~moMH$a/ N>mVr na go eha JwOa J`m/ OmZo {H$VZm {Zarh gmoMH$a&

ehar ì`dñWm go ZdJrVH$mam| H$mo {M‹T> h¡ & do Cggo naoemZ ̂ r h¡ na Cggo Xya ̂ r Zht ah nmVo, CgH$s aâVma _o§ do em_rb hmo OmVo h¡ IwX H$mo Cg_| Omo‹S>Zm MmhVo h¡& na O~ H$^r D$~ OmVo h¡ {Zame hmo OmVo h¡ Vmo H$hVo h¡ - ' A§S>o/ ß`mO/ _w§°J \${b`m|/ Ho$bmo§ Ho$ {N>bH$m|/ ì`ŠV {ZamoYm|/ Am¡a aÔr H$mJO Ho$ Qw>H$S>m|/ {gJaoQ> Ho$ Imbr {S>ã~m| go/ AQ>r-nQ>r ̀ o bå~r gS>H|$/ ̀ o gmjr h¡ d¡km{ZH$ {dH$mg H$s & '' (XodoÐ e_m© B§Ð, Hw$hao H$s àË`m§Mm, n¥-29)

g\o$Xnmoe bmoJm| H$m EH$ {MÌ lrH¥$îU {Vdmar H$m JrV 'gÞmQ>o H$s Prb' _o§ Am`m h¡& dñVwV… '' ehar {OÝXJr Ho$ {Og AmMaU Zo ZdJrVH$ma H$mo Iy~ _Wm h¡ dh h¡ CgH$s _wIm¡amYmar àd¥{Îm D$na go XoIZo _| g^r ear\$ na§Vy dmñV{dH$Vm _o§ {Zhm`V JÝXo Am¡a H«y$a& '' (n¥-139) ZdJrVH$mam| H$mo YmoIm BÝhr dJ© go {_bm em`X ̀ hr H$maU h¡ H$s Bg dJ© Ho$ àVr CZ_| A{YH$ AmH«$moe {XIVm h¡ -

""~mha go h±gVo h¡ bmoJAÝXa go amoVo h¡ bmoJOmZo ̀ h H¡$gr Am~mohdmOmZo ̀ h H¡$go bmoJ,Am±Imo§ _| ~\$s©br Prb,AmoR>m| na ~mê$Xr \$mg,H$mZm| _| O§Jb H$m emoa,~ham h¡ _Z H$m AmH$me&''

(gÞmQ>o H$s Prb- n¥- 5)IË_ hmoVr _mZdr`Vm Am¡a Cgna H$s AmñWm Ho$ g§H$Q>~moY Ho$ Xm¡a go ZdJrVH$ma

JwOa ahm h¡& ̀ h g§H$Q> nhMmZ H$m h¡, h_mar gä`Vm, _wë`m| H$s ajm H$m h¡& 'AmZodmbr nr‹T>r

243

Ho$ gm_Zo H$m ̀ wJ H¡$gm hmoJm' H$s qMVm BZ_| h¡& ~‹T>Vo ImoIbonZ, g_má hmoVr OrdÝVVm H$s Vbme BZHo$ JrVm| _| h¡&em§Vr gw_Z H$m JrV 'Amo àVr{jV' _|§ ̀ hr ̂ md ì`ŠV hþAm h¡-

'' ̀ h eha nËWam| H$m eha Qy>Q>r hþB© gw~h ̀ hm±PwH$s hþB© em_ Oobm| go XâVa VH$ em{nV Amam_ JmR>m| gr Jm{b`m| _| ̂ ar-âr ~X~ygm\$ hdm H$s OJh {n`| g^r Oha nËWam| H$m eha&KwQ>Vo gå~Ym| H$s MMm© ~XZm_,YwE± Ho$ N>ëbm|-gmOrZm ZmH$m_ _H$‹S>r Ho$ Ombm|-gr {~N>r hþB© CbPZ|gVhr eVm} go g~ X~o hþE nha nËWam| H$m eha& ''

n¥- 31g§~§Ym| H$s Qy>Q>Z, g§doXZhrZVm, ̀ m§{ÌH$Vm, àXwfU, J§XJr, {ZaW©H$Vm H$m ̀ WmW©

ZdJrVH$mam| Zo àñVwV {H$`m h¡& g§~§Ym| Ho$ Qy>Q>Zo VWm Am¡nMm[aH$Vm Ho$ H$maU ehar ì`{ŠV nËWa ~ZVm Om ahm h¡&

eha ZdJrVH$mam| Ho$ {bò ''Cn^moŠVm g§ñH¥${V Ho$ ^moJdmXr ‹T>m±Mo H$m Zm‘ h¡ {Og_| AmXe©, _yë`, Z¡{VH$Vm g^r Hw$N> ^ñ_ hmo MwHo$ h¡ & BgHo$ A{V[aŠV amOZr{VH$ fS²>`§Ì, g\o$Xnmoe AnamY, ZH$brnZ, ̀ m§{ÌH$Vm g~ {_bH$a eha H$mo ~Xê$n H$aZo Ho$ {bò n`m©á h¡ Am¡a `{X Eogo _| eha ZmQ>H$-Ka bJZo bJo Vmo AmíM`© Zht - '_oam eha _hmZ ZmQ>H$-Ka / O¡gm bJVm h¡/... Hw$N> _m{ha h¢ AmJ-bJmH$a / hmW g|H$Zo _| / bJo hþE Hw$N> Ja_-Ja_ / A\$dmh \|$H$Zo _|/ ~mob aho h¡ IrP-IrP H$a / Aja aho hþE&''

ímha H$B© g_ñ`mAm| go J«ñV hmoVm Om ahm h¡ & gmåàXm{`H$ X§Jo, amOZr{VH$ AIm‹S>o, Xm±dn|M, J§XJr, AOZ~rnZ, D$~ Am{X& Bgr H$m {MÌU ZdJrVm| _| Am`m h¡&

4. àH¥${V ào_Jm±d àH¥${V H$m gå_mohZ ZdJrVH$mam| _| ahm h¡& {Og J«m_rU OrdZ go dh Ow‹S>m h¡

Cgr H$mo JrV H$m {df` Z ~Zm`m OmE, Eogm hmoVm Zht& Jm±d àVr {Zð>m, gm§ñH¥${VH$ {Zð>m, na§nam ~moY Ho$ gmW àH¥${V ào_ H$B© ZdJrVH$mam| _| h¡& {\$a ^r àH¥${V H$mo ñdV§Ì {df` ~ZmH$a CgH$m dU©Z am_Xae {_l, adrÝÐ ^«_a, am_Zaoe nmR>H$, eå^wZmW qgh, R>mHw$aàgmX qgh Am{X`m| _| nm`m OmVm h¡& CZHo$ àH¥${V {MÌU _| '_Z Ho$ Cëbmg, g§`moJ-{d`moJ, hf©-CÝ_mX Am¡a amo_mpÝQ>H$Vm A{YH$ {_bVr h¡& '' eå^wZmW {g§h H$m JrV ' _mÜ`_ _¢ ' _| 'H$m{VH$ H$s YaVr' H$m dU©Z Am`m h¡-

244

'' amo_ amo_ _| N>{~ h¡ N>m±B©,{Ìdbr gr h¡ ItMr hamB©,gmoZOwhr gr ê$n bwZmB©,A§J A§J go PaVrH$m{VH$ H$s YaVr ''

àH¥$Vr Ho$ {d{^Þ ê$nm| H$m {MÌU BZ_| nm`m OmVm h¡& Ambå~Z, CÔrnZ, Ab§H$aU, _mZdrH$aU, àVrH$ Am{X& {\$a ̂ r BgàH$ma Ho$ dU©Z _| ''AmË_r`Vm VWm J«må` n[adoe H$m g_Ýd`'' ahm h¡-

''N>m¡Zo AmH$me Ho$ YaVr na PwHo$-PwHo$C‚`mZr {jàm VQ> , _oKXyV ê$Ho$-ê$Ho$& ''

AWdm 'bmoH$-OrdZ' H$m {MÌU àH¥${V {MÌU Ho$ gmW-gmW hmoVm ahm h¡& a_oe a§OH$ H$m 'JrV {dhJ CVam' _o§ Bgo XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡-

''{~Ia JB© nwadm H$s AbH|$gmao KQ> _|\¡$b JB© EH$ bha J^© J^© AÝVa _|AHw$bmò ̀ mXm| Ho$ \y$b &''

A{YH$m§e ZdJrVm| _| àH¥${V à{V ào_ H$m dU©Z hþAm h¡&

5. àU`~moY àH¥${V H$mo _mÜ`_ ~ZmH$a àU` H$m {MÌU N>m`mdmX H$s Img {deofVm h¡& {Zambm

H$s 'Owhr H$s H$br' BgH$m CÎm_ CXmhaU h¡& {\$a ̂ r {Zambm Ho$ JrV na§nam H$m ̀ m H$ho Bgr àd¥{Îm H$m à`moJ ZdJrVH$mam| Zo {H$`m h¡ {H$ÝVy Ü`mZ aho BZH$m {MÌU N>m`mdmX go {ZVm§V {^Þ h¡& àU` {MÌU _| ZdrZVm, VmOJr, CË\w$ëbVm, ghOVm, ñdm^m{dH$Vm H$s bbH$ h¡& ''ZdJrV _| àU` H$mo EH$ Z¶m ~moY {_bm {Og_| Zmar ̂ mo½`m Zht, ghYm{_©Ur h¡, g_ñ`mAm| H$s {_b-~m±Q>H$a hb H$aVr h¡& H$m_ H$aVr h¡, {Zame _mZd H$mo OrdZ H$s Zd-àoaUm àXmZ H$aVr h¡& dh ̂ ma Zhr h¡, nwê$f na Am{lV ̂ r Zht h¡& ghO gm¢X`© go CË\w$ëb AmX_r H$s H$mo_b MoVZm H$s g§a{jH$m hmoZo Ho$ gmW nmañnm[aH$ _mZd-_yë`m| H$s g§dm{hH$m h¡ Zmar& AmñWm,{dídmg, dmËgë`, H$éUm, X`m O¡gr CXmÎm MoVZm H$s A{Yð>mÌr hmoZo Ho$ gmW e{ŠV H$m AOó ómoV ̂ r dh h¡& ZdJrV _| Omo Zmar AmVr h¡ dh {g\©$ 'Xod' _mÌ Z hmoH$a _mZdr` ^mdZmAm| H$m AmYma ^r h¡& Xoh H§$MZ H$s Zht/dmgZm ^tJr/ Vw_ ^mdZmAm| H$m/ _Ywa AmYma ̂ r Vmo hmo/''(JrV nd© Am`m h¡, amOoÐ Jm¡V_)-'' (n¥.-143)

AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ Xm¡a _| ~‹T>Vo eharH$aU _| àU` g§~§Ym| na g§e` I‹S>o hmo Jò& Cgna "" Am{W©H$ X~md VWm ̂ moJdmXr AmH$f©U Zo AmË_r`Vm Ho$ jU H$mo gr{_V H$a {X`m h¡ & '' Ohra Hw$aoer H$s aMZm 'EH$ ZXr gmJa go {_b H$a/JmZm ̂ yb J`r' Bgr Xama H$mo Xem©Vr h¡ Š`m| {H$ 'nËZr {ZH$br gw~h / em_ H$mo XâVa go bm¡Q>r/ n{V H$m ZmBQ> {eâQ> gmV {XZ _| {\$a go bm¡Q>r& '' (EH$ Qw>H$S>m Yyn-n¥-81) Eogr n[apñW{V _o àU` ~m§Y Qy>Q>Zm ñdm^m{dH$ hr h¡ V~ ~wpÜXZmW {_l H$hVo h¡-

245

"" ̀ o Vwåhmar H$m|nbm|-gr Z_© ~m±ho Am¡a _oao Jwb_wha Ho$ {XZAmO Hw$N> AZhmo{Z`m H$aHo$ ah|Joß`ma Ho$ ̀ o _ZMbo nb-{N>Z ''

(Omb \|$H$ ao _N>oao, n¥-12)ZdJrVH$mam| H$m àU` ~moY AnZr A{^ì`{ŠV _| ñ_¥{V_wbH$ h¡ dh AmO H$m gM

Zht h¡, ~pëH$ {nN>br {OÝXJr Ho$ ag`wŠV jUm| H$mo ñ_¥{V Ho$ _mÜ`_ go AnZo OhZ _| CVma H$a ZdJrVH$ma gÝVwï> hmo boVm h¡ Š`mo§{H$ AmO H$s n[apñW{V`m± BVZr {df_ h¡ {H$ AmË_r`Vm H$m jU ^r ~m_wpíH$b hr {_b nmVm h¡& '' O{ha Hw$aoer, ~wpÕZmW {_l Ho$ JrV Cgr H$s A{^ì`{ŠV h¡& Bgna eharH$aU H$s `m§{ÌH$Vm Am¡a {ZagVm H$m à^md h¡& ~mOmadmXr g§ñH¥${V H$m ̂ moJdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ [aíVm§o _| ̀ m§{ÌH$Vm bmVm h¡& [aíVm| _o ̂ r Cn`mo{JVmdmX bmVm h¡& Eogo _| ̂ mdZm, g§doXZm H$m H$moB© _hËd Zht ah OmVm& Ohra Hw$aoer H$hVo h¡-

''[aíVm| H$s gS>H|$A~ OmVr Zht ̂ mdZm VH$AmO AmX_r na hmoVm h¡H$åß`yQ>a H$m eH$ JmVo {\$aVo h¡ '[aH$mS>©' go AnZo XwI‹S>o bmoJ& ''

(ZdJrV XeH$- 3. n¥- 93)ZdJrV _| \«$m`‹S> H$m XohdmXr ê$n ̂ r nm`m OmVm h¢& 'Xoh' go ào_ VH$ nh±þMZo H$s

àd¥{Îm empÝV gw_Z Ho$ JrV 'naN>mB© Qw>Q>Vr" _| nm`m OmVm h¡- K§Q>mo Bg Vah {XIVr hþB© /AOÝVm ̀ mX AmVr /Am°I _w±Xo àe§gm {nò/C±J{b`m± {WaH$mVr /AbJ-jU Ho$ AbJ ̀ o {H$ñgo/ZtX hr Imo JB© & ''

H$^r AZw^yV EH$m§{VH$ jUm| H$s ñ_¥{V- AmdoJ àñVwV n§{ŠV`m| _| h¡& 'AOÝVm" H$s ñ_¥{V hmo OmZm 'Z§JmnZ' hr h¡ Om aMZmH$ma Ho$ AMoVZ _| gwa{jV n‹S>m h¡ & Š`m|{H$ ̀ h AZw^y{V 'AbJ-jU.. $AbJ {H$ñgo' H$s h¡ & AmO CZ {H$ñgm| H$mo `mX {H$`m Om ahm h¡& OrdZ Ho$ CZ gwIX jU àVr AmH$f©U EH$ AmemdmX hr h¡ Vmo {Zamem~moY H$s N>Q>nQ>mhQ ̂ r& ZdJrVH$ma H$m ̀ h Zd amo_m§g h¡& Xw…I Zht& ̀ moJoÐXÎm e_m© Zo 'Iwe~wAm| Ho$ X§e' _| ̀ hr ̂ md ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡- A~ Z bm¡Q>oJo H$^r& CÝ_mX Ho$ do nb gwhmZo!& Imo Jò do _oY CÝ_Z& ÜdñV- jV A_amB`±m> h¢& _m¡Z no‹S>mo H$s {eIm na Sy>~Vr naN>mB`°m§ h¢& Prb WH$ H$a gmo JB© h¢ gmo JB© CÝ_Z _whmZo& ''

àU` H$s H$ën{ZH$Vm, ZdVm, Zd CÝ_mXVm, AmH$f©U, WmoWr Z¡{VH$Vm H$m {damoY Am{X {deofVm ZdJrVm| H$s h¡& Zmar H$mo D$Om©pñdZr ~ZH$a dh Cgo ̂ moJZm MmhVm h¡ CgH$m R>§‹S>mnZ Cgo H$Mm¡Q>Vm h¡ Š`m|{H$ ̀ h nwamVZVm h¡, CgH$m {damoY ̂ r dh H$aVm h¡- H$hVm h¡- H$~ VbH$ Vw_ ~\©$ gr boQ>r ahoJr& é ~ é hmo& AmO Wmo‹S>r Am±M Vmo gwbJo& (_Ywa H$_b, _hþAm Am¡a _hmda- n¥-31) ̀ h ZdJrVH$ma H$s AíbrbVm Zhr§, AmYw{ZH$ {dg§J{V H$s XoZ h¡ {H$ nËZr ~\©$ gr R>§S>r hmo boQ>r h¡ Bg{bE ³¶m|{H$ OrdZ H$s g_ñ`mAm| Zo CgHo$ àU` H$s AmJ H$mo R>§S>m H$a {X`m h¡& ''

246

6. {OOr{dfm H$m Z`m gm¡X`©-~moY_mYd|ÐàgmX Zo H$hm h¡ '' ZdJrV Zò gm¢X`©-~moY H$m H$mì` h¡ {Ogo {eën Am¡a

H$Ï¶ XmoZm| ñVam| na ZdVm àmá hþB© h¡& {OOr{dfm H$m gm¢X`© ̂ md-àdUVm H$m {ZXe©H$ h¡... ZdJrV _| dV©_mZ OrdZ H$m {dg§J{V~moY h¡& D$na go g~ R>rH$ bJ ahm h¡, bo{H$Z ^rVa J‹S>~‹S> h¡& ereo H$s Xrdma H$s Vah ... ZdJrVH$ma Bgo Vmo‹S>Zm MmhVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ _yë`hrZVm H$m àma§^' {OgH$s n[aU{V {Zamem _| hmoVr h¢,`hr go hmoVm h¡& '' Bg{bò dh H$hVm h¡- '' H$moB© Vmo hmWm| _|/nËWa bo/Vmo‹S>o ereo H$s Xrdma H$mo& (_mhoída {Vdmar, haqgJma H$moB© Vmo hmo, n¥-77) ̀ h ZdJrVH$mam| H$s 'H$g_gmhQ>' ̀ m '{dÐmoh' h¡& Ohm± {Zamem ̂ r h¡ Vmo Amem ̂ r& dh 'Qw>Q>m' h¡, 'nam¶mnZ' Cgo 'gmbVm' h¡ na§Vw ' _¥V-JrV' dh H$^r Zht JmVm& dh Ohm± 'Ý`yQ´>b' hmo J`m h¡ dhm± 'H$moB© µ’$H©$ Zht n‹S>Vm' O¡gm _whmdam CgHo$ {bE ̂ r AmJ hmo J`m h¡'' - H$ÝYo Hw$br/~moP ehOmXo/ H$moB© \$H©$ Zht,/amOo H$^r/H$^r _hmamOo/H$moB© \$H©$ Zhr/AI~mam| H$s a±Jr gw{I©`m±/~‹S>~mobm| H$s ~mV/gyaO gmo`m JmoXm_ _|/ R>har H$mbr amV/PyR>r H$g_|/PyR>o dmXo H$moB© \$H©$ Zht'' (S>m°. gwaoe,ZdJrV XeH$-3 n¥-47-48) Bg AÝ`m`nyU© pñW{V à{V dh ~oM¡Z hmo CR>Vm h¡& CgHo$ {damoY _| dh 'VZ H$a I‹S>m hmoZm MmhVm h¡& '' A~ Cgo, ''nma O§Jb Ho$ Zò Hw$N> gy`© A~ {XIZo bJo h¡& '' ̀ h g§^mdZm hr h¡ Omo Cgo {Zamem Ho$ JV} go ~mha {ZH$mbVr h¡ Š`m|{H$ dñVwV… ''AamOH$ V§Ì Zo bmoJm| H$s AmË_r`Vm, CgH$s ghOVm, Cëbmg, AmH$m§jm, C_§J, CËgmh, àoaUm, g^r Hw$N> H$mo g§{X½Y H$a {X`m h¢& AmX_r Ho$ nmg AnZr g_ñ`mAm| go OwPVo OrdZ H$mo {KgQ>Zo Ho$ {gdm Hw$N> Zht ~Mm h¡ ZdJrVH$ma Zo BÝhr g_ñ`mAm| H$mo ^moJm h¡& ¶hr BZH$m gƒm Ehgmg h¡& '' V^r Vmo Hw$_ma adtÐ ̀ h ZdJrVH$ma {bIVm h¡-

""nwînm|H$s/Z`r H$WmgwZVo AmH$me&Q>ogy H$mo gmW {bòKy_Vo \$bme_Z _| {\$a OJm aho Yyn Ho$ gdmb&''

(AmôV h¡ dZ, n¥-18){OOr{dfm Ho$ MbVo hr dh n[adV©Z H$s nwH$ma H$aVm h¡& àJV{ebVm Zo OZdm{X

MoVZm H$mo OJm`m {OgH$m à^md ~mX _| à`moJdmX. ZB© H${dVm, gmR>moÎmar H${dVm ‘| Am`m na§Vy ''ZdJrV _| `h MoVZm ny°Orn{V VWm gd©ham dJ© H$s MoVZm Ho$ ê$n _| Zht Am`r, daZm Omo gÎmm na H$m{~O Wo Am¡a {OZHo$ hmW _| ì`dñWm Wr, ̂ bo hr do OZVm Ho$ à{V{Z{Y Š`m| Z hmo ,ZdJrVH$ma Ho$ {bò emofH$ Wo& BgHo$ {dnarV nyar OZVm, Mmho dh _Ü`_dJ© hmo, J«m_-eha Ho$ g§H«${_V bmoJ hmo, AWdm OrdZ H$s ZdVm Ho$ njYa hmo, g^r ZdJrV _| nr{‹S>V _mZd Ho$ ê$n _| J¥hrV hþE& Bg_| Am{W©H$ H$maU CVZm à~b Zht {XIVm h¡, {OVZm _yë`JV Ìmg Ed§ gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dKQ>Z H$s à{H«$`m Wr& Š`m|{H$ ZdJrV nmaånm[aH$ _mZd _yë`m| Ed§ gm§ñH¥${VH$ Yamoha H$s MoVZm Ho$ ê$n _| Câm& Bg{bE O~ BZna AmKmV hþAm Vmo ZdJrVH$ma H«w$ÜX hmo CR>m Z{MHo$Vm H$s ̀ h hS>~S>mhQ> 'A§Yo A§{Y¶mao H$m& Jbm h‘ X~moM b| (AmX‘H$X I~a|-n¥-21) Bgr H«$moY H$m n[aUm_ h¡& XodoÝÐ e_m© 'BÝÐ' H$mo bJZo bJm {H$ ̀ h 'd§er' ~OmZo Ho$ {XZ

247

Zht, g§Kf© Ho$ {XZ h§¡& n[adV©Z H$s à{H«$`m H$mo g§nÞ H$aZo Ho$ {XZ h¡ - 'd§er H$mo {Jadr aI / bo Amò e§I' (Hw$hao H$s àË`m§Mm, n¥-22) `h 'e§I' `wÜX H$m àVrH$ h¡& ''bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ ì`dñWm _| nZno emofH$m| Ho$ {déÜX ZdJrVH$ma H$s ̀ h AJmO h¡& g§Kf© Ho$ {bò dh V¡`ma h¡& CZHo$ gm_Zo eÌy `m {dnj ñnï> Zht h¡ {\$a ^r CgHo$ {Ibmµ’$, Cgna AmKmV dh H$aZm MmhVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ ì`dñWm A_yV© hþB© h¡& CgHo$ bmoJ ^r& {\$a ^r dh OZ H$mo MoVVm h¡& OZe{ŠV Ûmam Aì`dñWm _| n[adV©Z bmZm ZdJrVH$ma H$s {OOr{dfm hr h¡& 'n[adV©Z H$s à{Vjm' A~ Cggo Am¡a Zht hmoVr Bg{bò dh OZVm H$mo 'AnZo A{YH$mam| àVr' gOJ H$aVm h¡& gË`ZmamÙ {bIVo h¡-

""Owë_ H$m MŠH$a Am¡a Vdmhr {H$VZo {XZ{H$VZo {XZh_ na Vw_ na gX© {gnmhr {H$VZo {XZ{H$VZo {XZ?~XboJm A~ Vmo ̀ h Amë~_ ~XboJm,{\$a hm¡dm ~XboJm, AmX_ ~XboJm`h Jmobr, ~ÝXyH$, {gnmhr {H$VZo {XZ?{H$VZo {XZ?''

(Vw_ Zm Zht H$a gH$Vo, n¥-45){OOr{dfm hr hmoVr h¡ Omo O‹S>, nwamVZ H$mo CI‹S> \|$H$Zo H$m _mKm aIVr h¡&

~mYmAm| H$mo IË_ H$aVr h¡& Bg{bE e§^yZmW H$hVo h¡- ̀ o CJr O§Jbr Pm{‹S>`m± H$mQ> X|& Am±I H$s Mma ObVr _embo {bò& gy`© H$s ̂ y{_H$m h¡ {Z^mVr H$hmo& '' ̀ m Hw$±da ~oM¡Z H$hVo h¡-

'' AmO VH$ B{Vhmg _|Omo ̂ r nbr hmoXmgVm Ho$ d¥j H$s O‹S> ImoIbr hmobrH$ ‘aKQ> Ho${_Q>mZr h¡ h_| doAmJ H$s bnQ>|~wPmZr h¡ h_| do ApñW`m± Or{dV Ohm± AnZr Obr hm|AmñWm H$sCg H$‹S>r H$mo Vmo‹S>Zm h¡éI h_|/CZ amñVm| H$m _mo‹S>Zm h¡nr{‹T>`m {OZna {~Zm g_Po Mbr hm|& ''

({nZ ~hþV gmao, n¥-59)ZdJrVH$ma H$s {OOr{dfm g^r _Zwî` H$s MoVZm h¡& OrZo Ho$ àVr bbH$ h¡& OrdZ

Ho$ àVr AmñWm h¡& g§Kf© _| {dídmg h¡& ̀ hr CZHo$ JrV H$m gm¢X`© h¡&

248

7 ZdJrV H$s d¡Mm[aH$ à{V~ÜXVm :-ZdJrV dñVwV… ^maVr` bmoH$OrdZ VWm CgHo$ ehar g§H«$_U go {Z{_©V

{dg§J{V-~moY H$m H$mì` h¡& EH$ Amoa na§nam VWm g§ñH¥${V H$m nmbZ dh H$aVm h¡ Vmo Xwgar Amoa AmYww{ZH$ ehar g§H«$_U Am¡a Cggo Ow‹S>r ñ_ñ`mAmo§ H$s A{^ì`{ŠV& ZdJrVH$mam| _| J«m_rU g§ñH¥$Vr àVr AmË_r`Vm, bJmd h¡ Vmo ehar OrdZ g§ñH¥$Vr àVr D$~, KwQ>Z, `m§{ÌH$Vm àVr, Ag§Vmof h¡& ZdJrVH$mam| Zo {H$gr d¡Mm[aH$ à{V~ÜXVm Ho$ VhV JrV Zht {bIo Am¡a {bIm ̂ r Z OmE Š`m|{H$ OrdZ H$m gm¢X`© CgH$s AmË_m ‘| {d{hV hmoVr h¡& d¡Mm[aH$Vm Cgo gr{_V H$Q>Kao _| bmH$a aIVr h¡& {d{dY _VdmXm| Ho$ ~mdOyX ^r '' ZdJrVH$ma `h {ZíM¶ Zht H$a nm`m {H$ Cgo {H$g {dMma H$m EH$mpÝVH$ AZwgaU H$aZm h¡& AnZr-AnZr T>nbr AnZm-AnZm amJ-Am¡a Bgr{bE AË`ÝV geŠV H$mì`mÝXmobZ hmoVo hþE ^r, bmoH${à`Vm Ho$ ~mdOyX ZdJrV AnZo A§{V_ Xm¡a go JwOaVm àVrV hmo ahm h¡&'' {\$a ̂ r CgHo$ {dMma à{V~ÜXVm H$mo VrZ erf©H$m| _| {d^m{OV H$a XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡&

H$. gm_m{OH$ {dMmaJrVm| H$s ì`mnH$ OZMoVZm gm_m{OH$ à{V~ÜXVm go Ow‹S>r h¡& g_mO _| ahVo

ZdJrVH$mam| Zo Omo qMVm AmHw$bmhQ, àíZmHw$bVm, naoemZr, ̀ m§{ÌH$Vm, AOZ~rnZ Am{X H$mo nm`m Cgr H$s A{^ì`{ŠV ZdJrV _| Am`r h¡& AZoH$ g_H$mbrZ g_`-g_mO _o 'EH$ {ZOudVm, qH$H$V©ì`{d_wT>Vm ì`mßV h¡'- Bgo hr XodoÐ e_m© ' BÝÐ Zo ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡-

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ZdJrVH$ma ~Zr ì`dñWm Ho$ {bE ñd`§ H$mo {Oå_oXma _mZVo h¡, `h CZH$m '' dmñV{dH$ {dMma Zhr daZ² à{V{H«$`mË_H$ A{^ì`{ŠV h¡& '' {\$a ̂ r Bg ì`dñWm _| ~Xbmd AmòJm H$m AmemdmX CZ_| {Z{hV h¡ _yë`JV n[adV©Z H$mo do XoI aho h¡& Bg{bò dh nwamZr _yë` H$s '_rZmao' ‹T>hVm hþAm Am¡a Zò _yë`m| H$s 'Xrdmao' ~‹T>Vm hþAm XoI ahm h¡- ‹T>h ahr naånam H$s/ D$§Mr _rZma|/ Zò Zò _yë`m| H$s/ CR>Vr Xrdma|& '' (_hþAm Am¡a _hmda- n¥-112) `hr CZH$s gm_m{OH$ gmoM h¡& Zò _yë`m| _| nZnVr A{ZíM` H$s _wÐm H$m ^md ^r CZ_| Am`m h¡& {OgHo$ à{V do g§{X½Y h¡, dh CÝh| dmñV{dH$ àVrV Zht hmo ahr h¡ -

""_oao Ka _| I‹S>r ì`dñWmBVZr K{Q>`m h¡nVm Zht MbVm BgH$sghr {Xem Š`m h¡& '' (gh^m XwAm Ka- n¥- 30)

gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mAm| _| ZdJrVH$ma AnZr ^y{_H$m H$mo g_P Zht nmVm `hr CgH$m g§H$Q> h¡& dh gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mAm| H$s A{^ì`{ŠV H$aVm h¡& ì`dñWm H¡$gr hmoZr

249

Mm{hE, dV©_mZ g§H$Q> H$mo Xya H$aZo Ho$ Š`m Cnm` h¡, Bg ~mao _| H$moB© R>mog _ÝVì` dh ñnï> Zht H$aVm& ̂ {dî` H$m gm_m{OH$ ñdê$n Š`m hmoJm, Bg ~mao _| ̂ r ZdJrVH$ma H$m ̂ md ñnï> Zht h¡& Bg{bE gm_m{OH$ {dMma H$m gm¢X`© ^r dh _hÎmm Zht àmßV H$a nm`m h¡ {OgH$s Cå_rX h_ {H$gr gm{hpË`H$ {dYm go H$aVo h¡& ''

dñVwV… ZdJrV _| {dMma Zhr ^md àYmZ h¡& Bg{bE CZ_| d¡Mm[aH$ à{V~ÜXVm XoIZo Ho$ ~Om` ̂ md gm¢X`© H$mo XoIZm hmoJm& ZdJrVH$ma Ho$ AZwgma {Z~©b-g~b hmoZo H$m g_` Am MwH$m h¡ dh ì`dñWm _| n[adV©Z MmhZo bJo h¡& ̀ h gm_m{OH$ MoVZm CZ_| OmJ CR>r h¡-

""AmO Omo N>moQ>m h¡, {Z~©b h¡, H$b ~‹T>H$a _O~yV hmoJm, AnZo Mm¡‹S>o nÎmm| go Yyn-WHo$ bmoJm| H$mo N>m°h XoJm& ''

(Xn©Z Ho$ q~~- n¥- 57) `h H$hH$a ZdJrVH$ma AnZr gm_m{OH$ à{V~ÕVm H$mo hr ì`ŠV H$a ahm h¡&

_Zwî` gä`Vm g§H$Q> Ho$ Xm¡a go JwOa ahr h¡& ehar `m§{ÌH$Vm, _yë`m| H$m {dKQ>Z, AW© bmbgm, ñdmW©nam`Vm Am{X H$m g§H$Q> Cgna _§S>am ahm h¡& `wÜX H$m g§H$Q>-~moY ^r ZdJrVH$ma H$mo hmo MwH$m h¡- ""AmVr h¡ _¥Ë`w J§Y/Xoem| Ho$ nma go'' Mmam| Am¡a ’¡$bVr XheVOXm {O§XJr H$mo CÝhm|Zo ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡&

^maVr` _Z H$^r ̂ m¡{VH$Vm _| bJmd _hgyg Zht H$a nm`m& gmo ZdJrVH$ma ̂ r Zht& CÝhmoZ| OrdZ H$s dmñV{dH$Vm Ho$ ~rM ào_, ghmZw^y{V, H$éUm, X`m'' H$mo AnZr g§n{Îm _mZm h¡-

''{OgHo$ _Z _| ß`ma dhr Vmo g~go ~‹S>m A_ra h¡,

_mZm CgH$s _wQ²>R>r _|XwI- XXm}§ H$s OmJra h¡~m±Q>o àrV-~gZ gX¡d go_Z H$s \$Q>r-H$_rO Zo& ''

({nZ ~hþV gmao-n¥-85)ZdJrVH$ma H$m _Z 'ñd' gr{‘V Zht dh g_mO go Ow‹S>m h¡& ào_, ñZoh, H$éUm,

X`m, ghmZw^y{V Ho$ ̂ md go dh g~go Ow‹S>m h¡& AV: {H$gr dmX H$m Z hmoVo hþE ̂ r dh gm_m{OH$ hmo OmVm h¡&

I. amOZr{VH$ {dMma :-AmµOmXr Ho$ ~mX H$s amOZr{V H$m ̂ mZ{MÌ ZdJrVm| _| Am`m h¡& gmR>moÎmar H${d`m|

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250

Zo emofU Am¡a AË`mMma H$m Omo Vm§S>d {H$`m {H$ g^r Ho$ gnZo {~Ia H$a ah Jò& bmoH$V§Ìr` ì`dñWm _| nyao g_mO Ho$ à{V{Z{YËd H$s Am‹S> _| MwZmdr hWH§$‹S>m| H$mo AnZm H$a OZVm Ho$ gmYZm| H$m _Z_mZm Xwén`moJ gÎmmYm[a`m| Ûmam {H$gr VmZmemh emgH$ H$s Vah {H$`m OmZo bJm& OZVm ~oM¡Z hmo CR>r& {Og AmµOmXr H$mo BVZr H${R>ZmB© Am¡a Ë`mJ Ho$ ~mX CgZo hm{gb {H$`m, dh Hw$N> EH$ à^mdembr hmWm| _| H¡$X hmo J`r& ̂ «ï>mMma, M[aÌ-hË`m, YZ Ûmam dmoQ>m| H$s IarXXmar, AZ¡{VH$ gmYZm| Ho$ à`moJ go OZVm AnZo H$mo R>Jm hþAm _hgyg H$aZo bJr VWm CgH$m Ag§Vmof ~‹T>Vm hr J`m& ñdV§ÌVm àm{á Ho$ níMmV ^maV-nmH$ {d^mOZ Am¡a Cggo CËnÞ gmåàXm{`H$ {dÛof, ^maV-MrZ `wÜX, H$m°J«og H$m VmZmemhr emgZ, OZVm nmQ>u H$m JR>Z, n§Om~ g_ñ`m, B§{Xam Jm§Yr H$s hË`m, Ag_ N>mÌ Am§XmobZ, H$í_ra H$s g_ñ`m, amOrd Jm§Yr H$s hË`m BË`m{X à_wI amOZr{VH$ KQ>ZmE± hþB© {Oggo nyam Xoe Wam© CR>m& AV: amOZr{V Ho$ à{V ZH$mamË_H$ éI H$m {Z_m©U ñdm^m{dH$ hr Wm& Eogo _| AmµOmXr AZ¡{VH$ Y§Ym| H$m _mÜ`_ ~Z H$a gm_Zo Am`r Am¡a ZdJrVH$ma Cgo ̀ {X 'AmµOmXr H$s H$mbr H$_br' H$ho Vmo AmíM`© Zht& `WmerK« ""ñdV§ÌVm àm{á Ho$ ~mX ñWm{nV 'bmoH$V§Ì' H$s n[aU{V 'VZmd' _| hmoVr h¡& ̀ h VZmd d¡`{ŠVH$, Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, Am¡a amOZr{VH$ joÌm| H$m VZmd h¡& EH$ Aago Ho$ ~mX A§J«oOr hþHw$_V H$m ImË_m hþAm Am¡a Z`r Amem Ho$ én _| H$B© nr{‹T>`m| H$s àVr{jV ñdV§ÌVm ^maVr` OZ H$mo {_br Omo gÚ: hr emofU Am¡a CËnr‹S>Z Ho$ {eH§$Oo _| Om \±$gr& V_m_ H$moerem| Ho$ ~mdOyX AmX_r AnZr OéaVm| Ho$ {bE _mohVmO ahZo bJm& ''

amOZoVmAm| H$mo gÎmm gw§Xar na H$ãOm nmZo Ho$ {bE bmoJm| H$s OéaV Zhr ~ëH$s '^r‹S>' H$s Amdí`H$Vm ahr dh ̂ r Eogr ̂ r‹S> Omo ' Jy±Jr hmo, ~har hmo'-

''^r‹S> H$s OéaV h¡- ^r‹S> Omo A§Yr hmo

Jy±Jr hmo / ~har hmo /^r‹S>-Omo ~§Yo hþE nmZr gr R>har hmo/^r‹S>>-Omo {_Q²²>Q>r Ho$ _mYm| H$s _yaV h¡&''

(gw~h aŠV nbme H$s)ZdJrVH$ma Zo amOZr{V H$m gQ>rH$ dU©Z {H$`m h¡& gZ 70 Ho$ XeH$ H$s

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251

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hmoVm h¡& - Bg{bE do H$hVo h¡-''~§X H$amo JO©Z VO©Z

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H$_Omoa h¡& ''(^rVa gm±H$b-~mha gm§°H$b-n¥-72)

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252

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Qy>Q>r ~¡gm{I`m±do g~ Vmo H$hbmE~wpÕ_mZ, VJ‹S>o,h_ nyao AmX_rAnZo hr nm±d I‹S>o{\$a ̂ r Vmo Kmo{fV h¡-b§J‹S>o& ''

({nZ ~hþV gmao-n¥-45){OÝhm|Zo {dXoer dmXm| H$mo J«hU H$aVo hþE AmYw{ZH$Vm H$mo gm{hË` _| à{V{ð>V

{H$`m& {Ogo ZdJrVH$ma {dXoer {dMma H$hVo hþE ñd§` H$mo _mÌ 'h_ nyao AmX_r' h¡ ¶h H$hH$a ^maVr` {M§VZ à{V AnZr à{V~ÕVm H$mo Omhra H$aVo h¡& Bgr 'OrdZ jU^§JwaVm' H$mo Hw$±da ~oM¡Z ‘| ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡-

'"gm±gm| H$m Vmo: Bg Xw{Z`m _|AmZo OmZo H$m H$_ h¡Am¡a {OÝXJr ̂ rkmZr H$s ̂ mfm _|_mohZ ̂ «_ h¡& ''

(dhr-n¥-88)ApñVËddmXr AZw^y{V`m| H$mo ^r ZdJrVm| ‘| nm¶m OmVm h¡& {Ogo ZdJrVH$mam| Zo

A{^ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡-D$~- '_Z Z bJo _obo _|

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(ZdJrV-XeH$-1-n¥-103) AHo$bmnZ- ''VmZm Ombo gm AHo$bmnZ

H$hm± VH$ Pobo AHo$bmnZ'' (haqgJma H$moB© Vmo hr-20)

Qy>Q>Z- _wPo ha Vrgao {XZ''Zr{V`m| H$m _wb ~wbmVm h¡

em_ H$hVr h¡ H$hmo Š`m ~mV h¡EH$ erem Qy>Q> OmVm h¡& ''

(hamnZ Zht Qy>Q>oJm-n¥-19)~oJmZmnZ- ""{H$VZo ~oJmZo bJVo h¡

Wo AnZo hr gmò

253

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(ZdJrV XeH$-1-n¥-10)AOZ~rnZ-'"H$moB© h_ g\$a Zht h¡

H$moB© h_ Ow~m± Zht h¡Z nVm h¡ _§{Obm| H$mH$moB© amñVm Zht h¡Omo nH$‹S> Ho$ ~m±h _oar {bò Om ahr H$ht nanaN>mB© h¡ {H$gr H$s_oar g§JrZr Zht h¡& ''

(Ohm° XX© Zrbm h¡-n¥-5)g§Ìmg- ""naH$Q>m/C‹S>Vm H$~yVa naH$Q>m

h¡ {IgH$Vr Om ahr ZrMo Yam Am¡a Aå~a H$m Zht {_bVm {ge {OÝXJr H$m gË` Qw>H$S>m| _| ~m±Q>m&

(gh_m hþAm Ka-n¥-21)AHo$bmnZ- ''EH$ O§Jb H$s ZXr gm

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(gÞmQ>o H$s Prb-n¥-10)`h gmao CÜXaU ApñVËddmX H$s {d{^Þ AZw^y{V`m|, g§doXZmAmo Ho$ h¡& h_Zo nhbo

hr H$hm h¡ H$s ZdJrV _| {dMma à_wI Zht h¡& CgHo$ à{V-à{V~ÜXVm CÝh| _hËdnyU© Zht bJVr& CZH$s à{V~ÜXVm OrdZ Ho$ à{V h¡, g_mO Ho$ à{V h¡& Cgr H$m g§doXZ én ZdJrV _| Am`m h¡&

254

255

8. {eën :- ZdJrVH$ma H$s ^m{fH$ ga§MZm J«m_ ~moY go Ow‹S>r h¡& R>mHw$a àgmX qgh H$m

H$mì`g§J«h 'd§er Am¡a _mXb' g§Wmb naJZm Ho$ bmoH$ OrdZ H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a {b¶m J¶m h¡ Jm±d H$s ghOVm H$mo ^md Ho$ ñVa na hr ñdrH$ma Zht {H$`m, daZ² e¡pënH$ n[aJR>Z Ed§ N>§X{dYmZ _| ^r CgH$m C{MV à`moJ {H$`m& '' CZH$s ^mfm g§doXZerb, g_W© {eën CnH$aUm| go gwb{‚mV h¡& CZH$s AZw^y{V`m± bmoH$OrdZ H$s na§nam, g§ñH¥$Vr, H$m ~moY H$amVr h¡& ̂ mfm-g§ñH¥$Vr AnZo AS>m¡g-nS>m¡g H$s bJVr h¡& H$B© eãX bmoH$OrdZ Ho$ hr à`wŠV hþE h¡& O¡go-Cnbo nmWZm, H$g_ ImZm, b~mXo, Mm¡am, H$mJm, Amg, Aga, H$moëhÿ, Amogma, {hnam, gwÞa, ~m±{PZ, Hw$bpÀN>V, ^mV, ô{S>`mYgmZ, JX©Imoa, {gdmZ, S>mâ, Am{X J«m‘ eãX à¶wº$ hþE h¡&

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""A§Yr h¡ Yyn ̀ hm±, ß`mgm h¡ nmZrMyg ahr \y$bm| H$mo ~a} amZrgmao _m¡g_ Mwn h¡ {H$gHo$ S>a go& ''

(_oao {à` JrV-n¥ 67)bmoH$YwZm| na ^r JrV aMZmE± H$s JB© h¡& e§^wZmW qgh Zo nydu CÎma àXoe H$s

H$m¡ìdmbr e¡br H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡& Vmo Hw$N> ZdJrVH$ma Zo A‘dm, nNw>Am±, H$moB{b`m, naXoer, {n`dm, {Q>H$moam, ZdZdm, {MaB`m, gOZdm± O¡go joÌr` eãX-énm| H$m à`moJ H$a JrV {bIo h¡-

""~m¡am`r {H$ A‘dm H$s S>ma {n`m Zht Amò&

EH$ Vmo ~¡[aZ _oargZH$s C_[a`mXyOr ~gÝVr ~`ma{n`m Zht Amò& ''

(Omb \|$H$ Xo _N>oao-n¥-55)ZdJrVH$ma Zo ZdJrV H$mo geŠV én {X`m& ̂ md Ed§ ̂ md{ZH$ ga§MZm H$s Ñ{ï> go

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h_mao gm_Zo bmVo h¡& ehar OrdZ H$s AmYw{ZH$Vm-~moY go âo {dg§JVr H$mo ghO-à^mdmË_H$ én _| àñVwV {H$`m h¡& H$B© ZdJrVH$ma {OZ_| à_wI h¡.. e§^wZmW qgh, Hw$°§da ~oM¡Z, Xod|Ð Hw$_ma, 'B§Ð' Ohra Hw$a¡er, amOoÐ Jm¡V_, bmobmH©$ {XdoXr, C_mH$mÝV {Vdmar, nmb ^grZ, Jwbm~ qgh, hare {ZJ_, lrH¥$îU {Vdmar,draoÝÐ {_l,a_oe a§OH$ AmXr, `h gyMr ~‹S>r bå~r hmoJr& ZdJrVH$ma ZdJrV H$m {dH$mg H$a aho h¡&

10.5 ~moY àíZ …-

1. ZdJrV H$m {H«$¶mË‘H$ n[aM¶ Xr{OE&2. ZdJrV H$s {deofVmAm| H$mo A§{H$V H$s{OE&

256

257

CnÝ`mg


11.1 àñVmdZm

11.2 {hÝXr CnÝ¶mg H$m {dH$mg-H«$‘

11.3 ~moY àíZ

11.0 B©H$mB© H$m CÔoí¶

H$. {hÝXr CnÝ¶mg Ho$ CX²^d Ed§ {dH$mg H$mo OmZZm&I. {hÝXr CnÝ¶mg H$s AÝV©YmamAm| H$m AÜ¶¶Z H$aZm&J. CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| A{^ì¶º$ OrdZ {MÌU H$mo XoIZm&K. {hÝXr CnÝ¶mg H$s g‘¶-g‘¶ na CâVr àd¥{Îm¶m| H$m n[aM¶ boZm&S>. {hÝXr H$m CnÝ¶mg {hÝXr g‘mO OrdZ H$m A§J h¡& Cg‘o OrdZ H$s ì¶mnH$Vm,

bú¶ {Z{hV h¡&M. Xoe H$m gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOZr{VH$, g§ñH¥${VH$ Ed§ gm{hpË¶H$ n[adoe

Bg‘| YS>H$Vm h¡&O. BZ g^r CÔoí¶m| Ho$ {bE {hÝXr Ho$ CnÝ¶mg ¶mÌm H$aZm h‘o Amdí¶H$ h¡&

11.3 àñVmdZm …-

AmYw{ZH$ H$mì` _| CnÝ`mg H$m _hËd d¡gm hr h¡ O¡gm àmMrZ H$mì` _| _hmH$mì` H$m& {H$ÝVw _hmH$mì` H$m Zm`H$ _Ü`dJ© ̀ m {ZåZ_Ü`dJ© H$m ahm Zhr {H$ÝVw CnÝ`mg H$m ahm h¡& CnÝ`mg, H$hmZr AmXr _| H$Wm Zm`H$ gm_mÝ`, gd©ham Ho$ nmÌ hr aho h¡& ̀ hr H$maU h¡ H$s `h {dYm {OVZr _Ü`dJ© Ho$ gmW OwS>r h¡ em`X hr AÝ` {dYm OwS>r hmoJr& XodVm, àH¥${V, amOm gm_§V Ho$ OrdZ_yë`m| H$s OJh gm_mÝ` _Zwî` H$m g§Kf© nhbr ~ma gm{hË` Ho$ ̂ rVa CnÝ`mg Ûmam hr Am`m Eogm H$hZm A{Ve`mo{ŠV Zht hmoJm& em`X ̀ hr H$maU h¡ H$s {dídñVa na ̂ r CnÝ`mg {dYm bmoH${à` ahr h¡& gdm©{YH$ Zmo~b nwañH$ma CnÝ`mgH$mam| H$mo hr {_bo h¡& JÚ {dYm Ho$ A§VJ©V ¶h bmoH${à`Vm Ho$ gmW AZÝ`gmYmaU _hËd àmá H$a MwH$s h¡& dñVwV: Am¡{ÚJrH$aU Ho$ ~mX ^maV _| Am`r Cn{ZdoerH$aU Zo ^maV _| CnÝ`mg {dYm H$m {dH$mg {H$`m& `h àW_ ~ma ~m§Jbm Am¡a {\$a CgHo$ ~mX {hÝXr _| {dH${gV hþB©& 'Zm°dob' A§J«oOr Ho$ eãX H$m à{Vén 'CnÝ`mg' {hÝXr _| ~T>m& _amR>r Ho$ 'H$mX§~ar' eãX à`moJ H$s gmW©H$Vm 'Zm°dob' go OwS>r& {hÝXr _| 'CnÝ`mg' eãX ì`wËnÎmr Am¡a gmW©H$Vm H$s Ñ{ï> go à`wŠV hþAm h¡&

CnÝ`mg eãX 'Cn' g_rn VWm 'Ý`mg' WmVr Ho$ `moJ go {Z{_©V hþAm h¡& CnÝ`mg eãX H$m _yb AW© h¡- {ZH$Q> aIr hþB© dñVw& AWm©V h_mar H$Wm, ̂ mfm, g§ñH¥$Vr,

11

àH¥$Vr H$mo AnZr H$hmZr Am{X H$mo, AnZr Oy~mZr _| ì`ŠV H$aZm CnÝ`mg Ûmam hmoVm h¡& BgbrE ào_M§X Zo CgH$s n[a^mfm XoVo hþE H$hm h¡ H$s, '_¢ CnÝ`mg H$mo _mZd OrdZ H$m {MÌ _mÌ g_PVm hÿ±& _mZd M[aÌ na àH$me S>mbZm Am¡a CgHo$ ahñ`m| H$mo ImobZm hr CnÝ`mg H$m _yb VËd h¡& '' Bg Ñ{ï> go CnÝ`mg H$s H$Wm _mZd OrdZ go Ow‹S>r Am¡a CgHo$ ì`{ŠVËd Ho$ ahñ`m| H$mo ImobZo dmbr hmoVr h¡& dh H$ënZmË_H$ Ed§ `WmW© hmoVr h¡& OrdZ H$s Vah CgH$s KQ>ZmE± H«$_~ÜX hmoVr h¡&

{X Ý`y B§½bre {S>ŠeZar _| Bgr ~mV H$mo nwï> {H$`m J`m h¡& CZHo$ AZwgma 'Zm°dob' JÚ _| {bIr hþB© n`m©á AmH$ma H$s Cg H$pënV H$Wm H$mo H$hVo h¡ {Og_| OrdZ H$m dmñV{dH$ à{V{Z{YËd H$aVo hþE nmÌm| Am¡a H$m`©-ì`mnma H$WmZH$ Ho$ AÝVJ©V {M{ÌV hmo& '' ~m~y Jwbm~am` Zo ̂ r CnÝ`mg Ho$ ñdén H$mo ñnï> H$aVo hþE Bgr àH$ma H$m {dMma ì`ŠV {H$`m h¢,'' CnÝ`mg H$m`©H$maU e¥§Ibm _| ~§Ym hþAm dh JÚ-H$WmZH$ h¡ {Og_| AnojmH¥$V A{YH$ {dñVma VWm noMr{XJr Ho$ gmW dmñV{dH$ OrdZ H$m à{V{Z{YËd H$aZodmbo ì`{ŠV`m| go g§~§{YV dmñV{dH$ AWdm H$mën{ZH$ KQ>ZmAm| Ûmam _mZd OrdZ Ho$ gË` H$m agmË_H$ én go CX²KmQ>Z {H$`m OmVm h¡& '' CgH$m _Vb~ ̀ h h¡ H$s CnÝ`mg H$s H$Wm dñVwV: gË` Z hmoVo, hþE ̂ r gË` àVrV hmoVr h¡& Bgr{bE Cgo '{\$ŠeZ' H$hm J`m h¡&

^maV _| H$Wm Am»`mZ H$s na§nam ~S>r àmMrZ h¡ na§Vy CnÝ`mg 'ZdrZ' `m 'ZyVZVm' Ho$ AW© _| AmYw{ZH$ h¡& BgH$m CX` ̀ wamon _| hþAm& {OgH$m à^md ~m§½bm' go {hÝXr _| Am`m, CÞrg~r eVmãXr Ho$ àma§^ _| ZdOmJaU Ho$ H$mbI§S> _|& gZ 1877 H$mo lÜXmam_ {\$bm¡ar Zo '^m½`dVr' H$m boIZ {H$`m na§Vy AmMm`© am_M§Ð ewŠb A§J«oOr T>§J H$m nhbm _m¡{bH$ CnÝ`mg bmbm lr{ZdmgXmg Ho$ 'narjmJwé' (1882) H$mo _mZVo h¡& Am¡a ̀ hr _V ñdrH$m`© ̂ r {H$`m OmVm h¡& '^m½`dVr' Ho$ ̂ r nrN>o OmH$a Hw$N> {dX²dmZ 'XodamZr-OoR>mZr H$s H$hmZr' (1870), dm_m {ejH$ (1872), H$mo {hÝXr H$m nhbm CnÝ`mg _mZVo h¡& ~ƒZ qgh Ho$ AZwgma 'ò órOZmo{OV{ejm-J«§W h¡& BZ_| Am¡nÝ`m{gH$ VËdm| H$m Am^md'' h¡& CnÝ`mg Ho$ {dH$mg H«$_ H$mo ñnï> H$aZo Ho$ {bE _w»`V: {ZåZ AmYmam| H$mo J«hU {H$`m OmVm h¡&

1. ào_M§X nyd© ̀ wJ (1877-1918)2. ào_M§X ̀ wJ (1918-1936)3. ào_M§XmoÎma `wJ {d{^Þ àd¥{Îm`m°§ gm_m{OH$ _Zmod¡km{ZH$, àJ{VdmX-à`moJerb

(1936-1960)4. gmR>moÎmar CnÝ`mg5. g_H$mbrZ n[aÑí` (AmYw{ZH$Vm-~moY) (1960-1980) (CÎma- AmYw{ZH$Vm

~moY) (1981-2000) 6. ÌmgXr H$m àma§{^H$ XeH$- (2000 go 2010)

1. ào_M§X nyd© ̀ wJ (1877-1918)ào_M§X nyd© ̀ wJ H$mo Hw$N> {dX²dmZm| Zo ̂ maVoÝXw ̀ wJ Ho$ Zm_ go A{^{hV {H$`m h¡&

dñVwV: `h `wJ ^maV _| Xwgao ZdOmJaU H$m `wJ h¡& Bg H$mb Ho$ gm_m{OH$ CnÝ`mg _| BgH$m {MÌU Am`m h¡& 'narjmJwé' Bgr Ñ{ï> go nhbm gm_m{OH$

258

CnÝ`mg H$hm OmEJm& BZ_| CnXoe Ed§ AmXe© H$s ̂ mdZm H$m àm~ë` A{YH$ ahm h¡& Bg H$mbI§S> _| {bIo Jò CnÝ`mgm| H$mo VrZ ^mJm| _| XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& EH$ gm_m{OH$ VWm Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mg, Xmo {Vbñ_r-Eoæ`mar Am¡a VrZ OmgwgrCnÝ`mg&

1. gm_m{OH$-Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mg:-A§J«oOr T>§J H$m {hÝXr H$m àW_ _m¡{bH$ gm_m{OH$ CnÝ`mg 'narjm Jwé' (1882)

H$m boIZ bmbm lr{ZdmgXmg Zo {H$`m& dñVwV: ~m§½bm Ho$ g_mZ hr {hÝXr _| ̂ r g_mO H$s AmbmoMZm Ho$ én _| CnÝ`mg H$m àdV©Z hþAm {H$ÝVw ~mX _| _Zmoa§OZ Am{X ̂ md Bg‘| ~T>Vo Jò& {’$a ̂ r CnÝ`mg H$s _wb àd¥{Îm _mÌ gm_m{OH$ ̀ moJ, AmbmoMZ H$s hr ahr h¡& Bg ûmoUr Ho$ boIH$m| _| lÜXmam‘ {\$bm¡ar H$m '^m½`dVr' bmbm lr{ZdmgXmg H$m 'narjm Jwé' ~bH¥$îU ^Å> H$m 'ZyVZ ~«÷Mmar' (1886) R>mHw$a OJ_mohZ qgh H$m 'í¶m‘m ñdßZ' (1988), amYmH¥$îUXmg H$m '{Zñghm` {hÝXy' (1890), n§{S>V b‚mmam_ e_m© Ho$ 'YyV© a{gH$bmb' (1889), 'ñdV§Ì a_m Am¡a naV§Ì bú_r' (1899), 'AmXe© Xån{Îm' (1904) VWm '{~JS>o H$m gwYma' Am¡a 'gVr gwIXodr' (1907), 'AmXe© {hÝXy' (1914), {H$emoarbmb Jmoñdm_r Ho$ 'Mnbm dm Zì` g_mO' (1903) '{ÌdoUr dm gm¡^m½`loUr' (1907), brbmdVr dm AmXe© gÎmr' (1901), amOHw$_mar (1902), nwZO©Ý_ dm gm¡{V`mXmh (1907), _mYdr-_mYd dm _XZ_mo{hZr (1916), 'A§JR>r H$m ZJrZm' (1918), J§JmàgmX Jwá H$m 'bú_rXodr' (Xygar ~ma 1920 _| N>nm hmoJm) Q>rH$mam_ {Vdmar Ho$ 'nwînHw$_mar' (1980), éÐXÎm e_m© Ho$ 'ñdJ© _o§ _hmg^m', í`m_{H$emoa d_m© H$m 'H$mer `mÌm' (1916), am_OrXmg d¡í` Ho$ 'YmoIo H$s Q>Å>r (1907) VWm '\y$b _| H$m§Q>m (1900), A`moÜ`mqgh CnmÜ`m` 'harAm¡Y' Ho$ 'AY{Ibm \w$b (1907) VWm 'R>oR> {hÝXr H$m R>mR>' `m 'Xod~mbm' (1899), H¥$îUbmb d_m© 'Månm' (1916), _ÞZ {XdoXr H$m 'am_bmb' (1917), VWm 'H$ë`mUr' Am{X& _hËdnyU© gm_m{OH$ CnÝ`mg Bg H$mb _| {bIo Jò h¡&

'narjm Jwé' Ho$ boIH$ bmbm lr{ZdmgXmg H$m OÝ_ _Wwam Ho$ EH$ _mhoídar d¡í` n[adma _| hþAm Wm& 'narjm Jwé' '{_Ì narjm' hr h¡, Bg_| '{dnXm' H$mo 'narjm' H$hm J`m h¡& BgHo$ _wIn¥ð> na {bIm h¡ 'AZw^d Ûmam CnXoe {_bZo H$s EH$ g§gmar dmVm©' AWm©V 'AZw^d' hr 'narjm' h¡, Am¡a 'CnXoe' hr 'Jwé' H$m H$_© h¡, 'g§gmar dmVm©' aMZm H$s Om{V h¡& ''BgHo$ Zm`H$ na {dn{Îm AmZo go hmoe _| Am`m Am¡a {_Ì-A{_Ì H$s nhMmZ H$aZo ̀ mo½` ~Zm&

ZdOmJaU Ho$ XmoZm| njm| H$m {MÌU BZ CnÝ`mgm| _| hþAm h¡& EH$ gZmVZr Ñ{ï>H$moZ Am¡a Xygam gwYmadmXr 'XodamZr OoR>mZr', 'dm_m {ejH$' Am{X _| ór gwYma, ~mb {ddmh {damoY, {ó`m| H$m PJS>mby ñd^md, A§Y{dídmg, Am¡a CnXoe H$s ̂ a^ma Am{X BZH$s {deofVm h¡&

Jmonmb am` Zo R>rH$ H$hm h¡ H$s 'dm_m {ejH$, XodamZr OoR>mZr H$s AZwH¥${V h¡, ̀ m A{YH$ CgH$m nëbdZ& '' '^m½`dVr' _| ̂ r {hÝXy g_mO H$s ~wamB`m| H$s AmbmoMZm H$s J`r h¡& Bg_| boIH$ H$m gwYmadmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ ahm h¡& ^maVoÝXw Zo 'Amn~rVr OJ~rVr ' _|

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'A{ÔmV n[admam| H$s gÀMmB© H$mo 'aoIm§{H$V {H$`m h¡& amYmH¥$îU Xmg Zo 'ahñ`H$Wm' _| {ddmhnyd© ào_ ahñ` H$mo gm_Zo bmVo hþE CÞrgdr eVmãXr Ho$ gm_ÝV dJ© Ho$ nVZmoÝ_wI M[aÌ, nm[adm[aH$ fS>`§Ì VWm ào_ Am¡a {ddmh H$s g_ñ`m H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡& '' BZH$m Xygam CnÝ`mg '{Zñghm` qhXy' _| 'JmodY {ZdmaU' Am¡a 'gmåàXm{`H$ gX²^md' H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡& {~«{Q>em| H$s \y$Q> S>mbmo Am¡a amO H$am| Ho$ Zr{V Ho$ g_` '`h EH$ Xwb©^ ~mV Wr& ' ̀ h {hÝXr H$m nhbm CnÝ`mg h¡ {Og_| {hÝXy Am¡a _wpñb_ g_mO H$m A§H$Z {H$`m h¡& ~mbH¥$îU ̂ Å> H$m 'ZyVZ ~«h_Mmar' Ho$ Ûmam Ym{_©H$ nmI§S> H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡& ''Bg àH$ma H$m `h {hÝXr _| nhbm hr CnÝ`mg h¡& '' R>mHw$a OJÝ_mohZ qgh H$m 'í`m_m ñdßZ' Zm`H$ Ho$ amÌr _| XoIo Jò Mma ñdßZm| H$mo OmoS>H$a {bIr JB© ào_H$Wm h¡& BgHo$ ~mX {H$emoarbmb Jmoñdm_r Zo {OZ CnÝ`mgm| H$s g¥OZm H$s h¡& do 'gZmVZ Y_© _| AmñWm, I§S>Z H$m {damoY Am¡a gwYmam| H$s ñdrH¥${V' H$mo à{Vnm{XV H$aVo h¡& H¡$bme àH$me Zo CZHo$ CnÝ`mgm| H$s Hw$N> {deofVmAm| H$mo aoIm§{H$V {H$`m h¡& EH$,A{YH$Va CnÝ`mgm| H$s 'H$hmZr ~ëHw$b gÀMr h¡ Am¡a Bg_| d{U©V nmÌm| Ho$ Zm_ ̂ r ghr-ghr h¡& Ho$db {Obo Am¡a Jmd Ho$ Zm_ H$pënV h¡& Xmo, BZHo$ H$WmZH$ A{ÔmV {hÝXy n[adma go Amò h¡, ~«m÷U, jÌr Am¡a d¡í` gnÝZ n[admam| H$s g_ñ`mE± BZH$m {df` ~Zr h¡& VrZ, ̀ wdmdñWm H$m {MÌU H$aVo hþE ór-nwéf g§~§Ym| na àH$me S>mbm J`m h¡& Mma, Zm{`H$mE± gwÝXar VWm JwUdmZ h¡, Am¡a nwéf Ym{_©H$ Ed§ gab& nm±M, g^r CnÝ`mg gwImÝV h¡, Xån{Îm-OrdZ àU` go àma§^ hmoH$a dmËgë` VH$ H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡& N>h, CnÝ`mgm| H$m Zm_H$aU Zm{`H$m Ho$ Zm_ na VWm dÊ`© JwU Ho$ Zm_ na g{dH$ën h¡& O¡go-bd§JbVm dm AmXe©~mbm' bÁOmam_ e_m© H$m '{~JS>o H$m gwYma' CnÝ`mg Ho$ _wIn¥ð> na N>nm h¡ H$s 'EH$ XwamMmar n{V gVr nËZr Ho$ gVrËd go gXmMmar ~Z J`m& ' ''boIH$ H$m Ñ{ï>H$moZ gZmVZr h¡, Bg{bE CgZo ZdrZ OmJ¥{V H$m ñdmJV Zht {H$`m& '' 'AmXe© {hÝXy' _| _mÌ 'VrW©`mÌm' Ho$ ì`mO go EH$ ~«m÷U Hw$Qw>å~ _| gZmVZ Y_© H$m {X½Xe©Z, {hÝXw _Z H$m Z_wZm, AmOH$b H$s Ìw{Q>`m±, amO ^{ŠV H$m ñdén, na_oída H$s ^{ŠV H$m AmXe© Am¡a AnZo {dMmam| H$s ~mZJr àH$m{eV H$aZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m h¡& '' VrW`mÌm {hÝXy Y_© H$m A{d^mÁ` ^mJ h¡& Cg_| hmoZodmbo AË`mMma, lmÜX, ì`m{^Mma, nyd©OÝ_, nwZO©Ý_, ew^-Aew^, CÀM-ZrMVm, AdVmadmX, OÝ_mZm Om{VdmX H$m g_W©Z boIH$ Zo {H$`m h¡& d¡dm{hH$ àíZmo§ _| AÝVOm©Vr` {ddmh, ~mb {ddmh, {dYdm {ddmh Ho$ CÎma AnZo T>§J go {Xò h¡& Hw$b {_bmH$a ̀ h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ H$s boIH$ gZmVZr H$m njnmVr ahm h¡&

AV: ̀ h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ H$s gwYma H$s ̂ mdZm go ào[aV gm_m{OH$ CnÝ`mgm| H$m boIZ Bg H$mb _| {H$`m J`m h¡& ̀ hr CgH$s gm_mÝ` àd¥{Îm ̂ r h¡&

Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mg:-ào_M§X nyd© H$mb _| {bIo {hÝXr CnÝ`mgm| H$m _w»` {df` gm_m{OH$, KQ>ZmË_H$

hr ahm h¡ na§Vy Hw$N> _hËdnyU© Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgm| H$m boIZ ^r {H$`m J`m h¡& dñVwV: ^maVoÝXw `wJ _| JXmYaqgh Zo ~§{H$_M§Ð Ho$ à{gÜX CnÝ`mg 'XwJ}eZpÝXZr' H$m {hÝXr _| AZwdmX {H$`m& V~ go ~§{H$_M§Ð H$m à^md {hÝXy-CnÝ`mg, {deofVm {hÝXr Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$

CnÝ`mgm| na nS>Zo bJm& 'XwJ}eZpÝXZr' H$s aMZm 'AmYw{ZH$ `moamonr` e¡br' na hþB© Wr&

260

~§{H$_ go Hw$N> eVmpãX`m| nyd© ga dmëQ>a ñH$mQ> (gZ 1771 go 1832 B©.) Zo A§J«oOr _| Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mg H$mo EH$ Z`m én {X`m Wm, ñH$mQ> Ho$ Hw$N> g_` ~mX ̂ maVr` B{Vhmg H$mo boH$a ̂ r A§J«oOr _| CnÝ`mg {bIo Jò- {d{b`_ hmoŠbo H$m 'nmÊSw>a§J h[a' (gZ 1826) VWm H$Z©b Q>oba Ho$ 'H$Ý\o$eZ Am\$ E R>J' (gZ 1839), 'Q>rny gwbVmZ' (1840), 'Vmam' (gZ 1863), 'amë\$ S>maZob (gZ 1865), VWm 'grVm' (gZ 1873) ''({X {hñQ´>r Am\$ {X B§p½be Zmdob, d¡ë`y_-7, n¥-76-78) g_H$mbrZ ^maVr` B{Vhmg Ho$ ¶h A§J«oOr CnÝ`mg h¡& ñH$mQ> Zo AVrV H$s H$hm{Z`m± gwZm H$a nmR>H$ Ho$ _Z _| `h ^mdZm OJmB© {H$ nwamZo g_` Ho$ bmoJ ̂ r h_mao hr g_mZ Wo Am¡a Omo Hw$N> CZHo$ OrdZ _| K{Q>V hþAm dh R>rH$ d¡gm hr h¡ Omo `{X h_ Cg g_` hmoVoo Vmo h_mao OrdZ _| ^r K{Q>V hmoVm'' (EM. Oo. gr. {J«`g©Z: ga dmëQ>a ñH$m¡Q>, n¥-58) na§Vy Q>oba Zo B{Vhmg _| nmR>H$mo H$s éMr OJmB©& ~§{H$_ Ho$ CnÝ`mg ñH$moQ> Am¡a Q>oba XmoZm| H$m {_{lV én {bò hþE h¡, do nmR>H$ H$mo AVrV H$m B{Vhmg ~Vbm H$a dV©_mZ Ho$ gwYma _| à`ËZerb h¡& ~§{H$_ Ho$ nmÌm| _| CZ ì`{ŠV`m| H$mo Eo{Vhm{gH$ én Zht {_bVm 'do BVZo Añnï> h¡ {H$ ̀ {X KQ>Zm AbJ H$aHo$ CZH$mo XoIm OmE Vmo CZ_| H$moB© ^r ì`{ŠVËd Zht h¡& CnÝ`mg H$s KQ>ZmE± Ho$db KQ>ZmE± h¡ amOZr{VH$, Am{W©H$ VWm gm_m{OH$ e{ŠV`m| H$m ñdm^m{dH$ n[aUm_ Zht ''(Oo.gr. Kmof, ~§Jmbr {bQ>aoMa, n¥- 155) ~§{H$_ H$m amï´>r` AmXe© {hÝXy-amÁ` h¡& Omo Hw$N> ~§{H$_ Ho$ {df` _| H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ dh {H$emoarbmb Jmoñdm_r Ho$ {df` _| ^r gË` h¡& '' {hÝXr Ho$ àW_ _m¡{bH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgH$ma {H$emoarbmb Jmoñdm_r Zo'Vmam dm gÌ-Hw$b-H$_{bZr'(1902), 'gwëVmZm a{O`m ~oJ_ dm a§J_hb _| hbmhb'-(gZ 1904), 'öX`hm[aUr dm AmXe©a_Ur'(1904),'bd§JbVm dm AmXe©~mbm'(gZ 1904), '_{ëbH$mXodr dm ~§J gamo{OZr'(1905), 'gmoZm Am¡a gwJ§Y dm nÝZm~mB©'(àW_ ̂ mJ gZ-1909 _| VWm Xwgam ^mJ-1911 _|), 'Jwb~hma dm AmXe© ^«mV¥ñZoh'(gZ-1916), 'bIZD$ H$s H$~« dm emhr_hbgam'(gZ-1917 _§o gmV ^mJm| _|, 15 df© _| gmV ^mJ), H$ZH$-Hw$gw_ dm _ñVmZr (AWm©V² ~mOramd noedm Am¡a _ñVmZr H$s H$hmZr) "'Bg CnÝ`mg _| H$ënZm H$_ h¡, Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm A{YH$'' ̀ h gÀMmB© hr CnÝ`mg Ho$ _hËd H$mo A§{H$V H$aVr h¡& CnÝ`mg H$bm H$s Ñ{ï> go 'Vmam' à{V{Z{Y h¡& {H$emoarbmb Jmoñdm_r, Cg g_` Ho$ AÝ` gm_m{OH$ ZoVmAm| Ho$ g_mZ, Xoe H$s AYmoJ{V H$m H$maU ImoOVo-ImoOVo _Ü``wJ VH$ nhÿ±Mo Am¡a Bñbm_r emgZ Ho$ {dH$mam| H$mo XoIH$a ñd§` ̂ r AmíM`©M{H$V hmo Jò Am¡a nmR>H$ H$mo ̂ r CZgo gmdYmZ H$aZo bJo& ̀ hr H$maU h¡ {H$ do Bñbm_r g§ñH¥${V H$m {MÌU g\$bVmnyd©H$ Zht H$a nmò h¡& ''(dhr, n¥-208) Jwb~hma, a{O`m ~oJ_ Am{X CnÝ`mg _wpñb_ emgZ H$mb go g§~§YrV h¡& AÝ` CnÝ`mgm| _| ̂ r ̀ hr Ñï>r CZH$s ahr h¡&

AÝ` CnÝ`mgH$mam| _| _hËdnyU© h¡ _WwamàgmX e_m© H$m 'ZyaOhm± ~oJ_ d Ohm±Jra', Oàm_Xmg JwßV Ho$ 'Zdm~r n[añVmZ dm dm{OXAbremh, 'H$í_ra nVZ', amoeZAmam, 'a§J _| ^§J'Am¡a '_m`mamZr' ~«OZÝXZ ghm` H$m 'bmbMrZ' (1916) {_l~§YwAm| Ho$, 'nwîn{_Ì', '{dH«$_m{XË`', Am¡a 'dra_{U' (1927) J§JmàgmX JwßV Ho$ ZyaOhm± (1902) dranËZr (1903), Hw$_maqgh goZmn{V (1903), hå_ra (1903) Am{X à_wI h¡& Bg `wJ Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgm| _| CnXoemË_H$Vm, AmXem©Ë_H$ _Zmoa§OZ H$s àYmZVm ahr h¡&

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KQ>ZmË_H$/{Vbñ_r, Omgygr, AX²^yV CnÝ`mg :-'{Vbñ_' eãX Am°Šg\$mS>© {S>ŠeZar Ho$ AZwgma J«rH$ ̂ mfm H$m 'Q>oboñ_m' eãX

Aa~r ̂ mfm _| '{Vbñ_' ~Zm, A§J«oOr _| 'Q>o{bñ_Z' h¡ {OgH$m AW© h¡- Vm~rO, VWm OmXy Ho$ boI Omo {OgHo$ A{YH$ma _| hmo Cgo bm^ nhþ°MmVo hmo& {hÝXr _| CgH$m AW© h¡ BÝÐOmb, OmXy , Abm¡{H$H$ H$maZm‘|& lr ~«OaËZXmg Ho$ AZwgma 'AmíM`©OZH$ H$ënZm Omo {XIbmB© Z nS>o'' Eogo CnÝ`mg ahñ` Ed§ amo_m§M go âo hmoVo h¡ {OZ_| ào_H$WmZH$ ^r AË`§V _Zmoa§OH$, Hw$VwhbOZH$, amoMH$ ~Z OmVo h¡& {hÝXr _| {Vbñ_r, Eoæ`mar CnÝ`mgm| Ho$ OZH$ ~m~y XodH$sZ§XZ IÌr (1861 go 1913) _mZo OmVo h¡& BÝhm|Zo 'MÝÐH$m§Vm' (gZ 1888 H$m boIZ {H$`m& BgH$s g\$bVm H$mo XoIH$a 'M§ÐH$m§Vm g§VVr' (1894-1905) Ho$ Mm¡~rg ^mJ {bIo& {XZ-XwZr amV Mm¡JwZr H$s Vah BZH$s bmoH${à`Vm ̂ r ~T>r H$B© A{hÝXr ̂ mfr`m| Zo CÝhr CnÝ`mgm| H$mo nT>Zo hoVy {hÝXr {gI br& ~mX _| '^yVZmW' (1907) H$m g¥OZ {H$`m& CÝht Ho$ nwÌ XwJm©àgmX IÌr Zo 1915 go 1935 Ho$ ~rM Mm¡Xh ̂ mJ {bIo& XodH$sZ§XZ IÌr Ho$ AÝ` CnÝ`mgm| _| 'H$mOa H$s H$moR>ar', Hw$gw_ Hw$_mar', draoÝÐdra Am{X à{gÜX h¡& nmR>H$m| H$s H$m¡Vwhb d¥Îmr H$mo OJmH$a, Cgo CgHo$ OmXyB© _moh _| ~m§Yo aIH$a CZH$m _Zmoa§OZ {H$`m& {hÝXr _| amo_mÝg H$s na§nam Mb nS>r {d{MÌ KQ>ZmAm| go âo CnÝ`mgm| H$m boIZ Xm¡a Bg H$mb _| Am`m& {Vbñ_ {dÚm H$m à`moJ ̂ maV _| àmMrZ H$mb go hmoVm Am`m h¡& Bgr Ho$ VhX AZoH$ bmoH$H$WmE±, {dídmg, na§namE± ~T>r Mbr Am`r& ̀ h ahñ`_`r H$WmE°§ 'M§ÐH$m§V' O¡gr hr ahr h¡&

Eo`ma{Vbñ_r CnÝ`mg H$m àmU Eo`ma h¡& 'MÝÐH$m§Vm' CnÝ`mg _| Zm`H$ draoÝÐ qgh

H$mo Vmo '{g\©$ AnZr VmH$V H$m ̂ amogm h¡' na§Vy Eo`ma VoOqgh H$mo 'AnZr VmH$V Am¡a Eo`mar XmoZm| H$m' ... Eo`mar EH$ {dÚm (hþZa) h¡, {OgH$m _yb gyÌ h¡ YmoIm XoZm... Eo`ma bmoJ _m`m Ho$ CnmgH$ hmoVo h¡& M§ÐH$m§Vm, M§ÐH$m§Vm gÝV{V Ho$ 24 ̂ mJ Bgr àH$ma Ho$ CnÝ`mg h¡&

Omgwgr CnÝ`mg :-{Vbñ_r-Eo`mar go AbJ {H$ñ_ Ho$ Omgygr CnÝ`mg boH$a Jmonmbam_ Jh_ar Zo

{hÝXr _| Yy_ _Mm Xr& BZHo$ AZwXrV, àH$m{eV, _m¡{bH$ VWm Omgwgr H$WmnwñVH$m| H$s g§»`m 200 h¡& bJ^J 100 _m¡{bH$ _mZr OmVr h¡& 'AX^yV bme' (gZ 1896), JwßVMa (1899), ~oH$gwa H$s \$m±gr (gZ-1900), gaH$mar bme (1900), IwZr H$moU'. ~oJwZmh H$m IyZ', 'O_wZm H$s ̂ yb', ̂ `§H$a Mmoar, 'OmXyJaZr _Zmobm' (gZ 1909), S>mHo$ na S>mH$m (gZ-1910) 'Omgyg M¸$a _|' (gZ-1900) 'IwZr H$m ̂ oX' (gZ-1910), IyZr H$s ImoO (gZ- 1910), BÝÐOm{bH$ Omgyg (gZ- 1910) MmB©Z na bme (1907), {H$bo _| IyZ (1910), ^moOnya H$s R>Jr (gZ- 1911), JwßV ôX (gZ 1913), Omgyg H$s Eo`mar (gZ-1914) Am{X à{gÜX h¡& dñVwV: 19 eVr _| A§J«oOr _| ga AmW©a H$mZZ S>m`b Ûmam (gZ-1859-1930) Ho$ g_` _| Omgygr CnÝ`mg H$m\$s bmoH${à`Vm hm{gb H$a MwHo$ Wo& CgH$m à^md ~§Jbm Am¡a Cggo {hÝXr _| ̀ h na§nam {dH${gV hþB©& ~§Jbm CnÝ`mg

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'hrao H$m _mob' AZwdmX én _| àW_ àH$m{eV {H$`m& nmR>H$m| Zo Cgo gamhm {\$a ~mX _| Bgr àH$ma Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| Ûmam nmR>H$m| H$m {deyÜX _Zmoa§OZ H$m`© Jhâr Zo {H$`m h¡&

{H$emoarbmb Jmoñdm_r Zo ̂ r '{OÝXo H$s bme', '{Vbñ_r ere_hb', brbmdVr, '`mHy$Vr V»Vr' CëboI{Z` h¡& Jh_ar H$s na§nam _| am_àgmX bmb, Oàm_Xmg JwßV, am_bmb d_m©, Am{X AmVo h¡& am_àgmX bmb H$m 'hå_mX H$m _yXm©' (gZ 1903) 'hgrZm C\©$ gbr_m' (1903 go 1915 _| Mma ̂ mJm| _|), Oàm_Xmg JwßV Ho$ 'H$mbmM§X ̀ m gm¡Vobr _m±' VWm 'b§JS>m IyZr', am_bmb d_m© Ho$ 'MmbH$ Mmoa', 'KQ>ZmMH«$', 'Omgyg Ho$ Ka IyZ', 'Omgygr Hw$Îmm', 'Añgr hOma H$s Mmoar Am{X' VrZ XO©Z CnÝ`mg {bIo h¡&

AX²^yV CnÝ`mg :-Bg dJ© Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| na AàË`j à^md aoZmëS> H$s à{gÜX aMZm '{_ñQ´>rO Am\$

{X H$moQ>© Am\$ b§X>Z'AWdm 'b§XZ ahñ`' H$m nS>m Wm& {hÝXr _| BgHo$ 16 ^mJ N>no& `h CnÝ`mg AmíM`© H$m IOmZm, {d{MÌVm H$m ̂ m§S>ma, KQ>Zm H$m g_wÐ, {XbMñdr H$m nhmS>, Iy~gyaVr H$m AImS>m,ào_ H$m ZZyZ-H$mZZ, h§gr-_OmH$ H$m \$ìdmam, grZ-grZar H$m H$mohoH$m\$ Am¡a XJm \$ao~, Omb-OwAm, Mmoau-IyZ Iam~r, Mmoar S>H$m¡Vr, VWm AË`mMma-A{dMma H$m ~m`ñH$mon h¡& '' Eogo CnÝ`mgH$mam| _| {H$emoarbmb Jmoñdm_r H$m 'IyZr Am¡aV H$m gmV IyZ'(gZ-1916), {ZhmbM§X d_m© H$m 'ào_ H$m \$b AWdm {_g Om¡ham'(gZ 1913), n§{‹S>V {dÇ>bXmg ZmJa H$m '{H$ñ_V H$m Iob', ào_{dbmg e_m© H$m' ào__mYwar dm AmZ§H$m§VX'(gZ 1915) Am{X CëboIZr` h¡& AÝ` CnÝ`mgm| _| AS>g{Zdmgr gyaO^mZH$m doí` 'H$Q>m hþAm {ga' am_bmb d_m© Ho$ 'Ab~obm am{J`m' Am¡a dr.E.H$s ~~m©Xr', XwJm©àgmX IÌr Ho$ 'aŠV _§S>b','à{VemoY','bmbn§Om' à{gÜX h¡& XwJm©àgmX IÌr Ho$ BZ CnÝ`mgm| Ho$ g§~§Y _| H$hm OmVm h¡ H$s, '' ò amï´>r` ^mdZm go qhgmnyU© H«$m§{V H$m dU©Z H$aVo h¡& '' H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| Ho$ {bò àoaUm XoVo aho h¡&

Bg H$mb _| 1898 _| H$moB© AkmV gr 'A~bm' Zo' gwhm{gZr {bIm Am¡a àH$m{eV {H$`m& CgHo$ ~mX {à`d§Xm Xodr Zo 'bú_r'(1908), Hw± Vr Xodr Zo,nmd©Vr(1909) èmoXm Xodr Zo'gÀMm n{Vào_'(1911), ho_§V Hw$_mar Mm¡Yar Zo 'AmXe© _mVm'(1912), ~«÷Hw$_mar ^JdmZ Xodr Xw~o Zo 'gm¡X`© Hw$_mar'(1914) lr_Vr Hw$_wX~mbm Xodr Zo 'gXmMaUr'(1917) Am{X CnÝ`mgm| Ûmam ór AmXem}, _yë`m|, {Zð>mAm|, {eï>mMma g§~§Yr ñÌr-nwéf CnXoe na ̀ h CnÝ`mgm| H$m boIZ {H$`m h¡& ̀ h ór bo{IH$mAm| H$m àma§^ h¡&

ào_M§X ̀ wJrZ {hÝXr CnÝ`mg :-31 OwbmB© 1880 H$mo S>mH$ _w§er AOm`~ bmb H$mo EH$ nwÌ aËZ àmßV hþAm {Ogo

H$Wm g_«mQ> ào_M§X Ho$ Zm_ go OmZVo h¡& ~mn Zo Zm_ aIm YZnVam` Am¡a MmMm Zo Zdm~am` na§Vy CZH$s {H$ñ_V _| Z YZn{V hmoZm g§^d hþAm Z Zdm~& C_« Ho$ gmVdo df© _| _m± Mb ~gr nhbr nËZr go ~Zr Zht& {\$a Cg O_mZo _| EH$ H«$m§VrH$mar H$X_ CR>mZo hþE ~mb {dYdm {edamZr Xodr go Xwgar emXr H$s& Q>²`yeZ H$aHo$, {H$Vm~o ~oMZo BÝQ´>og nmg {H$`m, {\$a ñHw$b _mñQ>a hmo Jò& CZH$s Ama§{^H$ {ejm \$magr _| hþB© Am¡a gm{hpË`H$ g§ñH$ma CXy© H$m {_bm&

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1901 _| gm{hË` OrdZ H$s ewédmV H$aVo hþE nhbo CXy© _| {\$a {hÝXr _| {bI MwHo$ h¡& 1908 _| nm±M H$hm{Z`m| H$m g§J«h 'gmoOodVZ' àH$m{eV hþAm& Omo {~«{Q>e H$boŠQ>a Ûmam 'amOÐmoh' Ho$ A{^`moJ _| Obm`m J`m& CXy© _| CÝhm|Zo H$B© CnÝ`mg {bIo h¡ "Aghmao _Am{dX C\©$ XodñWmZ ahñ`' (1903-05), "h_Iw_m© d h_gdm~' (1906), "{H$gZm' (1908), "Obd E B©gma' (1912) Am{X& ''nhbm CnÝ`mg CÝhm|Zo YZnVam` Ho$ Zm_ go, Xygam Zdm~ am` Ho$ Zm_ go Am¡a ApÝV_ 'ào_MÝX' Ho$ Zm_ go {bIm Wm& ... h_Iw_m© d h_gdm~ H$m CÝhm|Zo ào_m AWm©V Xmo g{I`m| H$m {ddmh (1907) _|, Obd E B©gma H$m daXmZ (1921) _|, ào_M§X H$mo {hÝXr _| à{V{ð>V H$aZodmbm nhbm CnÝ`mg godmgXZ (1918) _|, Omo CXy© _| hr, '~mOmao hþñZ' erf©H$ go {bIm J`m Wm, na CgH$m CXy© ê$n {hÝXr ê$nm§VaU Ho$ ~mX àH$m{eV hþAm& Bgr AmYmana 'godmgXZ' H$mo ào_M§X H$m nhbm {hÝXr CnÝ`mg _mZm OmVm h¡& '' ̀ hr go Zò `wJ H$m àma§^ hmo OmVm h¡& ~mX _| 'ào_ml_' (1922) VWm 'a§J^y{_' ^r H«$_e: ZmH$m_/ZoH$Zm_/JmoeE-Am{\$`V Am¡a Mm¡JmZo hñVr Ho$ Zm_ go CXy© _| hr {bIo Jò Wo& 1926 _| nhbm {hÝXr _| àH$m{eV 'H$mWmH$ën' Am`m, {\$a '{Z_©bm' (1927) 'J~Z' (1931), 'H$_©^y{_' (1933) Am¡a Xw{Z`m H$m _hmZ Q´>oOo{S>H$ ̂ maVr` OrdZ VWm gm_§Vr ny§OrdmXr H$mb Ho$ boH$a {bIm J`m 'JmoXmZ' (1935) _| Am`m& AmO VH$ CZH$s VrZ gm¡ H$hm{Z`m±, ~mah CnÝ`mg, VrZ ZmQ>H$, Xmo gm¡ go D$na boI Am¡a bJ^J EH$ XO©Z AZwdmX àH$m{eV hþE h¡& AnZo boIZ Ho$ g§X^© _| CÝhm|Zo nmR>H$m| H$mo AJmh {H$`m Wm, ''nhmS>m| H$s g¡a Ho$ e¡H$sZ gÁOZm| H$mo Bg gnmQ> H$hmZr _| AmH$f©U H$s H$moB© MrO Z {_boJr'' ̀ h gmYaUVm hr CZH$s Imgr`V h¡&

{hÝXr _o§ nhbr ~ma CnÝ`mg H$mo _Zmoa§OZ, ahñ`H$Wm H$s Xw{Z`m go {ZH$mbH$a gm_m{OH$ ̀ WmW© H$s Xw{Z`m _| à{V{ð>V {H$`m& g_mO Ed§ ì`{ŠV OtXJr Ho$ {d{^ÝZ nhbwAm| H$mo gm_Zo bm`m& 'godmgXZ' _| doí`m g_ñ`m, ór g_ñ`m, qhXy-_wpñb_ g§~§Y, {ddmh g_ñ`m na àH$me S>mbm h¡& '{Z_©bm' _| XhoO àWm, AZ_ob {ddmh, Am¡a Cggo hmoZodmbm nm[adm[aH$ {dKQ>Z, Vmo 'J~Z' _| ór-Am^yfU bmbgm VWm _Ü`dJu` Hw§$R>m, à{Vkm _| {dYdm {ddmh, H$_©^y{_ _|' X{bV g_ñ`m, a§J^y{_ _| amOZr{VH$ Ed§ Am¡n{ZdoerH$Vm H$s g_ñ`m', Am¡a JmoXmZ _| ̂ maVr` {H$gmZ VWm XoemoÝZVr H$m ̂ md àñVwV hþAm h¡& ào_M§X Ho$ gm_Zo H$B© g_ñ`mE± Wr, Xoe H$s namYrZVm, ór CÜXma, AmOmXr, Xoe H$m emofU, Am¡n{ZdoerH$ emgZ, ny§OrdmX, gm_§Vr, _hmOZr H$s nZnVr gä`Vm, A§VaOm©{V`-Y{_©` g_ñ`m, gmåàXm{`H$Vm, X{bV, {H$gmZ Am{X& ̀ h ì`mnH$ n¥ð>^y{_ h¡ {OZna CÝhm|Zo boIZ {H$`m h¡&

ào_M§X Ho$ g§~§Y _| AmMm`© hOmaràgmX {XdoXr Zo H$hm h¡- ''ào_M§X eVmpãX`m| go nXX{bV, An_m{ZV Am¡a {ZîMo{fV H¥$fH$m| H$s AmdmO Wo; nX} _| H¡$X, nX-nX na bm§{N>V Am¡a Aghm` Zmar Om{V H$s _{h_m Ho$ O~X©ñV dH$sb Wo; Jar~m| Am¡a ~oH$gm| Ho$ _hËd Ho$ àMmaH$ Wo& AJa Amn CÎma ̂ maV H$s g_ñV OZVm Ho$ AmMma-{dMma, ̂ mfm-^md, ahZ-ghZ, Amem-AmH$m§jm, Xw:I-gwI Am¡a gyP-~yP H$mo OmZZm MmhVo h¡ Vmo ào_M§X go CÎm_ n[aMm`H$ AmnH$mo Zhr {_b gH$Vm& Pmon{S>`m| go boH$a _hbm| VH$, Imo_Mo dmbm| go boH$a ~¢H$mo VH$ Jm±d go boH$a {dYmZg^mAm| VH$, AmnH$mo BVZo H$m¡ebnyd©H$ Am¡a àm_m{UH$ ̂ md go H$moB© Zht bo Om gH$Vm& Amn ~oIQ>Ho$ ào_M§X H$m hmW nH$‹S>H$a _o‹S>m| na JmVo hþE {H$gmZ H$mo,

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AÝV:nwa _| _mZ {H$E {à`V_m H$mo, H$moR>o na ~¡R>r dmad{ZVm H$mo, amo{Q>`m| Ho$ {bE bbH$Vo hþE {Î_±Jm| H$mo, Hy$Q> nam_e© _| brZ JmoMÝXm| H$mo, T>m|Jr n§{S>Vm| H$mo, \$ao~r nQ>dmar H$mo, ZrMme` A_ra H$mo XoI gH$Vo h¡ Am¡a {ZpíMÝV hmoH$a {dídmg H$a gH$Vo h¡ {H$ Omo Hw$N> AmnZo XoIm h¡ dh JbV Zht h¡& Cggo A{YH$ gÀMmB© go {XIm gH$Zo dmbo n[aXe©H$ H$mo A^r {hÝXr-CXy© H$s Xw{Z`m Zht OmZVr na§Vy gd©Ì hr Amn EH$ ~mV bú` H$aoJ|, Omo g§ñH¥${V`m| Am¡a gånXmAm| go bX Zht JE h¡, Omo A{e{jV Am¡a {ZY©Z h¢, Omo J§dma Am¡a Om{hb h¢, do CZ bmoJm| H$s Anojm AmË_~b aIVo h¡ Am¡a A{YH$ Ý`m` Ho$ à{V gå_mZ {XImVo h¢ Omo {e{jV h¡§, gwg§ñH¥$V h¢, Omo g§nÝZ h¢, Omo MVwa h¢, Omo Xw{Z`mXma h¢, Omo ehar h¢& ̀ hr ào_M§X H$m AnZm OrdZ-Xe©Z h¡& ''

'a§J^y{_' Am¡a 'JmoXmZ' CZHo$ gd©loð> CnÝ`mg h¡& BZ XmoZm| CnÝ`mgm| _| X{bV ór Ed§ {H$gmZ à{V ñdV§ÌVm H$s _m±J do H$aVo h¡& S>m°. Zm_da qgh Zo BZ CnÝ`mgm| Ho$ g§X^© _| H$hm h¡, ''ào_M§X H$m 'a§J^y{_ dñVwV: gm_«mÁ`dmX Am¡a gm_§VdmX Ho$ JR>~ÝYZ H$m geŠV {damoY h¡& Bg {damoY H$m Zm`H$ h¡- 'gyaXmg', EH$ A§Ym, {Îmar, Om{V H$m M_ma {Og_| Am¡a Mmho {OVZo XwJw©U hmo, bo{H$Z EH$ JwU Eogm h¡ {Og_| gmao XwJw©U {N>n OmVo h¡ Am¡a dh h¡: ''AÝ`m` XoIH$a Cggo Z ahm OmVm Wm, AZr{V CgHo$ {bE Aghm` Wr& ... 'gwaXmg' ^maVr` gm{hË` _| EH$ Z`m M[aÌ h¡, A{dñ_aUr` Am¡a A_a ''VWm'' ào_M§X H$m nadVu

gm{hË` Bg Xm¡a Ho$ Q´>¡{OH$ ̀ WmW© H$m _m{_©H$ XñVmdoO h¡& 'JmoXmZ' Omo CZH$s _¥Ë`w go Hw$N> hr g_` nhbo àH$m{eV hþAm, ào_M§X H$s BZ H¥${V`m| _| AÝ`V_ h¡& ̀ hm± Z 'a§J^y{_' H$m {hamoBH$ CËgmh h¡, Z ào_ml_ H$m ̀ yQ>mo{n`m& ̀ WmW© ̀ hm± AnZr nyar ̂ `mdhVm Ho$ gmW Z§Jm IS>m h¡& `hm± AmZo na ào_M§X H$mo Ahgmg hmoVm h¡ Xwí_Z H$ht ~mha Zht, ~pëH$ Ka Ho$ A§Xa hr h¡& 'JmoXmZ' _| {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`dmX nX} Ho$ nrN>o h¡- naXo Ho$ gm_Zo h¡ {_b _m{bH$, O_tXma, _hmOZ, H$m[aÝXm, nQ>dmar, nwamo{hV Am¡a AnZr hr {~amXar& ò g^r EH$ Amoa h¡ Vmo Xygar Amoa h¡ nm°M ~rKo H$m H$míVH$ma-hmoar& ... 'JmoXmZ' Ho$ hmoar O¡gm Q´>¡{OH$ hramo ̂ maVr` gm{hË` _| Xygam Zht h¡& ̀ {X 'a§J^y{_' H$m gyaXmg AnZr _¥Ë`y _| ̂ r A_a h¡, namO` _| ̂ r AOo` h¡, Vmo hmoar H$s _¥Ë`y Bg OrdZ Ho$ {bE EH$ MwZm¡{V h¡& ''

ào_M§X H$m {hÝXr _| AmZm EH$ H«$m§VrH$mar KQ>Zm ahr gm_m{OH$ Ed§ gm{hpË`H$ Ñ{ï> go& gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï> go do H$~ra Ho$ g§J IS>o aho Vmo gm{hpË`H$ Ñ{ï> go {Vbñ_-Eoæ`ma, Omgwg VWm AX^yV OmXwB© Xm¡a IË_ hþAm& ào_M§X Ho$ g_H$mbrZ CnÝ`mgH$mam| _|, Or. nr. lrdmñVd, OJXre Pm, {d_b, _Xmarbmb JwßV, M§S>r àgmX öXòe, ~oMoZ e_m© 'CJ«', {J[aOmXÎm ewŠb, XodZmamÙ {XdoXr, à\w$bMÝÐ AmoPm '_wŠV', {ednwOZ ghm`, n[anyUm©Z§X d_m©, F$f^MaU O¡Z, {dídZmWqgh e_m©, {dídåâZmW e_m© 'H$m¡{eH$', Oè§H$a àgmX, gy`©H$m§V {ÌnmR>r '{Zambm' Am{X&

gZ 1936 _| 'àbog' H$s ñWmnZm hþB© Am¡a CgHo$ Hw$N> g_` ~mX Bgr df© ào_M§X H$m 8 AŠQw>~a 1936 {ZYZ hþAm& CnÝ`mg H$s àd¥{Îm _| ~Xbmd Am`m& Bg H$mb Ho$ boIH$ Bg Ñ{ï> go _hËdnyU© h¡& OJXre Pm '{d_b' Zo '{ZY©Z H$Ý`m' (1920), "Iam gmoZm' (1921), 'AmXe© XånVr' (1921), 'OrdZ Á`mo{V' (1922), "brbmdVr' (1924), "Amem na nmZr' (1925), "a_Ur ahñ`' (1926), "Ho$ga' (1936) Am{X& CnÝ`mg

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gm_m{OH$ ~war{V`m|, A§J«oOr {ejm Ho$ Hw$à^md go J«ñV ̀ wdmAm|, O_rZXmam| Ûmam {H$gmZm| H$m emofU, ^«ï> A{YH$mar O_mZm Ho$ ^«ï>mMma, nm[adm[aH$ g_ñ`mAm| H$m g_H$mbrZ `WmW© BZH$s gm{hË` H¥${V`m| _| Am`m h¡&

Or. nr. lrdmñVd Ho$ "_hme` ^Sm>_qgh e_m©' (1919), "bVImoar bmb' (1931), "{dbm`Vr Cëby' (1932), "ñdm_r Mm¡IQ>mZ§X' (1938) A{X hmñ`-ì`§½` aMZmE± h¡& "àmUZmW' (1925), "J§JmO_wZr' (1927) "{Xb H$s AmJ C\©$ {XbObo H$s Amh' (1932) Am{X _|, {Z:ñdmW© ào_, XhoO àWm, {ddmh VWm lmÜX _| hmoZodmbm Anì``, {hÝXy-_wpñb_ EH$Vm, T>moJr _hmË_mAm| H$m nmI§S> H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡&

_Xmarbmb JwßV Zo "Jm¡are§H$a' (1923), "gImam_' (1924) "_m{ZH$ _pÝXa' (1926) VWm M§S>ràgmX öXòe Zo "_Zmoa_m' (1924) VWm "_§Jb à^mV' (1925) {bIo h¡& nm§S>o` ~oMZ e_m© 'CJ«' Zo 'M§X hgrZm| Ho$ IVyV' (1927), "{Xëbr H$m Xbmb' (1927), "~wYwAm H$s ~oQ>r' (1928), "eam~r' (1930), "gaH$ma Vwåhmar Am°Im| _|' (1937), "Or. Or. Or' (1939) _| VWm "\$mJwZ Ho$ {XZ Mmoa' (1960) Am{X CnÝ`mg {bIo& BZHo$ gm{hË` H$mo Kmgbo{Q> gm{hË` H$hm J`m Omo gm_m{OH$ H«$m§{VH$marVm H$m n[aM` XoVm h¡& 'M§X hgrZm| Ho$ IVwV' _| {hÝXy-_wpñb_ `wdH$-`wdVr H$m ào_ {ddmh VWm gmåàXm{`H$ gX²^md H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡& '{X„r H$m Xbmb' _| N>mo{Q> bS>{H$`m| VWm ̀ wd{V`m| H$m H«$`-{dH«$` H$aZodmbr g§ñWmAm| H$mo ~oZH$m~ H$a {X`m h¡& '~wYwAm H$s ~oQ>r' _| ANy>VmoÜXma AWm©V ^§{J`m| H$m ZmaH$s` OrdZ `WmW© àñVwV {H$`m h¡& 'eam~r' _| doí`mAm| Am¡a eam~Kam| H$m Z¾ `WmW© A§H$Z {H$`m J`m h¡& 'gaH$ma Vwåhmar Am±Im| _|' _| gm_ÝVr OrdZ H$s {dbmg{à`Vm, Eo`mer, àÁmm H$s X`Zr`Vm, {ZY©ZVm, {dbmgr amOm H$m Anì``, Xoer amOmAm| H$s emgZ gå~Yr Aì`dñWm, àOm-nrS>Z H$m {MÌU h¡& 'Or Or Or' _| {hÝXw n[adma Am¡a g_mO _| ór AË`mMma H$s XmgVm CâH$a Am`r h¡&

{J[aOmXÎm ewŠb '{J[ae' Zo gÝXoh (1925), ào_ H$s nrS>m (1930), AéUmoX` (1930), nmn H$s nhobr (1931), ~m~y gmh~ (1932), àmo\o$ga (1946) Am{X CnÝ`mgm| _| g_gm_{`H$ g_ñ`mAm| H$m A§H$Z {H$`m h¡&

à\w$bMÝÐ AmoPm Zo 'gÝ`m{gZr (1926), nVPS> (1930), nmn Am¡a nwÊ` (1930), Oob`mÌm (1931), VbmH$ (1932) Am{X CnÝ`mg {bIo h¡&

{ednyOZ ghm` Zo 'XohmVr Xw{Z`m (1926), n[anyUm©ZÝX d_m© Zo ào_ H$m _yë` (1927), _oar Amh (1932) Am{X& F$f^MaU O¡Z Zo n¡go H$m gmWr (1928), {X„r H$m ì`m{^Mma (1928), doí`mnyÌ (1929), _mñQ>a gmh~ (1929), gË`mJ«h (1930), ahñ`_`r (1931), {X„r H$m H$b§H$ (1936) _| {d{^Þ g_ñ`mAm| H$mo aIm h¡& O¡go§ {dYdm {ddmh, AÝVaOmVr` {ddmh, `wdH$-`wd{V`m| Ho$ {ddmh nyd© ào_, {hÝXy g_mO _| ì`mñV Hw$[a{V`m±, _hmZJa _| \¡$bo ^«ï>mMma, doí`m OrdZ H$m {MÌU, doí`mg§~§Yr \¡$bZodmbo ^«_, ì`m{^Mma, AnamY H$m dU©Z Am{X à_wI h¡&

{dídZmWqgh e_m© Zo H$gm¡Q>r (1929), doXZm (1930) Ë`mJr ̀ wdH$ (1933) VWm {dídåâZmW e_m© 'H$m¡{eH$' Zo '_m±' (1929) VWm {Îm[aUr, g§Kf© (1945) _| àH$m{eV hþAm&

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Xmo N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Zo gm_m{OH$ CnÝ`mgm| H$m boIZ {H$`m CZ_| EH$ h¡ àgmX-H$m (1930), "{VVbr' (1936) VWm EH$ AnyU© CnÝ`mg 'BamdVr' (1936) {bIm h¡& BamdVr _| VrW©ñWmZm| na Y_© Ho$ Zm_ na MbZodmbo ì`m^rMma H$m {MÌU h¡ Vmo {VVbr _| {hÝXy Y_© loð>Vm H$m A§Vamï´>t` g§X^© _| narjU {H$`m J`m h¡& Vmo Xwgao h¡ {Zambm BÝhm|Zo "Aßgam' (1931), "AbH$m' (1933), "{Zén_m' (1936) Am¡a "à^mdVr' (1936) "MmoQ>r H$s nH$S>' (1946), "H$mbo H$maZm_o' (1950) Am{X CnÝ`mgm| H$m g¥OZ {H$`m h¡& Am¡a ̂ r H$B© _hËdnyU© CnÝ`mgH$ma h¡& S>m°. ZJoÐ {OZH$s g§»` Xmo-T>mB© gm¡ ~VmVo h¡ {\$a ^r _hËd H$s Ñ{ï> go {ZåZ CnÝ`mgH$ma Ed§ CnÝ`mgm| H$m C„oI H$aZm Oéar h¡& MVwagoZ emór Zo "öX` H$s ß`mg' (1927), "A_a A{^bmfm' (1933) "AmË_Xmh' (1934) {bIo h¡& Hw$N> Eogo CnÝ`mgH$ma ̂ r h¡ {OÝhm|Zo CnÝ`mg boIZ H$m àma§^ Vmo Bgr H$mb _| {H$`m na§Vy ào_M§XmoÎma H$mb _| do à{V{ð>V hþE& JmoqdXd„^ n§V Zo "gy`m©ñV' (1922), "à{V^m' (1934), "_Xmar' (1935), AZwnbmb _§S>b Zo "{Zdm©{gVm' (1929), "g_mO H$s doXr na' (1931), "gmH$s' (1932), "énaoIm' (1934), "Á`mo{V{_©`r' (1934), àVmn ZmamÙ lrdmñVd Zo '{dXm' (1928) ̂ JdVrMaU d_m© Zo "{MÌboIm' (1934) "VrZ df©' (1936), {g`mam‘ eaU JwßV Zo "JmoX' (1933) VWm "ApÝV_ AH$m§jm' (1934) A{X&

Bg H$mb _| gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï> go _Zmod¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï> H$s Amoa àñWmZ H$aZodmbo CnÝ`mgH$mam| _| VrZ CnÝ`mgH$ma C„oI{Z` h¡& ^JdVràgmX dmOno`r Zo "ào_nW' (1926), "AZmW nËZr' (1928), "_wgH$mZ' (1929, `hr Ë`mJ_`r go nwZ©àH$m{eV 1932 _|) ào_{Zdm©h (1934), VWm n{VVm H$s gmYZm (1936) Am{X H$m boIZ {H$`m h¡&

BbmM§Ð Omoer Zo 'àU_`r (1929), O¡ZoÐHw$_ma Zo "naI' (1930), "gwZrVm' (1935) Am{X _Zmod¡km{ZH$ CnÝ`mgm| H$s aMZm H$s& H$Wm OJV _| ào_M§X Ho$ CÎmam{YH$mar Ho$ én _| BÝho§ OmZm OmVm h¡ na§Vy BZH$s Ñ{ï> _Zmo{dkmZ VH$ hr gr{_V ahr ào_M§X H$s Vah ì`mnH$ OZ ~moY H$m A^md ahm na§Vy H$Wm H$s {H$ñgmJmoB© Ed§ CgHo$ H$hZo H$m T>§J g~ Hw$N> ào_M§X H$s Vah H$m hr h¡&

Bg H$mb _| Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgH$mam| _| d¥§XmdZbmb d_m© Zo "g§J_' (1927), "àË`mJV' (1927), "bJZ' (1928), "Hw§$S>brMH«$' (1932) Am{X g_H$mbrZ g_ñ`mAm| na {bIo Vmo "JT>Hw§$S>ma' (1930) VWm "{damQ>m H$s n{X²_Zr' (1936) Zm_H$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mg {bIo h¡& AÝ` Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgm| _| JmoqdXd„^ n§V H$m "gy`m©ñV' (1922), am_M§Ð {_l H$m "ào_n{WH$' (1926), H¥$îUZ§X Jwá H$m Ho$Z (1930), MVwagoZ emór H$m Idmg H$m ã`mh (1932) am_ß`mao {ÌnmR>r H$m {X„r H$s emhOmXr (1933), {Zambm H$m 'à^mdVr (1936), ~«OZ§XZ ghm` H$m "{dñ_¥V g_«mQ>' (1936) Am{X C„oIZr` h¡&

Hw$N> _hËdnyU© _{hbm bo{IH$mAm| Zo ^r CnÝ`mg {bIo h¡& ''{hÝXr H$s nhbr _m¡{bH$ CnÝ`mg bo{IH$m H$moB© 'gmÜdr gVr àmU A~bm' Wr {OÝhm|Zo AnZm dmñV{dH$ Zm_ Jwá aIH$a, 1890 _| 'gwhm{gZr' Zm_H$ CnÝ`mg {bIm Am¡a àH$m{eV H$am`m Wm& ̀ {X ¶h 'A~bm' ~«OaËZ Xmg Ho$ AZwgma _{ëbH$m Xodr hr h¡, Vmo CÝhr H$mo {hÝXr H$s nhbr _m¡{bH$ CnÝ`mg bo{IH$m ̂ r _mZZm hmoJm& '' CgHo$ ~mX ào_M§X H$mb _| épŠ_Ur Xodr Zo '_o_ Am¡a

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gmh~' (1919), Hw$ÝVr Zo 'gwÝXar' (1922), {d_bm Xodr Mm¡YamZr Zo 'H$m{_Zr' (1923), aËZdVr Xodr e_m© Zo 'gw_{V' (1923) e¡bHw$_mar Xodr Zo 'C_m gwÝXar' (1924), {J[aOm Xodr Zo 'H$_b Hw$gw_ (1925), Hw$_mar VoOamZr Xr{jV Zo 'öX` H$m H$m±Q>m' (1928) lr_Vr Á`mo{V_©`r R>mHw$a Zo '_YwdZ' (1933), à^mdVr ^Q>ZmJa Zo 'namO`' (1934), OJXå~m Xodr Zo 'hrao H$s A±JyR>r' (1934) Cfm Xodr {_Ìm Zo 'dMZ H$m _mob' (1936) VWm Hw$Qw>_ ß`mar Xodr gŠgoZm Zo 'öX` H$m Vmn' (1936) Am{X& BZ ór bo{IH$mAm| Zo qhXy g_mO _| ór H$s pñW{V H$mo gm_Zo bmZo H$m _hËdnyU© H$m`© {H$`m h¡& ór ñdV§ÌVm, {ejm H$m g_W©Z CZH$m _hËdnyU© {dMma h¡& Jmonmb am` Ho$ AZwgma ''BZ bo{IH$mAm| H$m Zmar g§~§Yr Ñ{ï>H$moZ ào_M§X Zo CnÝ`mg H$mo _Ü`dJ© Ho$ gmW OmoS>m, CZH$m `WmW© CnÝ`mg _| Am`m& CnÝ`mg {dYm OZ gm_mÝ` Ho$ {ZH$Q> Am`r& gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg Ed§ ñdmñW H$s Ñ{ï> go ̀ h _hËdnyU© ̂ r h¡& AZoH$ {dMma q~XyAm| go gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z H$s bS>mB© Bg H$mb Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| _| Am`r h¡& n[adV©Z Ho$db Ñ{ï> H$m Zht h¡ ~pëH$ gm_m{OH$ J{V-AdamoYH$m| H$mo Vmo‹S>Zo H$m h¡& na§nam, é{T>`m|, {dH¥$V lÜXmAm|, A§Y{dídmgm| H$mo Vmo‹S>Zo H$s Amdí`H$Vm na Bg H$mb Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| _| ~b {X`m& Xoe, Xoe H$s ñdV§ÌVm, X{bV, ór, {H$gmZ H$s XmgVm, bwQ>, CZH$s ñdV§ÌVm, Am¡n{Zdo{eH$ emgZ àUmbr H$m {damoY, Y_©~§YZm| Ho$ Vmo‹S>H$a gX²^mdZm \¡$bmZo H$s H$mo{ee, _mZdVmdmX, H$ë`mU ̂ mdZm na Omoa Ed§ Cgr _| ÑT> AñWm BZ CnÝ`mgm| _| ì`ŠV hþB© h¡& M[aÌ {dH$mg H$s Ñ{ï> go ̀ h H$mb ~hþ_wIr h¡& ha dJ©, qbJ, àd¥{Îm, ñd^md dmbo nmÌm| Ho$ {d{dY ñVa Bg H$mb Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| _| Amò h¡& nmÌm| H$s {OVZr A{YH$ {d{dYVm AHo$bo ào_M§X _| nm`r Om{V h¡ AÝ` {H$gr _| Zht& dÊ`©-{df` H$m {dñVma ̂ s Cgr àH$ma hmo MwH$m h¡& na§nam ~ÜX {df` O¡go ào_, l¥§Jma, Omgygr, Eo`mar, {Vbñ_, Ho$ Xmào H$mo VmoS>H$a, Jm±d go boH$a eha VH$, _Ü`dJ© go boH$a ny§OrnVr VH$, {Îmar, X[aÐ, Z§Jo, bmoJm| H$m OrdZ {MÌU CnÝ`mgm| _| Am`m h¡& àJVrerb Ñ{ï>H$moZ, OZdmXr ̂ mdZm H$m C^ma Bgr Xm¡a _| àma§^ hþAm& X{bE Ed§ Zmar Ho$ CÎWmZ, Ho$ {bE n`m©ßV CnbpãY Bgr g_` {_br& dñVwV: Zmar AnZo g§nyU© pñW{V H$mo boH$a Bg H$mb Ho$ CnÝ`mgmo _| Am`r h¡& ̂ maV _| ''CnÝ`mg H$m OÝ_ _Ü`dJ© Ho$ H$maU hþAm, _Ü`dJ© Ho$ {bE _Ü`dJ© Ûmam hþAm'' Eogm _mZm OmVm h¡& na§Vy S>m°. Zm_da qgh H$hVo h¡ H$s ̂ maV _| CnÝ`mg H$m CX` _Ü`dJ© Ho$ _hmJmWm Ho$ én _| Zhr, ~pëH$ {H$gmZ OrdZ H$s _hmJmWm Ho$ én _| hþAm... ̂ maV _| _Ü`dJ© Bg bm`H$ Zht Wm {H$ CÝZrgdr eVmãXr _| {H$gr ZB© én {dYm H$mo OÝ_ Xo gHo$ Am¡a AnZr g§ñH¥${V H$m {dH$mg H$a gHo$& '' na§Vy ào_M§X H$mb _| CnÝ`mg gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z H$s àIa H$m_Zm boH$a Ho$ Am`m& {H$gmZ g_ñ`m amï´>r` g_ñ`m Ho$ én _| àñVwV hþB©& ór g_ñ`m Ho$ H$B© nhbwAm| H$mo CnÝ`mgm| _| COmJa {H$`m J`m& ñdm{YZVm, Am§XmobZ, gmåàXm{`H$ EH$Vm, ór-nwéfm| Ho$ g§~§Y, nm[adm[aH$ {dKQ>Z, ào_, XånË` OrdZ, _yë`{df`H$ g§Kf© H$m OrdZ {MÌU Bg H$mb Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| H$s gO©ZerbVm, {deofVm h¡& ghO, grYr, ~mobMmb H$s ̂ mfm, ̂ mdm{^ì`{ŠV H$s {d{eï> ̂ §{J_m Am¡a nmR>H$m| Ho$ nT>Zo _| éMr Ho$ gmW g§~§{YV ̀ m H$ho {M{ÌV g_ñ`m na CÛobrV ̀ m H$ho gmoMZo Ho$ {bE ~mÜ¶ H$aVm h¡& AZoH$ Zò {df` Am¡a CgH$m grYm g§~§Y gm_mÝ` dJ© go ahm h¡ `h ^r Bg H$mb Ho$ CnÝ`mg H$s Im{g`V h¡&

268

ào_M§XmoÎma {hÝXr CnÝ`mg: {d{^ÝZ àd¥{Îm`m± :- ào_M§XmoÎma `wJ _o§ {hÝXr CnÝ`mg H$m {dH$mg Vrd« J{V go hþAm& AZoH$

à{V^mg§nÝZ boIH$m| Zo Zò {df`m| H$mo Z`m {eën-{dYmZ XoH$a A{^ì`ŠV {H$`m& `hr H$maU h¡ H$s ào_M§XmoÎma H$mbI§S> _| {hÝXr CnÝ`mg _| {d{^Þ àd¥{Îm`m| H$m {dH$mg hþAm& CZ_| go Hw$N> à_wI CnÝ`mgH$mam| VWm CnÝ`mgm| H$m CëboI ̀ hm± hmoJm& CnÝ`mg {dYm H$m {dñV¥V Z^ Bg Xm¡a _| _Zwî` _Z H$s H$B© gÀMmB`m| H$mo AnZo _| g_oQ>H$a Am`m h¡& BÝh| H$mb-g_` _| R>rH$-R>rH$ ~m§YZm Ag§^d Zht bJVm Bg{bE àd¥{Îm`m| Ho$ VhV BgH$m AÜ``Z {H$`m OmEJm& S>m°. ZJoÝÐ Zo BgH$mo VrZ ̂ mJm| _| ~m±Q>m h¡- 1950 VH$ Ho$ CnÝ`mg, 1950 go 1960 VH$ Ho$ CnÝ`mg Am¡a gmR>moÎmar CnÝ`mg& nhbm XeH$ _w»`V: \«$m`S> Am¡a _mŠg© H$s {dMmaYmam go à^m{dV h¡, Xygam à`moJmË_H$ {deofVmAm| go Am¡a Vrgam AmYw{ZH$VmdmXr {dMmaYmam go&'' na§Vy h_ gm_m{OH$, _Zmod¡km{ZH$, àJ{VdmXr-g_mOdmXr ̀ m amOZr{VH$, Eo{Vhm{gH$ Am¡a Am§M{bH$ CnÝ`mg H$s YmamAm| H$m n[aM` XoH$a gmR>moÎmar Am¡a ~mX dmbo H$mbI§S> H$m ñdV§Ì AÜ``Z H$aoJ|&

gm_m{OH$ CnÝ`mg :-gm_m{OH$ ̀ WmW© ào_M§X H$s XoZ ahr h¡& 'JmoXmZ' Cgr H$m _hmH$mì` ahm h¡, Am¡a

ñd§` hmoar ̀ WmW© H$s Q´>oOS>r& dJu` M[aÌ H$s H$ënZm H$a Cg ̀ WmW© H$mo JmoXmZ _| ào_M§X Zo {d{dY Am`m^ {Xò h¡& dñVwV: ñd§` ào_M§X Zo ZmZm{dY àd¥{Îm`m| H$mo OÝ_ {X`m Bgr AW© _| do H$Wm g_«mQ> hmo OmVo h¡& BÝhr H$s na§nam H$m {dH$mg àgmX Ho$ H§$H$mb _| CâH$a Am`m h¡& H$bmÝVaU _| {Zambm, CnoÝÐZmW AíH$, nmÊS>o` ~oMZ e_m© 'CJ«', MVwagoZ emór, d¥ÝXmdZbmb d_m©, ^JdVrMaU d_m©, {dîUw à^mH$a, A_¥Vbmb ZmJa, Zaoe _ohVm, M§Ð {H$aU gm¡Z aoŠgm Am{X boIH$m| Zo CnÝ`mg {dYm H$mo g_¥ÜX {H$`m& BZ g~Ho$ boIZ H$s AnZr-AnZr {deofVm h¡& na§Vy gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï> go n[adV©ZH$mar ^mdZm Zo OS> Ed§ `WmpñW{VdmXr na§nam, _yë`, g§ñH$ma H$s Ztd {hbmH$a aIZodmbo BZHo$ CnÝ`mgm| H$m _hËd A{YH$ h¡& BZH$m AdXmZ AZoH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ go qMVZnaH$ h¡&

ào_M§X Ho$ A{V[aŠV gm_m{OH$ CnÝ`mg H$m boIZ H$aZodmbo _| àgmX CnoÝÐZmW AíH$, ̂ JdVràgmX dmOno`r, ̂ JVrMaU d_m©, A_¥Vbmb ZmJa, nmÊS>o` ~oMZ e_m© 'CJ«' Am{X _hËdnyU© h¡&

{hÝXr CnÝ`mg _| àma§^ go hr gm_m{OH$Vm H$m ñda AZwJw±O ahm h¡& narjm Jwé g_V ào_M§X ̀ wJ Ho$ AZoH$ CnÝ`mg gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mAm| go nyarV h¡& ào_M§X Ho$ à{Vkm _| {dYdm g_ñ`m, godmgXZ _| doí`m g_ñ`m, {Z_©bm _| AZ_ob {ddmh Am¡a gm¡Vobr _m± H$s g_ñ`m, a§J^y{_ _| amOZr{VH$ VÏ` H$m`mH$ën, H$_©^y{_, Am¡a JmoXm_ _| ór Ed§ {H$gmZ g_ñ`mAm| H$m A§H$Z hþAm h¡&

a§J^y{_ _| gwaXmg Omo Om{V go M_ma h¡, A§Ym VWm {Îmar h¡ Cgo Zm`H$ ~ZmH$a X{bV OrdZ H$s g_ñ`m H$mo gm_Zo bmVo h¡& 'JmoXmZ' Vmo ̂ maVr` {H$gmZ H$m _hmH$mì` hr ~Zm h¡& hmoar, Y{Z`m, _mbVr, Jmo~a, Pw{Z`m O¡go nmÌm| Ûmam gm_m{OH$ XX© hr A{^ì`ŠV hþAm h¡& ào_M§X H$s Bgr na§nam H$m {dH$mg AmJo MbH$a àgmX Ho$ 'H$§H$mb' '{VVbr' (1934) (1930) _| boIZ hþAm Wm& 'H§$H$mb' Vmo Y_© Ho$ Zm_ na MbZodmbo ì`m{^Mma,

269

CgHo$ {d{Y {ZfoY na MmoQ> H$s h¡&

nmÊS>o` ~oMZ e_m© 'CJ«':-CJ«Or H$m gm{hË` AmdoenyU© e¡br _| O‹S>> gm_m{OH$ _mÝ`VmAm| na H$R>moa àhma

H$aVm h¡& boIH$ H$s àH¥${V H$s Vah hr CZH$m gm{hË` 'CJ«' AWm©V AmbmoMH$m| eãXm| _| KmgboQ>r ` Z¾, Aíbrb _mZm OmVm h¡& na§Vy CÝhm|Zo AnZr aMZmAm| _| AZw^y{V H$mo ì`mnH$Vm Xr h¡& ào_M§X ̀ wJ H$s _hËdnyU© g_ñ`mE± BZHo$ gm{hË` H$s ̂ r ahr h¡& doí`md¥{Îm, Añn¥í`Vm, gmåàXm{`H$Vm Am{X H$mo H$m¡ebnyU© T>§J go ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡& CZHo$ _hËdnyU© CnÝ`mgm| _| 'MÝX hgrZm| Ho$ IVyV' (1927), {Xëbr H$m Xbmb (1927), ~wYwdm H$s ~oQ>r (1928), eam~r (1930), gaH$ma Vwåhmar Am±Im| _| (1930), H$m§Q>m (1937), H$T>r _| H$mo`bm (1955), Am¡a '\$mJwZ Ho$ Mma {XZ' (1960) Am{X h¡& 'M§X hgrZm| Ho$ IVyV' {hÝXy-_wpñb_ gm¡hmÐ>© H$mo ào_ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡& EH$ Hw$brZ ~«m÷U b‹S>H$m _wamar ImZ ~hmXya _whå_X hþg¡Z H$s b‹S>H$s Z{J©g go ào_ H$aVm h¡& ̀ hr H$Wm gZmVZ {hÝXy Y_© H$s OS> nmI§S> gmoM H$mo gm_Zo bmVr h¡, Cg na {VIr à{V{H«$`m boIH$ XoVo h¡& '~wYdm H$s ~oQ>r' X{bV g§doXZm H$mo boH$a {bIm J`m h¡& Vmo '{X„r H$m Xbmb' doí`m d¥Îmr _| Sw>~r AnöV bS>{H$`m| H$s ZaH$-JmWm H$mo gm_Zo bmVm h¡& Am¡a '\$mJyZ Ho$ Mma {XZ' Ûmam gZmVZ Y_© Am¡a ór Ho$ g§~§Y _| CÎmoOH$ ~hg àñVwV H$aVm h¡&

CJ«Or H$B© ~ma {ddmXm| Ho$ Koao _| aho h¡& na§Vy gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z H$s Omo bS>mB© ào_M§X Zo àma§^ H$s Wr Cgr H$mo {dñ\$moQ>H$ T>§J go CJ«Or Zo CnÝ`mgm| Ûmam aIm h¡& gm_m{OH$ AdZVr Ho$ {bE do qhXy Y_© H$mo H$maU _mZVo h¡& AnZo AmXeuH¥$V àH¥$VrÛmam gm_m{OH$ CÞVr H$m _mJ© àeñV H$aVo h¡&

{Zambm :-Aßgam (1931) {Zambm H$m àW_ Am¡nÝ`m{gH$ g¥OZ H$_© h¡& CZH$s H${d N>dr

go H$B© JwZm A{YH$ gm_m{OH$ ̀ WmW©dmXr àH¥${V JÚ _| Câr h¡& CZHo$ H${d N>{d H$s MMm© A{YH$ hmoVr ahr JÚ H$s Zht na§Vy {Zambm MmoQ>r Ho$ JÚH$ma h¡& ~mX _| AbH$m (1933), à^mdVr (1936), {ZénVm (1936), Hw$ëbr^ma (1939), {~ëbogwa ~H$[ahm (1942), MmoQ>r H$s nH$S> (1946) Am¡a H$mbo H$maZm_o (1950) Am{X _hËdnyU© CnÝ`mg CÝhm|Zo {bIo h¡& {Zambm Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| Ho$ g§X^© _| _Ywaoe Zo _hËdnyU© ~mV H$ht h¡, {Zambm Ho$ CnÝ`mg én aMZm Am¡a g§JR>Z H$s Ñ{ï> go {H$gr C„oIZr` {eIa H$mo ̂ bo hr Z Ny>Vo hmo, bo{H$Z CËnr{‹S>V OZVm Ho$ g§Kf© Am¡a à{VamoYr MoVZm H$s Ñ{ï> go CZH$m {deof _hËd h¡& '' ({hÝXr CnÝ`mg H$m {dH$mg, n¥-100) 'Aßgam' _| A{ÔmV Hw$b H$m ̀ wdH$ Am¡a EH$ doí`mnwÌr Ho$ ào_ Am¡a {ddmh H$m {MÌU H$aVo hþE Zmar-_w{ŠV Ho$ gdmb go h_o aZ-~-aZ {H$`m h¡& 'AbH$m' AdY joÌ Ho$ A^mdJ«ñV {H$gmZm| H$s {dfmXnyU© H$Wm h¡& '{Zén_m' {Zambm g_` Ho$ Am{W©H$ Am¡a d¡Mm[aH$ Ñ{ï> go {nN>‹S>o é{T>JV g§ñH$mam| _| OH$‹S>o J«m_rU g_mO H$s VëI' gÀMmB©`m| H$mo gm_Zo bmVm h¡& à^mdVr Eo{Vhm{gH$ aMZm h¡& {~ëboogwa ~H$[ahm X{bV OrdZ H$m A§H$Z H$aVm h¡& BZ g^r CnÝ`mgm| _| gm_m{OH$ ̀ WmW© Ho$ {d{dY nhby CâH$a Amò h¡&

270

CnoÝÐZmW AíH$ Zo {JaVr Xrdma| (1946), J_© amI (1952), ~S>r ~S>r Am±Io (1955), nËWa Ab nËWa (1957), eha _| Kw_Vm AmB©Zm (1962), EH$ amV ZaH$ (1968), EH$ ZÝht H§$Xrb (1969) ~m±Ymo Z Zmd Bg R>m±d (1974), VWm {Z{_fm (1980) Am{X àH$m{eV h¡& AíH$ Ho$ CnÝ`mg gm_m{OH$ g§doXZm H$s Ñ{ï> go _hËdnyU© aho h¡& ''{JaVr Xrdma| go boH$a {Z{_fm VH$ Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| _| {ZåZ _Ü`dJ© Ho$ Am{W©H$ g§Kf©, Bgr dJ© Ho$ ̀ wdmAm| H$s gnZm|,Z¡{VH$ _yë`m|,AH$m§jmAm| go n¡Xm hþB© Hw§$R>mAm|, nwamZr nrT>r go CZHo$ g§Kf©, ̂ Q>H$Z, {Zamem, ào_ Ho$ joÌ _| Ag\$bVm, XmånË` OrdZ H$s H$Qw>Vm Am¡a Ag§Vmof VWm g_mO Ûmam {ZYm©[aV _yë`m| H$s bú_UaoIm _| KwQ>Vr Am¡a VS>nVr {ó`m| H$m {MÌU BZ CnÝ`mgm| H$s {deofVm h¡& ''

^JVràgmX dmOno`r Zo '{nnmgm' (1937), Xmo ~hZ| (1940), Am¡a {Z`§ÌU (1942), MbVo MbVo, gwZr amh, {dídmg H$m ~b, AnZm {~H$ J`m, H$_©nW Am{X à_wI CnÝ`mgm| H$m g¥OZ {H$`m h¡& ''ór-nwéf Ho$ ~rM _wŠV ào_ Am¡a Z¡{VH$ g§{hVm go CgH$m Q>H$amd, _Zmod¡km{ZH$ AÝVX©ÝX VWm ór Ho$ nanwéf go ào_ H$aZo Ho$ Z¡g{J©H$ A{YH$ma H$m à{VnmXZ BZHo$ àma§{^H$ VrZ CnÝ`mgm| _| {_bVm h¡& '' 'ào_ nW' _| {dídem§{V, _Zwî` _mÌ H$m H$ë`mU, gË` Am¡a A{h§gm, '^yXmZ' _| {H$gmZm| _| ^y{_ H$m g_mZ {dVaU, gm_m{OH$ gX²^md, 'gyZr amh' _| H$V©ì` Ho$ à{V B_mZXmar, Jmo_Vr Ho$ VQ> na' _| ̂ maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$s _hÎmm, 'CgZo Z H$hm' _| _Ü`dJu` n[adma H$s g_ñ`mE±, 'Qw>Q>Vo ~§YZ' _| nm[adm[aH$ {dKQ>Z, 'A{YH$ma H$m àíZ' _| nr{T>`m| H$m n[adV©Zerb Ñ{ï>~moY, Z`r nrT>r H$m {dÐmoh Am{X'' na _§WZ {H$`m J`m h¡&'H$_© nW' _| EH$ ñdmdb§~r `wdH$ Ho$ OrdZ g§Kf© H$mo ñnï> {H$`m h¡&

^JdVr MaU d_m© Bg H$mb Ho$ _hËdnyU© boIH$ h¡& BÝhm|Zo '{MÌboIm' (1934) H$mo {bIH$a nmn-nwÊ` Ho$ à{V gm_m{OH$m| Ho$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$mo gm_Zo bm`m h¡& ''H$Wm H$s Ñ{ï> go ^JdVrMaU d_m© Ho$ CnÝ`mg CÝZrgdr gXr Ho$ A§{V_ XeH$ (1890) go boH$a ̂ maV na MrZ Ho$ AmH«$_U (1962) VH$ Ho$ g_` H$mo CgHo$ ì`mnH$ Am¡a d¡{dÜ`nyU© Am`m_ _| àñVwV H$aZo H$m à`mg H$aVo h¡& BZ CnÝ`mgm| _| Bg Ad{Y _| ^maV _| hmoZodmbo amOZr{VH$-Am{W©H$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ CWb-nwWb H$m A§H$Z {H$`m J`m h¡& Bg Ñ{ï> go '^ybo {~gao {MÌ (1959), gm_Ï`© Am¡a gr_m (1962), grYr gƒr ~mV| (1968), àíZ Am¡a _ar{MH$m (1973), Q>oT>o _oT>o amñVo (1948), Am¡a g~{h ZMmdV am_ JmogmB© (1970) {deof én go C„oIZr` h¡& '' BZHo$ AÝ` _hËdnyU© CnÝ`mgm| _| Am{Iar Xm±d (1950), AnZo {Ibm¡Zo (1957), dh {\$a Zht Am`r (1960), WHo$ nm°§d (1963), aoIm (1964) Am{X h¡& '^ybo {~gao {MÌ' ̂ JdVrMaU d_m© H$m gd©loð> CnÝ`mg h¡ {Og_| VrZ nr{T>`m| (1890-1930) H$s gmoM Am¡a _mZ{gH$Vm Ho$ ~Xbmd, nwamZr nrT>r Ho$ gmW Z`r nrT>r Ho$ g§Kf©, Am¡n{Zdo{eH$ emgZ Ho$ à{V ~wpÜXOrdr dJ© Ho$ _moh^§J Am¡a {dÐmoh H$m A§H$Z {H$`m J`m h¡& ''

A_¥Vbmb ZmJa Bg g_` Ho$ EH$ Amoa _hËdnyU© CnÝ`mgH$ma h¡& BZH$m nhbm CnÝ`mg '_hmH$mb' (1947) _| àH$m{eV hþAm Am¡a '~y±X Am¡a g_wÐ' (1956) go do MMm© _| Amò& _Ü`dJu` ZmJ[aH$ OrdZ H$m `WmW© Bg_| ñnï> hþAm h¡& ì`{ŠV Am¡a g_mO Ho$ AÝ`moÝ`m{YV g§~§Ym| H$mo do ì`ŠV H$aVo h¡& CZHo$ AÝ` M{M©V CnÝ`mgm| _| eVa§O Ho$ _mohao

271

(1959), gwhmJ Ho$ Zwnwa (1960), A_¥V Am¡a {df (1966), gmV Ky±KQ>dmbm _wIS>m (1968), EH$Xm Z¡{_fmaÊò (1972), VwbgrXmg Ho$ OrdZ na '_mZg H$m h§g' (1972), ZmÀ`mo ~hþV Jmonmb (1978), gwaXmg Ho$ OrdZ na 'I§OZ Z`Z' (1981), {~Iao {VZHo$ (1982), Ap½ZJ^m© (1983), H$adQ> (1985), nr{T>`m± (1990) Am{X h¡& 'ZmÀ`m| ~hþV Jmonmb' X{bV OrdZ H$s ZmaH$s` pñW{V`m| H$mo ñnîQ> {H$`m J`m h¡&'' 'EH$Xm Z¡{_fmaÊò' Ho$ Am¡nÝ`m{gH$ {dOZ _| ^maVr` `m qhXy g§ñH¥${V Ho$ {Z_m©U H$m Eo{Vhm{gH$ Am`moOZ h¡ Omo ZmJa Or Ho$ AZwgma Z¡{_f AmÝXmobZ H$s XoZ h¡& Bg AmÝXmobZ Ho$ Ûmam nwZ©OÝ_, H$_©H$m§S>dmX, CnmgZmdmX, kmZ_mJ© Am{X H$m ApÝV_ én go g_Ýd` hþAm Wm& Bg g_Ýd` Ho$ _wb _| amï´>r` EH$Vm H$m ^md Wm& ~«m÷U Am¡a l_U g§ñH¥${V`m| H$m g§Kf© Cg H$mb H$s amï´>r` g_ñ`m Wr& {OgHo$ H$maU Xoe {N>Þ-{^Þ hmo ahm Wm& ~«m÷Um| Ho$ hr EH$ àJ{VH$m_r dJ© Zo l_U g§ñH¥${V H$mo d¡{XH$ nñ_am go OmoS>H$a EH$ {_br-Owbr g§ñH¥${V H$m én {X`m Omo AmO {hÝXy g§ñH¥${V Ho$ Zm_ go OmZr OmVr h¡& ZmJa Or Zo Bgr gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dOZ H$mo EH$Xm Z¡{_fmaÊò H$m AmYma ~Zm`m h¡& ' ZmJaOr Bg H$mb Ho$ erf©ñW CnÝ`mgH$ma h¡& BZH$m àËòH$ CnÝ`mg Z`r OrdZ Ñ{ï> H$m n[aMm`H$ h¡&

CXè§H$a ^Å> Zo Zò _moS> (1954), gmJa bha| Am¡a _Zwî` (1956), bmoH$ nabmoH$ (1958), eof Aeof (1960), Zò _moS> (1956)) Am{X _hËdnyU© CnÝ`mgm| H$m g¥OZ {H$`m h¡& ''Zò _moS> _| EH$ gw{e{jV Am¡a AmË_{Z^©a ̂ maVr` Zmar H$s {ddeVm H$mo {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡& gm_m{OH$ ~§YZm| _| OH$S>r hþB© S>m°. eo\$mbr H$mo AnZm nhbm {ddmh ñdrH$m`© Zht h¡ Am¡a AnZr BÀN>m go Xwgam {ddmh ñdrH$m`© Zht h¡ Am¡a AnZr BÀN>m go Xwgam {ddmh H$m H$a Zht gH$Vr& Bgr q~Xy na CÝho Zò _moS> H$s Vbme h¡& ''CZH$m Xwgam _hËdnyU© Ed§ M{M©V CnÝ`mg Omo _w§~B© dgm}dm Ho$ gmJa {H$Zmao Ho$ _Nw>Amam| Ho$ OrdZ na {M{ÌV h¡& '' n[adVuV hmoZodmbo Jm±d H$s Vñ~ra 'bmoH$ nabmoH$' _| CVmar JB© h¡, Vmo gmYw gÝ`m{g`m| Ho$ OrdZ H$m `WmW© 'eof Aeof' _| Am`m h¡&

{dîUw à^mH$a Zo AnZm àW_ CnÝ`mg 'T>bVr amV' (1951), VQ> Ho$ ~ÝYZ (1955), ñdßZ_`r (1957), BZHo$ H$B© CnÝ`mg Xwgao Zm_ go nwZ: àH$m{eV hþE h¡ O¡go 'XbVr amV' H$m '{Z{eH$m§V' (1986 _|), 'Xn©U H$m ì`{ŠV H$m 'g§ñH$ma' (1993), ñdßZ_`r H$m 'ñdßZ' Am{X& '' BZHo$ CnÝ`mgm| _| {df` H$m d¡{dÜ` Z Ho$ ~am~a h¡& Zmar {Z_{V H$s ~hþAm`m^r ÌmgXr hr CZHo$ CnÝ`mgm| H$m H|$Ðr` H$Ï` h¡& '' Zmar H$s {d{^Þ g_ñ`mE± CnÝ`mgmo _| Am`r h¡& 'VQ> Ho$ ~ÝYZ' _| ào_ Am¡a {ddmh, Y_© Am¡a Om{V, {VbH$ XhoO, AÝVa OmVr` Am¡a AÝVaY_u` {ddmh, Zmar _w{ŠV, naånamJV Zmar g§{hVm Ho$ AÝV{damoY Am¡a CZH$m {damoY, Zmar H$s Am{W©H$ ñdV§ÌVm H$m à{VnmXZ Am{X àíZm| H$mo CR>m`m J`m h¡& '' 'T>bVr amV' _| ñdmYrZVm g§J«m_ _| ̂ mJ boZo Am¡a {~«{Q>e emgZ H$mb _| gaH$mar Zm¡H$ar H$aZo Ho$ Û§X Ho$ gmW gm_m{OH$ ñVa na Om{V`m| Am¡a Y_m] Ho$ ~rM H$s Q>H$amhQ>, Y_©, Om{V, qbJ, Am{X go OwS>o {ZåZ_Ü`dJu` ̀ wdH$ H$m AmË_g§Kf© {M{ÌV hþAm h¡& '' Hw$N> CnÝ`mg gmR>moÎmar H$mb _| {bIo Jò h¡&

AÝ` _hËdnyU© CnÝ`mgm| _| CëboIZr` h¡ A_¥Vam` H$m ~rO (1952), Zm^\$Vr H$m Xoe Am¡a hmWr Ho$ Xm°V (1956), à^mH$a _mMdo H$m na§Vy (1952), EH$Vmam

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(1953), Xm^m (1954), gm±Mm (1955) Am{X& amOm am{YH$m a_U àgmX qgh H$m 'am_ a{h_' (1937), {g`mam_eaU JwßV H$m 'JmoX' (1932), ApÝV_ AH$m§jm (1934) Zmar (1937) goR> JmoqdX Xmg H$m 'BÝÐ_Vr' MVwagoZ emór Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgH$ma hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX Y_©nwÌ, IJ«mg, Jmobr O¡go CnÝ`mgm| _| gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mAm| H$mo ~S>o gw§Xa T>§J go A{^ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡& am_mZ§X gmJa Zo Am¡a BÝgmZ _a J`m, ̀ kXÎm e_m© Zo BÝgmZ, H$_boída Zo bmoQ>o hþE _wgm{\$a Am{X CnÝ`mgm| _| {hÝXw-_wpñb_ g_ñ`m na _mZdVmdmXr Ñ{ï> go {bIm h¡&

AV: `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ H$s ào_M§X Ho$ ~mX gm_m{OH$ CnÝ`mgm| H$s geŠV Ymam CâH$a Am`r& 1960 Ho$ ~mX `h A{YH$ {dñVma nmVr J`r na§Vy ~mX Ho$ gm_m{OH$ CnÝ`mgm| _| g_mO H$_, `m¡Z g_ñ`mE° A{YH$ _wIa hþB©& CnÝ`mgm| Ho$ {df` d¡{dÜ` Zo CgH$mo A{YH$ {demb ~Zm`m&

_Zmod¡km{ZH$/_Zmo{díbofUmË_H$ CnÝ`mg :-ào_M§X Zo hr OrdZ H$s Amoa XoIZo Ho$ Xmo Ñ{ï>H$moZ àñVwV {H$ò Wo& EH$ gm_m{OH$

Am¡a Xwgam _Zmod¡km{ZH$& ào_M§XmoÎma H$mb _| `h XmoZm| YmamE± ñdV§Ì én go {dH${gV hþB©& ào_M§X Ho$ hr {eî` O¡ZoÐHw$_ma Zo _Zmod¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$mo AnZm`m _Z H$s gwú_, J§^ra, JhZ ^mdm| H$m A§H$Z BZ CnÝ`mgm| H$s {deofVm h¡& gZ 1930 Ho$ ~mX ^maV _| \«$m`S>, ES>ba, ̀ w§J H$s {dMmaYmamAm| H$m, gmW©, H$â\$m Ho$ ApñVËddmX H$m à^md ~T>Vm J`m& \«$m`S> Ho$ MoVZ, AdMoVZ Am¡a AMoVZ _Z Ho$ ̂ mdm|, ñdßZm|, BÀN>mAmo§, dmgZmAm| H$m {dñV¥V {MÌU CnÝ`mgm| _| Am`m& \«$m`S> Ho$ AZwgma 'H$m_' Ed§ 'Ah§' {OXJr Ho$ àoaH$ Ed§ {Z_m©U VËd _mZo Jò& gm_m{OH$, Z¡{VH$ ~§YZm| H$mo Vmo‹S>m J`m& X_Z H$s OmZodmbr H$m_ ^mdZm H$m IwbH$a {MÌU CnÝ`mgm| _| hmoZo bJm& AMoVZ _Z, B{S>ßg, {b{~S>mo J«§{W`m| go V¡`ma EH$ XbXb ~Zr Am¡a Cgr go BZ J«§{W`m| H$m {hñQ>r[a`m, CÝ_mX, nmJbnZ, {Zamem CâH$a Am`r& CnÝ`mgH$mam| H$mo bJm H$s BZ J«§{W`m| H$mo COmJa H$aZm gm{hpË`H$ H$_© h¡& ̀ h J«§{W`m± ha EH$ _| hmoVr h¡& CgH$m H$_ A{YH$ à^md hmoVm h¡& ì`{ŠV H$^r Bgo CXmÎm én XoVm, H$^r BZH$s {dH¥$Vr`m| Ho$ H$maU {dH¥$V hmo OmVm h¡& EH$ àH$ma go nmJbnZ, _mZg Ho$ ^rVa-~mha H$mo OmZZm boIm{H$V Xm{`Ëd hmoVm h¡&

ES>ba \«$m`S> H$s Vah ‘Zwî¶ OrdZ H$mo H$m_ X_Z go nr{‹S>V _mZVm Zht h¡ dh hrZVm H$s ̂ mdZm go nr{S>V _mZVm h¡& ''BZHo$ _VmZwgma ~MnZ _| hr ̀ h hrZ ̂ mdZm {Z_m©U hmo OmVr h¡& VWm Bg hrZVm H$s j{VnyVu Ho$ {bE ì`{ŠV AnZo dmVmdaU H$mo à^m{dV H$aZm MmhVm h¡& {H$gr-Z-{H$gr àH$ma go dh AnZm à^md O_mZm MmhVm h¡& Bgr H$maU Agm_mÝ` H$m`m] Ho$ _yb _| 'à{Vð>m' H$s ̂ mdZm hmo gH$Vr h¡& '' Bg àH$ma H$s _Zmod¥Îmr H$mo A{^ì`ŠV H$aZm BZ gm{hË`H$mam| H$mo A{^àoV h¡&

`wJ Ho$ _VmZwgma 'OrdZoÀN>m' hr OrdZ H$m _wbmYma h¡& ''à{Vð>m, gån{Îm Am¡a gÝVmZ BZ VrZm| _| go {H$gr EH$ H$s AWdm VrZm| H$s àm{á Ho$ {bE ì`{ŠV qOXJr ̂ a ~oM¡Z ahVm h¡& BZ_| go AJa EH$ H$s ̂ r H$_r hmo OmE Vmo Cg_| _mZ{gH$'' hrZVm H$s J«§Wr {dH${gV hmo OmVr h¡&

273

_Zmod¡km{ZH$ CnÝ`mg _| nmÌm| Ho$ ̂ md nj H$m A§H$Z hmoVm h¡& ̀ hr ̂ md nmÌ Ho$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ {dMma _| n[aUV hmoH$a CgH$m ì`mnH$ én YmaU H$aVm h¡& Bg{bE nmÌm| H$s aMZm Agm_mÝ` én go VH©$-{dVH©$, ñ\w$V©, CËgw\©$, à{V{H«$`mdmXr hmoVr h¡& _mZ{gH$ ñVa na dh ahñ`nyU©, H$m_OÝ`, Ah§dmXr, gX² Ah§dmXr `m gwna BJmo hmoVr h¡& EH$ Vah go _Zwî` H$s A§Va-~mø O{Q>bVmAm| H$s A{^ì`{ŠV hmoVr h¡&

O¡gm H$s h_Zo nhbo hr H$hm AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| ào_M§X Ho$ A{d^m©d Ho$ gmW _Zmo{dkmZ H$m àdoe {hÝXr H$Wm gm{hË` _| hþAm& CZHo$ CnÝ`mg OrdZ H$m M[aÌ _mÌ h¡ {dMma Zo nmÌm| Ho$ _Zmo{dkmZ H$s naI ewé H$s& {OgH$m ^maVr` g§ñH$aU dmbm én O¡Z|Ð Hw$_ma Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| _| Am`m h¡& CZH$m àW_ CnÝ`mg 'naI' (1929) _| Am`m& ̀ h naI dñVwV: EH$ Jhao Z¡{VH$ Û§X go JwOaZo H$s VZmdnyU© à{H«$`m h¡'' Omo _mZg H$s JwT>Vm, AmMaU H$s {H«$S>mJwT>Vm H$mo gm_Zo bmVr h¡& CgHo$ ~mX gwIXm (1952), {ddV© (1952), ì`VrV (1923), O`dÜX©Z (1956), _w{ŠV~moY (1965), AZÝVa (1968), AZm_ñdm_r (1974), XemH©$ (1983) Am{X _Zmo{dîboeUmË_H$ CnÝ`mgm| H$m g¥OZ {H$`m& O¡Z|Ð Zo BZ CnÝ`mgm| Ho$ Ûmam ̂ md, ̂ mfm, {eën, H$s Ñ{ï> go ZdrZVm Ed§ gmW©H$Vm CnÝ`mg H$mo àXmZ H$s h¡& BZ CnÝ`mgm| _| _mZemór` gwú_, Vab Ed§ JhZ g§doXZmAmo§ H$mo A{^ì`ŠV {H$`m J`m h¡& O¡Z|Ð Ho$ CnÝ`mg d¡Mm[aH$ H$mobmhb n¡Xm H$aZodmbo h¡, ''AnZo _mñQ>a na ào_ H$aZodmbr EH$ VéU {dYdm Am¡a AmXe© VWm Üò`dmX Ho$ à{V B©_mZXmar go g_{n©V '_mñQ>a' Ho$ ~rM H$s ^mdZmË_H$ CWb-nwWb 'naI' H$m {df` h¡& '' Vmo 'gwZrVm' _| Zm`H$ h[a àgÞ Am¡a Zm{`H$m gwZrVm Ho$ ~rM H$m Vrd« Ed§ JwT> hmoVm AmH$f©U {MÌU Am`m h¡& h[a àgÞ H$s _mZ{gH$ nrS>m gwZrVm H$mo Ð{dV H$aVr h¡, CgHo$ n{V H$m ̂ r {damoY Zht h¡& {damoY h¡ Vmo h[aàgÞ Ed§ gwZrVm Ho$ g§ñH$mam| H$m& h[a àgÞ H$s Hw$ð>m H$mo XoIH$a doXZm go nr{S>V gwZrVm CgHo$ gm_Zo '{ddó' hmoVr h¡ Am¡a CgH$s ̀ h A{¾narjm XoIH$a h[a àgÞ ̂ mJ OmVm h¡& Bg_| H$Wm Zht h¡, Omo h¡ dh EH$ Vab, ì`{_l, Z¡{VH$Vm H$mo AmdmhZ H$aZodmbm H$éUm go Amny[aV OrdZmZw^d'' h¡& 'Ë`mJnÌ' _| _¥Umb Ho$ ~hmZo {hÝXy g_mO ì`dñWm VWm n[adma ì`dñWm na Jham AmKmV H$aVr h¡& ò AKmV _yH$ hmoVo h¡ bo{H$Z à^mdr hmoVo h¡& '' {d{eï> {hÝXy g_mO _¥Umb H$mo Ý`m` Zht Xo nmVm Bg{bE CgH$m ̂ VrOm OO nX go 'Ë`mJnÌ' XoVm h¡& 'H$ë`mUr' CZH$m AÝ` _hËdnyU© CnÝ`mg h¡& Bg_| ''AWm©OZ H$aZo H$mo ~mÜ` ór S>m°ŠQ>a Ho$ _Z H$s {dbjU ItMVmZ {M{ÌV H$s J`r h¡& ór Zo nm{Vd«Ë` H$s Anojm ^r H$s OmE Am¡a AWm©OZ Ho$ {bE nwéf g_mO gånH©$ H$s {ddeVm ^r hmo- Bg H¢$Mr _| N>Q>nQ>mZodmbr Zmar Ho$ n{V AJa nwamUn§Wr hmo, nËZr H$mo AnZr d¡`{ŠVH$ {_b{H$`V _mZH$a MbVm hmo Vmo Eogr Zmar H$s nr‹S>m ~hþV Vrd« hmoVr h¡& {hÝXy ór H$s _mZ{gH$ ì`Wm H$s ̀ h H$éU H$Wm g_gm_m{`H$ OrdZ Ho$ Am¡a Zmar doXZm Ho$ AZoH$ g§X^© ImobVr h¡& '' O¡ZoÝÐ Zo nVr, nËZr Am¡a ào_r Ho$ {ÌH$moUmË_H$ ào_m»`mZm| Ûmam {hÝXy g_mO H$s OS> Ed§ ImoIbr Z¡{VH$ na§namAm| H$mo COmJa {H$`m h¡& Am¡a g§~§Ym| Ho$ VH©$ Omb Ûmam _Zwî` _Z Ho$ A§VOm©b H$mo ì`m»`m{`V {H$`m h¡& ào_M§X H$s CnÝ`mg '_mZd M[aÌ-_mÌ' ^mdZm H$m {dñVma ~‹S>r Hw$ebVm go O¡Z|Ð _| hþAm h¡& {\$a ̂ r qhXy gm_mO _mÝ`VmAm| ImgH$a, ào_, {ddmh, n[adma, g_mO, Z¡{VH$Vm AmH$f©U, {dH$f©U, H$m _mZ{gH$ g§Kf© CZHo$ CnÝ`mgm| _| Am`m h¡& CgH$m

274

{damoY àm`: jrU hmo MwH$m h¡& BbmM§Ð Omoer H$m 'K¥Um_`r (1929) _| Am`m& `h CZH$m àW_ CnÝ`mg h¡&

CgHo$ ~mX g§Ý`mgr (1941), nX} H$s amZr (1941), ào_ Am¡a N>m`m (1946), {Zdm©{gV (1946), _w{ŠVnW (1950), gw~h Ho$ ̂ ybo (1952), {Oßgr (1952), OhmO H$m n§N>r (1955), F$VyMH«$ (1969), ^yV H$m ^{dî` (1973), H${d H$s ào`gr (1976) Am{X CnÝ`mg _Zmo{dkmZ H$m {M{H$ËgH$ {MÌU àñVwV H$aVo h¡& àma§^ _| npíM_r _Zmo{dkmZ H$m à`moJ H$aVo hþE 'Ho$g ñQ>S>r' O¡go CnÝ`mg H$m g¥OZ CÝhm|Zo {H$`m& {\$a ~mX _| do CgH$s _`m©Xm H$mo OmZH$a ̂ maVr` _Zmo{dkmZ H$m éI AnZmVo h¡& CZH$m ApÝV_ CnÝ`mg BgH$m gmú` h¡&

^JdVrMaU d_m© H$m nmn-nwÊ` H$s ì`m»`m àñVwV H$aZodmbm '{MÌboIm' (1934) _| àH$m{eV hþAm& {OgH$m n[adoe _m¡`©H$mbrZ ahm na§Vy nmn-nwÊ` H$s g_ñ`m emídV ahr h¡& Am¡a A§V _| g~Hw$N> ̂ moJ, Ë`mJ _| n[ad{V©V hmo OmVm h¡& CgHo$ ~mX 'Q>oT>o-_oT>o amñVo (1946), Am{Iar Xm±d (1950), AnZo {Ibm¡Zo (1957), ^ybo {~gao {MÌ (1959), dh {\$a Zht AmB© (1960), gm_Ï`© Am¡a gr_m (1962), WHo$ nm±d (1963), aoIm (1964), grYr gƒr ~mV| (1968), g~{h ZMmdV am_ JmogmB© (1970), àíZ Am¡a âr{MH$m (1973) Am{X àH$m{eV hþAm& ̂ ybo {~gao {MÌ H$mo loð> _mZm OmVm h¡& ̂ JdVrMaU d_m© {Z`VrdmX, _mZdr` {ddeVm, g_mOdmX, gmå`dmX, Jm§YrdmX, AmV§H$dmX Am{X Ho$ gå~Y _| AnZo nyd©J«hm| go H$ht ̂ r _wŠV Zht hmo gHo$ h¡& '' H$B© àH$ma Ho$ Xmofm| go ̀ wŠV hmoH$a ^r d_m©Or _hËdnyU© hmo MwHo$ CnÝ`mgH$ma h¡&

Ako` H$m {hÝXr CnÝ`mg _| A{d©^md EH$ H«$m§VrH$mar g§`moJ h¡& AnZr àIa MoVZm go ny[aV _Zwî` _Z H$s Jhar nS>Vmb H$aVo hþE g_`, g_mO, Xoe Ho$ g§X^m} H$mo ImobZodmbo CZHo$ CnÝ`mg dñVwV: g§doXZerb Ed§ _mZdr` _yë`m| à{V qMVZ erbVm Ho$ n[aMm`H$ h¡& 1940 _| 'eoIa EH$ OrdZr' H$m nhbm ̂ mJ Am¡a 1944 _| Xygam àH$m{eV hþAm Am¡a {hÝXr g_rjm _| ̂ yMmb-gm Am`m& {\$a ZXr Ho$ Xrn (1951) Am¡a AnZo AnZo AOZ~r (1961) _| àH$m{eV hþE& VrZmo§ CnÝ`mg Zò ì`{ŠVËd H$s Vbme _| {bIo Jò h¡& eoIa EH$ OrdZr _| ì`{ŠVËd {Z_m©U _|, ''Ah§, goŠg Am¡a ̂ ` H$s OrdZ _| Omo {H«$S>m MbVr h¡, CZH$m Omo ñWmZ Ed§ ñdén h¡, CZH$s OrdZ H$s g_wMr Mhb-nhb _| Omo g{H«$`Vm h¡, Cgo XoIZo H$m à`mg h¡& eoIa AnZo ñdmV§Í` Am¡a ñdmV§Í` H$mo ~m{YV H$aZodmbr àd¥{Îm`m|/pñW{V`m| H$m AZwg§YmZ H$aVm h¡& ì`{ŠV Am¡a g_mO, ì`{ŠV Am¡a CgH$s ñdmYrZVm, ào_, K¥Um, X§^, PyR> H$m OrdZ _| ñWmZ BË`m{X na {M§VZ H$aZodmbm eoIa _ybV: EH$ g§doXZerb ̀ wdH$ h¡& '' dhr BgH$m H|${Ð` {MÌ Ed§ M[aÌ h¡& gmW©H$ OrdZ ~ZmZo H$s CgH$s g§H$ëne{ŠV 11 CnÝ`mg H$mo {d{eï> ~ZmVr h¡&

"ZXr Ho$ Ûrn' EH$ ào_H$Wm h¡, aoIm, ^yfU Am¡a Jm¡am H$s& VWm "AnZo AnZo AOZ~r' '"Xme©{ZH$ Voda _| {bIr H$bmË_H$ aMZm h¡'' Omo {hÝXr _| àW_ Ed§ erf©ñW h¡& AñVrËddmX H$m à^md Bgna g_rjH$m| Z| nm`m h¡& Ako` H$s qMVZm, JhZ g§doXZm Am¡a A{^ì`{ŠV Hw$ebVm go VrZm| CnÝ`mg MMm© Ho$ H|$Ð _| AmO ̂ r aho h¡& AmYw{ZH$Vm Zo _Zwî` H$mo O¡go ~Zm`m d¡go Ako` Zo Cgo àñVwV {H$`m h¡&

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S>m°. XodamO Ho$ "nW H$s ImoO', "~mha-^rVa', "amoS>o Am¡a nËWa', "AO` H$s S>màr' Am{X CnÝ`mg àH$m{eV h¡& ' _Zmod¡km{ZH$Vm H$m g\$b boIH$ OrdZ Ho$ A§Va-~mø H$m CX²KmQ>Z H$aVm h¡& ''{e{jV, ~wpÜXOrdr g_mO Ho$ OrdZ H$s H$éU ̀ WmW©Vm H$m _Zmod¡km{ZH$ {MÌU BZ CnÝ`mgm| _| {_bVm h¡& ''

A_¥Vam` Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| _| àMmadmXr gmå`dmX H$hr Zht h¡& ~ëH$s CgHo$ à{V à{V~ÜXVm H$m ñda ahm h¡& ' Yw±Am' _| `wdm nrT>r H$m ^Q>H$md, ZŠgbdmX, {XemhrZ hmoVr amOZr{V, gm_m{OH$ é{T>`m| H$s {dH¥${V Am{X Ho$ ~rM PybgVr OtXJr H$m gM CâH$a Am`m h¡&

^rî‘ gmhZr :-BZH$m nhbm CnÝ`mg 'PamoIo' (1967) _| àH$m{eV hþAm& àJ{Verb Ñ{ï> BZHo$

g^r CnÝ`mgm| _| _wIa hþB© h¡& ~mX _| 'H${‹S>`m± (1970), V_g (1973), ~g§Vr (1980), '_æ`mXmg H$s _mS>r (1988) 'Hw§$Vmo' (1993) Am¡a Zrby, Zr{b_m, Zrbmo\$a (2000) àH$m{eV hþE&

'PamoIo' Am`©g_mOr g§ñH$madmbo ~ÀMo H$s _mZ{gH$ ñ_¥{V {MÌ H$mo g§Omo`m J`m h¡& 'H${‹S>¶m±' _o§ g§ñH$mam| H$s O‹S>Vm `wŠV _Ü`dJu` n[adma h¡, na§Vw à_wI H$Wm XmånË` g§~Y H$s H$Qw>Vm Am¡a ór H$s Aghm` pñW{V go Ow‹S>m h¡& 'V_g' ñdm{YZVm àm{ßV Ho$ nyd© _mM©-Aà¡b-1947 _| hþE ^rfU gmåàXm{`H$ X§Jm| H$s nm±M {XZ H$s H$hmZr CnÝ`mg _| àñVwV H$s J`r h¡& gmåàXm{`H$Vm H$m gOrd na§Vy H$Qw> {MÌU H$aZodmbo Bg CnÝ`mg Ho$ ^rî_ gmhZr H$mo loð> CnÝ`mgH$ma H$s n§{ŠV _| {~R>m`m& ñdV§ÌVmnyd© n§Om~ _| EH$ gmW ahZodmbo qhXy-_wpñb_ EH$ Xwgao Ho$ gwI-Xw:I Ho$ {hñgoXma ~ZVo Wo na§Vy {~«{Q>e Zr{V Ho$ H$maU _mhm¡b _| gmåàXm{`H$ VUmd \¡$b OmVm h¡ Am¡a nS>m¡gr Xwí_Z _| ~Xb OmVo h¡& A{dídmg, e§H$m, H«$moY, CÝ_mX, AmV§H$, ^`, qhgm _| VpãXb hmo OmVo h¡& _mZdr`Vm H$m jaU hmoVm h¡& ~mX _| 'Zrby, Zr{b_m, Zrbmo\$a' _| gmåàXm{`H$Vm na {dO` ào_ hr nmVm h¡ H$m {dMma boIH$ Zo ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡&

amO|Ð ̀ mXd H$m 'gmam AmH$me' S>m°Ÿ. bmb Ho$ 'YaVr H$s Am±Io', '~`m H$m Km|gbm Am¡a gm§n', '_Z d¥XmdZ' Am{X CnÝ`mg ̂ r àJ{VdmX go à{V~ÜX h¡&

àJ{VdmXr Ymam _| {bIo Jò BZ V_m_ CnÝ`mgm| _| gm_m{OH$ ̀ WmW© Ho$ {d{^Þ nhbwAm| H$mo XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& gm_m{OH$ g§Kf© Ho$ {^Þ én Bg_| _wIa hþE h¡& Am±M{bH$ CnÝ`mg H$m àma§^ ̂ r Bgr H$mb go hmoVm h¡&

Am±M{bH$ CnÝ`mg :-Am±M{bH$ CnÝ`mg H$m àW_ AmYma JmoXmZ hr _mZm OmVm h¡ na§Vy Am±M{bH$Vm H$s

à_wI àd¥Îmr \$Urída ZmW aoUy Ho$ '_¡bm Am±Mb' (1954) go MMm© _| Am`r& H$Wm Ed§ M[aÌ H|${ÐV CnÝ`mgm| Ho$ ~mX H$Wm Ho$ H|$Ð _| 'Am±Mb' hr à_wI hmo CR>m Bgr H$maU BÝh| Am±M{bH$ CnÝ`mg H$hm OmZo bJm& dhm± H$s ^mfm, g§ñH¥${V, na§nam, é{T>`m±, A§Y{dídmg, CËgd, Ë`m¡hma, AImS>o, JrV, Ym{_©H$, Z¡{VH$, gm_m{OH$ AmMma-{dMma, AmñWm-{dídmg,

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_Zmoa§OZ, ì`dgm`, {ejm, ñdmñÏ`, ì`gZ, OrdZ Ñ{ï>H$moZ Am{X H$mo A{^ì`{ŠV H|${Ð` én _| Am±M{bH$ CnÝ`mg _| {_bZo bJr& ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX ~‹T>Vm ZmJ[aH$aU Am¡a CgH$m Jm±d OrdZ na n‹S>Vm à^md nhbr ~ma BZ CnÝ`mgm| _o§ Am`m& {dH$mg H$s ̀ moOZmAm| Zo EH$ Amoa CZ_| n[adV©Z H$s g§^mdZm OJm`r Omo Xwgar Amoa bS>mB©, PJS>o, g§Kf©, {h§gm, byQ>, ̂ «ï>mMma, AZmMma, XwamMma, H$s ~r^ËgVm, Hw$Ëgm H$mo ì`ŠV {H$`m& Y_© Ho$ Zm_ na MbZodmbo nmI§S>, `m¡Z emofU, _mZ{gH$ Jwbm_r H$m WmonZm, {Za§Va Omar ahm Vmo BgHo$ {déÜX d¡km{ZH$ gmYZm| go g_mO H$mo CÝZV ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE {ejm,{M{H$Ëgm H$m AmJ«h ̂ r ahm h¡& n[aUm_V: OZOrdZ H$s gwú_ A§H$Z, Ord§V hmo J`m& ZmJmOw©Z, aoUy, CXè§H$a ̂ Q²>Q>, amhr _mgw_ aOm, am_Xae {_l, {edàgmX qgh, amO|Ð AdñWr, {edàgmX {_l 'éÐ', e¡boe _[Q>`mZr, {ddoH$s am`, lrbmb ewŠb, JmoqdX {_l, H¥$îU ~bXod d¡Ú Am{X CnÝ`mgH$mam| Zo Zò A{^ì`§OZ H$m¡eb go Bg Ymam H$mo g_¥ÜX {H$`m h¡&

ZmJmOw©Z :- Ho$ '~bMZ_m' H$mo {hÝXr H$m nhbm Am§°M{bH$ CnÝ`mg _mZm OmVm h¡& `h 1952 _| àH$m{eV hþAm& '_¡bm Am±Mb' Ho$ H$maU {hÝXr _| Am±M{bH$ CnÝ`mg Ymam H$s ñWmnZm hþB© na§Vy '~bMZ_m' Am¡a '_¡bmAm±Mb Ho$ nyd© A_¥Vbmb ZmJa H$m 'goR> ~m±Ho$_b' Am¡a {edàgmX {_l 'éÐ' H$m '~hVr J§Jm' _| Am±M{bH$Vm Ho$ g§Ho$V Oéa {_bVo h¡ na§Vy ZmJmOw©Z _| dJ© g§Kf© ̀ WmW© én go CâH$a Am`m h¡ '~bMZ_m' BgH$m CXmhaU h¡& 'Z`r nm¡Y', '~m~m ~Q>ogaZmW', 'déU Ho$ ~oQ>o', XwI _moMZ', `h Am±M{bH$ CnÝ`mg hr h¡& ~Q>ogaZmW H$m Zm`H$ hr Ed dQ>d¥j h¡ Cgr Ho$ N>md Vbo Jm±d Ho$ CËWmZ-nVZ, H$bh, Ûof, emofU, A§Y{dídmg, ^yMmb, ~mT>, n§Mm`Vr, amOZr{V, H$m±J«ogr ñdmWu _Zmod¥{Îm Am{X H$m {MÌU hþAm h¡& 'déU Ho$ ~oQ>o' 'gmJa bhao Am¡a _Zwî`' H$s Vah _Nw>Amao Ho$ OrdZ na hr {bIm J`m h¡& Am±M{bH$Vm H$s àd¥{Îm H$mo Zò Am`m_ ZmJmOw©Z Zo {Xò h¡&

\$UrídaZmW aoUw :- {_{Wbm Ho$ ny{U©`m {Obo Ho$ EH$ N>moQ>o go Jm°§d _oarJ§O Ho$ ~hmZo g_J« ^maVr` Jm±d H$s H$Wm '_¡bm Am±Mb' (1954) Ho$ ~hmZo aoUw Zo A{^ì`ŠV H$s h¡& Am°§M{bH$ CnÝ`mg H$s gd© ñdrH¥$Vr {_bZodmbm ̀ h nhbm CnÝ`mg h¡& ̀ h {Zhm`V {nN>S>m hþAm Jm±d h¡, Jm±d _|, A{ejm, Jar~r, X[aÐVm, A^md, ì`m{^Mma, Y_© Ho$ Zm_ na ̀ m¡Z emofU O¡gr XbXb _| ̀ h \±$gm h¡& {\$a ̂ r Zd {Z_m©U H$s à~b AH$m§jm boH$a S>m°. àem§V Am¡a Jm±d H$s H$m`ñW Q>mobr Ho$ _w{I`m VhgrbXma {dídZmW àgmX H$s ~oQ>r H$_bm _| h¡& AZoH$ CnH$WmE± Bg_| OwS>r h¡ Am¡a ha H$Wm EH$ g_ñ`m àñVwV H$aVr h¡& ~bXod Am¡a bú_r H$s H$Wm, _h§V am_Xmg Am¡a am_{n`[a`m, H$mbrMaU Am¡a ~mdZXmg Am{X& S>m°. gm{dÌr {gÝhm Zo Bg CnÝ`mg Ho$ g§~§Y _| {bIm h¡, ''ny{U©`m Jm±d Ho$ eyb Am¡a \w$b, H$sMS> Am¡a M§XZ, Yyb-Jwbmb g^r Ho$ a§J BgHo$ A§Mb _| h¡& CgH$s gm§ñH¥${VH$-^m¡Jmo{bH$ {deofVm H$s n¥ð>^y{_ _| OZdmXr Ñ{ï> go A§Mb Ho$ AZoH$ _wIr {MÌ ItMo Jò h¡, Omo EH$ Amoa gwú_, g§píbï> Am¡a {jà h¡, Xygar Amoa {d{dY Am¡a ~hþ_wIr& '' '_¡bm Am±Mb' _| bmoH$g§ñH¥${V H$m {OVZm àJm‹T> {MÌU hþAm h¡, d¡gm AÝ`Ì Xwb©^ h¡& AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX `h Jm±d Zd{Z_m©U H$s n[a`moOZmAm| Ho$ Xm¡a _| ̂ r nrN>‹S>m h¡& _bo[a`m CÝ_wbZ O¡go H$m`©H«$_ Bg Jm±d Ho$ nwamZo Ed§ nrN>‹S>onZ H$mo EH$ Y¸$m hr h¡& {Oggo n[adV©Z H$s hdm ~hVr h¡&

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'naVr-n[aH$Wm' ̂ r H$mogr ZXr {H$Zmao ~go Jm±d 'namZnya' _| ~go X[aÐ OrdZ Ho$ Cëbmg, AëhmX H$s H$Wm h¡& Jmonmb am` Zo Bg Jm±d Ho$ g§~§Y _| H$hm h¡,'' namZnya Jm±d _oarJ§O H$s VwbZm _| EH$ ~Xbm hþAm Jm±d h¡- ̀ h dh ~Xbmd h¡ Omo amJXa~mar Ho$ {ednmbJ§O _| AnZr nyU©Vm na nhÿ±MVm h¡& naVr n[aH$Wm _| AnT> J«m_rUm|. AjaH$Q²>Qy> `wdH$m|, ñHw$bm| Am¡a H$m°boOm| _| nT>Zodmbo N>mÌm|. Om{VdmXr g§ñH$mam| go J«ñV Za- Zm[a`m|, Yw_ÝVw Am¡a ZmaXr àd¥{Îm H$s {ó`m|, g^r amOZr{VH$ Xbm| H$s emImAm| Ho$ AYH$ao ZoVmAm|, em{Va _wH$X_o~mOm| Am¡a, BgHo$ gmW-gmW, bmoH$ H$Wm- JrVm| Ho$ Jm`Z, bmoH$ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ _§MZ Am{X Ho$ ̀ WmW© {MÌ CnbãY hmoVo h¡& '' BZ CnÝ`mgm| Ho$ ~mX aoUw H$m H$moB© Am°M{bH$ CnÝ`mg Zht ahm 'XrK©V`m' (1962) _| nQ>Zm Ho$ EH$ d{Hª$J dr_|g hmoñQ>b _| nZnZodmbo ̂ «ï>mMma, {ó`m| H$m `m¡Z emofU Am{X H$m {MÌU hþAm h¡& 'Owbwg' (1965), '{H$VZo Mm¡amho (1966) Am¡a 'nbQy> ~m~y amoS>' (1979) {ZpíMV hr C„oIZr` CnÝ`mg h¡&

CXè§H$a ̂ Q²>Q>- dh Omo _¢Zo XoIm (1945), AmYma (1963) na§Vy CZH$m ~hþ M{M©V CnÝ`mg 'gmJa bha| Am¡a _Zwî`' (1956) _| _w§~B© Ho$ _Nw>Amao OrdZ H$m A§Va§J àñVwV H$aVm h¡& _w§~B© Ho$ npíM_r VQ> na ~go dagmodm BgHo$ H|$Ð _| h¡& XodoÐ gË`mWu- H$m Jm|S> OZ- g§ñH¥${V na 'aW Ho$ n{hE' (1950), Ho$ab, Ag_ Am¡a CS>rgm H$s g§ñH¥$Vr H$mo H«$_e: 'XyYJmN>' (1954), '~«h_nwÌ' (1955) Am¡a 'H$Wm H$hmo Cd©er' (1956) H$m g¥OZ {H$`m h¡& am§Jo` amKd- H$m 'H$~ VH$ nwH$mé±? H$aZQ>m| H$s ̂ Q>H$Vr O_mV H$m {MÌU H$aVm h¡& Bg_| X{bVm|, nr{S>Vm| H$s gdªJrU emofU H$s XméU n¥îR>^y{_ _| ào_ H$hmZr H$m _wbm`_ YmJm ̂ r h¡& amhr _mgy_ aOm- H$m J§Jm¡br Ho$ {e`m _wgb_mZm| H$m {MÌU H$aZodmbm 'AmYmJm§d' dñVwV: ''amï´>r` _wgb_mZ H$s ÌmgXr'' H$mo ~`m§ H$aVm h¡& {d^mOZ Ho$ ~mX CâH$a Amò X§Jo `m ñd§` {d^mOZ EH$ ÌmgXr Ho$ én _| gm_Zo AmVm h¡ na§Vw J§Jm¡br Ho$ _wgb_mZm| H$s O_rZXmar Zï> hmoZo Ho$ ~mX CZH$s Hw$brZVm H$m X§^ _mÌ H$m`_ ahVm h¡& Bg CnÝ`mg na ñd§` aOm H$s {Q>ßnUr ~ohX _hËdnyU© h¡,'' ̀ h CnÝ`mg {bIZo Ho$ ~mX _¢Zo Omo g~go Á`mXm _hËdnyU© ~mV OmZr dh ̀ h h¡ {H$ ̀ hm± H$m _wgb_mZ nm{H$ñVmZ Zht J`m Am¡a `{X J`m ̂ r Vmo qhXwAm| go S>a Ho$ Zht J`m& dh H$amMr J`m& dh bmhm¡a J`m& dh T>mH$m J`m.... nm{H$ñVmZ Zhr§ J`m& h‘o eha Am¡a Xoe _| \$H©$ H$aZm Mm{hE& J§Jmobr _| Vmo qhXy-_wpñb_ X§Jo Zhr hþE Wo& na O_rZXmar J§Jmobr _| ̂ r IË_ hþB©& O_rZXmar Ho$ gmW g_mO H$m nyam T>m±Mm Qy>Q> J`m& J§Jmobr H$m O_rZXma JmOrnya _| nmZ H$s XwH$mZ Zht Imob gH$Vm Wm& na H$amMr _| Cgo H$m¡Z OmZVm Wm& Bgr{bE O~ Cggo J§Jm¡br Ny>Q>r Vmo dh J§Jm¡br go BVZr Xya Mbm J`m Ohm± H$moB© H$m_ H$aHo$ OrZo _| Cgo e_© Z AmE& O_rZXma J`m Vmo CgHo$ gmW OrZodmbo ̂ r JE {H$ CÝho ̂ r R>rH$ go OrZm Zht AmVm Wm& BZ nm{H$ñVmZ OmZodmbm| H$mo _wgb_mZ H$hZm R>rH$ Zht h¡...'' nadVu CnÝ`mgm| _| 'Q>monr ewŠbm' Am{X CnÝ`mg {bIo na Am§Mb Zm__mÌ hr ahm h¡&

{h_mew lrdmñVd- H$m 'ZXr {\$a ~h Mbr', ~b^Ð R>mHw$a H$m 'Zonmb H$s dmo ~oQ>r'(1960) 'KZo Am¡a ~Zo' (1961) 'bham| H$s N>mVr na' (1962) am_Xae {_l H$m 'nmZr Ho$ àMrZ', 'Ob Qy>Q>Vm hþAm', gwIVm hþAm Vmbm~, AnZo bmoJ, amV H$m g\$a, {~Zm XadmOo H$m _H$mZ CëboIZr` h¡& lrbmb ewŠb H$m 'amJ Xa~mar', {edàgmX qgh H$m 'AbJ-AbJ d¡VaUr', 'Jbr AmJo _w‹S>Vr h¡, 'Zrbm Mm±X' d¡ídmZa Am{X& e¡boe _[a`mZr

278

H$m '~moardbr go ~moar~§Xa VH$' (1959) 'H$~wVaImZm' (1960) {Z[a`m ̂ br Z H$mR> H$s (1961), {H$ñgm Z_©Xm~oZ J§Jy~mB© (1961) Am{X _w§~B©`m {hÝXr, g§ñH¥${V na A§{H$V h¡& amOoÐ Adñ`r H$m 'gyaO {H$aZ H$s N>m±d' (1959), 'O§Jb Ho$ \w$b' (1960) CVaVo Ádma H$s gr{n`m± (1968), OmZo {H$VZr Am±Io (1969), ~hZm XwAm nmZr (1971), ~r_ma eha (1973), AHo$br AdmO (1976), _mdbr ~mOma (1977), EH$ aOZrJ§Ym Mmoar (1985) Am{X& {dÚmgmJa Z¡[a`mb H$m 'CbPo [aíVo' (1959) ̂ r_ AHo$bm (1994), gyaO g~H$m h¡ (1997) _¡ Hw$_m`y± JT>dmb Ho$ nhm‹S>r OrdZ Ho$ H$Qy> ̀ WmW© AZw^d Ho$ gmW dhm± H$s OZ-OrdZ g§ñH¥${V, H$m B{Vhmg àñVwV {H$`m J`m h¡& {ddoH$s am` H$m '~~wb' (1967), nwéf nwamU (1975), bmoH$-F$U (1977), ídoV-nÌ (1979), gmoZm_mVr (1983), g_a eof h¡ (1988) Am¡a _§Jb ̂ dZ (1994) _| Amò& '~~yb' JmOrnya OZnX Ho$ nydmªMb Ho$ _OXyam| na H|${ÐV h¡& Jm±d OrdZ H$s AbJ-AbJ Vñ~ra| BZ CnÝ`mgm| _| Am`r h¡&

Bg Xm¡a _| AZoH$ Eogo _hËdnyU© CnÝ`mgH$ma hþE {OÝhm|Zo Am±M{bH$Vm H$mo à_wIV: Zht Xr na§Vy do _hËdnyU© h¡&

Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mg :-{hÝXr _| Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mg H$m àdV©Z lo` d¥§XmdZbmb d_m© H$mo OmVm h¡& BZHo$

nhbo {H$emoarbmb Jmoñdm_r, J§JmàgmX JwßV, Oàm_Xmg JwßV Am{X Zo Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mg {bIo na§Vy CÝh| ''Eo{Vhm{gH$ amo_mÝg'' H$hm OmVm h¡& ~«OZ§XZ ghm` H$m 'bmb MrZ' h¡ na§Vy eoŠgnrà Ho$ _°H$~oW go à^m{dV h¡& Eogo _| d¥§XmdZbmb d_m© Zo 'JT>Hw§$S>ma' (1927) go Eo{Vhm{gH$ boIZ H$m àma§^ {H$`m&

Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mg boIZ Ho$ N>h àH$ma h¡& EH$, AVrV H$m Am^mg XoZodmbo- O¡go, {MÌboIm& Xmo,Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmVmdaU _mÌ àñVwV H$aZodmbo- O¡go, '{Xì`m,' 'A{_Vm' '_wXm] H$m Q>rbm' Am{X& VrZ, Eo{Vhm{gH$ `mÌm|na g¥OrV- O¡go, 'd¡embr H$s ZJadYy', 'Am‘«nmbr' '{damQ>m H$s nX²>_rZr','~mU^Q²>Q> H$s AmË_H$Wm' Am{X& Mma, Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$Wm Ho$ AmYma na {bIo Jò- 'Qy>§Q>o H$m§Q>o'& nm±M, Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm H$mo AmYma _mZH$a {bIo Jò- 'A{_Vm', ^wdZ{dH«$_' Am{X& Am¡a N>h, Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmVmdaU, H$Wm VWm nmÌ go `wŠV CnÝ`mg- BÝho {dewÜX Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mg H$hm OmVm h¡ O¡go, 'Pm±gr H$s amZr','Ahë`m~mB©', 'MmUŠ`','eVa§O Ho$ _mohao' Am{X&

ñdV§ÌVm nyd© {bIo Jò Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgm| _| AmOmXr Ho$ A§XmobZ H$mo àoaUm XoZo H$m ̂ md {Z{hV Wm Vmo ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mb Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgm| _| _mZdr` gË` Am¡a _yë` H$mo OJmZo Ho$ aho h¡& Bg{bò BZ CnÝ`mgm| _| Eo{Vh{gH$ KQ>Zm H$s Anojm H$ënZm H$m àmYmÝ` ahm h¡& H$ënZm go {~Iar Am¡a _yë`hrZ KQ>ZmAm| H$mo EH$ gwÌ _| ~m§YH$a dV©_mZ _yë`, àíZ, VH©$, d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$m {dH$mg {H$`m h¡& ̂ JdVrMaU d_m© H$m '{MÌboIm' hmo ̀ m ̀ enmb H$m '{Xì`m' 'A{_Vm' BZ_| àIa ~m¡pÜXH$Vm, ì`dñWm g§Kf©, Zmar àíZ H$mo A§{H$V {H$`m h¡& `hr BZ CnÝ`mgm| H$s CnbpãY h¡&

279

d¥XmdZbmb d_m© :- Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgm| Ho$ Bg boIH$ Zo H$B© g\$b CnÝ`mg {hÝXr gm{hË` H$mo {Xò h¡& ~w§XobI§S> H$m Jm¡ad BZH$s aMZm H$m AmYma h¡, "JT>Hw§$S>ma' Am¡a '{damQ>m H$s nX²_rZr' (1936) ~w§XobI§S> Ho$ B{Vhmg, g§ñH¥${V, bmoH$JrV, bmoH$H$Wm, em¡`©,

A{^_mZ H$mo A{^ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡& 'JT>Hw§$S>ma' _| amOnwÌm| H$s PyR>r em§V, BÁOV hr Amngr H$bh H$m H$maUr ~Zr Am¡a do EH$ Xwgao Ho$ {déÜX b‹S>Vo aho& Pm±gr H$s amZr' (1946) _| Xoe Ho$ àW_ JXa _| _hmamUr bú_r~mB© Ho$ A{ÛVr` em¡`©, gmhg H$s JmWm H$hr JB© h¡& ñdV§ÌVm nyd© {bIo Jò BZ CnÝ`mgm| _| ^maVr` ñdUu_ AVrV, draVm, Am{X H$s loð>Vm H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡& ñdmW©, g§H$sU© amï´>r`Vm, O¡gr d¥{Îm`m| na àhma ̂ r {H$`m J`m h¡& d_m© Or Ho$ AÝ` _hËdnyU© CnÝ`mgm| _| 'H$MZma' (1947), '_¥JZ`Zr' (1950), 'Qy>§Q>o H$m±Q>o' (1954), 'Ahë`m~mB©' (1955), '^wdZ{dH«$_' (1957), '_mYdOr qg{Y`m' (1957), am_JT> H$s amZr (1961), '_hmamZr XwJm©dVr' (1964) Am{X _hËdnyU© CnÝ`mg h¡& '_¥JZ`Zr' BZH$m gd©loð> CnÝ`mg h¡& {Og_| ½dm{bà Ho$ _hmamOm _mZqgh Vmo_a Am¡a CZH$s amZr _¥JZ`Zr H$s ào_ H$hmZr h¡& Bg H¥$Vr _| B{Vhmg, ào_, gm¡X`© Am{X H$m Anyd© {_lU H¥$Vr H$mo CËH¥$ï> ~Zm XoVm h¡& ào_M§X Zo d_m©Or Ho$ B{Vhmg boIZ H$mo e§H$m H$s Ñ{ï> go XoIm Wm na§Vy g_` Ho$ n[aàoú` _| d_m©Or Zo B{Vhmg Am¡a H$ënZm H$m gw§§Xa g_Ýd` H$aVo hþE CËH¥$ï> aMZmAm| H$m g¥OZ {H$`m& CZH$s gr_mAm| H$m CëboI H$aVo hþE _Ywaoe Zo H$hm h¡,'' d_m© Or gm_§VdmX H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^y{_H$m Ho$ {déÜX Zht OmVo& Z hr do gm_mÝ`V: B{Vhmg _| dñVwnaH$Vm H$m AmJ«h N>mo‹S>H$a nmÌm| go CgHo$ {déÜX Hw$N> H$hbdmVo h¡& B{Vhmg H$s gr_mAm| _| hr do gm_§VdmX H$s gr_mAm| H$m g§Ho$V H$aVo h¡& '' ~H$m¡b {à`§dX _mÌ BZHo$ CnÝ`mgm| H$mo Xw{fV amï´>r`Vm Ho$ àofU H$m Amamon bJmVo h¡- Š`m|{H$ qhXyËddmX H$m amñVm gm\$ H$aZo _| ̀ o H$m\$s _X²>XJma gm{~V hmo MwHo$ h¡ {Oggo AmYw{ZH$ ^maV _| gmåàXm{`H$Vm H$m Omoa ~T>Vm J`m& ''{Og AmX_r Ho$ {Xb _| Bg {dMma Ho$ nZnZo Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ K¥Um H$mo OÝ_ XoZo _| dfm] bJVo Cgo BZ Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgH$mamo Zo ~hþV erK«Vm, {dídmg{Z`Vm Am¡a gwú_Vm Ho$ gmW _Ü`dJ© _| Amamo{nV H$a {X`m& '' (h§g, _| àH$m{eV boI, n¥-31) ào_M§X Zo Bgr H$maU BZHo$ CnÝ`mg na e§H$m ì`ŠV H$s Wr&

MVwagoZ emór :- AZoH$ loð> Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgm| H$m g¥OZ H$aZodmbo emórOr {hÝXr Ho$ ~hþMMuV Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgH$ma h¡& CZH$s àËòH$ aMZm H$m d¡{dÜ` CÝho A{Û{V` ~Zm XoVm h¡& CÝhm|Zo 12 Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgm| H$m boIZ {H$`m h¡& 'nyUm©hþ{V' (Idmg H$m ã`mh) (1932), 'd¡embr H$s ZJa dYy' (1948), aŠV H$s ß`mg (1951), Xodm§JZm (_pÝXa H$s ZV©H$s) (1951), gmo_ZmW (1954), Amb_Jra (1954), 'dàj_:' (1955), gmoZm Am¡a IyZ (AnyU©) (1958), bmb nmZr (1956), gh`m{Ð H$s MQ²>Q>mZ| (1961), {~Zm {MamJ H$m eha (1961), haU {Z_§ÌU (aŠV H$s ß`mg na AmYm[aV) (1961) Am{X& na§Vy BZ_o go ~hþMMuV CnÝ`mg h¡ 'd¡embr H$s ZJa dYy' {Og_| _JY g_«mQ> q~~gma Am¡a ZV©H$s Am_«nmbr H$s àU` H$Wm h¡& XmoZm| ~wÜX H$s Amoa AmH${f©V hmoZo h¡& Am_«nmbr A§V _| CÝhr H$s eaU _| OmVr h¡& JUV§Ì àUmbr VWm {Za§Hw$e emgZ gm_«mÁ` _| Zmar H$s X`Zr` pñW{V VWm gm_m{OH$ A§V{d©amoY H$mo boIH$ Zo gm_Zo bm`m h¡&

280

'd` aj_:' EH$ àmJ¡{Vhm{gH$ n¥ð>^y{_ na AmYmarV aMZm h¡ {Og_| Am`©-AZm`© g§Kf© _| amdU H$s g§ñH¥${V Ho$ àMma àgma Ho$ H$maUm| H$s ImoO hþB© h¡& 'gmo_ZmW' _| do EH$ Amoa _h_wX JOZdr Ho$ _mZdr` Am¡a amJ-nj H$mo Jhar g§doXZm Ho$ gmW A§{H$V H$a gHo$ h¡, dhr do Om{VdmX Am¡a Ym{_©H$ g§H$sU©Vm Ho$ H$maU {dK{Q>V hmoVo amï´> Ho$ à{V ^r AnZr qMVm àH$Q> H$aVo h¡& '' 'Amb_Jra' Am¡a§JOo~ na H|${ÐV h¡& 'gmoZm Am¡a IyZ' EH$ ~¥hVH$m` aMZm Wr na Xmo T>mB© ̂ mJ hr do {bI nmò&

hOmar àgmX {ÛdoXr :- '~mU^Q²>Q> H$s AmË_H$Wm' (1946) Am¡a 'MméM§Ð boI (1963) 'nwZZ©dm' (1973), Am¡a 'AZmWXmg H$m nmoWm' (1976) _hËdnyU© CnÝ`mg h¡& ~mU^Å> H$s AmË_H$Wm MMuV H¥$Vr h¡& Jmonmb am` Zo BgHo$ g§~§Y _| H$hm h¡,'' ~mU^Å> H$s AmË_H$Wm' H$m {dOZ ào_ H$s g§doXZm VH$ hr gr{_V Zht h¡& BgHo$ ̂ rVa amï´>r` g§H$Q> H$m B{Vhmg ~moY ̂ r g{Þ{hV h¡& {Og g_` ̀ h CnÝ`mg {bIm J`m Wm, ̂ maV namYrZ Wm Am¡a {ÛVr` {díd`wÜX H$s {dZme ZrVm AnZo Ma_ na Wr& CnÝ`mgH$ma H$s MoVZm _| ^maV H$s naV§ÌVm amï´>r` g§H$Q> Ho$ én _| {dÚ_mZ Wr {OgH$s A{^ì`{ŠV ~mU^Q²>Q> H$s AmË_H$Wm _|, namoj én _|, hf©dY©Z H$mb Ho$ amï´>r` g§H$Q> Ho$ én _| hþB© h¡& _hm_m`m ̂ ¡adr Bg amï´>r` g§H$Q> go _w{ŠV Ho$ {bE Zm¡OdmZm| Am¡a ~wpÜXOr{d`m| H$mo bbH$maVr h¡& ' 'Mmé M§Ð boI' _| 12 eVr Ho$ CÎmamY© Am¡a Voahdr eVr Ho$ nydm©Y© H$m {MÌU h¡& `h CnÝ`mg amOm gmVdmhZ H$s AmË_H$Wm én _| {bIm J`m h¡& 'nwZZ©dm' ''g_«mQ> g_wÐJwßV Ho$ `wJ H$s qZOYar Am¡a bmoH$H$WmAmo§ go ~wZm J`m CnÝ`mg h¡& '' 'AZmWXmg H$m nmoWm' Cn{ZfXH$mbrZ ̂ maV H$s F${f na§nam, g§ñH¥${V na aMm J`m h¡&

ènmb :- _mŠg©dmXr Ñ{ï> go '{Xì`m' VWm 'A{_Vm BZ Xmo Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgm| H$m boIZ ènmb Zo {H$`m h¡& '{Xì`m' ~m¡ÜXH$mbrZ ^maV _| ì`mßV dU©ì`dñWm, Ho$ YmQ>m| _| Zmar XméU H$Wm Ho$ ì`ŠV H$aVr h¡ Vmo 'A{_Vm' g_«mQ> AemoH$ Ho$ H$qbJ {dO` `wÜX H$s KQ>Zm na aMm J`m h¡&

amhþb gm§H¥$Ë`m`Z :- Zo 'qgh goZmnVr' (1944), O` `m¡Yo` (1944),'_Ywa ñdßZ'(1949), {dñ_¥V `mÌr (1954), Am¡a '{XdmoXmg' (1961) Am{X Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgm| H$m boIZ {H$`m h¡& 'qgh goZmnVr _| do 'JUV§Ì ~Zm_ amOV§Ì' na ~hg H$aVo h¡ JUV§Ì H$s g_VmnyU© g_mOì`dñWm H$m AmXe© àñVwV H$aVo h¡& ~m¡ÜXH$mbrZ ̂ maV amhþbOr Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| H$m AmYma h¡& 'O` ̀ m¡ÜXo`' ̂ r Bgr àH$ma H$s aMZm h¡& '{dñ_¥V ̀ mÌr' N>R>r eVmãXr Ho$ EH$ ~m¡ÜX {^jy Am¡a `m`mda ZaoÝÐ è H$mo H|$Ð _| aIH$a aMm J`m h¡& '{XdmoXmg'go d¡{XH$ Am`© g§ñH¥${V H$mo g_PZo Ho$ à`mg _| {bIr JB© aMZm h¡&

amJo` amKd :- Ho$ à{gÜX Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgm| _| '_wXm§} H$m Q>rbm' (1948), 'à{VXmZ' (1950), 'Mrda'> (1951), 'A§°Yoao Ho$ OwJZy' (1953), 'njr Am¡a AmH$me' (1957), 'amh Z aZH$s' (1958) Am{X h¡& BZ_| '_wXm] H$m Q>rbm' _| Ð{dS> gä`Vm H$m

281

A§H$Z h¡& ''CnÝ`mg _o§ Am`m} H$mo AmH«$_UH$mar, g§hmaH$ Am¡a AË`mMmar én _| {M{ÌV {H$`m J`m h¡& Bg_| 'Hw$bJUm|' H$m {dZme Am¡a gd©e{ŠV_mZ amOm H$m CX` hmoVo {XIm`m J`m h¡&'' 'A±Yoao Ho$ OwJZy' _| Xmg àWm H$mo ~MmE aIZo Ho$ {bE Hw$brZ dJ© Ûmam EH$V§Ì Ho$ ñWmZ na JUV§Ì H$s ñWmnZm VWm d¡í` dJ©© Am¡a j{Ì` dJ© Ho$ CZ à`ËZm| H$m {MÌU {H$`m J`m h¡ {OZgo CÝhmoZo ~«m÷Um| H$s gdmª{Vem`r gÎmm H$mo g_má H$aZo _| g\$bVm àmá H$s Wr& à{VXmZ _| _hm^maV `wJ _| ~«m÷U-j{Ì` g§Kf© VWm Mrda _| hf©dY©Z H$mb Ho$ èhmg_mZ ^maVr` gm_§VdmX H$m {MÌ àñVwV {H$`m h¡& '' amhþb, ènmb Am¡a amKd ò VrZ CnÝ`mgH$ma àJVrdmXr h¡& CZ_| gå`dmX H$s àIa ~m¡pÜXH$Vm {dhrV h¡&

BZHo$ A{V[aŠV AÝ` _hËdnyU© boIH$ h¡, {OÝhm|Zo Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mg {bIo h¡, JmoqdX d„^ n§V H$m 'gw`m©ñV' (1922), {Zambm H$m 'à^mdVr' (1936), ~«OZ§XZ ghm` H$m '{dñ_¥V g_«mQ>' (1936), {_l~§YwAm| Ho$ VrZ CnÝ`mg nwÊ`{_Ì, {dH«$_m{XË` Am¡a M§ÐJwá _m¡`© (1945, 46, 47) A_¥Vbmb ZmJa H$m 'eVa§O Ho$ _mohao' (1959), 'gmV Kw§KQ> dmbm _wIS>m (1968), ~mbem¡ar aoÈ>r H$m 'bwH$_m' (1969), {edàgmX {_l 'éÐ H$m{eHo$`' H$m '~hVr J§Jm' (1952), {J[aYa Jmonmb H$m 'Mm±XZr Ho$ I§S>ha' (1954) {J[aamO {H$emoa H$m 'nhbm {Ja{_{Q>`m (1999), X{jU A{\«$H$m _| Jm§YrOr Ûmam Mbm`m J`m gË`mJ«h Am§XmobZ H$s n¥ð>^y_r _| {bIm J`m h¡& {edàgmX {g§h H$m '{X„r Xya h¡' (1993), AgJa d_mhV H$m 'gmV Amg_mZ' (1996) _| _wJb gm_«mÁ` Ho$ nVZ Ho$ {XZm| ApñVËd _| Amò Zdm~ gm_ÝVm| H$s emZmo em¡H$V {\$OwbIMu, gZH$ Am¡a XrdmZJr H$s B{Vhmg-H$Wm go Ama§^ H$m Yrao-Yrao CZHo$ Qw>Q>Zo Am¡a níV hmoZo H$s H$Wm H$ht J`r h¡& '' hmb hr _| {à`§dX H$m '^maV {d^mOZ H$s A§VH$Wm' ̂ r {d^mOZ H$s OmgXr, gË`, H$maUm| H$mo gm_Zo bmVm h¡&

Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mg Zo B{Vhmg g§~§Yr {d{dY Ñ{ï>H$moZm| H$mo gm_Zo bmVo hþE CgHo$ g§~§Y _| {Za§Va Z`r gmoM-{dMma H$mo A§{H$V {H$`m h¡& `h Z¡a§V`© hr CnÝ`mg H$mo A{YH$ {ZH$Q> bmVm h¡& H$_boIm H$m {H$VZo nm{H$ñVmZ O¡gr aMZm _| B{Vhmg Am¡a H$ënZm, \§$Vmgr H$m à`moJ AmYw{ZH$ ̀ WmW© H$mo gm_Zo bmZo _| gj_ hþAm h¡&

Zò-ñda Zò {d_e©/ñdmV§Í`moÎma {hÝXr CnÝ`mg

Hw$N> AÝ` _Zmod¡km{ZH$ CnÝ`mgH$mam| _| _mohZ amHo$e H$m 'A§Yoao ~ÝX H$_ao', 'AÝVamb', 'Z AmZodmbm H$b', VWm ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mbI§S> _| àH$m{eV {Z_©b d_m© H$m 'do {XZ', [anmoQ>©a, Cfm {à`§dXm H$m 'nMnZ Iåô, bmb Xrdma|, _hoÝÐ ̂ ëbm H$m 'EH$ n{V Ho$ ZmoQ>g' H¥$îU gmo~Vr H$m '{_Ìmo _aOmZr', amOoÐ ̀ mXd H$m 'eh Am¡a _mV', Y_©dra ̂ maVr H$m 'JwZmhm| H$m XodVm' Am¡a 'gyaO H$m gm±Vdm KmoS>m', bú_rZmamÙ bmb H$m 'YaVr H$s Am±Io', '~`m H$m Ymom|gbm Am¡a gm§n', 'H$mbo \w$b H$m nm¡Ym' Am¡a 'énOrdm' gd}ída X`mb gŠgoZm H$m 'gmo`m hþAm Ob, à^mH$a _mMdo H$m 'gm§Mm', bú_rH$m§V d_m© H$m 'Imbr Hw$gu H$s AmË_m' Am¡a 'Q>oarH$moQ>' VWm ^maV^yfU AJ«dmb H$m 'bm¡Q>Vr bham| H$s ~m±gwar Am{X _hËdnyU© h¡& _Zmo{díbofU Ho$ gmW à`moJerb CnÝ`mgH$mam| H$s EH$ AÝVYm©am Mbr Am`r BÝhr _| go S>m°. bmb, gŠgoZm, _mMdo, d_m©, AJ«dmb Am{X CnÝ`mgH$mam| Zo Am¡nÝ`m{gH$

282

{dÝ`mg _| _moh^§J, J«m_rU ̀ WmW©, ehar AOZ~rnZ, ImoIbo hmoVo _mZdr` g§~§Ym| H$mo à`moJ Ho$ ì`mnH$ ̀ WmW© én _| A{^ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡&

àJVrdmXr, g_mOdmXr AWdm amOZr{VH$ CnÝ`mg :-

_mŠg©dmX H$m à^md {hÝXr gm{hË` na 1930 go hr n[ab{jV hmoVm ZOa AmVm h¡& amOZr{V Ho$ joÌ _| {Ogo h_ _mŠg©dmX H$hVo h¡, gm{hË` Ho$ joÌ _| àJVrdmX, g_mOdmX _mZVo h¡& _mŠg©dmX Zo Y_©, A§YlÜXm, AñWm, OS> Ed§ ImoIbr na§nam, Am{W©H$ {df_Vm, gm_m{OH$ emofU Am{X H$m {damoY H$aVo hþE CgH$m gm_mYmZ X§ÛmË_H$ ̂ m¡{VH$dmX Ho$ ghmao d¡km{ZH$ g_mOdmX _| n[aUrV H$aZo hoVy gm{hË` H$mo àJVrerb hmoZo H$m AìhmZ {H$`m& Am¡a H$bmdm{X`m| Ho$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ go H$bmË_H$Vm Ed§ H$bmH$ma H$s hË`m hmo J`r H$m ñda ~mX _| CR>m`m J`m& na§Vy àJVrdmX Ho$ gm_m{OH$ {d^mOZ, emofU, Am{W©H$ {dg§JVr`m| na {Z^©` àhma H$a CnÝ`mg H$mo g_mOmon`moJr {dYm ~Zm`m& Am¡a gm{hË` n[adV©Z H$m gmYZ _mZH$a CgH$m Cn`moJ {H$`m& Bg à{H«$`m _| Hw$N> _hËdnyU© CnÝ`mg gm_Zo Amò&

amhþb gm§H¥$Ë`m`Z :-amhþbOr na ~m¡ÜX Yå_ H$m à^md Wm {\$a ̂ r CnÝ`mg {bIVo g_` ~m¡ÜXm| H$s

JUV§ÌmË_H$ emgZ àUmbr H$mo CÝhm|Zo gmå`dmXr ~ZmH$a àñVwV {H$`m Š`mo{H$ CZna 1917 H$s égr H«$m§Vr H$m à^md Jham Wm& '~mB©gdt gXr' {Ogo CnÝ`mg Zht _mZm OmVm, ~H$m¡b Jmonmb am`& ''bo{H$Z KQ>ZmAm| Am¡a nmÌm| H$s CnpñW{V Ho$ H$maU `h \¢$Q>ogr Ho$ én _| {b{IV CnÝ`mg hr h¡& '' Omo ''_Zwî` Ho$ H$ë`mU, l_ Am¡a ^moJ H$s g_Vm Ho$ gmW EH$ dJ©_wŠV emofUhrZ g_mO H$m gnZm h¡, Omo _mZdr` l_ Am¡a g§Kf© Ûmam ̀ WmW© _| ~Xbm Om MwH$m h¡& '' BZHo$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgm| _| _mŠg©dmXr Ñ{ï> H$m {d{Z`moJ hþAm h¡& CZHo$ C„oIZr` CnÝ`mgm| _| 'OrZo Ho$ {bE' (1940), 'qgh goZmnVr' (1942), 'O` ̀ m¡Yo`' (1944), '_Ywa ñdßZ' (1950), '{dñ_¥V `mÌr' (1953) Am¡a '{XdmoXmg' (1962) Am{X& ~m¡ÜX Y‘© H$s d¡pídH$ _mZdVmdmXr, H$éUm, g_Vm, JUV§ÌmË_H$ emgZ àUmbr H$m JhU {ddoMZ CZHo$ CnÝ`mgm| _| hþAm h¡&

ènmb :-_mŠg©dmX H$m Jham à^md H«$m§{VH«$mar ̀ enmb na ahm h¡& _mŠg©dmXr amOZr{V na

AnZo {dMmam| H$mo CnÝ`mg Ho$ _mÜ`_ go àH$Q> {H$`m h¡& CZH$m nhbm CnÝ`mg 'XmXm-H$m°_aoS>' (1941) _| àH$m{eV hþAm CgHo$ ~mX 'XoeÐmohr' (1943), '{Xì`m' (1945), 'nm{Q>©-H$m°_aoS>' (1946), '_Zwî` Ho$ én' (1949), 'A{_Vm' (1956), 'PyR>m-gM'- Xmo ^mJ (1958-60), '~mah K§Q>o' (1963), 'Aßgam H$m lmn' (1965), 'Š`mo§ \§$go' (1968), _oar Voar CgH$s ~mV' (1973) Am{X& _Ü`dJ© H$s Amem- AmH$m§jmAm| go ènmb OwS>o h¡& Bg{bE CZHo$ CnÝ`mgm| _| A§Y{dídmg, Zò-nwamZo g§ñH$mam| _| g§Kf©, CbPZ, Zmar, {ejm, emofU, _OXyam|, Zm¡H$am| H$s pñWVr, Xoe {d^mOZ H$s ÌmgXr, amOZr{V H$m dU©Z à_wIV: go CâH$a Am`m h¡& 'PwR>m-gM' Xmo ^mJm| _| {bIm _hËdnyU©

283

CnÝ`mg h¡& {Og_| {d^mOZ Ho$ H$maUm| H$m {díbofU H$aVo hþE Xoe H$m ̂ {dî` H¡$gm hmoJm Bgo ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡& gmW hr H$m±J«og nmQ>u H$s Zr{V`m| H$s AmbmoMZm ̂ r H$s JB© h¡& Xoe-{d^mOZ Ho$ ~mX CnOm ̂ rfU Zag§hma', {dñWm{nVm| H$s XwX©em _Zwî` _| nZnVr A_mZdr`Vm H$s d¥Îmr H$mo gm_Zo bmVr h¡& ̀ h CZH$m gd©loð> CnÝ`mg h¡& ' {Xì`m' O¡gm Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mg h¡& {Og_| Zmar H$s {Z`Vr, CgH$m ñdV§Ì ApñVËd Am¡a VÎH$mbrZ g_mO Ho$ AÝV{d©amoY CâH$a Amò h¡& '' B{Vhmg H$s n¥ð>^y{_ na Zmar H$s {Z`{V, ̀ wÜX Am¡a em§{V Ed§ dJ© g§Kf© H$s g_ñ`mAm| H$mo A§{H$V {H$`m h¡& '' {dX²dmZm| Zo Bgo Eo{Vhm{gH$ amo_m§g H$s g§km Xr h¡, ~mdOyX ̀ h _hÎdnyU© h¡& 'Š`m| \§$go' _| ór na nwafm{YH$ma H$m {damoY h¡, Vmo '~mah K§Q>o' _| ào_ H$m _hËd A§{H$V h¡ Vmo, 'Aßgam H$m emn' _| Xwî`§V Ho$ bånQ>, àd§MH$ Am¡a ñdmWu én H$mo gm_Zo bm`m h¡& '_oar Voar CgH$s ~mV' gZ 42 H$s H«$m§Vr n¥ð>^y{_ _| ì`mnH$ OZMoVZm Ho$ àgma-àMma na H|${ÐV h¡&

ZmJmOw©Z :-J«m_m§Mb H$mo H|$Ð _| aIH$a ZmJmOw©Z Zo Jm±d OrdZ H$m `WmW© CnÝ`mgm| Ûmam

A{^ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡& A§Mb go A{YH$ _hÎd do nmÌm| Ho$ {MÌU, g§Kf©, _Zmo{dkmZ, n[adoe Am¡a Cggo àmßV MoVZm, àoaUm, Xe©Z H$mo gmW©H$ T>§J go CHo$am h¡& 'a{VZmW H$s MmMr' (1948), ~bMZ_m (1952), ZB© nm¡Y (1953), ~m~m ~Q>ogaZmW (1954), Xw:I_moMZ (1956), déU Ho$ ~oQ>o (1957), Hw§$^rnmH$ (1960), hraH$ O`§Vr (1961), CJ«Vmam (1963), B_a{V`m (1968), Am¡a 'O_{Z`m Ho$ ~m~m' (1970) Am{X _hËdnyU© CnÝ`mg h¡& CZH$s aMZmË_H$ D$Om© _Ü`dJ©, X{bV, {H$gmZ H$s g§Kf©âr JmWm àñVwV H$aZo _| bJr h¡& Bg{bE Xw:I_moMZ, dñVwV: g^r H$m Xw:I_moMH$ hr h¡& {_{Wbm H$s J§Y CZ_| aMr-~gr h¡& ZmJmOw©Z nwamZo gS>o hþE g_mO Ho$ Hw§$^rnmH$ H$mo g_mßV H$a XoZm MmhVo h¡ Am¡a Zò-g_mO H$s aMZm H$aZm MmhVo h¡& CZ_| g_mOdmX Ho$ à{V ~m¡pÜXH$ bJmd hr Zht, hm{X©H$Vm ̂ r h¡& CZHo$ àËòH$ CnÝ`mg _| Zò g_mO H$s g§H$ënZm {Z{hV h¡& 'a{VZmW H$s MmMr' _| Hw$brZ {H$ÝVw {ZY©Z {dYdm H$s H$éU H$hmZr Ûmam A§Mb g_mO Ho$ AÝV©{damoY H$mo COmJa {H$`m h¡& '~bMZ_m' _Ü`dJu` {H$gmZ H$s {nS>mXm`H$ H¥$Vr h¡& Omo gVV AÝ`m` Ed§ AË`mMma Ho$ {Ibm\$ g§Kf©aV h¡& ZB© nm¡Y _| Ag§JV AZôb {ddmh H$s g_ñ`m H$mo H|$Ð _| aIH$a OO©a gm_m{OH$ _mÝ`VmAm| H$m {damoY H$aVr h¡& ' ~m~m ~Q>ogaZmW' EH$ nwamZo ~aJX Ho$ d¥j H$s ajm hoVy g§`wŠV _moMm© ~ZmH$a AÝ`m` H$m {damoY H$aVo h¡& 'déU Ho$ ~oQ>o' _| _Nw>Amam| Ho$ gmh{gH$ OrdZ H$mo énmH$ma XoVr h¡& 'CJ«Vmam' _| nw{b{g`m ~~©aVm H$mo gm_Zo bmVo hþE ór H$s ̀ m¡Z-ew{MVm Ho$ {_WH$ H$mo VmoS>Vm ZOa AmVm h¡& ZmJmOw©Z ñd§` _| OZVm H$m g§Kf© h¡, gmhg, àoaUm, D$Om©, H$[Q>~ÜXVm Am¡am ZB© nm¡Y' H$s g¥OZm h¡&

amJo` amKd :-amJo` amKd 'Kam¢Xm' (1946) H$mo boH$a 18 df© H$s Am`w _| hr Amò Am¡a gmW _|

'{dfmX_R>' ^r bmò& Bg_| ~§Jmb Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ AH$mb H$m Ord§V {MÌU Am`m h¡& Jmonmbam` H$m H$hZm h¡ H$s, ''BgH$m erf©H$ ~o{H$_M§Ð MQ>Ou Ho$ ''AmZ§X_R>>' go ào[aV Wm,

284

{OgH$m ì`§½` ̀ h Wm {H$ {H$g àH$ma ~§Jmb H$m 'AmZ§X_R>' '{dfmX_R>>' _| n[ad{V©V hmo J`m h¡& '' BgHo$ ~mX '_wXm] H$m {Q>bm (1948), Omo _mohZ OmoXS>mo H$s n¥ð>^y{_ _|, Am`© AmH«$_U H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a {bIm J`m h¡& ' BÝhm|Zo gm_m{OH$, Eo{Vhm{gH$, OrdZ M[aVmË_H$, ZmQ>m| bmoh nrQ>m| Ho g_mO na CnÝ`mg {bIo h¡& eha Am¡a J«m_ OrdZ na g_mZ g§doXZm go do {bI nmVo h¡& eha OrdZ g§~§Yr, 'Kam¢Xo', '{dfm§X_R>', 'hþOya'(1951), 'grYm-gmam amñVm' Omo ^JdVrMaU d_m© Ho$ 'Q>oT>o-_oT>o amñVo' H$m CÎma XoVo hþE {bIm J`m h¡& 'amB© Am¡a nd©V'(1958) Am¡a 'N>moQ>r-gr ~mV'(1959) Am{X& J«m_ OrdZ na {bho CnÝ`mgm| _| 'nW H$m nmn'(1959), Am¡a 'A{Iar AmdmO'(1962) _hËdnyU© h¡& ZQ>m| Am¡a bm|h nrQ>m| Ho$ H$~rVmB© g_mO na 'H$~ VH$ nwH$mé'(1957) Am¡a 'YaVr _oam Ka'(1960) CëboIZr` h¡& Eo{Vhm{gH$ na§nam _| ' _wXm] H$m {Q>bm' Ho$ ~mX 'Mrda'(1951), 'A§Yoao Ho$ OwJZy'(1953), 'njr Am¡a AmH$me'(1957), 'Am¡a amh Z gH$s'(1958) _hËdnyU© h¡& OrdZ M[aVmË_H$ CnÝ`mgm| _| 'XodH$s H$m ~oQ>m' (1954), 'èmoYam OrV JB©'(1954), 'bmoB© H$m VmZm(1954), 'aËZm H$s ~mZ'(1954), '^maVr H$m gnyV'(1954), 'b{I_m H$s Am±I|'(1957), 'YyZr H$m Yw±Am'(1959) Am{X CëbIZr` h¡&

'H$~ VH$ nwH$mé' aoUy Ho$ ~mX H$s g\$b Am±M{bH$ CnÝ`mg _mZm OmVm h¡& Omo X{bV OrdZ g§doXZm H$mo geŠV én go gm_Zo bmVm h¡& CZHo$ CnÝ`mgm| _| A{ÔZ `m Hw$brZ dJ© AnZr gÎmm Am¡a ì`dñWm H$mo ~Zmò aIZo hoVy à`ËZ H$aVo {X~mB© XoVo h¡ Eogo _| dJ© g§Kf© A{Zdm`© h¡, Bgr H$mo amKd Zo CnÝ`mgm| _| {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡& 'Mrda' O¡gr aMZm ~«m÷U-~m¡ÜX {dMmam| Ho$ g§Kf© H$s \$blwVr h¡&

^¡adàgmX JwßV :-àJ{VdmXr Am§XmobZ Ho$ aMZmË_H$ g{H«$` boIH$ Ho$ ZmVo CZH$m ̀ moJXmZ _hËdnyU©

h¡& 'emobo'(1946), '_emb'(1948), 'J§Jm _¡`m'(1952), 'O§Orao Am¡a Z`m AmX_r'(1955), 'gÎmr _¡`m H$m Mm¡am'(1959), 'YaVr'(1962), 'Amem'(1963), 'H$m{bÝXr'(1963), 'a§^m'(1964), 'Zm¡OdmZ'(1972), 'H$mer ~m~y'(1987), 'Zm¡ O~mZ'(1974), '^m½`XodVm'(1992), Am¡a 'N>moQ>r gr ewédmV'(1997) Am{X h¡& na§Vy 'J§Jm _¡`m' Am¡a 'gÎmr _¡`m H$m Mm¡am' H$mo hr loð> _mZm OmVm h¡& 'J§Jm _¡`m' _| Xmo {H$gmZ n[adma H$s eÌyVm, {dÛof, nw{bg V§Ì Am¡a g_mO _| {dYdm ór H$s pñW{V H$mo H|$Ð _| aIm h¡ Am¡a 'gÎmr _¡`m H$m Mm¡am' O_rZXmar ì`dñWm Ho$ H$maU hmoZodmbo AÝ`m`, AË`mMma, emofU Ho$ gmW CgHo$ {déÜX {H$gmZmo H$m g§Kf© H$mo A{^ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡& gmW hr Jm§d OrdZ Ho$ {_bo A{êmnr ZoVmAm|, gaH$mar V§Ì, nÊS>o Am¡a nwamo{hV, {ejm g§ñWmZ Am{X H$m A§H$Z {H$`m h¡&

A_¥Vam` :-'~rO' BZH$m nhbm CnÝ`mg h¡& 'hm±Wr H$m Xm°§V '(1956), 'ZmJµ\$Zr H$m Xoe',

'gwIXw…I'(1969), '^{Q>`mbr'(1969), 'O§Jb'(1969), Am¡a 'Yw±Am'(1977) Am{X _hËdnyU© CnÝ`mg {bIo h¡&

285

11.3 ~moY àíZ …-

1. {hÝXr CnÝ¶mg H$s {dH$mg ¶mÌm H$mo aoIm§{H$V H$s{OE&2. {hÝXr CnÝ¶mg {dH$mg H«$‘ H$s MMm© H$s{OE&

286

{hÝXr JÚ {dYmE±

H$hmZr

ZmQ>H$

{Z~§Y

boIH$ - S>m°. nr. Ho$. Yw‘mi

287

288

{hÝXr H$hmZr … CX²^d Am¡a {dH$mg

12.0 B©H$mB© H$s ê$naoIm


12.2 àñVmdZm

12.3 {hÝXr H$hmZr H$m {dH$mg

12.4 ~moY àíZ

12.1 CÔoí¶ …-

nmR>çH«$‘ ‘| {ZYm©[aV H$hmZr H$m CX²²^d Am¡a {dH$mg H$m {dñV¥V AÜ¶¶Z H$aZm Bg BH$mB© H$m à‘wI CÔoí¶ h¡& Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ¶¶Z Ho$ Xm¡amZ {hÝXr H$hmZr Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| ào‘M§X nyd© H$hmZr, ào‘M§X¶wJrZ H$hmZr, ào‘MÝXmoÎma H$hmZr Am¡a ZB© H$hmZr H$m {dñV¥V AÜ¶¶Z {dÚmWu H$a gH|$Jo&

12.2 àñVmdZm …-

{hÝXr gm{hË¶ ‘| H$hmZr H$m CX²^d Hw$N> {dbå~ go hþAm h¡& {OZ H$hmZrH$mam| Zo H$hmZr Ho$ joÌ ‘| nXmn©U {H$¶m Cggo H$hmZr Ho$ {dH${gV hmoZo Ho$ gmW gmW H$hmZrH$mam| H$mo ^r à{Vð>m {‘br& ³¶m|{H$ H$Wm, Am»¶mZ Am¡a nm¡am{UH$ JmWmAm| H$m| H$hmZr H$m àmê$n ‘mZm J¶m& H$hmZr H$m ¶hr ñdê$n dmMH$ Ho$ {bE ‘Zmoa§OZ Am¡a CnXoe H$m H$m¶© H$aVm h¡&

12.3 {hÝXr H$hmZr H$m {dH$mg

{hÝXr H$hmZr H$s nyd© nr{R>H$m … {hÝXr H$hmZr H$m dmñV{dH$ àma§^ ^maV|Xw H$mb Ho$ CnamÝV 20 dr eVr Ho$ Amaå^ _o hþAm& Bg ̀ wJ go nyd© "~¡Vmc nƒrgr', "qghmgZ ~Îmrgr' Am{X H$WmAm| H$m g§ñH¥$V go AZwdmX {H$`m J`m Wm& Hw$N> bmoJ JmoHw$bZmW H$s "Mm¡amgr d¡îUdZ H$s dmVm©' H$mo {hÝXr H$s nhbr JÚ-H$hm{Z`m| H$m g§J«h _mZVo h¡& {Og_| à_wI H¥$îU^³V d¡îUdm| H$m OrdZ-M[aV {X`m J`m h¡& naÝVw BÝho H$hm{Z`m± Z _mZH$a nwamZr e¡br Ho$ OrdZ-M[aV _mZZm hr A{YH$ C{MV h¡& b„x bmbOr, gXb {_l, B§emA„m Im± Ho$ J«ÝW EH$ àH$ma go {d{^Þ H$WmAm| Ho$ g§J«h _mÌ _mZo Om gH$Vo h¡& AJa "H$hmZr' eãX _mÌ go H$hmZr H$m AW© {b`m OmE Vmo "amZr Ho$VH$s H$s H$hmZr' {hÝXr H$s gd©àW_ _m¡{bH$ H$hmZr _mZr OmZr Mm{hE& Bg_| H$Wm H$mo N>moS>H$a H$hmZr Ho$ AÝ` VÎdm| H$m A^md h¡& Bgr àH$ma amOm-{edàgmX "{gVma-E-{hÝX' Ûmam {c{IV "amOm ^moO H$m gnZm' VWm "draqgh d¥VmÝV' H$mo ^r nyU© ê$n go H$hmZr Zhr _mZm OmZm Mm{hE Š`m|{H$ Bg_o M{aÌ-

12

{MÌU Am¡a H$WmonH$WZ H$m A^md h¡& ̂ maV|Xþ ̀ wJ Ho$ AÝV _o CnÝ`mg Vmo {bIo OmZo bJo Wo naÝVw H$hm{Z`m± {bIZm Amaå^ Z hmo nm`m Wm& CnÝ`mgmo H$s ^m±{V ^maV|Xþ `wJ _| ~±Jbm, _amR>r Am¡a A§J«oOr go Hw$N> H$hm{Z`m| H$m AZwdmX Adí` {H$`m J`m Wm&

{hÝXr H$hmZr Ho$ {dH$mg H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE h_ H$Wm g_«mQ> _w§er ào_MÝX H$mo `{X Ho$ÝÐ-{~ÝXþ _mZ b| Vmo Cgo Mma ̂ mJm| _| {d^m{OV H$a gH$Vo h¡§ …-

{hÝXr H$hmZr H$m {dH$mg

ào_MÝX nyd© H$hmZr ào_MÝX ̀ wJrZ H$hmZr ào_MÝXmoÎma H$hmZr ZB© H$hmZr (ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$hmZr)

A) ào_MÝX nyd© H$hmZr …-

{hÝXr _o gd©àW_ H$hmZr bmZo H$m lo` "gañdVr' _m{gH$ n{ÌH$m H$mo hr h¡& Bg_| g~go nhbo {H$emoarbmb Jmoñdm_r H$s "BÝXþ_Vr' Zm_H$ H$hmZr àH$m{eV hþB©& {J[aOmHw$_ma Kmof Zo "nmd©VrZÝXZ' CnZm_ go ~±Jbm H$s AZoH$ H$hm{Z`m| H$m {hÝXr _| ̂ mdmZwdmX {H$`m& "~§J _{hbm' Zm_H$ EH$ _{hbm Zo Hy$N> _m¡{bH$ H$hm{Z`m± {bIr, {Og_| "XþbmB©dmbr' H$hmZr à{gÕ h¡& Bgr g_` go lr ̂ JdmZXmg Zo "ßcoJ H$s MwS>¡b', am_MÝÐ ewŠbOr Zo "½`mah df© H$m g_`' VWm {J[aOmXÎm dmOno`r Zo "n§{S>V Am¡a n§{S>VmZr' Zm_H$ H$hm{Z`m± {bIr& BZ_| go _m{_©H$Vm H$s Ñ{ï> go "BÝXþ_Vr', "½`mah df© H$m g_`' VWm "XþbmB©dmbr' hr {hÝXr H$s _m¡{bH$ gm{hpË`H$ H$hm{Z`m± _mZr Om gH$Vr h¡& Am. ewŠbmOr "BÝXþ_Vr' H$mo {hÝXr H$s nhbr gd©loð> H$hmZr _mZVo h¡& BÝhr g^r H$hm{Z`m| go {hÝXr H$hmZr gm{hË` H$m Amaå^ hþAm h¡& BgHo$ CnamÝV Oè§H$a àgmX Zo "BÝXþ' Zm_H$ n{ÌH$m H$m àH$meZ àmaå^ {H$`m, {OgZo {hÝXr H$hmZr Ho$ ñdñW {dH$mg _o _hÎdnyU© ̀ moJ {X`m& Bgr n{ÌH$m ‘| àgmX H$s àW_ H$hmZr "J«m_' gZ² 1811 _o àH$m{eV hþB©& hmñàg H$s H$hm{Z`m± {bIZo dmbo Or. nr. lrdmñVd H$s nhbr H$hmZr "BÝXþ' _o gZ² 1811 _| àH$m{eV hþB©& Bgr g_` n. {dídå~a ZmW e_m© Zo ̂ r H$hmZr {bIZm àmaå^ {H$`m& CZH$s nhbr H$hmZr "ajm ~ÝYZ' gZ² 1813 _o gañdVr _o N>nr& Bgr àH$ma amOm am{YH$ma_U àgmX qgh H$s nhbr H$hmZr "H$mZm| _| H§$JZm' gZ² 1813 _| "BÝXþ' _| àH$m{eV hþB©& AñVw&

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289

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~) ào_M§X ̀ wJ …

_§wer ào_M§X Amaå^ _o CXÿ© _| H$hm{Z`m± {bIVo Wo, {OZ_o amï´>r` ^mdZm H$m CÝ_of ahVm Wm& "gmoOo dVZ' (gZ 1907 _| àH$m{eV) CZH$m nhbm CXÿ© _| {bIm ~hþM{M©V H$hmZr g§J«h Wm& Cg_| ì`º$ VrIr amï´>r` ̂ mdZm go ZmamO hmoH$a A§J«oO gaH$ma Zo Cgo OãV H$a {b`m Wm& BgHo$ ~mX ào_M§X Zo {hÝXr _o H$hm{Z`m± {bIZm àma§^ {H$`m Wm& {hÝXr H$hmZr Ho$ {ÛVr` CËWmZ Ho$ ApÝV_ MaU _o gm_m{`H$, gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mAm| H$m {díbofU H$aZodmbr ào_M§X H$s H$hm{Z`m± àH$me _o AmB© Wr& ào_M§X Ho$ Bg joÌ _| AmZo go {hÝXr-H$hmZr-gm{hË` _| EH$ Anyd© n[adV©Z Am J`m& Bggo nyd© Hw$N> gr_m VH$ h_mam H$hmZr gm{hË` Xÿgao gm{hpË`H$mo Ho$ F$U go AnZm H$m_ MbmVm Am ahm Wm& ào_M§X Zo AmH$a Cgo ñdmdbå~r ~Zm`m& CZHo$ gå_wI H$hmZr-H$bm Ho$ ê$n Am¡a dñVw XmoZmo H$s g_ñ`mE± Wr BZHo$ {ZamH$aU Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo {d{^Þ gm{hË` H$s H$hmZr-aMZm-{d{Y`mo§ H$m AÜ``Z H$a ñd`§ AnZr H$hmZr-H$bm Ho$ {eën H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m Am¡a Cgo Ma_ {dH$mg VH$ nhþ°Mm`m& do OZVm Ho$ boIH$ Wo& AnZr H$hm{Z`m| Ûmam CÝhm|Zo ghómo§ _yH$ Am¡a hrZ-XrZ {H$gmZm| Am¡a _OXÿam| H$m à{V{Z{YËd {H$`m, Omo nhbo gm[hË` _| ANy>V _mZo OmVo Wo& CZH$s H$hm{Z`m±

290

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H$) ào_MÝXmoVa ̀ wJ …

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291

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292

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{ÛVr` MaU _| Am¡a ̂ r H${Vn` H$hm{ZH$ma aho h¡ naÝVw A{YH$m§e Zo àm`: H$hmZr Ho$ Cg ñdê$n H$mo hr AnZm`m h¡ Omo ào_MÝÐ, O¡ZoÝÐ AWdm Ako` Zo àgm[aV {H$`m& gy`©H$mÝV {ÌnmR>r {Zambm H$s H$hm{Z`m± dñVwV: EH$ H${d öX` H$s H$hm{Z`m± h¡&

Bg ̀ wJ Ho$ AÝ` C„oIZr` H$hmZrH$ma h¡, C_m Zohé, {edamZr Xodr, CfmXodr {_lm, H$_bmXodr Mm¡Yar, {edZmW e_m©, H¥$îUXod àgmX, Jmoao ~oS>~ ~Zmagr, AÞnyUm©ZÝX, AOr_ ~oJ MyJVmB©, _mohZ amHo$e Am{X&

S>) ZB© H$hmZr …-

ñdVÝÌVm Ho$ ~mX {hÝXr H$hmZr H$mo ZE ^maVr` n[adoe H$mo àH$Q> H$aZo H$m geº$ _mÜ`_ ~Zm`m J`m Am¡a Cg_o ̂ mfm-e¡br H$s {d{dYVm AmB©& \$bV: gZ² 1850 Ho$ Amg-nmg Z`r H$hmZr Ho$ AmÝXmobZ H$s ewédmV hþAr Am¡a H$hmZr H$m Zm_H$aU Z`r H$hmZr H$a {X`m J`m&

Z`r H$hmZr H$s à_wI {deofVm h¡ - g_mO Ho$ {d{^Þ dJm} Ed§ OrdZ njm| H$m gyú‘ {MÌU& Bg {MÌU _o ̂ mfm gå~ÝYr n[adV©Z ̂ r Am Jò& gm_m{OH$ gå~ÝYmo _o AbJmd Ed§ {dIamd VWm ì`p³V H$s {d{^Þ _Z:pñW{V`m| H$m {MÌU AZoH$ H$hm{Z`m| _| {_bVm h¡&

gZ² 1960 Ho$ ~mX H$s H$hm{Z`m| H$m EH$ dJ© Am±M{bH$ H$hmZr Ho$ Zm_ go gm_Zo Am`m& `h Zm_H$aU CZ H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ {bE gmW©H$ hþAm {OZ_o joÌ {deof H$s AmYma^yV g_ñ`mAm| H$mo ñWmZr` ^mfm ôX Ho$ gmW {M{ÌV {H$`m J`m& BZ H$hm{Z`m| _| Zd {dH${gV H$ñ~mo H$s _Zmod¥{Îm`m|H$mo ~‹S>r hr _m{_©H$Vm Ho$ gmW {M{ÌV {H$`m J`m& BZ H$hm{Z`m| _| g_mO Ho$ {d{^ÝZ dJm] _| ì`³V {deofH$a emgH$-àemgH$ dJ© _| ì`má H$_Omo[a`m| H$m nXm©\$me {H$`m J`m& AZoH$ hmñ`-ì`½` àYmZ H$hm{Z`m± ̂ r {bIr JB©&

Z¶r H$hmZr Ho$ à‘wI boIH$m| ‘| {Z‘©b d‘m©, ‘mohZ amHo$e, amOoÝÐ ¶mXd, ^rî‘ gmhZr, H¥$îU ~bXod d¡X, a‘oe ~»er, ‘Þy ̂ ÊS>mar, Cfm {à¶§dXm, eoIa Omoer, A‘aH$mÝV, ‘mH©$ÊS>o¶, Zaoe ‘ohVm, kmZa§OZ, amOoÝÐ AdñWr, adrÝÐ H$m{b¶m, AZrVm Am¡bH$ Ho$ Zm‘ C„oIZr¶ h¡&

{Z‘©b d‘m© H$s H$hm{Z¶m± ‘m¡Z hmoH$a ̂ r ‘wIa h¡& H$mì¶mË‘H$Vm, Añnï> A{^ì¶§OZm, hoq‘½do gr g§Ho$VmË‘H$Vm BZH$s H$hm{Z¶m± Ho$ {d{eï> JwU h¡& BZHo$ à{V{Z{Y H$hmZr-g§J«h h¢ - n[aÝXo, ObVr Pm‹S>r, {nN>br J{‘©¶m| ‘|, ~rM ~hg ‘|, H$ìdo Am¡a H$mbm nmZr Am{X& {Z‘©b d‘m© AZoH$ dfm] VH$ {dXoem| ‘| aho h¢. Bg{bE nmíMmË¶ g§ñH¥${V H$m à^md ghO hr XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡&

‘moohZ amHo$e H$s H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| ór-nwéf gå~ÝYmo§ H$s {dS>å~Zm, ehar OrdZ H$s

293

H¥${Ì‘Vm, XmånË¶ Ed§ nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ H$s {dg§J{V¶m± {M{ÌV hþB© h¢& BZHo$ à‘wI H$hmZr-g§J«h h¢ … B©ÝgmZ Ho$ IÊS>ha, Z¶o ~mXb, OmZda Am¡a OmZda, EH$ Am¡a {OÝXJr Am{X& ‘b~o H$m ‘m{bH$, ‘dmbr, O»‘, na‘mË‘m H$m Hw$Îmm, {‘g nmb Am{X BZH$s ~hþM{M©V H$hm{Z¶m± h¢& BZ‘| Kmoa ¶WmW© H$m {MÌU ì¶§½¶ Ho$ ñVa na hþAm h¡&

H$‘boída H$s H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| H$ñ~mB© ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ ‘hmZJa ‘| nhþ±MZo go CËnÞ AHo$bmnZ, gyZmnZ, K~amhQ> VWm AOZ~rnZ PbH$Vm h¡& BZH$s H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| {dH$mg Ho$ {d{dY Am¶m‘ Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVo h¡& "Xodm H$s ‘m±' ‘| ¶{X nwamZr nr‹T>r Ho$ OrdZ H$m {MÌU h¡, Vmo "Zrcr Prc' ‘| ‘mZdr¶ ì¶dhma Ed§ AmH$m§jm Ho$ AZoH$ nhby COmJa hmoVo {XImB© XoVo h¢& ì¶p³V ‘Z ‘| EH$ Mmh H$m {MÌU Zrbr Am±Im| Am¡a Prb Ho$ Zrbo nmZr Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go CâVm h¡& ‘m§g H$m X[a¶m, ‘mZgamoda Ho$ h§g, amOm {Z~§{g¶m H$‘boída H$s ‘hÎdnyU© H$hm{Z¶m± h¢&

amOoÝÐ ¶mXd Am¡nÝ¶m{gH$ MoVZm Ho$ H$hmZrH$ma h¢ VWm dh H$hmZr H$mo CnÝ¶mg Ho$ {ZH$Q> bo OmZo H$m à¶ËZ H$aVo h¢& ¶mXd ì¶mnH$ gm‘m{OH$ gÝX^moª Ho$ H$hmZrH$ma h¢ VWm Añnï> Ed§ AàË¶j H$WZ Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go H$hmZr H$m VmZm-~mZm ~wZVo h¢& Ohm± bú‘r H¡$X h¡, A{^‘Ý¶w H$s AmË‘H$Wm, N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o VmO‘hb, {H$Zmao go-{H$Zmao VH$, àVrjm, Qy>Q>Zm Am¡a AÝ¶ H$hm{Z¶m±, AnZo nma Am{X BZHo$ à‘wI H$hmZr-g§J«h h¢&

^rî‘ gmhZr àJ{Verb MoVZm Ho$ Eogo H$hmZrH$ma h¢ Omo naånamJV ‘yë¶m| H$m, {dKQ>Z go CËnÝZ pñW{V¶m| H$m g‘ñ¶mnaH$ {MÌU H$aVo h¢ VWm EH$ ‘m¡Z naÝVw à^mdembr {Xem XoZo H$m à¶ËZ H$aVo h¢& BZHo$ à{V{Z{Y H$hmZr-g§J«h h¢ - nhbm nmR>, ̂ Q>H$Vr amI, emo^m ¶mÌm, {ZemMa Am{X& Mr’$ H$s XmdV, H$R>Kao,‘oS> BZ BQ>br Am{X H$hm{Z¶m± Z¶r H$hmZr Ho$ loð> CXmhaU h¢&

ñdmV§ÌmoÎma ¶wJ ‘| H$B© H$hmZr AmÝXmobZ g{H«$¶ hþE, {OZ‘| {ZåZ{b{IV à‘wI h¢ -

¬ gMoVZ H$hmZr

Z¶r H$hmZr H$s à{VÛpÝÛVm ‘| Câm "gMoVZ H$hmZr' AmÝXmobZ& H${Vn¶ g‘rjH$m| H$m ‘mZZm h¡ {H$ gMoVZ H$hmZr H$m Zmam CZ H$hmZrH$mam| Ho$ Ûmam bJm¶m J¶m, {OZH$m Zm‘ "Z¶r H$hmZr' Ho$ H$U©Ymam| Am¡a {ebm-ñVå^m| H$s loUr ‘| AmZo go Ny>Q> J¶m Wm& BZ‘| AmZÝX àH$me O¡Z, ‘hrn qgh, amOrd g³goZm VWm í¶m‘ na‘ma Ho$ gmW-gmW ‘Zha Mm¡hmZ, ¶moJoe JwßV, doX amhr, gwI~ra, OJXre MVwd}Xr, {h‘m§ew Omoer, Y‘o§ÝÐ Jwá, öX¶oe Am{X H$hmZrH$mam| Ho$ Zm‘ C„oIZr¶ h¢&

gMoVZ H$hmZr Ho$ gyÌYma AmZÝX àH$me O¡Z Ed§ ‘hrn qgh h¡& S>m°. ‘hrn qgh Zo gZ² 1964 ‘| ~rg gMoVZ H$hm{Z¶m| H$m EH$ gMoVZ H$hmZr {deofm§H$ {ZH$mbm Wm& S>m°. ‘hrn qgh Zo gMoVZ H$hmZr H$mo Bg àH$ma n[a^m{fV {H$¶m h¡& ""gMoVZVm EH$ Ñ{ï> h¡& dh Ñ{ï> {Og‘| OrdZ {O¶m ̂ r OmVm h¡ Am¡a OmZm ̂ r OmVm h¡& AnZo gH«$mpÝV H$mb ‘| Mmho h‘| AnZm OrdZ AÀN>m bJo ¶m ~wam bJo... naÝVw OrdZ g| h‘mar gån¥{º$ Qy>Q>Vr Zhr& ‘Zwî¶ H$s àH¥${V OrdZ go ̂ mJZo H$s Zht ahr h¢& OrdZ H$s Amoa ̂ mJZm hr CgH$s {Z¶{V h¡& Am¡a O~ OrZm hr CgH$s {Z¶{V h¡ Vmo dh H¡$go {O¶o? Ñ{ï> H$s gMoVZm em¶X BgH$m CÎma h¡&''

294

¬

"ghO H$hmZr' Ho$ Amapå^H$ àdV©H$ A‘¥V am¶ h¢& gmVd| XeH$ Ho$ àmaå^ ‘| H${dVm H$s VO© na A‘¥Vam¶ Zo "ghO H$hmZr' eãX H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m Am¡a Kmo{fV {H$¶m {H$ H$hmZr H$m bú¶ AnZo H$hmZrnZ H$mo ImoH$a OrdZ H$s àñVw{V ghO én ‘| H$aVo hþE OrdZ go H$Qw> gË¶m| Am¡a ì¶dñWm H$s ̂ «ï>Vm H$mo COmJa H$aZm h¡&

¬ g{H«$¶ H$hmZr

ghO H$hmZr AmÝXmobZ ‘| A‘¥Vam¶ AHo$bo n‹S> J¶o& Z Vmo CÝhm|Zo H$moB© JwQ> ~ZmH$a AnZm {dMma à{Vnm{XV {H$¶m Am¡a Z hr CÝh| {H$gr n{ÌH$m H$mo gånmXH$s¶ ~¡gm{I¶m± {‘br& ¶hr ~mV amHo$e dËg Ûmam à{Vnm{XV "g{H«$¶ H$hmZr' Ho$ gÝX^© ‘| ̂ r H$hr Om gH$Vr h¡&

Bg H$hmZr-naånam Ho$ aMZmH$mam| ‘| a‘oe ~Vam, gwaoÝÐ gwHw$‘ma, amHo$e dËg, g{ƒXmZÝX Yy‘Ho$Vw, Hw$‘ma gå^d Am{X Ho$ A{V[a³V ldUHw$‘ma, ^rî‘ gmhZr, ‘{U ‘YwH$a Ho$ Zm‘ ̂ r gpå‘{bV {H$¶o J¶o h¢&

¬ A-H$hmZr

{Og àH$ma H${dVm ‘| H«$‘e: Z¶r H${dVm Ho$ níMmV² "AH${dVm' H$m AmJ‘Z hþAm, bJ^J Cgr àH$ma H$hmZr ‘| ̂ r Z¶r H$hmZr Ho$ ~mX "AH$hmZr' H$m àmXþ^m©d hþAm& Z¶r H$hmZr Am¡a Z¶r H${dVm H$m ì¶p³V{Zð> ¶WmW©dmX AH${dVm Am¡a A-H$hmZr ‘| AmH$a Kmoa ì¶p³VdmX, A{V ¶WmW©dmX Am¡a CÀN¥§>Ib ¶m¡ZdmX ‘| n[ad{V©V hmo J¶m& Bg AmÝXmobZ go Ow‹S>o hþE H$hmZrH$mam| ‘| à‘wI h¢ - J§Jm àgmX {d‘b, OJXre MVwd}Xr, í¶m‘ na‘ma, XÿYZmW qgh Am{X&

A-H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| A{YH$m§e H$hm{Z¶m± ór-nwéf Ho$ ào‘-gå~ÝYm| H$mo hr {M{ÌV H$aVr h¢& A-H$hmZr Ho$ AÝVJ©V ‘yS> ¶m jU H$s H$hm{Z¶m± AmVr h¢&

¬ g‘mÝVa H$hmZr

A-H$hmZr H$s ̂ mooJdmXr àd¥{Îm¶m| H$s A{Ve¶Vm H$moo bú¶ ~ZmVo hþE H$‘boída Zo Y‘©¶wJ ‘| "Eo¶me àoVmo| H$m {dÐmoh' erf©H$ go boI‘mbm Ho$ AÝVJ©V A-H$hmZr Ho$ aM{¶VmAm| H$s WmoWr Xme§{ZH$Vm H$moo CIm‹S> ’|$H$Zo H$m Zmam ~wbÝX {H$¶m& g‘mZmÝVa H$m {dMma-~rO Vmo gZ² 1971 ‘o§ hr ~mo¶m J¶m Wm naÝVw gZ² 1974 VH$ nhþ±MVo-nhw±MVo H$‘boída Zo Cgo "gm[aH$m' Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ g| àMm[aV g‘¶ Ho$ {bE H$hmZr ̂ rWar hmo J¶r& H$m‘VmZmW, ‘YwH$a qgh B~«m{h‘ ear’$, ldU Hw$‘ma, {Zén‘m godVr, ‘¥Xþbm JJ© Am{X Bg Ymam Ho$ d[að> H$hmZrH$ma h¡&

ghO H$hmZr

295

¬

AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ H$hmZr AmÝXmocZm| Ho$ g‘mZmÝVa "Am±M{bH$' H$hmZr ̂ r AnZr Mmb Ed§ AnZr ‘ñVr go ~am~a J{Verb h¡& S>m°. {edàgmX qgh Zo Am±M{bH$ H$hmZ§r H$mo Bg àH$ma ñnï> {H$¶m h¡ - ""Am±M{bH$ do hr H$mhm{Z¶m± H$hr Om gH$Vr h¡, Omo {H$gr OZnX Ho$ OrdZ ahZ-ghZ, ̂ mfm ‘whmdao, H$mo {M{ÌV H$aZm hr AnZm bú¶ ‘mZ|& Am±M{bH$ VÎd hr CZHo$ gmÜ¶ hmoVo h¡&''

gZ² "50 go Am±M{bH$ H$hmZr {bIr OmVr ahr h¡ Am¡a ¶h naånam {ZaÝVa àdh‘mZ h¡ ³¶m|{H$ ¶h H$moB© MH$mMm¢Y CËnÞ H$a g‘má hmoZo dmbm AmÝXmobZ Zhr h¡ ~pëH$ ¶h Vmo J«m‘rU n[adoe H$s Y‹S>H$Zm| H$mo {MÌm§{H$V H$aZo dmbm AZwemgZ h¡& Vrgar H$g‘, Rw>‘ar, ag{à¶m, bmb nmZ H$s ~oJ‘ (’$UrídaZmW aoUw), h§gm OmB© AHo$bm, gy¶m©, ‘mhr (‘mH©$ÊS>o¶), {~ÝXm ‘hmamO, ‘waXm gam¶ ({ed àgmX qgh), H${nbm, hmam hþAm, ̂ ±dao H$s OmV (e¡boe ‘{Q>¶mZr), H$mogr H$m KQ>dma (eoIa Omoer), A±Yoao ‘| (‘YwH$a qgh), H$[aE {N>‘m ({edmZr), ~¡b|g (~XrC‚m‘m), ‘¸$ma (B~«m{h‘ ear’$), aWMH«$ ({h‘m§ew Omoer) H$MH$m¢Y (Jmo{dÝX {‘l), Wyå~y H$s amI (Io‘amO Jwá gmJa), Zd‘r H$s XhbrO ({H$emoarbmb d¡Ú), nmbZhmao (~bam‘), Abmd (Ho$ed), ‘rÀN>d, Q>±²Q>, ’$ÝXm, ‘o‘Zm (gwerc Hw$‘ma ’w$„), ‘§JbmMmar (gwÝXa bmo{h¶m), X§e (gwXe©Z d{eð>) Am{X M{M©V Am±M{bH$ H$hm{Z¶m± h¡&

AmO H$hmZr-joÌ ‘| Hw$N> ‘{hbmE± ̂ r AnZr boIZr H$m Cn¶moJ H$a ahr h¡& BZ ‘| VoOamZr nmR>H$, H$‘bm Mm¡Yar, ho‘dVr, gË¶dVr ‘{bH$, {edmZr, ‘Þw ^§S>mar, H¥$îUm gmo~Vr, ‘¥Umb nm§S>o, gy¶©~mbm, ‘ohé{Þgm nadoO, Xr{á IÊS>obdmb, ‘‘Vm H$m{b¶m, eerà^m emór, H¥$îUm A{¾hmoÌr, ‘mbVr Omoer, Zm{gam e‘m©, Z{‘Vm qgh, amOr goR>, MÝÐH$mÝVm, Hw$gw‘ A§gb, bVm ew³b, gwZrVm O¡Z, gwYm Aamoam, ‘§Owb ^JV, AbH$m gam~Jr, JrVm§O{b lr Am{X à{gÕ h¡& BgHo$ A{V[a³V nmíMmË¶ H$hm{Z¶m| Ho$ Hw$N> AZwdmX ^r {H$E h¡& BZ H$hm{Z¶m| ‘o H$bm Ho$ AZoH$ {dYmZmoo Ho$ gmW gm‘m{OH$ OrdZ, B{Vhmg Ed§ g§ñH¥$V Ho$ AZoH$ A§Jmo H$m ñne© {H$¶m h¡& ~§Jmb H$m AH$mb, H$bH$Îmm Am¡a n§Om~ Ho$ OZg§hma, ¶wÕH$mbrZ Aì¶dñWm, Am{W©H$ Ed§ Z¡{VH$ g§Kf© H$m {MÌU BZ H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| hþAm h¡& gñVr ì¶mdgm{¶H$ ‘m{gH$ n{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ H$maU H$hmZr boIH$m| H$s ~m‹T>-gr Am JB© h¡& {hÝXr H$hmZr AmO ̂ r H$Ï¶ Am¡a {eën Ho$ ZE à{V‘mZ aMVo hþE {dH$mg H$s AZoH$ {XemAm| g| AmJo ~‹T> ahr h¡&

12.4 ~moY àíZ …-

1. {hÝXr H$hmZr Ho$ {dH$mgH«$‘ H$mo aoIm§{H$V H$s{OE?2. ào‘M§X ¶wJrZ H$hmZr H$s {deofVmAm| H$m C„oI H$s{OE?

Am±M{bH$ H$hmZr

296

{hÝXr ZmQ>H$ H$m {dH$mg



13.2 àñVmdZm

13.3 {hÝXr ZmQ>H$ H$m {dH$mg

13.4 ~moY àíZ

13.1 BH$mB© H$m CÔoí¶ …-

nmR²>çH«$‘ ‘| {ZYm©[aV {hÝXr ZmQ>H$ Am¡a CgHo$ {dH$mg na {dñV¥V AÜ¶¶Z H$aZm Bg BH$mB© H$m à‘wI CÔoí¶ h¡& {hÝXr ZmQ>H$ H$mo VrZ ¶wJm| ‘| {d^m{OV {H$¶m J¶m h¡& ^maVoÝXþ ¶wJ, àgmX ¶wJ, Am¡a àgmXmoÎma ¶wJ& Bg BH$mB© ‘| VrZm| ¶wJm| H$m {dñV¥V {dícofU hþAm h¡ {Oggo {dÚmWu¶m| H$mo AÜ¶¶Z ‘| AmgmZr hmoJr&

13.2 àñVmdZm

ZmQ>H$ gm{hË¶ H$m {dH$mg ̂ maVoÝXþ ¶wJ ‘| ‘mZm OmVm h¡, g§ñH¥$V ZmQ>H$m| H$s j{V hmo OmZo Ho$ ~mX Am{XH$mb Am¡a ‘Ü¶H$mb ‘| ZmQ>H$ H$mo {H$gr àH$ma H$m àj¶ Zht {‘bm hm° naånam Ho$ AZwgma bmoH$ZmQ²>ç Adí¶ àM{bV aho&

13.3 {hÝXr ZmQ>H$ H$m {dH$mg

{hÝXr _| ZmQ>H$ gm{hË` H$m CX²^d H$~ go _mZm OmE, Bg na {dÛmZm| _| _VôX h¡& S>m°. XeaW AmoPm Zo AnZo AZwgÝYmZ _| g§dV 1289 _| {b{IV 'Jm` gwHw$_ma amg' H$mo {hÝXr H$m àW_ CnbãY ZmQ>H$ _mZm h¡& ̂ maVoÝXwOr Zo AnZo {nVm JmonmbMÝÐ Ûmam {bIo "Z§hþf' ZmQ>H$ (gZ² 1814 B©.) H$mo {hÝXr H$m àW_ ZmQ>H$ _mZm h¡& Am. am_MÝÐ ewŠb Zo {dídZmW qgh Ûmam a{MV ZmQ>H$ "AmZÝX aKwZÝXZ' H$mo {hÝXr H$m àW_ _m¡{bH$ ZmQ>H$ ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡& S>m°. gmo_ZmW JwßV, S>m°. bú_rgmJa dmU}`, ~m~y Jwbm~ am` Am{X {dÛmZm| Zo AmZÝX aKwZÝXZ H$mo {hÝXr H$m àW_ _m¡{bH$ ZmQ>H$ ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡& S>m°. XeaW AmoPm Zo Bgo g§ñH¥$V e¡br H$m àW_ {hÝXr ZmQ>H$ Kmo{fV {H$`m h¡& S>m°. {dOòÝÐ ñZmVH$ VWm S>m°. H¥$îUbmb Zo "Zhþf' H$mo {hÝXr H$m àW_ _m¡{bH$ ZmQ>H$ _mZ {b`m h¡& S>m°. ñZmVH$ Ho$ eãXm| _|- ""Jmonmb MÝÐ H¥$V 'Zhþf' hr {hÝXr H$m àW_ ZmQ>H$ h¡&'' BgHo$ A{V[aŠV {hÝXr _| _¡{Wbr ZmQ>H$, (JmoqdX H$m Zb-M[aV ZmQ>H$, {dÚmn{V H$m Jmoaj-{dO`, am_Xmg Pm H$m AmZÝX {dO` ZmQ>H$, XodmZÝX H$m Cfm haU, a_mn{V CnmÜ`m` H$m épŠ_Ur haU, C_mn{V

297 13

CnmÜ`m` H$m nm[aOmV haU Am{X) amg-brbm ZmQ>H$ (ZÝXXmg Or H$m JmodY©Z brbm Ed§ em_ gJmB© brbm) Ed§ nÚ-~ÜX ZmQ>H$ (öXàm_ H$m am_mÙ _hmZmQ>H$, hZ_mÝZmQ>H$, ~Zmagr Xmg H$m g_`gma ZmQ>H$, Jwé Jmo{dÝX qgh H$m MÝS>r M[aÌ, ̀ edÝV qgh H$m à~moY MÝÐmoX`, ZodmO H$m ewH$ÝVbm ZmQ>H$ Am{X) ̂ r CnbãY hmoVo h¢ qH$Vw BÝh| h_ {dewÜX {hÝXr Ho$ ZmQ>H$ ñdrH$ma Zht H$aVo h¢&

{hÝXr _| ZmQ>H$ Ho$ ñdéßm H$m g_w{MV {dH$mg AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ Amaä_ go hmoVm h¡& gZ² 1850 go A~ VH$ Ho$ ZmQ>H$ gm{hË` H$mo VrZ ̂ mJmo§ _| {d^m{OV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡-

A) ^maVoÝXw ̀ wJ (gZ² 1850 go 1900 B©.)~) àgmX ̀ wJ (gZ² 1900 go 1930 B©.)H$) àgmXmoÎma ̀ wJ (gZ² 1930 go A~ VH$&)

A) ^maVoÝXw ̀ wJ :- {hÝXr ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ dmñV{dH$ OÝ_XmVm `m àdV©H$ ^maVoÝXw h[aíMÝÐ hr h¡&

BZHo$ nhbo g§ñH¥$V gm{hË` _| ZmQ>H$ àMwa _mÌm _| {bIo OmVo aho& g§ñH¥$V ZmQ>H$m| H$s EH$ AË`ÝV g_¥ÜX naånam ̂ r ahr, na§Vw {hÝXr _| ZmQ>H$, AmYw{ZH$ AmWm] _| {OÝho§ ZmQ>H$ _mZm gH$Vm h¡, H$m {dH$mg 19 dt eVr Ho$ CÎmamY© _| hr hþAm& ' ̂ maVoÝXw ̀ wJ _| ZmQ>H$ Ho$ CX` H$m EH$ H$maU `h h¡ {H$ AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ Amaå^ _| A§J«oOr amÁ` Ho$ emofU Am¡a AË`mMmam| go OZMoVZm H$m O~ CX` hþAm, Vmo n[aUm_V: ZmQ>H$ Bg OZ-MoVZm H$m dmhH$ ~ZH$a gm{hË`-joÌ _| CVam& Bg ̀ wJ _| ZmQ>H$ Ho$ CX` H$m EH$ H$maU ̀ h ̂ r _mZm Om gH$Vm h¢ {H$ Bg ̀ wJ Ho$ gm{hË`H$ma ZB© ̀ wJ-MoVZm H$m àMma H$aZo Ho$ {bE ZmQ>H$ H$mo {deof én go ZmQ>H$ Ho$ EH$ A§J 'àhgZ' H$mo gmYZ ~ZmVm MmhVo Wo& àhgZ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go AnZr ~mV ì`§½` Am¡a hmñ` Ho$ AmdaU _| AmgmZr go ì`ŠV H$s Om gH$Vr h¡& ̀ hr H$maU h¡ {H$ Bg ̀ wJ _| àhgZ n`m©ßV _mÌm _| {bIo JE&

dñVwV: {hÝXr _| dmñV{dH$ én _| ZmQ>H$ {bIZo H$m lo` ̂ maVoÝXw H$mo hr h¡& CÝhm|Zo g§ñH¥$V ZmQ>`-emó Ho$ AZoH$ éT> {Z`_m| H$m n[aË`mJ H$aHo$ {hÝXr ZmQ>H$ H$mo EH$ gd©Wm A{^Zd Am¡a ZdrZ `wJ Ho$ AZwén én àXmZ H$aHo$ Cgo amï´>r` ^mdZm Ho$ àgma H$m geŠV gmYZ ~Zm`m& ^maVoÝXw Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| H$s g§aì`m bJ^J 18 h¡& BZ_| Eo{Vhm{gH$, nm¡am{UH$ Ed§ AmYw{ZH$ gm_m{OH$ g^r àH$ma Ho$ ZmQ>H$ Am JE h¡& hmñ` Ed§ ì`§½`-{dZmoX H$m ^md ^r BZ_| gd©Ì {dÚ_mZ h¡& ^maVoÝXw Or Zo BZ ZmQ>H$m| _| OrdZ Ho$ àm`: g^r joÌm| go gm_J«r J«hU H$s h¡& BÝhm|Zo AŠga g_mO-gwYma, Xoe-ào_, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Jm¡ad H$s _hÎmm Am{X {df`m| H$mo AnZm`m VWm ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go CÝh| à{Vnm{XV {H$`m h¡& Eo{Vhm{gH$-nm¡am{UH$ H$Wm-H$WmZH$m| H$mo ̂ r AnZo g_gm_{`H$ n`m©daU àXmZ H$aZo H$m g\$b gmW©H$ à`mg {H$`m h¡&

^maVoÝXw Ho$ ZmQ>H$ _w»`V: nm¡am{UH$, gm_m{OH$ Ed§ amOZr{VH$ {df`m| na AmYm[aV h¡& 'gË` h[aíMÝÐ', 'YZ§O` {dO`', '_wÐm amjg', 'H$ny©a-_§Oar' ò Mmam| ZmQ>H$ AZwdm{XV h¡& AnZo _m¡{bH$ ZmQ>H$m| _| CÝhm|Zo gm_m{OH$ Hw$ar{V`m| Ed§ Y_© Ho$ Zm_ na

298

hmoZodmbo Hw$H¥$Ë`m| Am{X na VrIm ì`§½` {H$`m h¡& 'nmIÊS>-{dS²>å~Z', 'd¡{XH$s qhgm, qhgm Z ^d{V' Bgr àH$ma Ho$ ZmQ>H$ h¡& '{dfñ` {df_m¡fY_²' Zo Xoer Zaoem| H$s XwX©em na Am±gy ~hmò Jò h¡& gmW hr CÝh| MoVmdZr Xr JB© h¡ {H$ `{X do Z g±^bo Vmo Yrao-Yrao A±J«oO g^r Xoer [a`mgVm| H$mo AnZo A{YH$ma _| bo b|Jo& '^maV-XwX©em' _| ̂ maVoÝXw H$s amï´>-^{ŠV H$m gma CX²Kmo{fV hþAm h¡& Bg_| A±J«oO H$mo ̂ maV-XyX£d Ho$ én _| {M{ÌV H$aVo hþE ̂ maVdm{g`m| Ho$ Xw^m©½` H$s H$hmZr H$mo `WmW© én _| àñVwV {H$`m J`m h¡& Bg_| ñWmZ-ñWmZ na {dXoer emgH$m| H$s ñdoÀN>mMm[aVm, nw{bgdmbm| H$m Xwì`©dhma, ̂ maVr` OZVm H$s _mohmÝYVm na Jhao AmKmV {H$ò Jò h¡&

^maVoÝXw Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| H$s g~go ~S>r {deofVm h¢- {OÝXm{Xbr& BZHo$ g^r ZmQ>H$ A{^Z` h¡§& naånam Ho$ AZwén ñdén-{dYmZ H$s Ñ{ï> go BZHo$ Hw$N> Amapå^H$ ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ g§dmXm| _| nÚm| H$s `moOZm ^r {_bVr h¡& M[aÌ-{MÌU, g§Kf©, H$m`©-ì`mnma H$s EH$Vm Am{X H$m ̂ r àm`… Ü`mZ aIm J`m h¡& BZHo$ ZmQ>çm| H$m EH$ _mÌ CÔoí` ̂ maVr` OZ-_mZg _o§ Zd-OmJ¥{V, amï´>r` MoVZm H$m {dH$mg , Xoeào_ Ed§ ñdm{^_mZ H$m ̂ md ̂ aZm Wm& BÝhm|Zo AnZo _hmZ CÔoí` H$m {Zdm©h AÝ` {dYmË_H$ énm| Ho$ g_mZ ZmQ>H$m| _| ̂ r nyU© Hw$ebVm go {H$`m h¡& Bg àH$ma ZmQ>`-H$bm Ho$ g^r A§Jm| H$mo {dH${gV H$aZo H$m à`mg ^maVoÝXw h[aíMÝÐ Zo {H$`m h¡& ''`{X h_ EH$ Eogm ZmQ>H$H$ma Ty>±T>|, {OgZo ZmQ²²>`-emó Ho$ Jå^ra AÜ``Z Ho$ AmYma na ZmQ>`-H$bm gå~ÝYr g¡ÜXmpÝVH$ J«ÝW {bIm hmo, {OgZo àmMrZ Am¡a ZdrZ, ñdXoer Am¡a {dXoer ZmQ>H$m| H$m AÜ``Z d AZwdmX ̂ r {H$`m hmo, {OgZo d¡`{ŠVH$, gm_m{OH$ Ed§ amï´>r` g_ñ`mAm| H$mo boH$a AZoH$ nm¡¡am{UH$, EoVrhm{gH$ Ed§ _m¡{bH$ ZmQ>H$m| H$s aMZm H$s hmo Am¡a CgZo ZmQ>H$ H$s aMZm hr Zht; A{nVw CÝh| a§J_§M na Iob H$a ^r {XIm`m hmo- BZ g~ {deofVmAm| go g§nÞ ZmQ>H$H$ma {hÝXr _| hr Zht, g_ñV {díd gm{hË` _| Ho$db Xmo-Mma hr {_b|Jo Am¡a CZ_| ̂ r ̂ maVoÝXw H$m ñWmZ gdm}ÀM hmoJm& ''CZHo$ ZmQ>H$m| _| OrdZ Am¡a H$bm, gË`_² Ed§ gwÝXa_², _Zmoa§OZ Am¡a _§Jb H$m gwÝXa g_Ýd` {_bVm h¡& CZH$s e¡br gabVm, amoMH$Vm Ed§ ñdm^m{dH$Vm Ho$ JwUm| go n[anyU© h¡&

^maVoÝXw`wJrZ AÝ` ZmQ>H$H$ma :-^maVoÝXw Or H$s àoaUm Ed§ à^md go Bg ̀ wJ Ho$ AZoH$ gm{hË`H$mam| Zo ZmQ>`-

aMZm H$s& BZ_| CëboI{Z` ZmQ>H$H$ma h¢- àVmnZmamÙ {_l, amYmH¥$îUXmg, bmbm lr{ZdmgXmg, ~ÝÐrZmamÙ Mm¡Yar 'ào_KZ', ~mbH¥$îU ^Å>, ~m~y grVmam_, gË`ZmamÙ 'H${daËZ', am_H¥$îU d_m©, énZmamÙ nmÊS>o` Am{X& BZ_| àVmnZmamÙ {_l Am¡a amYmH¥$îUXmg XmoZm| à^mdembr ZmQ>H$H$ma Wo& BZ g^r ZmQ>H$H$mam| Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| _| ^maVoÝXw h[aíMÝÐ H$s hr àd¥{Îm`m| H$m AZwH$aU hþAm h¡& àm`: g^r _| g_mO-gwYma, Xoe-ào_ `m hmñ`-{dZmoX H$s àd¥{Îm {_bVr h¡& BZ_| JÚ IS>r~mobr _| VWm nÚ ~«O^mfm _| à`wŠV hþAm h¡& ^mfm nmÌm| Ho$ AZwén aadr J`r h¡& e¡br _| gabVm, ñdm^m{dH$Vm Ed§ amoMH$Vm H$mo AnZm`m h¡& dñVwV: ^maVoÝXw `wJ H$m ZmQ>H$ gm{hË` OZVm Ho$ ~hþV g_rn Wm VWm dh 'bmoH$a§OZ' Ed§ 'bmoH$-ajU' XmoZm| VËdm| go `wŠV ahm h¡& CÝhm|Zo nmR>` Am¡a Ñí`-XmoZm| énm| _| VËH$mbrZ bmoH$ öX` H$m AZwa§OZ {H$`m&

299

^maVoÝXw `wJ Ho$ à_wI ZmQ>H$H$ma àVmnZmamÙ {_l Or Zo 'Jmog§H$Q>', 'H${bà^md', OwAmar ñìdmar', 'H$br H$m¡VwH$ énH$', 'g§JrV emHw§$Vb' Am¡a 'hR>>r h_ra' Am{X à{gÜX ZmQ>H$ {bIo& Bg ̀ wJ Ho$ Xygao à^mdembr ZmQ>H$H$ma amYmH¥$îUXmg h¡& BÝhm|Zo '_hmamZr nX²_mdVr', '_hmamUm àVmn', 'Xw:{IVr ~mbm' Zm_H$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$m| H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m& 'Xw:{IVr ~mbm' BZH$s àW_ ZmQ²>`-aMZm h¡, {Og_| ^maVr` {dYdm H$s X`Zr` Xem H$m {MÌU h¡& nX²_mdVr BZH$m drag nyU© Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$ h¢ {Og_| {MVm¡S> Ho$ _hmamUm aËZgoZ H$s _hmamZr nX²_mdVr Ho$ gm¡ÝX`© na AmH${f©V hmoH$a AëbmCÔrZ Ho$ AmH«$_U H$s àMm{bV H$Wm A§{H$V h¡& ^maVoÝXwOr Ho$ g_H$mbrZ ZmQ>H$H$mam| _| bmbm lr{ZdmgXmg Or H$m {deof ñWmZ h¡& CÝhmoZ| CXy© ZmQ>H$ {bIo, {Og ‘| {deof CëboIZr` h¡- 'àëhmX M[aÌ' 'aUYra Am¡a ào__mo{hZr', g§`mo{JVm ñd`§da' VWm 'VßVmg§daU'& Bg `wJ Ho$ AÝ¶ à_wI ZmQ>H$H$mam| _| ~ÐrZmamÙ Mm¡Yar 'ào_KZ' H$m Zm_ CëboIZr` h¡& CZH$s Mma ZmQ>²`-H¥${V`m± CnbãY h¢& '^maV gm¡^m½`', 'dmam§JUm ahñ`', 'à`mJ am_mJ_Z', Am¡a d¥ÜX{dbmn& 'à`mJ am_mJ_Z' _o§ am_ VWm grVm Ho$ '^maÛmO Aml_' _| Am{VÏ` J«hU H$aZo H$s H$Wm H$mo J«hU {H$`m J`m h¡& 'dmam§JUm ahñ`' _| AmO Ho$ XwX©emJ«ñV g_mO H$m ̀ WmW© {MÌ h_mao gm_Zo aIm J`m h¡& Bg ̀ wJ Ho$ EH$ Am¡a CëboIZr` ZmQ>H$H$ma h¡- n§. ~mbH¥$îU ^Å>& BÝhm|Zo 'X_`§Vr ñd`§da', '~¥hÝZbm' 'doUw g§hma', 'H${bamO H$s g^m', 'aob H$m {~H$Q> Iob', '~mb-{ddmh', "O¡gm H$m_ d¡gm n[aUm_' Am{X _m¡{bH$ ZmQ>H$m| H$s aMZm H$s h¡& BZ ZmQ>H$mo§ _| nm¡am{UH$ H$WmAm| Am¡a AnZo ̀ wJ H$s ZB© g_ñ`mAm| H$m A§H$Z {H$`m J`m h¡&

AZw{XV ZmQ>H$ :- ^maVoÝXw-`wJ _| _m¡{bH$ ZmQ>H$ g§»`m H$s Ñ{ï> go H$_ {bIo Jò, BgrH$maU

CZHo$ A^md _| AÝ` ̂ mfmAm| Ho$ loð> ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ AZwdmX H$s naånam Iy~ Mbr& ò AZwdmX ~±Jbm, g§ñH¥$V Am¡a A§J«oOr go hþE& ~m~y grVmam_ Zo 'ZmJmZÝX', '_¥ÀN H${Q>H$','_mbVr _mYd' Am{X ZmQ>H$m| H$m VWm gË`ZmamÙ 'H${daËZ'Zo ^d^y{V Ho$ 'CÎma am_M[aV' Am¡a '_mbVr _mYd' H$m g§ñH¥$V go AZwdmX {H$`m h¡& ̀ o AZwdmX AË`ÝV gwÝXa ~Z nS>o h¡& ~±Jbm Ho$ à{gÜX ZmQ>H$H$ma {ÛOoÝÐbmb am` Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| H$m AZwdmX énZmamÙ nmÊS>o` Am¡a am_H¥$îU d_m© Or Zo {H$`m& ̀ o ZmQ>H$ AË`§V bmoH${à` hþE& lr. ZmWwam_ ào_r, YÝ`Hw$_ma O¡Z Ed_ n§. ~mbH¥$îU ^Å> Or Zo ^r AZoH$ ~±Jbm ZmQ>H$m| H$m AZwdmX {H$`m& A§J«oOr ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ AZwdmXH$m| _| J§JmàgmX nmÊS>o`, nwamo{hV JmonrZmW, _WwamXmg CnmÜ`m` Am{X à_wI h¢& CÝhmo§Zo {deof én go eoŠg{nà Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| H$m AmZwdmX {H$`m&

~) àgmX ̀ wJ :-{hÝXr ZmQ>H$ H$mo gm{hpË`H$ ^y{_H$m àXmZ H$aZo H$m à`mg gd©àW_

^maVoÝXwOr Zo {H$`m Wm& CZHo$ nyd© gm{hpË`H$ ZmQ>H$m| H$m EH$ àH$ma go A^md gm Wm& nmagr ZmQ>H$ H§$n{Z`m| Ûmam A{^ZrV ZmQ>H$ Agm{hpË`H$ Am¡a Hw$é{MnyU© hþAm H$aVo Wo& ̂ maVoÝXwOr Zo ñd`§ ZmQ>H$ {bIZ Am¡a AnZo gm{hpË`H$ gh`mo{J`m| H$mo Bg Amoa àd¥Îm H$aZo Ho$ gmW hr gmW Aì`mdgm{`H$ a§J_§M H$s Ztd ̂ r S>mbr& CZHo$ Ûmam ñWm{nV H$s JB© ZmQ>H$ Am¡a a§J_§M

300

H$s naånam H$mo hr Oè§H$a àgmXOr Zo AmJo ~T>mVo hþE Cgo Z`m OrdZ Am¡a ZB© {Xem àXmZ H$s& ^maVoÝXw Ho$ níMmV² àgmX O¡gm gdmªJrU, à{V^membr, aMZmË_H$ ì`{ŠVËd gånÝZ Xygam H$moB© ̂ r H$bmH$ma {hÝXr _| CËnÝZ Zht hþAm& {hÝXr ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ {dH$mg H$m Omo Amaå^ ^maVoÝXw ̀ wJ _| hþAm Wm dh àgmX ̀ wJ _| AnZo nyU© CËH$f© H$mo nhþ±Mm& dñVwV… àgmX Bg joÌ Ho$ g_«mQ>> h¡ Am¡a dh Bg{bE Zhr§ {H$ CÝhm|Zo ZdrZ e¡br go ZmQ>H$m| H$m e¥ÝJma {H$`m, ~pëH$ Bg{bò {H$ CÝhm|Zo gd©àW_ {hÝXr ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ nmÌm| H$mo ñdV§Ì ì`{ŠVÎd àXmZ H$aHo$ CZ_| erb-d¡{MÍ`, e{ŠV Am¡a Am¡XmË` H$m g_mdoe {H$`m Am¡a CZHo$ AÝVÛªÝÛ H$m H$bmË_H$VmnyU© {MÌU {H$`m& B{Vhmg Ho$ à_wI nmÌm| _| CÝhm|Zo Z`m OrdZ â {X`m& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE Jm¡V_ ~wÜX, MmUŠ`, MÝÐJwßV, amÁ`lr, Y«wdñdm{_Zr Am{X Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmÌ h¢, na àgmX Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| _| Câm hþAm CZH$m én BZ nmÌm| Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd go {ZVmÝV {^ÝZ h¡& àgmX H$s nmÌ ̀ moOZm H$s EH$ CëboIZr` {deofVm ̀ h ̂ r h¡ {H$ CÝhm|Zo AnZo ZmQ>H$m| _| BVZo {d{dY nmÌm| H$s g¥{ï> H$s h¡ {H$ CZHo$ _mÜ`_ go nyam `wJ hr gOrd hmoH$a gm_Zo CnpñWV hmo J`m h¡&

^maVoÝXw `wJ Ho$ gm{hË`H$mamo§ Zo Xoe H$s XyX©em H$m dU©Z ~maå~ma AnZr aMZmAm| _| {H$`m, {OgHo$ à^md go ̂ maVdm{g`m| _| H$éUm, ½bm{Z, X¡Ý` Ed_ AdgmX H$s ^mdZm H$m {dH$mg hmo OmZm ñdm^m{dH$ Wm& Eogr _Z…pñW{V _| g_mO Ed§ amï´> {dXoer e{ŠV`m| go g§Kf© H$aZo H$s j_Vm go eyÝ` hmo OmVm h¡ bo{H$Z àgmXOr Zo AnZo Xoedm{g`m| _| AË_Jm¡ad, CËgmh,~b Ed§ àoaUm H$m g§Mma H$aZo Ho$ {bE AVrV Ho$ Jm¡adnyU© Ñí`m| H$mo AnZr aMZmAm| _| {M{ÌV {H$`m& ̀ hr H$maU h¡ {H$ CZHo$ A{YH$m§e ZmQ>H$m| H$m H$WmZH$ Cg ~m¡ÜX `wJ go gå~pÝYV h¡, O~{H$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ nVmH$m {díd Ho$ {d{^ÝZ ^mJm| _| \$ham ahr Wr& àmMrZ B{Vhmg Ed§ g§ñH¥${V H$mo àgmXOr Zo ~S>r gyú_Vm Ho$ gmW àñVwV {H$`m h¡& Cg_| Ho$db Cg ̀ wJ H$s ñWyb aoImE± Zht {_bVr§,VËH$mbrZ dmVmdaU Ho$ gOrd A§H$Z H$s a§JrZr ^r {_bVr h¡& Y_© H$s ~mø n[apñW{V`m| H$s Anojm CÝhm|Zo Xe©Z H$s AÝVa§J JwpËW`m| H$mo ñnï> H$aZm A{YH$ C{MV g_Pm h¡& nmÌm| Ho$ M[aÌ-{MÌU _| ̂ r CÝhm|Zo _mZ{gH$ AÝVÛ©ÝÛ H$m {MÌU H$aVo hþE CZ_| n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ AZwgma n[adV©Z `m {dH$mg {XIm`m h¡& _mZd M[aÌ Ho$ gV² Am¡a AgV² XmoZm| njm| H$mo nyU© à{V{Z{YËd CÝhm|Zo àXmZ {H$`m& Zmar én H$s O¡gr _hmZVm, gyú_Vm, embrZVm Ed§ Jå^raVm, H${d àgmX Ho$ hmWm| àmßV hþB© h¡, Cggo ̂ r A{YH$ g{H«$` Ed§ VoOñdr én Cgo ZmQ>H$H$ma àgmX Zo àXmZ {H$`m& Zmar én H$s O¡gr à{Vð>m àgmXOr Ûmam hþB© h¡ dh AÝ`Ì Xwb©^ h¡& àgmX Ho$ àm`… g^r ZmQ>H$m| _| {H$gr-Z-{H$gr Eogo Zmar nmÌ H$s AdVmaUm hþB© h¡, Omo YaVr Ho$ Xw…InyU© AÝYH$ma Ho$ ~rM àgÝZVm H$s Á`mo{V H$s ̂ m±{V CÔrßV h¡; Omo nme{dH$Vm, XZwOVm, Am¡a H«y$aVm Ho$ ~rM j_m, H$éUm Ed§ ào_ Ho$ {Xì` g§Xoe H$s à{Vð>m H$aVr h¡; Omo AnZo à^md go XwO©Zm| H$mo gÁOZ, XwamMm[a`m| H$mo gXmMmar Am¡a Z¥e§g AË`mMm[a`m| H$mo CXma bmoH$godr ~Zm XoVr h¡& "Zmar Vw_ Ho$db lÜXm hmo§' H$s C{ŠV àgmX H$s BZ {Xì` Zm{`H$mAm| na nyU©V… bmJy hmoVr h¡& >

BgàH$ma àgmX Or H$s gm§ñH¥${VH$ nwZéËWmZ H$s ^mdZm, CZH$m Xme©{ZH$ {MÝVZ, CZH$s ñdm^m{dH$ M[aÌ-H$ënZm, amï´>r`Vm Ho$ à{V CZH$m CËH$Q> AmJ«h, CZH$m g§Kf© Ho$ {df go OrdZ Ho$ A_¥V H$s ImoO H$aZm Am{X Eogr {deofVmE± h¢, {OÝhm|Zo àgmX Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| H$mo AË`ÝV AmH$f©H$, ̀ wJmZwHy$b ZdrZ Am¡a ̂ ì` én àXmZ H$a {X`m& BgrH$maU do

301

AnZo ̀ wJ Ho$ {hÝXr Ho$ gd©loð> ZmQ>H$H$ma gm{~V hþE& dñVwV: àgmX H$mo AnZo ̀ wJ H$m hr Zht; A{nVw AmO VH$ Ho$ g_ñV {hÝXr-ZmQ>H$H$mam| _| gd©loð> ZmQ>H$H$ma _mZm Om gH$Vm h¡&

ZmQ²>`-{eën H$s Ñ{ï> go àgmX Or Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| _| nydu Am¡a npíM_r VËdm| H$m gpå_l«U {_bVm h¡& Ohm± CZHo$ ZmQ>H$m| _| H$Wm-dñVw, ag, Zm`H$, à{VZm`H$, {dXyfH$, erb-{ZénU, gË` Am¡a Ý`m` Ho$ {df` _| ̂ maVr` ZmQ²>`-gm{hË` H$s naånamAm| H$m nmbZ hþAm h¡, dhm± nmíMmË` ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ g§Kf© Ed§ ì`{ŠV-d¡{MÍ` H$m {ZénU ̂ r CZH$s aMZmAm| _| hþAm h¡& ^maVr` ZmQ>H$m| H$s agmË_H$Vm BZ_| ânya {_bVr h¡, Vmo Xygar Amoa nmíMmË` ZmQ>H$m| H$s H$m`©-ì`mnma H$s J{VerbVm ^r CZ_| {dÚ_mZ h¡& ̂ maVr` ZmQ>H$H$ma gwImÝV H$mo ngÝX H$aVo h¢- npíM_ Ho$ H$bmH$ma Xw:ImÝV H$mo& àgmX Zo AnZo ZmQ>H$m| H$m AÝV Bg T>§J go {H$`m h¡ {H$ h_ CÝh| gwImÝV ̂ r H$h gH$Vo h¢ Am¡a XwImÝV ̂ r& dñVwV: CZH$m A§V EH$ Eogr d¡am½`nyU© ̂ mdZm Ho$ gmW hmoVm h¡, {Og_| Zm`H$ H$s {dO` Vmo hmo OmVr h¡; {H$ÝVw dh \$b H$m Cn^moJ ñd`§ Zht H$aVm, Cgo dh à{VZm`H$ H$mo hr bm¡Q>m XoVm h¡& Bg àH$ma Ho$ {d{MÌ A§V H$mo AmbmoMH$m| Zo gwImÝV Z _mZH$a CÝh| ''àgmXmÝV'' H$s g§km Xr h¡&

H$bmË_H$Vm H$s Ñ{ï> go àgmXOr Ho$ 'AOmVeÌw', 'ñH$ÝXJwá', 'MÝÐJwá' Am¡a 'Y«wdñdm{_Zr' à{gÜX Ed§ loð> ZmQ>H$ h¡& AmYw{ZH$ ZmQ>H$-{dYm Ho$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ go Am¡a gm_mÝ`V: ZmQ²>`-H$bm Ho$ {ZIma H$s Ñ{ï> go 'Y«wdñdm{_Zr' àgmXOr H$m gd©loð> ZmQ>H$ h¡& Bg ZmQ>H$ Ho$ AmYma na h_ àgmXOr H$mo {hÝXr-ZmQ²>`-gm{hË` _| 'g_ñ`m-ZmQ>H$m| H$m àdV©H$' H$hH$a ̂ r g§~mo{YV H$a gH$Vo h¡& Bg_| VbmH$ Am¡a nwZ{d©dmh H$s g_ñ`m H$mo ~S>o H$m¡eë` go CR>m`m J`m h¡& Bg ~mV go ̀ h à_m{UV hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ àgmXOr {H$VZo ̀ wJY_u Wo& ̀ h àgmX H$s A§{V_ ZmQ²>` H¥${V h¡&

CÝhm|Zo AnZo ZmQ>H$ 'ñH$ÝXJwßV' _| g_¥pÜX Am¡a Eoíd`© Ho$ {eIa na AmgrZ JwßV gm_«mO H$s Cg pñW{V H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¢, Ohm± Am§V[aH$ H$bh, nm[adm[aH$ g§Kf© Am¡a {dXoer AmH«$_Um| Ho$ \$bñdén CgHo$ ̂ mdr j` Ho$ bjU àH$Q> hmoZo bJo Wo& {df` Am¡a aMZm {eën XmoZm| hr Ñ{ï>`m| go 'ñH$ÝXJwßV' àgmX H$s gd©loð> ZmQ²>`H¥${V _mZr OmVr h¡&

CZHo$ à{gÜX ZmQ>H$ 'MÝÐJwßV' H$s g~go ~S>r {deofVm `h h¡ {H$ Bg_| {dXo{e`m| go ̂ maV Ho$ g§Kf© Am¡a Cg g§Kf© _| A§VV: ̂ maV H$s {dO` H$s Wr_ CR>mB© J`r h¡& àgmX Ho$ _Z _| ̂ maV H$s namYrZVm H$mo boH$a Jhar ì`Wm Wr, Am¡a Eogm bJVm h¢ O¡go CÝhm|Zo Bg Eo{Vhm{gH$ àg§J Ho$ _mÜ`_ go AnZo BpÀN>V {dídmg H$mo dmUr Xr hmo& Bg Ñ{ï> go 'MÝÐJwßV' H$s H$WmdñVw 'ñH$ÝXJwßV' go ̂ r CXmÎm h¡&

'H$m_Zm' CZH$s EH$ d¡{eï>`nyU© ZmQ²>`H¥${V h¡; {Og_| {d{^ÝZ _Zmo{dH$mam| H$mo àVrH$ Ho$ én _| a§J_§M na CnpñWV H$aVo hþE CZHo$ H$m`©H$bmnm| Ûmam _mZd-gä`Vm Am¡a g§ñH¥${V Ho$ {dH$mg H$s H$Wm àñVwV H$s JB© h¡& CZH$s à{gÜX H¥${V 'EH$ Ky±Q>' H$m _hËd BgHo$ EH$m§H$s hmoZo _| h¡& g_yMo ZmQ>H$ _| EH$ A§H$ Am¡a EH$ Ñí` h¡&

àgmX ̀ wJrZ AÝ` à_wI ZmQ>H$H$ma :-

àgmX `wJrZ AÝ` à_wI ZmQ>H$H$mam| _| h[aH¥$îU 'ào_r' Am¡a bú_rZmamÙ {_l Or H$m Zm_ {deof én go CëboIZr` h¡& ào_r Or Zo àgmX H$s ^m±{V hr Eo{Vhm{gH$

302

ZmQ>H$m| H$mo aMZm H$s, `Ú{n XmoZm| Ho$ bú` Am¡a H$mbIÊS> Ho$ MwZmd _| ~hþV AÝVa h¡& ào_rOrZo ̂ maVr` B{Vhmg Ho$ _wpñb_-H$mb H$mo AnZo ZmQ>H$m| H$m AmYma ~Zm`m Am¡a {hÝXy-_wpñb_-EH$Vm Ho$ à{VnmXZ na {deof ~b {X`m& CZHo$ ZmQ>H$ amï´>r`Vm Am¡a Xoe-ào_ Ho$ ^mdm| go AmoVàmoV h¡ Am¡a Bg én _| AnZo `wJ Ho$ gÀMo à{V{Z{Y h¡& CZHo$ ZmQ>H$m| _| 'ñdU©{dhmZ', 'ajm~ÝYZ' nmVmb {dO`' Am{X {deof CëboIZr` h¡&

ào_r Or Ho$ g_H$mbrZ ZmQ>H$H$mam| _| bú_rZmamÙ {_l Or H$m Zm_ {deof CëboIZr` h¡, {OÝhm|Zo àgmX Ho$ gd©Wm {^ÝZ _mJ© na MbH$a {hÝXr ZmQ>H$ gm{hË` H$mo Z`m _moS> {X`m& CZHo$ 'g§Ý`mgr' ZmQ>H$ Ho$ gmW {hÝXr ZmQ>H$ Ho$ {df` Am¡a {eën XmoZm| _| ~Xbmd Am`m& àgmX Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| _| Ohm± ñdÀN>ÝXVmdmXr àd¥{Îm H$m àmYmÝ` Wm dhm± {_l Or Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| _| ~m¡pÜXH$Vm H$m g_mdoe hþAm& CÝhm|Zo ZmQ²>èmó H$s {Xem _| ̂ r AZoH$ _m¡{bH$ Ed§ H«$m§{VH$mar à`moJ {H$ò& CZHo$ g^r ZmQ>H$ VrZ A§H$m| Ho$ h¢ Am¡a A§H$m| H$m {d^mOZ Ñí`m| _| Zht {H$`m J`m h¡& AnZo ZmQ>H$m| H$s {df`dñVw Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo B{Vhmg Ho$ n¥ð>m| _| Zht, g_mO Ho$ {dñV¥V A§JZ _| Pm°§H$m Am¡a g_gm_{`H$ g_mO _| {deof én go Zmar H$s pñW{V Am¡a CgH$s g_ñ`mAm| H$mo AnZo Ñ{ï>H$moZ go {M{ÌV {H$`m& ào_ Am¡a {ddmh, àU` Am¡a XmånË`, H$m_ Am¡a Z¡{VH$Vm {df`H$ AZoH$ g_ñ`mAm| H$mo CR>mVo hþE gm_m{OH$ d¡få` H$s n¥ð>^y{_ _| Zmar Am¡a nwéf Ho$ gå~ÝYm| H$m {MÌU AnZo ZmQ>H$m| _| {H$`m& CZHo$ ZmQ>H$m| _| {M{ÌV ór {ejm H$m àgma, Zmar ñdmV§Í`-AmÝXmobZ VWm ZdrZ OrdZ Xe©Z Ho$ \$bñdén AmYw{ZH$ Zmar H$m Eogm én gm_Zo Am`m {Oggo h_mam g_mO A~ VH$ An[a{MV Wm& CZHo$ ZmQ>H$ 'AemoH$', 'g§Ý`mgr','_w{ŠV H$m ahñ`', 'amjg H$m _pÝXa' Am{X {deof à{gÜX h¡&

BZ Xmo à_wI ZmQ>H$H$mam| Ho$ A{V[aŠV Bg ̀ wJ _| AÝ` AZoH$ ZmQ>H$H$mam| Zo ^r ZmQ>H$ {bIo& ̀ Ú{n CZH$m ZmQ>H$-gm{hË` JwU H$s Ñ{ï> go ~hþV g_¥ÜX Zht h¡, bo{H$Z n[aUm_ H$s Ñ{ï> go h_mam Ü`mZ AmH¥$ï> H$aVm h¡& Bg ̀ wJ Ho$ ZmQ>H$-gm{hË` H$mo h_ {ZåZ dJm] _| {d^m{OV H$a gH$Vo h¢-

(H$) Ym{_©H$-nm¡am{UH$ ZmQ>H$ :-Bg `wJ _| am_, H¥$îU, àëhmX, gwXm_m Am{X nm¡am{UH$ M[aÌm| H$mo AmYma

~ZmH$a {b{IV ZmQ>H$mo§ H$s g§»`m eVm{YH$ h¡& ̀ o ZmQ>H$ nm¡am{UH$ Am»`mZmo§ na AmYm[aV hmoZo na ^r amï´>-Jm¡ad Am¡a g_gm_{`H$ amï´>r` MoVZm go n[anyU© h¡& Bg dJ© Ho$ AÝVJ©V A§{~H$mXÎm {ÌnmR>r H$m ' -ñd`§da ZmQ>H$', am_M[aV CnmÜ`m` H$m 'Xodr Ðm¡nXr', am_ Zaoe {ÌnmR>r H$m 'gw^Ðm' VWm 'O`ÝV', J§JmàgmX AamoS>m H$m'gm{dÌr-gË`dmZ', Jm¡are§H$a àgmX H$m 'AOm{_bM[aV ZmQ>H$', n[anyUm©ZÝX d_m© H$m 'dra A{^_Ý`w ZmQ>H$', JmoHw$bMÝÐ d_m© H$m 'O`ÐW-dY' H¡$bmeZmW ^Q>ZmJa H$m '^rî_ à{Vkm', bú_rZmamÙ JJ© H$m 'lrH¥$îUmdVma' h[aAm¡Y H$m 'épŠ_Zr n[aU`' {H$emoarXmg dmOno`r H$m' 'gwXm_m' Am{X CëboI{Z` h¡&

(I) Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$ :-Bg `wJ Ho$ Jm¡U Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$m| _| JUoeXÎm BÝÐ H$m '_hmamUm

g§J«m_qgh', ̂ ±dabmb gmoZr H$m' dra Hw$_ma N>Ìgmb', MÝÐamO ̂ §S>mar H$mo "g_«mQ> AemoH$',

303

~XarZmW ̂ Å> Ho$ 'XwJm©dVr' Am¡a 'MÝÐJwßV', {OVoídaàgmX Zm`b H$m '^maV Jm¡ad AWm©V² g_«mQ> MÝÐJwßV', XeaW AmoPm H$m '{MÎmm¡S> H$s Xodr', bú_rZmamÙ JJ© H$m '_hmamUm àVmn', OJÝZmWàgmX {_{bÝX H$m 'àVmn à{Vkm', CXè§H$a ^Å> H$m '{dH«$_m{XË`', ào_MÝX H$m 'H$~©bm' Am{X CëboIZr` h¡ BZ_| go A{YH$Va ZmQ>H$m| H$mo Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>ZmAm| H$m dmVm©bmn énmÝVa _mÌ H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡&

(J) gm_m{OH$ ZmQ>H$ :-nm¡am{UH$ Am¡a Eo{Îmhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$mo§ Ho$ gmW-gmW Bg ̀ wJ _| AZoH$ gm_m{OH$

ZmQ>H$m| H$s ̂ r aMZm hþB©, {OZ_| H$m¡{eH$ Or H$m 'AË`mMma H$m n[aUm_', Am¡a '{hÝXy {dYdm ZmQ>H$'. ào_MÝX H$m 'g§J«m_', B©ídaràgmX e_m© H$m 'H¥$fH$ XwX©em', gwXe©Z H$m 'A§OZm' Am¡a ^m½`MH«$' Jmo{dÝXdëb^ n§V H$m 'H§$Oyg H$s ImonS>r' Am¡a "A§Jya H$s ~oQ>r', am_oídar àgmX 'am_' H$m 'AN²>VmoÜXma ZmQ>H$' N>{~Xmg nmÊS>o` H$m 'g_mO' Am{X à{gÜX h¡& BZ ZmQ>H$m| _| EH$ àH$ma H$s gm_m{OH$ MoVZm H$s PbH$ {_bVr h¡, {Oggo ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ Bg `wJ Ho$ ZmQ>H$H$ma OrdZ Ho$ ̀ WmW© Ho$ {ZH$Q> AmZo H$m à`ËZ H$a aho Wo&

(K) Jr{VZmQ²>` :-Bg `wJ _| H${Vn` Jr{VZmQ²>` ^r {bIo Jò {OZ_| _¡{WbreaU JwßV H$m

'AZK', h[aH¥$îU ào_r H$m 'ñdU©-{dhmZ', ̂ JdVrMaU d_m© H$m 'Vmam', CXè§H$a ̂ Å> Ho$ '_Ëñ`J§Ym' Am¡a '{díd{_Ì' Am{X CëboIZr` h¡§& BZ_| go 'Vmam' g\$b Jr{VZmQ²>` h¡& ̂ Å> Or Ho$ Jr{VZmQ²>`mo§ _| H${dÎd Ho$ gmW ZmQ>H$s` g§Kf© Am¡a àVrH$mË_H$Vm H$m gwÝXa g_Ýd` {_bVm h¡& Bg ̀ wJ Ho$ AÝ` Jr{VZmQ²>`m| _| Jmo{dÝXdëb^ n§V H$m 'da_mbm' Am¡a CXè§H$a ^Å> H$m '{dÐmo{hZr Aå~m' ̂ r CëboIZr` h¡&

(M) hmñ`-ì`§½` àYmZ ZmQ>H$ :-àgmX ̀ wJ Ho$ nhbo àm`… hmñ` nyU© Ñí`m| H$m g_mdoe {hÝXr ZmQ>H$m| _| hmoVm

Wm, bo{H$Z ewÜX hmñ` ZmQ>H$ H$m g¥OZ H$_ g§»`m _| hr hþAm Wm& Bg ̀ wJ _| AZoH$ hmñ`-ì`§½` àYmZ ZmQ>H$ {bIo JE, {OZ_| gm_m{OH$ Am¡a ì`{ŠVJV Mm[a{ÌH$ {dg§J{V`m| na àH$me S>mbm J`m h¡& Bg àH$ma Ho$ ZmQ>H$ {bIZodmbm| _| Or.nr. lrdmñVd H$m Zm_ {deof CëboIZr` h¢& CZHo$ 'Xw_Xma AmX_r','JS>~S>Pmbm', ZmH$ _o X_ C\©$ OdmZr ~Zm_ ~wT>mnm C\©$ {_`m± H$s OyVr {_`m± Ho$ ga', '^ybMyH$', 'Mmoa Ho$ Ka {N>N>moa',Mmb ~oT>~','gm{hË` H$m gnyV', 'ñdm_r Mm¡IQ>mZÝX' Am{X hmñ¶-ì`§½` àYmZ ZmQ>H$ {deof CëboIZr` h¡&

H$) àgmXmoÎma ̀ wJ :-

àgmXmoÎma H$mb go boH$a AmO VH$ H$m {hÝXr ZmQ>H$ H$B© YmamAm| _| {d^ŠV hmoH$a AnZr {dH$mg H$s `mÌm V` H$a ahm h¡& Bg `wJ _| Eo{Vhm{gH$, nm¡am{UH$, g_ñ`m àYmZ, àVrH$dmXr, ì`{ŠVdmXr MoVZm go AZwàm{UV gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ MoVZm go AZwàm{UV, amOZr{VH$ MoVZm go AZwàm{UV, Jr{VZmQ²>`, ì`§½` ZmQ>H$ VWm {dg§JV ZmQ>H$

304

{bIo Om aho h¡& Bg ̀ wJ Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| H$s _w»` àd¥{Îm`m| H$mo BgàH$ma {díbo{fV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¢-

(1) Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$ :-àgmXmoÎma `wJ _| Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$m| H$m n`m©ßV {dH$mg hþAm& Bg joÌ _|

h[aH¥$îU ào_r, d¥ÝXmdZbmb d_m©, JmoqdXdëb^ n§V, goR> JmoqdXXmg, CXè§H$a ^Å> VWm OJXreMÝÐ _mWwa Am¡a AÝ` H${Vn` ZmQ>H$H$mam| Zo _hËdnyU© `moJ {X`m& h[aH¥$îU ào_r Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$m| _| 'ajm~ÝYZ', '{edm gmYZm', 'à{VemoY', 'ñdßZ^§J', 'Amhþ{V', 'CÜXma', 'enW', '^¾ àmMra', 'AmZ H$m _mZ' Am{X CëboI{Z` h¡& CZHo$ ZmQ>H$m| _| amï´>^{ŠV, AmË_-Ë`mJ, ~{bXmZ, {hÝXy-_wñbr_ EH$Vm Am{X ̂ mdm| Ed§ àd¥{Îm`m| H$mo ñnï> XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& CÝhmo§Z| B{Vhmg H$m Cn`moJ amo_mÝg H$s g¥{ï> Ho$ {bE Zht, A{nVw AmXe© H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ {bE {H$`m h¡&

d¥ÝXmdZbmb d_m© B{Vhmg Ho$ {deofk Wo& CZH$s ̀ h {deofVm CZHo$ ZmQ>H$m| _| ì`ŠV hþB© h¡& CZHo$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$mo§ _| 'Pm±gr H$s amZr', 'nyd© H$s Amoa','~ra~b', 'b{bV {dH«$_' Am{X CëboI{Z` h¡& Jmo{dÝXdëb^ n§V Or Zo AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ Ed§ amOZr{VH$ ZmQ>H$m| H$s aMZm H$s h¡& CZHo$ 'amO_wHw$Q>' Am¡a 'AÝV…nwa H$m {N>ÝÐ' Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$ h¢& amO_wHw$Q> _| _odmS> H$s nÝZm Ym` H$m nwÌ-~{bXmZ VWm Xygao _o§ dËgamO CX`Z Ho$ AÝV…nwa H$s H$bh H$m {MÌU à^mdmoËnmXH$ én _| {H$`m J`m h¡& BZ à_wI ZmQ>H$H$mam| Ho$ Abmdm Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$ {bIZodmbo ZmQ>H$H$mam| Ho$ Zm_ ̂ r CëboI{Z` h¢& {OZ_| MÝÐJwßV {dÚmbÝH$ma Ho$ 'AemoH$' VWm 'aodm' goR> Jmo{dÝXXmg Ho$ 'hf©', 'Hw${bZVm' Am¡a 'e{eJwßV', CXè§H$a ^Å> Ho$ '_w{ŠV-nW', 'Xmha', 'eH$-{dO`', bú_rZmamÙ {_l Ho$ 'Jê$S>-ÜdO, 'dËgamO', '{dVñVm H$s bhao§', 'CnoÝÐZmW' AíH$ H$m 'O`-namO`', OJXreMÝX _mWwa H$m 'H$moUmH©$', XodamO {XZoe Ho$ 'èñdr ̂ moO' Am¡a '_mZd àVmn' MVwagoZ emór H$m 'N>Ìgmb' Am{X h¡&

(2) nm¡am{UH$ ZmQ>H$ :- Bg `wJ _| nm¡am{UH$ ZmQ>H$m| H$s naånam H$m ^r n`m©ßV {dH$mg hþAm& BZ

ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ H$WmZH$ nm¡am{UH$ hmoVo hþE ̂ r CgHo$ ã`mO go AmO H$s g_ñ`mAm| H$m g_mYmZ àñVwV H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m J`m h¡& nm¡am{UH$ M[aÌm| Ûmam {H$gr Zo H$V©ì` Ho$ AmXe© H$mo nmR>H$m| Ho$ gå_wI aadm h¡, {H$gr Zo {H$gr Cno{jV nmÌ Ho$ gmW ghmZw^y{V Ho$ Xmo Am±gy ~hmò h¡& {H$gr Om±{V-nm±{V H$s ̂ oX H$s g_ñ`m H$m g_mYmZ Ty>±T>m h¡ Vmo {H$gr Zo Zmar Ho$ Jm¡ad Ho$ à{V AnZr lÜXm Ho$ \y$b A{n©V {H$ò h¡&'' {d{^ÝZ boIH$m| Zo nm¡am{UH$ AmYma H$mo J«hU H$aVo hþE CËH¥$ï> ZmQ>H$ {bI| {OZ_| à_wI h¡- goR> Jmo{dÝXXmg H$m 'H$V©ì`', MVwagoZ emór H$m '_oKZmX', 'n¥ÏdramO e_m©' H$m 'C{_©bm' gX²JwéeaU AdñWr H$m '_Pbr amZr', am_d¥j doZrnwar H$m 'grVm H$s _m±' {H$emoarXmg dmOno`r H$m 'gwXm_m', MVwagoZ emór H$m 'amYmH¥$îU', H¡$bmeMÝÐ ^Q>ZmJa Ho$ '^r_-à{Vkm', Ed§ 'lrdËg' draoÐHw$_ma JwßV H$m 'gw^Ðm-n[aU`' CX²è§H$a ^Å> Ho$ '{dÐmo{hUr Aå~m', Am¡a 'gmJa {dO`', nmÊS>o` doMoZ e_m© 'CJ«' H$m 'J§Jm H$m ~oQ>m', S>m°. bú_U ñdén H$m 'ZbX_`§Vr' Vmam {_l H$mo Xod`mZr',

305

Jmo{dÝXXmg H$m 'H$U©' C_me§H$a ~hmXwa H$m 'doMZ H$m _mob', H$m_{Z{Y emór H$m 'àUny{V©' Jmo{dÝXdëb^ n§V H$m '``m{V', S>m°. H¥$îUXmg ^maÛmO H$m 'AkmV~mg', bú_rZmamÙ {_l Ho$ 'ZmaX H$s drUm', Am¡a 'MH«$ì`yh', am§Jo` amKd H$m 'ñdJ©^y{_ H$m `mÌr', _wIOu Jw§OZ H$m 'e{ŠVnyOm', gy`©ZmamÙ _y{V© H$m '_hmZme H$s Amoa' Am{X& Bg_| H$moB© g§Xoh Zht {H$ ̀ o ZmQ>H$ {df`-dñVw H$s Ñ{ï> go nm¡am{UH$ hmoVo hþE ̂ r h_| AmO Ho$ OrdZ H$s g§H$sU©VmAm| Ed§ gr_mAm| go Cna CR>H$a OrdZ H$s ì`mnH$Vm Ed§ {dembVm H$m g§Xoe XoVo h¢&

(3) g_ñ`m-àYmZ ZmQ>H$:-Bg `wJ _| g_ñ`m-àYmZ ZmQ>H$m| H$m àMbZ _w»`V: BãgZ, ~Zm©S>© em

Am{X, nmíMmË` ZmQ>H$H$mam| Ho$ à^md go hr hþAm h¡& BZ ZmQ>H$m| _| gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mAm| H$m g_mYmZ {dewÜX ~m¡pÜXH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ go {H$`m J`m h¡& BZ_| {deofV: `m¡Z-g_ñ`mE±, Zmar {ejm, Zmar ñdmV§Í`, {ddmh-g_ñ`m, g§`wŠV-n[adma g_ñ`m, Am¡a Om±{V-nm±{V, D$±M- ZrM gm_m{OH$ d¡få` Am{X g_ñ`mAm| H$m A§H$Z àñVwV {H$`m h¡& Bg dJ© Ho$ ZmQ>H$H$mam| _| bú_rZmamÙ {_l, goR> Jmo{dÝXXmg, CnoÝÐZmW AíH$, d¥ÝXm~Zbmb d_m©, h[aH¥$îU ào_r, S>m°. e§H$a eof, Am¡a S>m°. ̂ rî_ gmhZr H$m _hÎdnyU© ̀ moJXmZ ahm h¡&

bú_rZmamÙ {_l Ho$ g_ñ`m-àYmZ ZmQ>H$m| _| 'g§Ý`mgr', 'amjg H$m _§{Xa', '_w{ŠV H$m ahñ`', '{gÝXya H$s hmobr', 'AmYr amV' Am{X CëboIZr` h¡& CZHo$ A{YH$m§e ZmQ>H$m| _| ̀ m¡Z gå~ÝYr àd¥{Îm`m| Ed§ H$m_-g_ñ`mAm| H$mo hr gdm©{YH$ _hÎd {X`m J`m h¡& BZ ZmQ>H$m| _| ~m¡{ÕH$VmdmX, ̀ WmW©dmX Ed§ \«$m`S>dmX H$s à_wIVm h¡& BZ na BãgZ VWm ~Zm©S>© em H$m ñnï> à^md h¡& goR> Jmo{dÝXXmgOr Zo Eo{Vhm{gH$, nm¡am{UH$ ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ A{V[aŠV gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mAm| H$m {MÌU H$aZodmbo ZmQ>H$ ^r {bIo h¢, {OZ_| à_wI h¢- 'Hw$brZVm' 'godmnW', 'XwI Š`m|?' '{gÜXmÝV ñdmV§Í`' 'Ë`mJ H$m J«hU' 'g§Vmof H$hm±?' "nm{H$ñVmZ', 'Jar~r Am¡a A_rar' VWm '~‹S>m nmnr H$m¡Z' Am{X& goR>Or Zo AnZo BZ ZmQ>H$m| _| AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$s {d{^ÝZ gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ Ed§ amï´>r` g_ñ`mAm| H$m {MÌU g\$bVmnyd©H$ {H$`m h¡&

CnoÝÐZmW AíH$ AmXem}Ý_wI `WmW©dmXr ZmQ>H$H$ma Wo& CÝhm|Zo AnZo ZmQ>H$m| _o§ ì`{ŠV, g_mO Am¡a amï´> H$s {d{^ÝZ g_ñ`mAm| H$m {MÌU Ohm± ̀ WmW© Ho$ ñVa na {H$`m h¡, dhr CgHo$ _yb _| gwYma ̀ m H«$mpÝV H$s ̂ mdZm {Z{hV h¡, Omo AmXe©dmX H$s gyMH$ h¢& CZHo$ à_wI ZmQ>H$m| _| 'ñdJ© H$s PbH$', 'H¡$X', 'CS>mZ', '‹N>Q>m ~oQ>m', VWm 'AbJ-AbJ amñVo' Am¡a 'A§Omo XrXr' {deof CëboIZr` h¡& CÝhm|Zo AnZo ZmQ>H$m| _o§ Zmar-{ejm, Zmar ñdmV§Í`, {ddmh g_ñ`m, g§`wŠV n[adma Am{X go gå~{YV {d{^ÝZ njm| na gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï> go VrIo ì`§½` {H$ò h¢& AZoH$ ZmQ>H$m| _| CÝhm|Zo AmYw{ZH$ g_mO H$s ñdmW©naVm, YZ-bmobwnVm, AZ¡{VH$Vm Am{X H$m ̂ r {MÌU ̀ WmW©dmXr e¡br _o§ {H$`m h¡& AíH$ Or Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| H$s g~go ~S>r {deofVm ̀ h h¢ {H$ do g_ñ`mAm| Am¡a g_mYmZm| H$mo CnXoemË_H$ Ed§ J§^ra én _|§ àñVwV Zht H$aVo, A{nVw CZH$m {ZXe©Z hmñ`-ì`§½` e¡br _| H$aVo h¢, {Oggo CZH$m à^md Am¡a A{YH$ VrIm hmo OmVm h¢&

d¥ÝXmdZbmb d_m© Zo Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ A{V[aŠV gm_m{OH$ ZmQ>H$ ^r {bIo h¢& d_m©Or Zo AnZo ZmQ>H$m| _| {ddmh, Om±{V-nm±{V, D$±M-ZrM gm_m{OH$ d¡få`,

306

ZoVmAm| H$s ñdmW©-namÙVm Am{X go g§~pÝYV {d{^ÝZ àd¥{Îm`m| Ed§ g_ñ`mAm| H$m A§H$Z àñVwV {H$`m h¡& CZHo$ Bg dJ© Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| _| 'amIr H$s bmO', '~m±g H$s \$m±g', '{Ibm¡Zo H$s ImoO' 'Ho$dQ>' ' {ZbH§$R>', 'gJwZ', '{ZñVma' Am¡a 'XoIm-XoIr' Am{X à_wI h¢&

Jmo{dÝXdëb^ n§V Ho$ gm_m{OH$ ZmQ>H$m| _| 'A§Jya H$s ~oQ>r' Am¡a '{gÝXya H$s {~ÝXr' Am{X CëboIZr` h¢& 'A§Jya H$s ~oQ>r' _| _{XamnmZ Ho$ {df` Ed§ ̂ `§H$a n[aUm_m| H$m {X½Xe©Z H$amVo hþE AÝV _o§ Bg ì`gZ go _w{ŠV nmZo H$s {d{Y na àH$me S>mbm J`m h¡& '{gÝXya H$s q~Xr' _| ̂ «ï> Ed§ n[aË`ŠV Zmar H$s g_ñ`m H$m {MÌU AË`ÝV ghmZw^y{Vnyd©H$ àñVwV {H$`m J`m h¡&

n¥ÏdrZmW e_m© Or Zo 'Xw{dYm', 'AnamYr' 'gmY' Am{X gm_m{OH$ ZmQ>H$m| H$s aMZm H$s h¡, {OZ_| CÝ_wŠV ào_, {ddmh VWm gm_m{OH$ Ý`m¶ go gå~pÝYV {d{^ÝZ àíZm| H$mo àñVwV {H$`m h¡& 'Xw{dYm' H$s Zm{`H$m ñdÀN>ÝX-ào_ Ed§ {ddmh _| go {H$gr EH$ H$mo MwZZo H$s Xw{dYm go J«ñV {XImB© JB© h¡&

Bg `wJ Ho$ AÝ` gm_m{OH$ ZmQ>H$H$mam| _| CXè§H$a ^Å>, h[aH¥$îU ào_r, MVwagoZ emór, am_Zaoe {ÌnmR>r, S>m°. e§H$a eof, ^rî_ gmhZr, S>m°. ZaoÝÐ _mohZ, Am{X CëboIZr` h¡&

(4) Jr{VZmQ>²` :- Bg `wJ _| ^mdàYmZ AWm©V Jr{VZmQ²>` H$s aMZm ^r n`m©ßV g§»`m _| hþB©&

Bg dJ© Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ {bò ̂ md à_wIVm Ho$ gmW-gmW nÚ H$m Cn`moJ ̂ r Amdí`H$ hmoVm h¡& AmYw{ZH$ ̀ wJ _| a{MV {hÝXr H$m nhbm Jr{VZmQ>H$ Oè§H$a àgmX Ûmam a{MV 'H$éUmb`" _mZm OmVm h¡& BgHo$ AZ§Va _¡{WbreaU JwßV Ûmam 'gZK' h[aH¥$îU ào_r Ûmam '{~hmZ' CXè§H$a ^Å> Ûmam '_Ëñ`J§Ym' '{dídm{_Ì' Am¡a 'amYm' ^JdVrMaU d_m© Ûmam 'Vmam' Am{X g\$b Jr{VZmQ>H$m| H$s aMZm hþB©& Jr{V ZmQ>H$m| H$s Bg naånam _| gw{_ÌmZÝXZ n§V Ho$ 'aOV {eIa' Am¡a '{eënr' ({Og_o§ CZHo$ Zm¡ Jr{V-ZmQ²>` g§J«{hV h¡), S>m°. Y_©dra ̂ maVr H$m 'A§Ym`wJ', {J[aOmHw$_ma _mWwa Ho$ 'H$ënmÝVa', 'X§Jm' Am¡a 'am_', Ako` H$m 'CÎma {à`Xeu', Am¡a Xwî`ÝVHw$_ma Ho$ 'EH$ H§$R> {dfnm`r' VWm AmagràgmX qgh Ho$ '_X{ZH$m' Am¡a 'YynN>m±d', OmZH$sdëb^ emór Ho$ nm§Mmbr', '_XZ XhZ', 'Jmonm', 'Cd©er', 'nmfmUr', {gÜXZmW Hw$_ma Ho$ 'g¥{ï> H$s gm±P', '{dH$bm§Jmo§ H$m Xoe' 'bm¡h `wJ' 'g§Kf©', Ho$XmaZmW {_l 'à^mV' Ho$ 'ñdUm}X`', 'A§Jw{b_mb' 'g§dÎm©' VWm '_mZd {ZíM` hr bm¡Q>oJm' Am{X {deof CëboIZr` h¡&

(5) àVrH$dmXr ZmQ>H$ :-àVrH$dmXr ZmQ>H$m| H$s naånam H$m CËWmZ àgmX Or Ho$ 'H$m_Zm' ZmQ>H$ go

_mZm OmVm h¡& BZHo$ AZ§Va {bIo Jò àVrH$dmXr ZmQ>H$m| _| gw{_ÌmZÝXZ n§V H$m 'Á`moËgZm', ̂ JdVràgmX dmOno`r H$m 'N>bZm', goR> Jmo{dÝXXmg H$m 'Zdag', Hw$_ma öX` H$m 'ZŠeo H$m a§J' Am{X CëboI{Z` h¡& AmJo MbH$a Am¡a ^r H$B© boIH$m| Zo àVrH$mË_H$ ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ H$s {dg§J{V`m| Ho$ CX²KmQ>Z H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡& Bg Ñ{ï> go S>m°. bú_rZmamÙ bmb Ho$ '_mXmH¡$ŠQ>g', gwÝXa ag', 'Xn©Z, kmZXod A{½ZhmoÌr H$m

307

'eVw_w©J©', gd}ídaX`mb gŠgoZm H$m '~H$ar' Am{X ZmQ>H$ {deof CëboIZr` h¡&

(6) gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ MoVZm go AZwàm{UV ZmQ>H$ :-gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ MoVZm go AZwàm{UV ZmQ>H$H$mam| Zo OrdZ H$mo ì`mnH$

Ñ{ï> go XoIVo hþE CgHo$ {d{^ÝZ A§Jm|, njm| Am¡a énm| H$m {MÌU gyú_Vmnyd©H$ {H$`m h¡, {Og_| ì`{ŠV, n[adma, g_mO Ed§ g§ñH¥${V Ho$ {d{^ÝZ VÏ`m| Ed§ VËdm| H$m CX²KmQ>Z ghO hr hmo nm`m h¡& {deofV: AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| CËnÝZ Z¡{VH$ Ed§ gm_m{OH$ _yë`m| Ho$ {dKQ>Z d gm§ñH¥${VH$ nVZ H$s pñW{V go AdJV H$admZo H$s Ñ{ï> go Bg dJ© Ho$ boIH$m| H$m `moJXmZ AË`ÝV _hËdnyU© h¡& Bg dJ© Ho$ ZmQ>H$H$mam| _| OJXreMÝÐ _mWwa, {dîUw à^mH$a, Zaoe _ohVm, {dZmoX añVmoJr, S>m°. bú_rZmamÙ bmb, S>m°. e§H$a eof, ^rî_ gmhZr, à^y{V H$s aMZmE± AmVr h¡&

O`XreMÝÐ _mWwa Zo 'H$moUmH©$', 'nhbm amOm', 'XeaW Z§XZ', Am{X ZmQ>H$m| _| AmXem}Ý_wIr ÑpîQ> go gm_m{OH$, Z¡{VH$ Ed§ gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë`m| H$s ajm Ho$ {bE à`mg {H$`m h¡& H$moUmH©$ _| Ohm± EH$ {eënr Ed§ H$bm {dÛofr emgH$ H$m g§Kf© {XIm`m J`m h¡ Vmo 'nhbm amOm' _| amOm n¥Ww Ho$ nm¡am{UH$ Am»¶mZ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go ì`{ŠV Am¡a amOgÎmm H$m AÝVÛ©ÝÛ {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡& 'XeaWZÝXZ' _| am_ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go ì`{ŠV H$m AÝVÛ©ÝÛ àñVwV hþAm h¡&

Bg dJ© Ho$ à_wI ZmQ>H$H$mam| _| S>m°. bú_rZmamÙ bmb H$m Zm_ CëboIZr` h¡& CZH$s à_wI aMZmAm| _| 'A§Ym-Hw$Am±' 'amVamZr', 'Xn©U', 'H$ß`y©', 'AãXwëbm {XdmZm', 'EH$ gË` h[aíMÝÐ', '{_ñQ>a A{^_Ý`w' Am{X _hËdnyU© h¡& S>m°. bmb Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| H$m joÌ AË`ÝV ì`mnH$ h¡, {OZ_| ^maVr` Jm±dmo§ go boH$a AË`mYw{ZH$ ehar OrdZ H$s {d{^ÝZ nm[adm[aH$, gm_m{OH$ Ed§ amOZr{VH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, _Zmod¡km{ZH$ g_ñ`mAm| H$m {ZénU Hw$ebVmnyd©H$ {H$`m J`m h¡& dñVwV: BZHo$ ZmQ>H$ OrdZ Ed§ g_mO H$s {d{^ÝZ Ag§J{V`m| Am¡a {df_VmAm| H$m CX²KmQ>Z g\$bVmnyd©H$ H$aVo h¡&

{dîUw à^mH$a Zo 'S>m°ŠQ>a', '`wJo-`wJo H«$m§{V' "Qy>Q>Vo n[adoe' Am{X ZmQ>H$mo§ _| nm[adm[aH$ Ed§ gm_m{OH$ OrdZ H$s H${Vn` g_ñ`mAm| H$mo {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡& Zaoe _ohVm Zo 'gw~h Ho$ KÊQ>o' _| AmYw{ZH$ amOZr{V {deofV: X{b` àOmV§Ì-àUmbr H$s {df_VmAm| H$m CX²KmQ>Z {H$`m h¡& gmW hr CÝhmo§Zo AnZo Xygao ZmQ>H$ 'IpÊS>V ̀ mÌmE±' _| AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ _| Qy>Q>Vo hþE _yë`m| H$s ì`maì`m H$s h¡& {dZmoX añVmoJr Zo AnZo ZmQ>H$ 'Zò hmW' Am¡a '~\©$ H$s _rZma' _| H«$_e: OÝ_tX§mar CÝ_ybV Ho$ \$bñdén CËnÝZ pñW{V Ed§ AmYw{ZH$ n[adma H$s _Z:pñW{V H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡& S>m°. e§H$a eoof Zo AnZo ZmQ>H$m| _| {d{^ÝZ _mZd ̂ mdZmAm| H$m {díbofU H$aVo hþE ì`{ŠV, g_mO Ed§ g§ñH¥${V Ho$ joÌ _| ì`mßV AÝVÛ©ÝÛ H$mo CX²Km{Q>V H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡& Bg Ñ{ï> go CZHo$ '{~Z ~mVr Ho$ Xrn', '\$ÝXr', 'IOwamhm| H$m {eënr', 'EH$ Am¡a ÐmoUmMm`©' CëboIZr` h¡&

(7) ì`{ŠVdmXr MoVZm go AZwàm{UV ZmQ>H$ :-Bg dJ© Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| _| _w»`V: _mohZ amHo$e, gwaoÝÐ d_m©, a_oe ~jr, _wÐmamjg

Am{X ZmQ>H$H$mam| H$s aMZmE± AmVr h¡& _mohZ amHo$e Zo AnZo ZmQ>H$ 'AmfmT> H$m EH$ {XZ',

308

'bham| Ho$ amOh§g', Am¡a "AmYo AYyao' _| ì`{ŠV Ed§ g_mO Ho$ ÛÝÛ go CËnÝZ H${Vn` {d{^ÝZ pñW{V`m| H$m {MÌU {d{^ÝZ H$WmZH$m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go {H$`m h¡& 'AmfmT> H$m EH$ {XZ ' g§ñH¥$V Ho$ _hmH${d H$m{bXmg H$s OrdZr Ed§ 'bham| Ho$ amOh§g' AídKmof Ho$ 'gm¡ÝXaZ§X' na AmYm[aV h¢ {H$ÝVw XmoZm| _| hr àmMrZ {df` dñVw Ho$ _mÜ`_ go AmYw{ZH$ ̀ wJ H$s g§doXZmAm|-_w»`V: ì`{ŠV Ho$ Ah§, H$m_, ào_ Am{X go gå~pÝYV AÝVÛ©ÝÛ H$s ì`ÝOZm g\$bVmnyd©H$ H$s JB© h¡& 'AmYo AYyao' _| naånamJV Z¡{VH$ _yë`m| Ed§ AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ Ñ{ï> Ho$ ~rM K{Q>V g§Kf© H$m {MÌU H$aVo hþE XmånË` Ed§ nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ Ho$ {dKQ>Z H$mo aoIm§{H$V {H$`m J`m h¡& CZHo$ ZmQ>H$ a§J_§M Ed§ {eën H$s Ñ{ï> go ̂ r AË`ÝV g\$b {gÜX hþE h¡&

gwaoÝÐ d_m© Zo 'Ðm¡nXr', 'gy`© H$s A§{V_ {H$aU go gy`© H$s nhbr {H$aU VH$' Ed§ "AmR>dm§° gJ©' Am{X ZmQ>H$m| _o§ naånamJV _mÝ`VmAm| H$mo MwZm¡Vr XoVo hþE Zmar-nwéf Ho$ `m¡Z-gå~ÝYm| H$s ñdV§ÌVm, d¡dm{hH$ ~ÝYZ H$s {ZñgmaVm, gm{hË` _| AíbrbVm Am{X Ho$ gå~ÝY _| Zò Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$mo àñVwV H$aZo H$s Moï>m H$s h¡&

Bgr naånam H$mo AmJo ~T>mVo hþE a_oe ~jr Zo AnZo ZmQ>H$ 'Xod`mZr H$m H$hZm h¡' _| EH$ Amoa Vmo d¡dm{hH$ g§ñWm H$s Cn`mo{JVm na àíZ{MÝh bJm`m h¡§ Vmo AnZo Xygao ZmQ>H$ ' Vrgam hmWr' _| Xygar Amoa ̀ wdm nrT>r Ho$ {bE {nV¥Ëd Ho$ ~moP H$mo hmWr H$m ~moP {gÜX {H$`m h¡&

Bg dJ© Ho$ AÝ` ZmQ>H$H$ma _wÐmamjg Zo AnZo '{VbMÅ>m' ZmQ>H$ _| H$m_, ào_ Am¡a {ddmh Ho$ gå~ÝY _o§ naånamJV _yë`m| Ho$ à{V {dÐmoh {H$`m h¡, Vmo Xygao ZmQ>H$ '¶mog© \o$W\w$br' _| H$m`m©b` Ho$ ~m~y bmoJm| H$s ̀ §ÌUm H$mo ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡& {ZîH$f©V: H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ Bg dJ© Ho$ ZmQ>H$H$mam| H$s Ñ{ï> _w»`V: ì`{ŠV ñdmV§Í`, Ah§, H$m_ Ed§ ñdÀN>ÝX ào_ gå~ÝYm| Ho$ {MÌU _| hr A{YH$ Ho$pÝÐV ahr {OgHo$ \$bñdén naånamJV _yë`m| Ed§ AmXem] H$m {damoY ñdm^m{dH$ Wm&

(8) amOZr{VH$ MoVZm go AZwàm{UV ZmQ>H$ :-d¡go Vmo amOZr{VH$ {df`m| H$mo boH$a ZmQ>H$ {bIZo H$s naånam ~hþV nwamZr

ahr h¡, bo{H$Z AmR>do XeH$ _| '^maVr` amOZr{V _| {Og àH$ma VoOr go CVma-MT>md Am`m CgHo$ à^md go {hÝXr _| Eogo H$B© ZmQ>H$ {bIo Jò h¢ {Og_| g_H$mbrZ amOZr{VH$ n[apñW{V`m| na àË`j `m AàË`j én _| VrIm ì`§½` {H$`m J`m h¡& BZ_| EH$ Amoa Vmo àOmV§Ì Ho$ Zm_ na OZVm H$m emofU H$aZodmbo CZ amOZr{VH$m| H$m ̂ §S>m\$moS> {H$`m J`m h¡ Omo {H$ MwZmd OrVZo Ho$ {bE Ed§ gÎmm H$s àm{ßV Ho$ {bE {d{^ÝZ àH$ma Ho$ nmIÊS>m| Ed§ PyR>o AmídmgZm| H$m Aml` J«hU H$aVo h¡ Vmo Xygar Amoa BZ_| gÎmmYmar dJ© Ho$ Ûmam {H$ò OmZodmbo XwamMma, ^«ï>mMma Ed§ AZmMma H$m ^r {MÌU ñnï> én _| {H$`m J`m h¡& AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| amOZr{VH$ ZoVmAm| Ho$ AmXem], _yë`m| Ed§ {dídmgm| Ho$ nVZ H$m EH$ amoMH$ {MÌ BZ ZmQ>H$H$mam| Zo AnZr-AnZr Ñ{ï> go àñVwV {H$`m h¡& BZ_| X`m àH$me {gÝhm Ho$'B{Vhmg-MH«$', Ed§ 'H$Wm EH$ H§$g H$s', {d{nZ AJ«dmb H$m 'D$±Mr-ZrMr Q>m±J H$m Om§{K`m', h_rXwëbm H$m 'g_`-g§X^©' {J[aamO {H$emoa H$m 'àOm hr ahZo Xmo', gwerbHw$_ma qgh H$m 'qghmgZ Imbr h¡!' _{U _YwH$a H$m 'ag-J§Yd©', kmZXod A{½ZhmoÌr H$m 'ewVwa_wJ©', gd}ídaX`mb gŠgoZm H$m '~H$ar', ^rî_ gmhZr Ho$ 'hmZye' VWm 'H${dam IS>m ~mOma _|

309

'Am{X {deof én go CëboIZr` h¡&

(9) Zmar MoVZm go AZwàm{UV ZmQ>H$ :- Bg dJ© Ho$ ZmQ>H$H$mam| Zo Zmar dJ© H$s {d{^ÝZ ñ_ñ`mAmo§ H$mo {^ÝZ {^ÝZ

Ñ{ï>H$moZ go àñVwV {H$`m h¡& Bg Ñ{ï> go h_rXwëbm H$m '»`mb ̂ ma_br', {dîUw à^mH$a H$m 'A~ Am¡a Zhr' {J[aamO {H$emoa H$m 'Ho$db _oam Zm_ bmo' ̂ rî_ gmhZr H$m '_mYdr' _wXybm JJ© H$m 'EH$ Am¡a AOZ~r' Am{X ZmQ>H$ {deof CëboIZr` h¡& '»`mb ̂ ma_br' ZmQ>H$ H$s _yb g_ñ`m Zmar Ho$ emofU go gå~pÝYV h¡, {OZ_o§ Xmo ñVam| na Om{VJV AÝ`m` Ed§ dJ© g§Kf© H$mo CR>m`m J`m h¡& 'A~ Am¡a Zht ' ZmQ>H$ _mZdr` g§doXZmAm| go g§nÝZ h¡& Bg_| Zmar OrdZ H$s {dg§J{V`m| H$m {MÌU H$aVo hþE ̀ h ~Vm`m J`m h¡§ {H$ CgHo$ OrdZ H$s gmW©H$Vm AnZo ì`{ŠVËd Ho$ ñdV§Ì Ed§ gmW©H$ Vbme _| h¡ Z {H$ AmË_ g_n©U Am¡a {Z^©aVm _|& 'Ho$db _oam Zm_ bmo' _| {nVm-nwÌr Ho$ gå~ÝYm| H$s _Zmod¡km{ZH$ J«ÝWr H$m CX²KmQ>Z nmíMmË` n[adoe Ho$ AZwén {H$`m h¡& ~«O{H$emoa lrdmñVd Ho$ 'ZtX H$s Xama|' ZmQ>H$ _| g§`wŠV n[adma Ho$ Qy>Q>Z H$s H$hmZr {M{ÌV h¡& ̂ rî_ gmhZr Ho$ '_mYdr' ZmQ>H$ _| ̀ wJm|-`wJm| go emo{fV Zmar H$mo dmUr XoZo H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡&

(10) ì`§½` ZmQ>H$ :-Bg dJ© Ho$ ZmQ>H$H$mam| _| eaX Omoer VWm S>m°. {dZ` Ho$ Zm_ {deof

CëboIZr` h¢& eaX Omoer Zo 'A§Ym| H$m hmWr', Ed§ 'EH$ Wm JYm C\©$ AbXmX Im±' ZmQ>H$ Ho$ Ûmam VWm S>m°. {dZ` Zo 'nhbm {dÐmoh' Am¡a 'BÝh| OmZVo h¢' Am{X Ho$ Ûmam ì`§½` ZmQ>H$m| H$s naånam H$mo AmJo ~T>m`m h¡&

BgHo$ A{V[aŠV Zd| XeH$ _| Hw$N> _{hbm ZmQ>H$H$mam| Zo ̂ r {hÝXr ZmQ>H$ H$mo AnZm _hËdnyU© ̀ moJXmZ {X`m h¢& BZ_| S>m°. Hw$gw_ Hw$_ma, _¥Umb nmÊS>o, {Ìnwamar e_m©, em§{V _oëhmoÌm, _ÝZw ̂ §S>mar, _¥Xybm JJ© Am{X {deof én go CëboIZr` h¡& BZ ZmQ>H$m| _| S>m°.Hw$gw_ Hw$_ma Ho$ '{Xëbr C±Mm gwZVr h¢, "g§ñH$ma H$mo Z_ñH$ma" Am¡a 'amdU brbm' Am{X _hËdnyU© h¡ _¥Umb nmÊS>o H|$ 'AmX_r Omo _Nw>Amam Zht Wm', 'Mmoa {ZH$b ^mJm', '_w{ŠV nW ' '_m¡OwXm hmbmV H$mo XoIVo hþE' VWm {Ìnwamar e_m© Ho$ '~hÿ', '~mT> H$s JmS>r, ~m§P KmQ>r', 'aoe_r é_mb, em§{V _ohbmoÌm H$m 'EH$ Am¡a [ab,' _ÝZw ̂ §S>mar H$m '_hm^moO' Am¡a _¥Xwbm JJ© H$m 'EH$ Am¡a AOZ~r' CëboIZr` h¡&

Bg àH$ma {hÝXr ZmQ>H$ H$m {dH$mg AZoH$ énm|Am| AZoH$ {XemAm| _| hþAm h¡& AnZo ̀ wJ Am¡a g_mO H$s ZdrZV_ pñW{V`m|, n[apñW{V`m|, g§doXZmAm| Am¡a AZw^y{V`m| H$mo ì`§{OV H$aZo H$s ÑpîQ> go {hÝXr ZmQ>H$ nyU© gj_ Ed§ g\$b h¡&

13.4 ~moY àíZ …-

1. {hÝXr ZmQ>H$ Ho$ {dH$mgH«$‘ H$mo aoIm§{H$V H$s{OE?2. ^maVoÝXþ ¶wJrZ ZmQ>H$ H$s [deofVmAm| H$m C„oI H$s{OE?

310

311

{hÝXr {Z~ÝY gm{hË` H$m {dH$mg



14.2 àñVmdZm

14.3 {hÝXr {Z~§Y gm{hË¶ H$m AÜ¶¶Z

14.4 ~moY àíZ

14.1 BH$mB© H$m CÔoí¶ …-

Bg BH$mB© H$m CÔoí¶ {hÝXr {Z~§Y gm{hË¶ H$m AÜ¶¶Z H$aZm h¡& BgHo$ A§VJ©V {dÚmWu {hÝXr {Z~§Y H$m Aä¶wËWmZ, {hÝXr {Z~§Y H$m n[a‘mO©Z, {hÝXr {Z~§Y H$m CËH$f©, {hÝXr {Z~§Y H$m àgmaU H$s {dñV¥V OmZH$mar hm{gb H$a gH|$Jo Am¡a à‘wI {Z~§YH$ma Am¡a CZHo$ Ûmam {b{IV {Z~§Ymo H$m ̂ r AÜ¶¶Z H$a gH|$Jo&

14.2 àñVmdZm …-

"^maVoÝXþ h[aíM§Ð' Ho$ AmZo go {hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$mo Z¶r {Xem {‘br CÝhmoZo H$B© {dYmE± {hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$mo Xr CZ‘| go EH$ {Z~§Y h¡& ^maVoÝXþ ¶wJ gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ hbMb H$m ¶wJ Wm& boIH$m| Zo g‘mO gwYma H$s ̂ mdZm go ào[aV hmoH$a gm{hpË¶H$ boI, Am¡a à^mdmoËnmXH$ e¡br H$m à¶moJ H$a {Z~§Y aMZm H$s Omo H$mb Ho$ AZwê$n Am¡a Amdí¶H$ Wr&

14.3 {hÝXr {Z~§Y gm{hË¶ H$m AÜ¶¶Z …-

'{Z~ÝY' JÚ gm{hË` H$s EH$ {deof {dYm h¡& {hÝXr _| {Z~ÝY H$m g_w{MV gwÌnmV amï´>r` OmJaU Ho$ Cf:H$mb ̂ maÝVoÝXw H$mb _| hþAm& BgHo$ H$maU ñnï> hr h¢- EH$ Vmo A~ JÚ H$m {dH$mg hmo MwH$m Wm Am¡a Xygao _wÐUV§Ì VWm g_mMma nÌm| Ho$ àMbZ Zo gm{hË` Ho$ Bg A§J H$mo àmoËgmhZ {X`m& BgHo$ A{V[aŠV ̂ maVoÝXw ̀ wJ Ho$ gm{hË`H$ma na {d{dY_wIr Xm{`Ëd Wm; {OgH$s ny{V© JÚ gm{hË` Ho$ AÝ` AÝJm| H$s Anojm {Z~ÝY Ho$ Ûmam ghO VWm g~b én_| hmo gH$Vr Wr& ̂ maVoÝXw nyd© H$mb _| Cg gm_m{OH$ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ MoVZm H$m ̂ r CÝ_oe Zht hþAm Wm; {OgZo AmYw{ZH$ ̀ wJ Ho$ {Z~ÝYmo§ _| àmU \y$±Ho$&

^maVoÝXw `wJ go boH$a A~ VH$ Ho$ {Z~ÝY gm{hË` H$mo Mma {d^mJm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡§&-

(1) ^maVoÝXw ̀ wJ (gZ² 1857-1900) '{hÝXr {Z~ÝY H$m Aä`wËWmZ'

14

(2) {ÛdoXr ̀ wJ (gZ² 1900-1920) '{hÝXr {Z~ÝY H$m n[a_mO©Z'(3) ewŠb ̀ wJ (gZ² 1920-1940) '{hÝXr {Z~ÝY H$m CËH$f©'(4) ewŠbmoÎma ̀ wJ (gZ² 1940- A~VH$) '{hÝXr {Z~ÝY H$m àgaU&

(1)^maVoÝXw ̀ wJ: {hÝXr {Z~ÝY H$m Aä`wËWmZ

^maVoÝXw `wJ Ho$ gm{hË`H$ma na {ZpíMV én go {d{dY_wIr Xm{`Ëd Wm& Ohm± EH$ Amoa Cgo gm_m{OH$ gwYma H$aZm Wm; dhm± Xygar Amoa gm§ñH¥${VH$ MoVZm H$m g_w{MV {dH$mg H$aZm ̂ r Cgo A{^îQ> Wm& EH$ Amoa Cgo {ejm H$m A{YH$m{YH$ àgma H$aZm Wm, Vmo Xygar Amoa Cgo gm{hË` Ho$ {d{dY A§Jmo H$mo nwð> H$aZm dm§N>Zr` Wm& BZ gånyU© Xm{`Ëd H$s ny{V© H$aZo Ho$ {bE {OVZm {Z~ÝY Cn`moJr hmo gH$Vm h¡; CVZr gm{hË` H$s Xygar {dYm Zht& àm`: Bg ̀ wJ Ho$ gm{hË`H$ma, gånmXH$ Am¡a boIH$ ̂ r h¡& BÝhm|Zo AnZr nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| _| gm_m{OH$ {df`mo§; 'gm_m{`H$ AmÝXmobZm| VWm Xygao AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ {df`m| H$s MMm© {Z~ÝYm| Ho$ én _| H$s h¡& AV: Bg ̀ wJ Ho$ {Z~ÝYm| _| Ohm± {df` ì`mnH$Vm h¢, dhm± CZ_| nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ ^r g^r JwU h¡§& CZHo$ {Z~ÝYmo§ H$s g_ñ`mE± OZVm H$s g_ñ`mE± Wr; AV: Bg ̀ wJ Ho$ {Z~ÝY gm{hË` _| VËH$mbrZ `wJ H$s g_J« MoVZm gå`H²$ én go à{V{~på~V hþ`r h¡& JÚ Ho$ {H$gr gd©-ñdrH¥$V én Ho$ A^md _| ̂ mfm Am¡a e¡br _| EH$énVm H$m AmZm Bg ̀ wJ Ho$ {Z~ÝYm|§ _| H${R>Z Wm; AV: Bg joÌ _| d¡`{ŠVH$ à`moJ hr MbVo aho& AñVy ! Bg `wJ _| {Z~ÝY Iy~ {bIo Jò Am¡a gå^dV: Bg ̀ wJ Ho$ JÚ-gm{hË` H$m g~go CÝZV A§J {Z~ÝY hr h¡& Bg ̀ wJ Ho$ à_wI {Z~ÝYH$ma h¡- ̂ maVoÝXw, ~mbH¥$îU ̂ Å>, àVmnZmam`Z {_l, ~XarZmamÙ Mm¡Yar ào_KZ, ÁdmbmàgmX, VmoVmam_, Apå~H$mXÎm ì`mg, Am¡a amYmMaU Jmoñdm_r à^y{V Am{X&

(1) ̂ maVoÝXw h[aíMÝÐ- (1850-1885)-^maVoÝXw h[aíMÝÐ gd©Vmo_wIr à{V^m gånÝZ {hÝXr Ho$ àW_ {Z~ÝYH$ma

h¢& H${dVm Am¡a ZmQ>H$ Ho$ g_mZ BZHo$ {Z~ÝYmo§ H$s n[a{Y ̂ r ~hþV ì`mnH$ h¡& B{Vhmg, Y_©, g_mO, amOZr{V, AmbmoMZm, ImoO-`mÌm, àH¥${V-dU©Z, AmË_M[aV Am¡a ì`§½`-{dZmoX Am{X g^r {df`m| na Bg _hm_mZd Zo H$b_ CR>m`r h¡&

CÝhm|Zo AnZo Ym{_©H$ {Z~ÝYm| _| A§Y{dídmgmo§; {_Ï`m naånamAm| Am¡a ~mø-AmS>å~am| na VrIr MmoQ> H$s h¡& gm_m{OH$ {Z~ÝYm| _| Hw$ar{V`m| H$m IwbH$a {damoY {H$`m h¢ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ {Z~ÝYm| _| {dXoer emgZ na _rR>o-VrIo ì`§½` H$go h¡& BZHo$ ̀ mÌm-dU©Z AË`ÝV gOrd Am¡a àmH¥${VH$ {Z~ÝY AVrd _Zmohar h¡& 'H$mpí_a-Hw$gw_', 'H$mbMH«$', '~mXemh Xn©Z' Am{X {Z~ÝYm| _| CZH$s gyú_ Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ñ{ï> H$m n[aM` {_bVm h¡& Vmo 'd¡ÚZmWYm_', 'h[aÛma Am¡a ga`wnma H$s ̀ mÌm' gå~pÝY {Z~ÝYm| _| ̂ maVr` g§ñH¥${V Ed§ ̂ maV^y{_ Ho$ à{V AZwamJ N>bH$Vm h¡&

^maVoÝXw Ho$ {Z~ÝYm| _| {df` Ho$ AZwén {d{^ÝZ àH$ma H$s ̂ mfme¡{b`m| H$m à`moJ hþAm h¢& CZH$s ̂ mfm _| _m{_©H$ A{^ì`ÝOZm.. gOrd ~hþénVm Am¡a _Z_mohH$ ñdÀN>Vm {_bVr h¡& Cg_| H$ht ñdm^m{dH$ Ab§H$ma `moOZm h¢, Vmo H$ht JmoñQ>r-dmVm©bmn H$m T>ÝJ AmnZm`m J`m h¡& VmOJr, {OÝXm{Xbr, AmpË_`Vm, ì`{ŠVËd H$s A{^ì`ÝOZm, _m¡{bH$Vm

312

Am¡a ì`§½`mË_H$Vm BZHo$ {Z~ÝYm| Ho$ {d{eï> JwU h¡& {deofH$a BZHo$ {Z~ÝY ì`m»`mË_H$ Am¡a {dMmamË_H$ e¡br _| {bIo Jò h¡& 'bodr àmUbodr, ñdJ© _| {dMma g^m H$m A{YdoeZ', 'Om{V {ddoMZr g^m', nm±Mdo n¡Jå~a', 'A±J«oO ómoV', H$ÊH$S> ñVmoÌ' Am{X BZHo$ à{gÜX {Z~ÝY h¡&

(2) ~mbH¥$îU ̂ Å> -ò ̂ maVoÝXw ̀ wJ Ho$ à{V^membr boIH$, g§ñH¥$V Ho$ àH$mÊS> n§{S>V VWm ̀ wJ

Ho$ gd©loð> {Z~ÝYH$ma _mZo OmVo h¡& BÝhm|Zo gm{hpË`H$, Z¡{VH$, _Zmod¡km{ZH$, amOZr{VH$, gm_m{OH$ Am{X AZoH$ {df`m| na gwÝXa {Z~ÝY {bIo& ̂ Å>Or nmíMmË` {Z~ÝYH$ma 'E{S>gZ' go A{YH$ à^m{dV Wo& BÝhm|Zo '{hÝXr-àXrn' n{ÌH$m Ho$ gånmXZ Ho$ gmW hr gmW dU©ZmË_H$, {ddaUmË_H$, {dMmamË_H$, Ed§ ̂ mdmË_H$ g^r àH$ma Ho$ {Z~ÝY {bIo& ̂ Å>Or Ho$ {Z~ÝYm| _| {dMmam| H$s _m¡{bH$Vm, {df` H$s ì`mnH$Vm Am¡a e¡br H$s amoMH$Vm {dÚ_mZ h¢& 'gm{hË`-gw_Z', '^Å> {Z~ÝYmdbr', '^Å> {Z~ÝY_mbm' Am{X CZHo$ {Z~ÝY g§J«h à{gÜX h¡& BZHo$ à_wI {Z~ÝYm| Ho$ Zm_ h¢ - 'MméM[aÌ', M[aÌ-nmbZ, à{V^m, 'AmË_{Z^©aVm', 'Am±gy', _w½Y-_mYwar, 'h_mao _Z H$s' _Ywàd¥{Îm, 'H$ënZm', _mYw`©, MbZ, Amem, _mVm H$m ñZoh, 'MÝÐmoX`', eÝH$amMm`©, 'ZmZH$', 'Bp½be nT>o Vmo ~m~y hmo`' Am{X&

(3) n§. àVmnZmam`Z {_l -ò '~m÷U' Ho$ gånmXH$ Wo& BÝhm|Zo ̂ r {d{^ÝZ {df`m| na boI {bIo& BZHo$

{Z~ÝYm| _| _whmdam| H$m à`moJ AË`{YH$ _mÌm _| hþAm h¢& AZwàmg Am¡a íbof Ho$ M_ËH$ma go ̀ o AnZo nmR>H$ Ho$ gmW nyU© AmpË_`Vm ñWm{nV H$a boVo h¢& BZHo$ A~ VH$ Mma {Z~ÝY g§J«h àH$m{eV hmo MwHo$ h¢- (1) '{Z~ÝY ZdZrV', (2) 'àVmn nr`yf', (3) 'àVmn-g_rjm', (4) 'àVmnZmam`Z J«ÝWmdbr&' BZHo$ à{gÜX {Z~ÝY h¢- ~mV, d¥ÜX, YmoIm, XmZ, Ammn, ^m¢, hmobr, ~oJma [aídV nwÀN>, _mZg-ahñ`, OdmZr H$s g¡a, h_mam H$V©ì`, _Zmo`moJ, {ed_y{V©, ~ÝXam| H$s g^m, g_PXma H$s _m¡V Am{X& {_lOr Ho$ {Z~ÝYm| _| BZHo$ ì`{ŠVËd H$s N>mn ñnï> Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVr h¢& BZH$s e¡br _| gm_{`H$ ̂ mfm Ho$ JwU-AdJwU hmoVo hþò ̂ r AmpË_`Vm Am¡a amoMH$Vm H$m AmH$f©U ^wbm`m Zht Om gH$Vm& BZHo$ {Z~ÝYm| _| H$ht§-H$ht dmŠ` H$m {dbjU Am¡a Xw~m}Y én ̂ r {_bVm h¡& gmam§eV: {_lOr '_Z H$s ñdÀN>ÝX ̂ Q>H$Z' àUmbr Ho$ {Z~ÝYH$ma Wo&

(4) ~mb_wHw$ÝX JwßV -BÝhm|Zo '~§Jdmgr', '^maV-{_Ì' Am{X H$m gånmXZ H$aVo hþò {Z~ÝY

{bI|& BZHo$ {Z~ÝYm| _| {dXoer emgH$m| H$s Zr{V na VrúU ì`§½` {H$`m J`m h¡& {Z~ÝY boIZ _| BÝhm|Zo AnZm CnZm_ '{edeå^y' aadm Wm& BZHo$ {Zå~ÝY '{edeå^y Ho$ {MÆ>m' Zm_ go à{gÜX h¡& H$ht-H$ht BZH$m ì`§½` ~S>m VrIm hmo J`m h¡§& BZHo$ {Z~ÝYm| _| AVrV-ào_ Ho$ gmW amOZr{VH$ {dMmam| H$s gOJVm {deof Câr hþ`r h¡§& BÝhm|Zo H$B© OrdZ-M[aÌ VWm '{hÝXr ̂ mfm', '{bnr', 'ì`mH$aU' Am¡a 'amï´>^mfm' Am{X Ho$ gå~ÝY _| {Z~ÝY {bI|&

313

(5) Mm¡Yar n§. ~XarZmamÙ 'ào_KZ'BZHo$ {Z~ÝY BZHo$ Ûmam gånm{XV Xmo n{ÌH$mAm| _|- 'AmZÝX-H$mXpå~Zr'

(_m{gH$-n{ÌH$m) Am¡a 'ZmJar-ZraX' (gmßVm[hH$) àH$m{eV hmoVo Wo& BÝhmo§Zo {dMmamË_H$, AmbmoMZmË_H$, ^mdmË_H$ VWm dU©ZmË_H$ {Z~ÝY {bI|& ^maVoÝXw H$mb _| BÝhm|Zo hr {dMmamË_H$ {Z~ÝYm| H$m lrJUoe: {H$`m& BZH$s e¡br _| _whmdam| Am¡a H$mì`mË_H$Vm H$m gm_§Oñ` {_bVm h¡& BZ_| ì`§½`-{dZmoX H$m ̂ md ̂ r {deof Xe©Zr` h¡§& BZHo$ à{gÜX {Z~ÝY h¡- '~Zmag H$m ~wT>dm _§Jb', '{X„r Xa~ma _| {_Ì-_§S>br Ho$ ̀ ma g_` Am{X&

BZHo$ A{V[aŠV amYmMaU Jmoñdm_r, R>mHw$a OJ_mohZqgh, bmbm lr{ZdmgXmg, _mohZbmb {dîUwbmb n§S>`m, n§. Ampå~H$mXÎm ì`mg, n§. _hmXod Xw~o, n§. _wabrYa nmR>H$, n§. JUoeXÎm e_m©, n§. ̂ mZwXÎm, n§. h[aíMÝÐ CnmÜ`m`, ~m~y H$m{eZmW IÌr Am{X Zo ̂ r Bg_| ̀ moJXmZ {X`m h¡&

^maVoÝXw `wJ Ho$ {Z~ÝY àm`. {d{^ÝZ gm_{`H$ g_ñ`mAm| go ào[aV Ed§ AmÝXmo{bV h¡& Bg ̀ wJ Ho$ {Z~ÝYm| _| {df` joÌ H$s ì`mnH$Vm Am¡a {d{dYVm Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVr h¡& BZHo$ {Z~ÝYm| _| d¡`{ŠVH$Vm Ho$ gmW-gmW gm_m{OH$Vm ̂ r h¡& BZH$s ì`§½`mË_H$Vm gmoÔoí` h¢ Am¡a dh {H$gr Z {H$gr gm_m{OH$ ̀ m amOZr{VH$ {df_Vm na Jhar MmoQ> H$aVr h¡§& gabVm BZ {Z~ÝYm| H$m ZrO JwU h¡ Am¡a BZ {Z~ÝYm| _| `wJ-MoVZm à{V{~på~V hþ`r h¡& `Ú{n {dH$mgH«$_ H$s Ñ{ï> go `h `wJ {hÝXr {Z~ÝY H$m ~më`H$mb hr {gÜX hmoVm h¢ {\$a ^r `h {Z…g§H$moM H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ ̀ o {Z~ÝY n`m©ßV amoMH$ Ed§ _hËdnyU© h¡§&

(2){ÛdoXr ̀ wJ: {hÝXr {Z~ÝY H$m n[a_mO©Z

Bg `wJ H$s g_ñV gm{hË` MoVZm _hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXr _| g_m{hV h¡& {ÛdoXr ̀ wJ H$m àmaå^ _hmdra àgmXOr Ho$ 'gañdVr' (1903) n{ÌH$m Ho$ gånmXZ Ho$ gmW hr _mZ gH$Vo h¡§& gañdVr _| OmVo hr BÝhm|Zo g~go nhbm H$m`© VËH$mbrZ boIH$m| H$s ̂ mfm H$mo g§ñH$m[aV Ed§ n[a_m{O©V H$aZo H$m {H$`m& CÝhm|Zo ^mfm Ho$ ì`mH$aU gå_V à`moJ VWm {hÝXr _| {dam_{MÝhm| Ho$ Cn`moJ na AË`{YH$ ~b {X`m& {ÛdoXrOr Ho$ Z¡{VH$Vm {à` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Cg `wJ _| Z¡{VH$ {Z~ÝY A{YH$ {bIo Jò& {ÛdoXr `wJ Ho$ {Z~ÝYm| _| Jå^raVm Ed§ embrZVm AmZo bJr Am¡a CZH$m _w»` gå~ÝY g` Ed§ {e{jV g_mO go hmo J`m& Bggo {ÛdoXrH$mbrZ {Z~ÝYm| _| ~m¡pÜXH$Vm A{YH$ AmB© Am¡a hm{X©H$Vm H$s H$_r ahr Am¡a CZ_| ^maVoÝXwH$mbrZ AmpË_`Vm VWm {OÝXm{Xbr Z ahr& {ÛdoXr Ho$ AZwgma kmZam{e H$m A{O©V ^mÊS>ma hr gm{hË` h¡& AV: Bg `wJ Ho$ {Z~ÝYH$ma H$m Ü`mZ AnZo gm{hË` H$mo g§{MV kmZH$mof ~ZmZo H$s Amoa ̂ r J`m& n[aUm_V: Xygar ̂ mfmAm| Ho$ {Z~ÝYm| Ho$ AZwdmX H$aZo H$s naånam ̂ r Bg ̀ wJ _| Mb {ZH$br& Bg ̀ wJ Ho$ à_wI {Z~ÝYH$ma h¢- _hmdraàgmX {ÛdoXr, ~m~y í`m_gwÝXa Xmg, nX²_qgh e_m©, {_l~ÝYw, _mYdàgmX {_l, MÝÐYa e_m© Jwboar Am¡a gaXma nyU©{g§h&

(1) AmMm`© _hmdraàgmX {ÛdoXr-{Z~ÝYH$ma {ÛdoXr H$m _hËd Eo{Vhm{gH$ h¡, gm{hpË`H$ Zht& {Z~ÝYH$ma

314

{ÛdoXr H$m AmXe© '~oH$Z' Wm& ~oH$Z H$s ̂ m±{V {ÛdoXrOr ̂ r {Z~ÝYm| _| {dMmam| H$mo à_wIVm XoVo Wo& CÝhm|Zo ~oH$Z Ho$ {Z~ÝYm| H$m '~oH$Z {dMma aËZmdbr' Ho$ Zm_ go AZwdmX ̂ r {H$`m& CZHo$ {Z~ÝYm| _| ^mfm H$s ewÜXVm, gmW©H$ ñdénVm, eãXà`moJ nQw>Vm Am{X JwU Vmo {_bVo h¢, {H$ÝVw n`©dojU H$s gyú_Vm, {díbofU H$s Jå^raVm, {MÝVZ H$s _m¡{bH$Vm CZ_| ~hþV H$_ h¢& {\$a ̂ r CZHo$ {Z~ÝYm| _| ì`mg e¡br Ho$ H$maU n`m©ßV gabVm Am`r h¢& H$ht-H$ht hmñ`-ì`§½` Ed§ ^mdmË_H$Vm H$m ^r àñ\w$Q>Z hþAm h¢& CZHo$ à{gÜX {Z~ÝY h¢- 'H${d Am¡a H${dVm', 'H${d-H$V©ì`', 'à{V^m', 'ZmQ>H$ Am¡a CnÝ`mg', XÊS>Xod H$m AmË_{ZdoXZ, 'H$m{bXmg H$m ̂ maV', Jmo{n`m| H$s ̂ JdV² ̂ {ŠV Am¡a Zb H$m XwñVa XyV H$m`©'&

(2) _mYdàgmX {_l -{_lOr 'd¡í`monH$maH$' Ho$ gånmXH$ ah MwHo$ Wo Am¡a H$mer go BÝhm|Zo

'gwXe©Z' Zm_H$ nÌ {ZH$mbm Wm& BZ n{ÌH$mAm| _| BZHo$ {Z~ÝY àH$m{eV hmoVo ah| Omo A~ '_mYd{_l {Z~ÝY_mbm' _| g§J«hrV h¡& CÝhm|Zo OrdZ M[aÌ, nwamVËd, nd© Ë`m¡hma, gm{hË`, amOZr{V, ñWmZ-dU©Z Am{X {d{^ÝZ {df`m| na {Z~ÝY {bI|& {_lOr nwamVZ g§ñH¥${V Am¡a gZmVZ Y_© Ho$ gÀMo g_W©H$ Wo& Xoe Ho$ à{V CZHo$ _Z _| AJmY AZwamJ Wm& ̀ hr H$maU h¡ {H$ CÝhm|Zo AmnZo A{YH$m§e {Z~ÝY _m{_©H$ {df`m| na {bIo& am_-brbm, nd©-Ë`m¡hma, hmobr, lrn§M_r Am{X Eogo hr {Z~ÝY h¡§& Y¥{V, j_m, gË` O¡go {df`m| na J§^ra e¡br _| {dMmamË_H$ {Z~ÝY {bIZo _| ^r CZH$mo n`m©ßV g\$bVm {_br h§¡& CZH$s ^mfm g§ñH¥$V JûV, àm¡T> Ed§ geŠV h¡& BZH$s H¥${V`m| _| ̂ maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$m nX-nX na A{^_mZ àH$Q> hmoVm h¡&

(3)gaXma nyU©qgh -H$hmZr gm{hË` _| Omo ñWmZ Jwboar Or H$mo àmßV h¢, dhr ñWmZ {Z~ÝY

gm{hË` _| gaXma nyU©qgh H$mo àmßV h¢& BÝhm|Zo Ho$db AmR> hr {Z~ÝY {bIo& n[a_mU H$s Ñ{ï> go BZH$s {Z~ÝY g§»`m H$_ h¢, na JwUm| H$s Ñ{ï> go CZH$m ~‹S>m _hËd h¡& CZHo$ {Z~ÝYm| _| ñdV§Ì {MÝVZ, ^md-àdUVm, Am¡a _YwaVm H$mo {deof ñWmZ {_bm h¡& CZHo$ ^mdmË_H$ {Z~ÝYm| _| _mZdVmdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$s àYmZVm h¡& BZHo$ {Z~ÝY 'AmMaU H$s gä`Vm, gÀMr draVm, _OXyar Am¡a ào_, ~«÷-H«$mpÝV, 'H$Ý`mXmZ', 'n{dÌVm' Am{X CÝh| {Z~ÝYH$ma Ho$ én _| à{V{ð>V H$a XoVo h¡&

(4)S>m°. í`m_gwÝXaXmg -~m~y í`m_gwÝXaXmg EH$ CÀM H$mo{Q> Ho$ AmbmoMH$ hmoZo Ho$ gmW-gmW

g\$b {Z~ÝYH$ma ^r Wo& CÝhm|Zo àm`: Jå^ra AmbmoMZmË_H$ {df`m|na boI {bIo h¡§& {df`dñVw H$s Ñ{ï> go CÝhm|Zo gm{hpË`H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am¡a ̂ mfm-d¡km{ZH$ {df`m| na {Z~ÝY {bI|& BZHo$ {Z~ÝYm| _| {dMmam| H$m g§J«h Am¡a g_Ýd` hr A{YH$ Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVm h¡& AmË_mZw^y{V`m| H$m àH$meZ ̀ m ̂ mdmË_H$Vm CZ_| ~hþV H$_ h¡& BZH$s e¡br àm¡‹T> hmoVo hþE ̂ r gab h¡& ~m~yOr EH$ J§^ra {dMmaH$ Wo, AV: CZHo$ {Z~ÝYm| _| CZHo$ {dMmam| H$s hr

315

A{^ì`{ŠV _w»`V: hþ`r h¡& CZHo$ à{gÜX {Z~ÝY h¢- ̂ maVr` gm{hË` H$s {deofVmE±, g_mO Am¡a gm{hË`, h_mao gm{hË`moX` H$s àmMrZ H$Wm, H$V©ì` Am¡a gä`Vm B.&

(5)nX²_qgh e_m© -BZHo$ Xmo {Z~ÝY g§J«h- "nX²_- namJ', Am¡a 'à~ÝY- _§Oar' àH$m{eV hmo

MwHo$ h¡§& BZHo$ {Z~ÝY \$‹S>H$Vr hþ`r ̂ mfm Ho$ H$maU n`m©ßV AmH$f©H$ ~Z n‹S>o h¡§& CÝhm|Zo Hw$N> OrdZr`m± Am¡a g§ñ_aUmË_H$ boI ̂ r {bIo h¡§&

(6)Jwboar -JwboarOrZo H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ g_mZ {Z~ÝY ̂ r H$_ {bIo h¡, {\$a ̂ r do A{ÛVr`

Am¡a AZyR>o h¡& CZHo$ '_mao{g _mo§[h Hw$ÊR>md', 'H$Nw>Am Ya_' Am¡a 'gÝJrV' Am{X {Z~ÝYm| _| g_mO na VrIo ì`§J h¡&

(7) {_l~ÝYw-{_l~ÝYwAm| Ho$ {Z~ÝY g§»`m _| H$m\$s h¡§ na CZH$m _hËd {ejm _ybH$ h§¡&

{ÛdoXr ̀ wJ Ho$ AÝ` {Z~ÝYH$mam| _| Jmo{dÝX ZmamÙ {_l, OJÞmWàgmX MVwd}Xr, JUoe eÝH$a {dÚmWu, {H$emoarXmg dmOno`r, {ednyOZ ghm` Am{X C„oI{Z` h¡§&

{ÛdoXrH$mbrZ {Z~ÝYm| _| ^maVoÝXwH$mbrZ {Z~ÝYm| H$s gr VmOJr, {OÝXm{Xbr Am¡a ì`§½`-{dZmoX {à`Vm Zht h¡, ~pëH$ {dMmam|H$s àYmZVm Am¡a J§^raVm h¡& ^maVoÝXwH$mbrZ {Z~ÝYm| _| n`m©ßV _m¡{bH$Vm h¡§, {H$ÝVw BZ_| kmZ H$s g§M`mË_H$Vm h¡§& dñVwV: ̀ o {Z~ÝY H$_ h¡ Am¡a {dMmam| Ho$ g§J«h A{YH$& Jwboar Am¡a nyU©qgh H$mo N>moS>H$a {ÛdoXr `wJ Ho$ {Z~ÝYm| _| d¡`{ŠVH$Vm H$m ̂ r àm`: A^md h¡& BZ {Z~ÝYm| H$m d¥Îm ̂ r gr{_V h¡, BZ_| ^maVoÝXwH$mbrZ {Z~ÝYm| Ho$ g_mZ gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ Am¡a Ym{_©H$ MoVZm H$m à{V{~å~ Zhr§ h¡& CnXoemË_H$Vm BZ {Z~ÝYm| H$s Img {deofVm h¡& Bg ̀ wJ Ho$ {Z~ÝY ̂ mfm H$s Ñ{ï> go A{YH$ ewÜX Am¡a n[aîH¥$V h¡&

(3)ewŠb ̀ wJ: {hÝXr {Z~ÝY H$m CËH$f©

{hÝXr gm{hË` _| {Z~ÝY Ho$ {dH$mg H$s Ñ{ï> go ewŠb ̀ wJ CËH$f©H$mb h¡& {df`, e¡br, ñdén, ̂ md, VWm ̂ mfm Ho$ {dMma go gdm©§{JU {dH$mg Bg ¶wJ ‘o§ hþAm& ̂ maVoÝXw `wJrZ amO{H$` H$Qw>Vm, {hÝXr-CXy© {ddmX, Am{X Zï> hmoZo go pìXdoXr ̀ wJ _| ñdm^m{dH$ Wm {H$ {Z~ÝYH$mam| H$m bú` {d{dY {df`m| H$m ~Z gHo$ VWm kmZ-dY©H$ {Z~ÝY àñVwV {H$ò Jò& {df` d¡{dÜ`, H$s Ñ{ï> go ewŠb `wJ _| e¡j{UH$, gm{hpË`H$, amOZr{VH$, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, VWm {d{dY Am¡a Cn`moJr {df`m| na {Z~ÝY {bIo Jò& Bg ̀ wJ _| àm`: {dMmamË_H$, AmbmoMZmË_H$, ̂ mdmË_H$, dU©ZmË_H$ VWm {ddaUmË_H$ Am{X g^r àH$ma Ho$ {Z~ÝY {bIo Jò&

316

(1)Am. am_MÝÐ ewŠb -AmbmoMH$-AmMm¶© am_MÝÐ ewŠb H$m ñWmZ {hÝXr {Z~ÝY naånam _| erf©

ñWmZr` h¡& Am. ewŠb Ho$ {Z~ÝY g§J«h '{MÝVm_{U' go {hÝXr {Z~ÝY Ho$ {dH$mg H$s J{V _| Vrgam _moS> CnpñWV hmoVm h¡& CÝhm|Zo _Zmod¡km{ZH$, gm{hpË`H$, VWm g¡ÜXmpÝVH$ g^r àH$ma Ho$ {Z~ÝY {bI|& CZHo$ {Z~ÝYm| _| EH$ Amoa {MÝVZ H$s _m¡{bH$Vm, {ddoMZ H$s J§^raVm, {díbofU H$s gwú_Vm Ed§ àm¡T>Vm Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVr h¡, Vmo Xygar Amoa CZ_| boIH$ H$s d¡`{ŠVH$Vm, ^mdmË_H$Vm Ed§ ì`§½`mË_H$Vm H$m Xe©Z ^r ñWmZ-ñWmZ na hmoVm h¡& CZHo$ {Z~ÝYm| _| {df` Am¡a ì`{ŠV H$m Eogm g_Ýd` hþAm h¡ {H$ Bg ~mV H$m {ZU©` H$aZm H${R>Z hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ CÝh| {df`-àYmZ H$h| `m ì`{ŠV- àYmZ H$h|? B©î`m©, lÜXm,bÁOm H«$moY, bmo^, àr{V Am{X _Zmod¥{Îm`m| H$m {díbofU CÝhm|Zo AË`ÝV n¡Zr Ñ{ï> go {H$`m h¡& EH$ _Zmod¡km{ZH$, g_mOemór Ed§ gm{hË`H$ma VrZm| Ho$ H$m`© H$s g\$bVmnyd©H$ ny{V© AHo$bo ewŠbOr Zo '{MÝVm_{U' _| H$s h¡&

ewŠbOr EH$ _m¡{bH$ {Z~ÝY {bIZodmbo loð> {Z~ÝYH$ma h¡§& dñVwV: Eogr 'ZdZdmoÝ_ofem{bZr à{V^m' H$mo boH$a AdV[aV hmoZodmbo {Z~ÝYH$ma Am¡a AmbmoMH$ eVmpãX`m| Ho$ níMmV² EH$-Xmo-hr {XImB© nS>Vo h¡& ewŠbOr Ho$ {Z~ÝYm| _| n`m©ßV _m¡{bH$Vm ñnï>Vm Am¡a amoMH$Vm h¡§& ewŠbOr OrdZ go AÜ`mnH$, _pñVîH$ go AmbmoMH$ Am¡a öX` go H${d h¡& gyÌ, ì`m»`m Am¡a {ZîH$f© CZHo$ {Z~ÝYm| H$m ñVa h¡§& CZH$s e¡br Ho$ gå~ÝY _| S>m. JUnVrMÝÐJwßV {bIVo h¡§- '{Z~ÝYH$ma ewŠbOr Ho$ e¡br _| ̂ r {ZOr {d{eï>Vm {_bVr h¡& ^maVoÝXw ̀ wJ H$s gr _m¡{bH$Vm Cg_| h¡, {H$ÝVw do CgHo$ {N>N>bonZ go Xya h§¡, {ÛdoXr ̀ wJ H$s {dMmamË_H$Vm Cg_| h¡, {H$ÝVw d¡gr ewîH$Vm H$m A^md h¡§& {dMmam| H$s J§^ra Km{Q>`m| Ho$ ~rM-~rM _| CVar hmñ`-ì`§J go AmoVàmoV C{ŠV`m± {H$gr ñdÀN>-erVb {ZP©a Ho$ H$mo_b-_Ywa H$bH$b ñda H$s Vah gwZmB© n‹S>Vr h¡& hm°§, CZHo$ Hw$N> {Z~ÝY A{VJ§^raVm, A{V àm¡‹T>Vm Ed§ A{V gyú_Vm Ho$ H$maU gmYmaU nmR>H$ Ho$ {bE nho{b`m| Ho$ Vwë` O{Q>b, Xwéh Ed§ ewîH$ Adí` ~Z Jò h¡&

(2)~m~y Jwbm~am` -AmnHo$ {Z~ÝYm| H$mo _w»`V: Mma dJm] _| {d^ŠV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡-

Xme©{ZH$-{dMmamË_H$, gm{hpË`H$- AmbmoMZmË_H$, AmË_-g§ñ_aUmË_H$, hmñ` {dZmoXmË_H$& BZHo$ {Z~ÝYm| _| ì`{ŠVËd H$s gabVm, {dMmam| H$s ñnï>Vm, Ed§ e¡br H$s gw~moYVm {_bVr h¡& gm{hË`, _Zmo{dkmZ Am¡a Xe©Z Am{X go gå~pÝYV {df`m| H$mo boH$a {bIo Jò {Z~ÝYm| _| Ohm± BZHo$ AÜ``Z joÌ H$s ì`mnH$Vm Ed§ {dMmam| H$s ñnï>Vm {~på~V h¡, dhm± CZH$s e¡br H$s gabVm Ed§ gw~moYVm CZHo$ AmÜ`mn{H$` ì`{ŠVËd H$m n[aM` XoVr h¡& ì`{ŠV Am¡a {df`, {dMma Am¡a AZw^y{V, H$Ï` Am¡a H$WZ-BZ XmoZmo§ njm| H$m gwÝXa g_Ýd` BZHo$ {Z~ÝYm| _| Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVm h¡& A~ VH$ BZHo$ {ZåZ {b{IV {Z~ÝY g§J«h àH$m{eV hmo MwHo$ h¡& - "R>bwAm Šb~', '_oar Ag\$bVmE±, {\$a {Zamem Š`m|,' 'à~ÝY-à^mH$a', '_Z H$s ~mVo', '{gÜXmÝV Am¡a AÜ``Z', 'H$mì` Ho$ én', '{hÝXr-H$mì` {d_e©', 'gm{hË`g_rjm', 'Hw$N> CWbo, Hw$N> Jha|, '_oao {Z~ÝY', 'AÜ``Z Am¡a AmñdmX', Am{X&

317

Bg àH$ma BÝhm|Zo {hÝXr {Z~ÝY gm{hË` Ho$ {dH$mg _| {d{eï> ̀ moJ {X`m h¡& {hÝXr-{Z~ÝY Ho$ loð> {Z~ÝYH$mam| _| BZH$s JUZm H$s OmVr h¡&

(3)lr nXw_bmb nwÝZmbmb ~»er-~»erOr ̂ r ewŠb ̀ wJ Ho$ à_wI {Z~ÝYH$ma h¡& BZHo$ {Z~ÝYm| _| {dMmam| H$s

_m¡{bH$Vm Am¡a e¡br H$s ZyVZVm Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVr h¡§& S>m°. AmoÝH$maZmW e_m© Zo BZHo$ {Z~ÝYm| H$mo Mma dJm] _| {d^m{OV {H$`m h¡-

{dMmamË_H$- _oam OrdZ H«$_, {dkmZ, g_mOgodm, Zm_loð> Am{X&

AmbmoMZmË_H$- {dídgm{hË`, {hÝXr gm{hË`- {d_e© _| g§J«hrV {Z~ÝY

^mdmË_H$- am_bmb n§{S>V, Hw$ÝO{~hmar, à{Vñ_¥{V, CËgd, lÜXm§Obr Ho$ Xmo \y$b, Am{X&

{ddaUmË_H$- MMm©, EH$ nwamZr H$Wm, ~ÝXa H$s {ejm Am{X& ~»erOr Ho$ {Z~ÝY g§J«h 'n§M_mÌ', '{dídgm{hË`' '_H$aÝX {~ÝXw, à~ÝY-nm[aOmV, {hÝXr gm{hË` {d_e©, '{ÌdoUr, Hw$N> Am¡a Hw$N>' ~»erOr Ho$ {Z~ÝY, ̀ mÌr Am{X h¡&

Bg ̀ wJ Ho$ AÝ` {Z~ÝYH$mam| _| {e¶mam_eaU JwßV, _madZbmb MVwd}Xr, {d`moJr har, am_ H¥$îUXmg, dmgwXodeaU AmJ«dmb, Am¡a empÝV{à` pìXdoXr Am{X H$m Zm_ CëboI{Z` h¡&

ewŠb `wJ Ho$ {Z~ÝYmo§ Ho$ gå~ÝY _| {ZîH$f© én _| H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ BZ_| {df`-d¡{dÜ` h¡§; J§^raVm Am¡a gyú_Vm h¡& ^mfm H$s àm¡T>Vm, gabVm, e¡br H$s {d{eï>Vm Am¡a d¡`{ŠVH$Vm H$s Ñ{ï> go Bg ̀ wJ Ho$ {Z~ÝY pìXdoXr ̀ wJ Ho$ {Z~ÝYm| go CÝZV h¢&

(4) ewŠbmoÎma ̀ wJ: {hÝXr {Z~ÝY H$m àgaU -

Bg `wJ Zo AË`ÝV CÀM H$mo{Q> Ho$ {Z~ÝY boIH$m| H$mo OÝ_ {X`m h¢& BZ {Z~ÝYH$mam| _| Am. hOmaràgmX pìXdoXr, Am. ZÝXXþbmao dmOno`r, S>m. ZJoÝÐ, S>m. am_{dbmg e_m©, O¡ZoÝÐ, Ako`, BbmMÝÐ Omoer, {edXmZqgh Mm¡ìhmU, à^mH$a _mMdo, Y_©dra ̂ maVr, S>m. XodamO Am¡a Z{bZ {dbmoMZ e_m© Am{X {deof én go CëboI{Z` h¢& ̀ o {dMma Am¡a e¡br H$s Ñ{ï> go ewŠb go {^ÝZ h¢, na BÝh| OrdZ Ho$ ~mao _| Omo Hw$N> H$hZm h¢, ewŠb Ho$ g_mZ gm{hË` Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H$hVo h¢& gm{hË` AmbmoMZmË_H$ {Z~ÝY boIH$m| _| nÝV, àgmX, {Zambm Am¡a _hmXodr d_m© VWm {e`mam_eaU JwßV Ho$ Zm_ CëboIZr` h¢& Bg `wJ Ho$ dU©ZmË_H$ Ed§ `mÌm gå~ÝYr {Z~ÝY boIH$m| _| gË`Xod, amhþb gm§H¥$Ë`m`Z Am¡a XodoÝÐ gË`{f© Ho$ Zm_ {deof CëboI{Z` h¢& BZHo$ A{V[aŠV gX²JwéeaU AdñWr, ^JdVrMaU d_m©, ̂ XÝV AZÝV H$m¡eë`m`Z, Am¡a Zah[a {dîUy JmS>Jrb Am{X Zo ̂ r {hÝXr {Z~ÝY joÌ _| gwÝXa Am¡a g\$b à`moJ {H$ò h¢&

(1) Am. hOmaràgmX pìXdoXr …-ewŠbmoÎma {Z~ÝYH$mam| _| Am. pìXdoXr H$m erf©ñW ñWmZ h¢& pìXdoXr

^maVr` g§ñH¥${V Am¡a B{Vhmg Ho$ nwOmar h¡& AmnHo$ {Z~ÝYm| H$m {df` joÌ AË`ÝV ì`mnH$ h¡&

318

CZ_| ̂ maVr` gm{hË`, ̂ maVr` g§ñH¥${V Ed§ naånamJV kmZ {dkmZ Ho$ gmW AmYw{ZH$ ̀ wJ H$s {d{^ÝZ n[apñW{V`m|, àd¥{Îm`m| Ed§ g_ñ`mAm| H$m gwÝXa g_Ýd` Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVm h¢& gabVm Ho$ gmW ì`§½`-{dZmoX-{à`Vm BZHo$ {Z~ÝYm| H$s ZrOr {deofVm h¢& BÝhm|Zo gm{hË`, g_mO, g§ñH¥${V Am¡a Á`mo{Vf, Am{X AZoH$ {df`m| na {bIm h¡& nmR>H$ Ho$ gmW AmpË_`Vm ñWm{nV H$aZo _| {ÛdoXrOr {gÜXhñV h¢& CZHo$ AZoH$ {Z~ÝY g§J«h àH$m{eV hþE h¢- AmemoH$ Ho$ \y$b, H$ënéVm, {dMma Am¡a {dVH©$, {dMma-àdmh, h_mar gm{hpË`H$ g_ñ`mE±, J{Verb {MÝVZ, Hy$Q>O, gm{hË` H$m __© Am{X&

{ÛdoXrOr Ho$ {Z~ÝYm| H$s e¡br boIH$ Ho$ _Zmo^md Ed§ {df`-àH¥${V Ho$ AZwHy$b ~XbVr ahVr h¢& H$m{bXmg `wJrZ dmVmdaU {MÌU H$aVo g_` Ohm± CZH$s eãXmdbr g§ñH¥$V-J{^©V hmo OmVr h¢; dhm± J«m_rU OrdZ Ho$ àg§Jm| _| bmoH$ ̂ mfm H$s gw~moYVm ^r {dÚ_mZ h¢& CZH$s ^mfm _| gd©Ì CZH$m ì`{ŠVËd Pm±H$Vm h¢& àm`: {ÛdoXrOr Ho$ g^r {Z~ÝY CZH$s aMZmË_H$ à{V^m, J§^ra AÜ``Z Am¡a àJm‹T> nm§{S>Ë` Ho$ n[aMm`H$ h¡&

(2) Am. ZÝXXwbmao dmOno`r :-dmOno`r AmbmoMZm (Ì¡_m{gH$) n{ÌH$m Ho$ gånmXH$ aho h¢& Bg H$maU

BZHo$ {Z~ÝYm| _| EH$ nÌ-gånmXH$ H$s N>mn gd©Ì {dÚ_mZ ahVr h¢& ò ewŠb-naånam Ho$ {Z~ÝYH$ma h¡& CZHo$ {Z~ÝY {dMma-àYmZ dJ© Ho$ AÝVJ©V AmVo h¢& BZHo$ {Z~ÝY {MÝVZ-_ZZ na AmYm[aV h¡& {Z~ÝYm| _| Ohm± CZH$m {dMmaH$ AË`ÝV J§^ra hmo OmVm h¢, dhm± CZH$s e¡br ̂ r JyT> Ed§ ~mo{Pb hmo OmVr h¡& CZH$s e¡br H$s ~m¡pÜXH$Vm Ed§ VmH$s©H$Vm CÀM ñVar` nmR>H$m| H$mo ~m¡pÜXH$ AmZÝX àXmZ H$aVr h¢& dmOno`r Zo {hÝXr-gm{hË` ~rgdt eVmpãX, AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË`, Z`m gm{hË`, Zò àíZ Am{X nwñVH$mo§ _| CÀM H$mo{Q> Ho$ AmbmoMZmË_H$ {Z~ÝY {bIo h¡& BZ {Z~ÝYm| _| gm{hpË`H$ {df`m| H$s hr _m{_©H$ {ddoMZm hþ`r h¡& BZH$s ̂ mfm g§ñH¥$V-J{^©V hmoVo hþò ̂ r ñnï> VWm ~moYJå` h¡§&

(3) em§{V{à` pìXdoXr …-AmË_mZw^y{VnaH$ d¡`{ŠVH$ {Z~ÝY àñVwV H$aZo H$s Ñ{ï> go BZH$m {hÝXr

gm{hË` _| {d{eï>> ñWmZ h¢& BÝhm|Zo àm`: H$bm Ed§ gm{hË` gå~ÝYr {df`m| na hr ñdmZw^y{V_ybH$ {dMma àñVwV {H$ò h¡& CZH$s e¡br AË`ÝV gag Ed§ à^mdmoËnmXH$ h¢, Omo H$ht-H$ht H$éUmoËnmXH$ ^r ~Z J`r h¢& BZHo$ AZoH$ {Z~ÝY g§J«h àH$m{eV hmo Jò h¢- OrdZ-`mÌm, gm{hpË`H$s, h_mao gm{hË` {Z_m©Vm, H${d Am¡a H$mì` g§Mm[aUr, `wJ Am¡a gm{hË`, YamVb' Am{X&

(4) S>m. ZJoÝÐ …-BÝhm|Zo gm{hpË`H$ Ed§ AmbmoMZmË_H$ {Z~ÝYm| H$s A{^d¥pÜX _| AgmYmaU

`moJ {X`m h¡& BZHo$ {Z~ÝYm| H$m _yb ñda {df`-àYmZ h¢& BZH$m à`mg nmR>H$ H$m Ü`mZ {ddoÀ` {df` ̀ m _yb g_ñ`m H$s Amoa AmH${f©V H$aZo H$m ahm h¢& EH$ Hw$eb ì`maì`mVm H$s Vah ò {H$gr ^r g_ñ`m na AnZm g_mYmZ àñVwV H$aVo h¡& `hr H$maU h¢ {H$ JyT> go JyT> {df` H$mo ̂ r nmR>H$ é{Mnyd©H$ J¥hU H$aVm MbVm h¡§& CZH$m 'gmYmaUrH$aU' gå~ÝYr {Z~ÝY

319

Bg e¡br H$m gdm}ËH¥$ï> {Z~§Y h¡& BZH$s ̂ mfm gwJ{R>V, gmYw VWm àemÝV h¢& CZHo$ à{gÜX {Z~ÝY-g§J«h Bg àH$ma h¢- '{dMma Am¡a AZw^y{V', '{dMma Am¡a {ddoMZ', '{dMma Am¡a {díbofU', 'H$m_m`Zr Ho$ AÜ``Z H$s g_ñ`mE±' Am{X& gmam§e ̀ h h¢ {H$ S>m. ZJoÝÐ Zo AnZo AmbmoMZmË_H$ {Z~ÝYm| Ûmam AnZo J¥hrV {df`m| H$mo g\$bVmnyd©H$ gab Am¡a ñnï> ~Zm`m h¢& ò {Z~ÝY BZH$s AmË_m{^ì`{ŠV Ho$ gmYZ ̂ r h¡&

(5) O¡ZoÝÐHw$_ma …-BZHo$ {Z~ÝY àm`: gm{hpË`H$ {df`m| na hr AmYm[aV h¢, Am¡a 'h§g'

n{ÌH$m _| A{YH$Va àH$m{eV hþò h¢& BÝhm|Zo Xme©{ZH$, _Zmod¡km{ZH$, gm{hpË`H$ Am{X AZoH$ {df`m| na AnZo {dMma àH$Q> {H$ò h§¡& {dMmamË_H$ {Z~ÝYm| _| BZH$m _hÎdnyU© ñWmZ h¡& gmW hr Xme©{ZH$ {df`m| na ^r BÝhm|Zo AnZo J§^ra {dMma àH$Q> {H$ò h¢& gm_mÝ` {df`m| na ^r BÝhm|Zo àíZmoÎmar e¡br _| CÀMH$mo{Q> Ho$ {Z~ÝY {bIo h§¡& Bg àH$ma Ho$ {Z~ÝYm| _| BZH$m ì`{ŠVËd ñnï> {XImB© nS>Vm h¡& BZHo$ {Z~ÝY nmR>H$ H$mo {H$gr EH$ gwñnï> {ZU©` VH$ Zht nhþ±MmVo, A{nVw Cgo MŠH$aXma _mJ© go bo OmH$a EH$ g§{X½Y pñW{V _| N>moS> XoVo h¢& O¡ZoÝÐ nmR>H$ na AnZm {ZU©` Zht WmonVo; A{nVw CgH$s {ZU©` e{ŠV CËVo{OV Ed§ AmÝXmo{bV H$a XoVo h¢, {Oggo dh ñd`§ hr {ZU©` na nhþ±M OmVm h¡& CZHo$ {Z~ÝY g§J«h - O¡ZoÝÐ Ho$ {dMma, O‹S> H$s ~mV, nydm}X`, gm{hË` H$m lo` Am¡a ào¶, àñVwV àíZ, gmoM-{dMma, _§WZ Am{X h¢&

(6) S>m. am_{dbmg e_m© …-AÚVZ-`wJ Ho$ àJ{VdmXr (_mŠg©dmXr) {Z~ÝYH$mam| _| S>m. am_{dbmg

e_m© AJ«JÊ` h¡& BZHo$ A{YH$m§e {Z~ÝY AmbmoMZmË_H$ h¡& AË`ÝV VrIr, ì`§½`nyU© Ed§ geŠV e¡br _| AnZo {df` H$mo àñVwV H$aZodmbo {Z~ÝYH$mam| _| BZH$m {deof ñWmZ h¡& CÝhm|Zo gm{hË`, H$bm, g§ñH¥${V Ed§ amOZr{V gå~ÝYr {df`m| na eVm{YH$ {Z~ÝY àñVwV {H$ò h¢, Omo 'g§ñH¥${V Am¡a gm{hË`', 'àJ{V Am¡a naånam,' 'àJ{Verb gm{hË` H$s g_ñ`mE±', 'ñdmYrZVm Am¡a amï´>r` gm{hË`' Am{X g§J«hm| _| g§J«{hV h¢&

(7) am_Ymar qgh '{XZH$a'…-{hÝXr Ho$ gwà{gÜX H${d am_Ymar qgh {XZH$aOr Zo {Z~ÝY Ho$ {dH$mg _|

^r AnZm ̀ moJmXmZ {X`m h¡& 'AY©Zmarída', 'h_mar gm§ñH¥${VH$ EH$Vm', 'àgmX, nÝV Am¡a _¡{WbreaU', 'amï´>^mfm Am¡a amï´>r` gm{hË`' BZHo$ {Z~ÝY g§J«hm| Ho$ Zm_ h¡&

(8) S>m°. dmgwXodeaU AJ«dmb :-AJ«dmb Zo ̂ maVr` g§ñH¥${V, B{Vhmg, H$bm VWm nwamVËd Am{X {df`m| na

{Z~ÝY {bIo§ h¢& BZ Ho$ n¥{WdrnwÌ, _mVm^y{_, VWm H$bm Am¡a g§ñH¥${V' Am{X {Z~ÝYg§J«h ~S>o à{gÜX h¡& BÝhm|Zo AnZo {Z~§Ym| _| ̂ maVr` g§ñH¥${V Ho$ ahñ`_` VÏ`m| VWm AZoH$ CbPmdm| H$mo ñnï> H$aZo Ho$ {bE emoY nyU© ì`m»`m àYmZ {Z~§Y {bIo h¡&

(9) H$Ýh¡`mbmb {_l à^mH$a :-à^mH$aOr Zo aoadm{MÌ Ed§ g§ñ_aUm| Ho$ A{V[aŠV b{bV {Z~§Y ̂ r {bIo

h¢& CZHo$ {Z~§Ym| Ho$ {df` ì`mdhm[aH$ OJV² VWm OZgmYmaU H$s g_ñ`mAm| go g§~§{YV h¢,

320

CZ_| AmË_m{^ì`§OZm à_wI h¡ VWm boIH$ Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd H$s N>mn ñnï> {XImB© XoVr h¡& qMVZ Ho$ gmW-gmW d¡`{ŠVH$ AZw^y{V`m°§ BZHo$ {Z~§Ym| H$s {deofVm h¡& '{OÝXJr _wñH$am¶r, ~mOo nm`{b`m, Kw§Jé _hHo$ A§JZ,, MhHo$ Ûma, _mQ>r hmo J`r gmoZm, Xrn Obo e§ad ~Oo Am{X BZHo$ à{gÜX {Z~§Y-g§J«h h¡&

(10) AkoÀko` H${d-én _| {OVZo M{M©V hþE, CVZo hr H$WmH$ma Ho$ én _| ̂ r& gmW

hr gmW {Z~§YH$ma Ho$ én _| ̂ r CÝh| {deof »`m{V àmßV hþ`r h¡& CZHo$ à_wI {Z~ÝY g§J«h h¡- {Ìe§Hw$, Amb~mb, AmÚVZ, OmoJ {bIr, Yma Am¡a {H$Zmao, Ho$ÝÐ Am¡a n[a{Y, ̂ dÝVr, gO©Zm Am¡a gÝX^©, ñ_¥{VboIm Am{X& Ako` Zo {ddoMZmË_H$, ì`m»`mË_H$ VWm ZmQ>H$s` e¡br H$m à`moJ H$aVo hþE {hÝXr {Z~ÝY gm{hË` H$mo g_¥ÜX {H$`m h¡&

(11) {dÚm{Zdmg {_l :-AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ à{V^mgånÝZ {Z~§YH$mam| _| n§. {dÚm{Zdmg {_l H$m

_hÎdnyU© ñWmZ h¡& {_lOr g§ñH¥$V Ho$ àH$mÊS> npÊS>V hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CZH$s aMZmAm| _| EH$ Amoa Vmo ̂ maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$m nwZam»`mZ hþAm h¡ Vmo Xygar Amoa bmoH$OrdZ Ed§ bmoH$ g§ñH¥${V H$m CÁÁdb AmbmoH$ ^r Cg_| àH$m{eV hmo ahm h¡& BZHo$ {Z~§Ym| H$s à_wI {deofVm `h h¡ {H$; gmYmaU {df` H$mo boH$a ̂ r CÝh| nm¡am{UH$, gm{hpË`H$ Ed§ Eo{Vhm{gH$ gÝX^m] go ̀ wŠV H$aHo$ BVZm à^mdembr ~Zm {X`m h¡ {H$ CÝh| nT>Vo hr _Z àgÝZ hmo CR>Vm h¡& BZHo$ à{gÜX g§H$bZm| Ho$ Zm_ h¢- {MÎmdZ H$s N>m±h, Vw_ MÝXZ h_ nmZr, Am§JZ H$m n§N>r Am¡a ~ZOmam _Z, ~g§V Am J`m na H$moB© CËH§$R>m Zht, _¢Zo {gb nhþ±MmB© Am{X& {_lOr Ho$ {Z~§ÝYm| _| ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V ~mobVr h¡& Am_« _§Oar, KZo Zr_ Vé Vbo, qdÜ` H$s YaVr H$m daXmZ, {h_mb`, H$X_ H$s \y$br S>ma, {earf H$m AmJ«h Am¡a _oao am_ H$m _wHw$Q> ^rJ ahm h¡ BZHo$ à{gÜX {Z~§Y h¡&

(12) Hw$~oaZmW am` :-{hÝXr Ho$ AmYw{ZH$ {dewÜX b{bV {Z~§YH$mam| _| Hw$~oaZmW am` H$m

A{ÛVr` ñWmZ h¡& CZHo$ {Z~§Y ì`{ŠV-àYmZ h¢, {Og_| _m¡{bH$ {MÝVZ, nmpÊS>Ë` H$s N>mn Ho$ gmW-gmW ì`§½`-{dZmoX H$m nwQ> ̂ r {dÚ_mZ h¡& BZHo$ Ûmam {bIo Jò {Z~§Y amoMH$, kmZ dY©H$, AmH$f©H$ Ed§ _Zmoa§OH$ h§¡& gwXya AVrV Ho$ nm¡am{UH$ n`m©daUm| _| {bnQ> H$a dV©_mZ OrdZ H$m gmH$ma ñdén C^ma XoZo _| Hw$~oaZmW am` {gÜXhñV h¡& AnZo `wJ n[adoe H$s g_ñ`mAm| H$mo B{Vhmg nwamU Ho$ gÝX^© _| EH$ ZyVZ Am`m‘ Ho$ gmW, ñdV§Ì {MÝVZ-_ZZ H$s n[a{Y`m| _| énm{`V H$aZo H$s AX²^yV e{ŠV CZ_| h¡& BZHo$ {Z~§Y gm{hË` _| EH$ Amoa ^mdwH$Vm h¡ Vmo Xygar Amoa `WmW© OrdZ H$m OrdÝV ñdén ^r h¡& Hw$~oaZmW Or Ho$ à{gÜX {Z~§Y g§H$bZ h¡- {à`m {ZbH§$R>r, ag AmIoQ>H$, J§Y_mXZ, {dfmX ̀ moJ, {ZfmX ~m±gwar, nU© _wHw$Q>, _hmH${d H$s VO©Zr, H$m_YoZw _Z ndZ H$s Zm¡H$m, {H$amV ZXr _| MÝÐ_Yw, Ñ{ï> A{^gma, _amb, CÎma Hw$é, dmUr H$m jragmJa, A§YH$ma _| A{¾{eIm Am{X& BZ g§H$bZm| _| g§H${bV {Z~§Y Mma àH$ma Ho$ h¢- ^mdmË_H$, {dMmamË_H$, dU©ZmË_H$ Am¡a

321

{ddaUmË_H$/^mdmË_H$ {Z~§Ym| H$mo b{bV {Z~§Y H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡& BZHo$ à{gÜX b{bV {Z~§Y h¡- Bg AmIoQ>H$, Oå~wH$, Xoh dëH$b, {dénmj, {H$aU gßVnXr, {MÌ {d{MÌ, eaX ~m§gwar Am¡a {dnÝZ _amb, doUw H$sMH$, Xn©U {dídmgr, gma§J VWm amKd: H$éUmo ag: Am{X&

(13) R>mHw$aàgmX qgh :-R>mHw$aàgmX qgh _ybV: b{bV {Z~§YH$ma Ho$ én _| à{gÜX h¡& BZHo$

'nwamZm Ka Zò bmoJ' VWm '_moa n§I' Xmo à{gÜX {Z~§Y-g§J«h h¡& R>mHw$aàgmX qgh H$s CëboI{Z` {deofVm ̀ h h¡ {H$ ̀ o ì`{ŠV Ho$ _Z Ho$ ̂ rVa àdoe H$aHo$ CgHo$ __©q~Xw go AnZo AmnH$mo OmoS> boVo h¡& CZHo$ A{YH$Va {Z~§Y g§ñ_aUmË_H$ Am¡a AmË_H$Ï`naH$ h¡&

(14) Y_©dra ̂ maVr …-Y_©dra ^maVr H${d hmoZo Ho$ gmW-gmW {hÝXr Ho$ g\$b {Z~§YH$ma h¡&

BZHo$ nm±M {Z~ÝY-g§J«h CnbãY h¡- R>obo na {h_mb`, ní`ÝVr, H$hZr AZH$hZr, Hw$N> Mohao Hw$N> {MÝVZ Am¡a epãXVm& BZ {Z~§Ym| _| ̂ maVr H$s {Z~§Y-boIZ à{V^m COmJa hþ`r h¡& 'ní`Vr' _| Omo {Z~§Y g§H${bV h¡, do ̂ maVr Ho$ ì`mnH$ Am¡a J§^ra AÜ``Z-_ZZ Am¡a _m¡{bH$ {ddoMZ go n[anyU© h¡&

(15) h[ae§H$a nagmB© :-AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ hmñ` Am¡a ì`§½` Ho$ {Z~§Y boIH$m| _| h[ae§H$a nagmB©

à{V{Z{Y {Z~§YH$ma Ho$ én ‘| à{V{ð>V h¢& {hÝXr gm{hË` _| ì`§½` {dYm H$mo ghr AWm] _| à{V{ð>V H$aZodmbm| _| nagmB© H$m Zm_ ~S>o Jm¡ad Ho$ gmW {b`m OmVm h¡& CÝhm|Zo AmYw{ZH$ {hÝXr ì`§½` boIZ H$mo EH$ gd©Wm ZdrZ _moS> {X`m h¡& AmO Ho$ OrdZ Am¡a g_mO _| ì`mßV AÝV{d©amoYm| {dg§J{V`m|, ^«ï>mMma Am¡a T>m|J H$s H$bB© ImobZo Am¡a ^ÐVm Ho$ _wIm¡Q>o YmaU H$aZo dmbm| H$mo ~oZH$m~ H$aZo H$s H$bm _| nagB© Or AnZm gmZr Zht aadVo& gm_m{OH$ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ joÌ _| \¡$br Ag§J{V`m| na CÝhm|Zo AnZo {Z~ÝYm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H$amam ì`§½` {H$`m h¡& nagmB© Or Ho$ à{gÜX {Z~ÝY g§J«h h¢- nJB§{S>`m| H$m O_mZm, O¡go CZHo$ {XZ {\$ao, gXmMma H$m VmdrO, {eH$m`V _wPo ̂ r h¡, {R>Rw>aVm hþAm JUV§Ì, AnZr-AnZr ~r_mar, d¡îUd H$s {\$gbZ, {dH$bm§J lÜXm H$m Xm¡a, ̂ yV Ho$ nm±d nrN>o, ~oB©_mZr H$s naV, gwZmo ̂ mB© gmYm¡, VwbgrXmg MÝXZ {Kgo, H$hV H$~ra, h±gVo h¢ amoVo h¢, V~ H$s ~mV Am¡a Wr, Eogm ̂ r gmoMm OmVm h¢, nmIÊS> H$m AÜ`mË_ Am¡a Amdmam ^rS> Ho$ IVao Am{X& {ZíM` hr nagmB© Or ì`§½`mË_H$ {Z~§Y-boIZ _| AnZm à{V_mZ Amn h§¡&

(16) lrbmb ewŠb :-lrbmb ewŠb à{gÜX H$WmH$ma Ho$ gmW-gmW à{gÜX ì`§½` {Z~§YH$ma ̂ r

h¡& BÝhm|Zo AnZo {Z~ÝYm| _| AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ H$s {dg§J{V`m| na àhma ̂ r {H$`m h¡ Am¡a H$ht-H$ht MwQ>H$s ̂ r br h¡& ewŠbOr H$s loð> ì`§½` aMZmE± h¡- A§JX H$m nm±d, ̀ hm± go dhm±, Hw$N> O_rZ na Hw$N> hdm _|, AmAmo ~¡R> b| Hw$N> Xoa Am¡a AJbr eVmãXr H$m eha Am{X&

322

(17) eaX Omoer :-{hÝXr ì`§½` {Z~§YH$mam| _| eaX Omoer H$m Zm_ ̂ r CëboI{Z` h¡& nagmB©

H$s Vah eaX Omoer Zo ̂ r amOZr{V, g_mO VWm g§ñH¥${V H$s {dg§J{V`m| H$mo AnZo {Z~ÝYm| _| AZmd¥Îm {H$`m h¡& BZHo$ à{gÜX {Z~ÝY g§J«h- Orn na gdma P{b`m±, {H$gr ~hmZo, ahm {H$Zmao ~¡R>, {Vbñ_, Xygar gVh, g^r gmjr h¢ Am{X&

(18) e§H$a nwUVm§~oH$a :- e§H$a nwUVm§~oH$a H$s JUZm ì`§½`H$ma h[ae§H$a nagmB© Am¡a eaX Omoer Ho$

~mX H$s nrT>r _| hmoVr h¡& AnZo {Z~§Ym| _| nwUVm§~oH$a Zo gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$, AmÜ`mpË_H$ Am¡a OrdZ Ho$ AÝ`mÝ` joÌm| H$s {dg§J{V`m| na Jham àhma {H$`m h¡& CZHo$ à{gÜX ì`§½`-g§J«h h¡- aoS>r_oS> H$nS>o, H¡$ŠQ>g Ho$ H$m±Q>o, ào_ {ddmh, {d{OQ> ̀ _amO H$s, A§Jya IQ²>Q>o Zht h¡, ~XZm_Mm, Jwbob ^mJ-1, Jwbob ^mJ-2, Jwbob ^mJ-3, Jwbob ^mJ-4, Jwbob ^mJ-5, nVZObr, eVa§O Ho$ {IbmS>r, _oar \$m±gr, {JÕ _§S>am ahm h¡, Voahdm§ {S>Za, namO` H$s Ow~br Am{X&

(19) am_Xae {_l :-am_Xae {_l H${d H$WmH$ma-g_rjH$ Ho$ gmW-gmW b{bV {Z~§YH$ma

^r h¡& J«m_rU MoVZm Am¡a CgHo$ g§ñH$mam| go OwS>o hþE {_lOr Ho$ {Z~§Y ̂ r CZH$s Bgr MoVZm Ho$ dmhH$ h¡& R>oR> J«m_rU g§doXZm Am¡a OrdZ-_wë`m| go OwS>o ahH$a {_lOr Zo AmO Ho$ _Zwî` H$mo ào[aV Am¡a à^m{dV H$aZo dmbo _yb àíZm| H$mo AnZo {Z~§Ym| _| CR>m`m h¡& '{H$VZo ~Oo h§¡'', '~~yb Am¡a H¡$ÝQ>g', Ka-n[adma {_lOr Ho$ VrZ à{gÜX {Z~§Y-g§J«h h¡&

(20) {ddoH$s am` :-{ddoH$s am` AmOmXr Ho$ níMmV {dH${gV Am¡a n[ad{V©V Jm±dm| H$s

g§H«$mpÝV-MoVZm Ho$ {eënr h¢& {H$gmZm| H$m Xoe, Jm±dm| H$s Xw{Z`m, {ÌYmam, {\$a ~¡Vbdm S>mb na, Owbyg éH$m h¡, J±dB© J§Y Jwbm~, Z`m Jm±dZm_, Am_ amñVm Zht h¡, AmñWm Am¡a {MÝVZ, OJV VnmodZ gm¡ {H$`m¡ Am¡a ~Z Vwbgr H$s J§Y BZHo$ à{gÜX {Z~§Y-g§J«h h¢& BZHo$ {Z~§Ym| _| AmYw{ZH$ ì`dñWm Ho$ AÝVJ©V Jm±dm| H$s gmar ñdñW naånamAmo§ Ho$ Qy>Q>Zo Amoa gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë`m| Ho$ {dK{Q>V hmoZo H$s à{H«$`m H$mo ~hþV JhamB© go XoIm-naIm J`m h¡&

(21) {edàgmX qgh :-{edàgmX qgh Am. hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr H$s na§nam Ho$ à{gÜX b{bV

{Z~§YH$ma h¡& {eIam| Ho$ goVw, H$ñVwar _¥J, MVw{X©H$, _Zgr J§Jm, {H$g {H$gH$mo Z_Z H$ê$±, Š`m H$ê$± Hw$N> H$hm Z Omò Am¡a Im{bg _m¡O _| BZHo$ àH$m{eV {Z~§Y g§J«h h¡& BZHo$ {Z~§Y boIZ _| {dÛVm, ¶m¶mdar d¥{Îm, bmoH$-H$Wm ào_, gyú_ {dMma e{ŠV Am¡a JÚ H$mì` H$s e¡br {dÚ_mZ h¡&

323

(22) {dîUwH$m§V emór :-emór _w»`V… {MÝVZerb g_rjH$ Ho$ én _| {d»`mV h¡& BZHo$ VrZ

{Z~§Y g§J«h àH$m{eV h¡- 'Hw$N> MÝXZ H$s, Hw$N H$nya H$s', '{MÝVZ-_wÐm' Am¡a 'AZw{MÝVZ'& emórOr H$m {Z~§Y boIZ CZHo$ JhZ-Jå^ra {dMmam| H$m à{V\$bV h¡&

(23) {Z_©b d_m© :- {Z_©b d_m© ^maV H$s AmñWm- {dídmg _ybH$ AÝVíMoVZm go g_¥ÜX

{hÝXr {Z~§YH$ma h¢& MrS>m| na Mm±XZr, ha ~m[ae _|, eãX Am¡a ñ_¥{V, H$bm H$m Omo{I_, T>bmZ go CVaVo hþE, VWm eVãXr Ho$ T>bVo dfm] _| BZHo$ à{gÜX {Z~§Y g§J«h h¢&

Cn`w©ŠV> {Z~§YH$mam| Ho$ A{V[aŠV Zm_da qgh, a_oeMÝÐ emh, a{dÝÐZmW Ë`mJr, Jmonmb MVwd}Xr, a{dÝÐ H$m{b`m, gwXe©Z _Om{R>`m, à^mH$a lmo{Ì`, H¥$îUXÎm nmbrdmb, lram_ n[ahma VWm H¥$îU{~hmar {_l Am{X Ho$ Zm_ CëboI{Z` h¡& {Oggo H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ {hÝXr {Z~§Y H$m ̂ {dî` CÁÁdb h¡&

14.4 ~moY àíZ …-

1. {hÝXr {Z~§Y gm{hË¶ Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo aoIm§{H$V H$s{OE?2. {hÝXr {Z~§Y gm{hË¶ ‘| ̂ maVoÝXþ Ho$ ¶moJXmZ H$m| aoIm§{H$V H$s{OE?

324

T.Y.B.A. HIND PART - IVCon. 1670 (a)-10 2 RV-7382

(REVISED COURSE) (3 Hours) [Total Marks: 100]

gyMZm … (1) g^r àíZ A{Zdm¶© h¡&

(2) CÎma nwpñVH$m na àíZ H«$‘m§H$/Cn àíZ H«$‘m§H$ Adí¶ {bI|&

(3) AmB©.S>r.Amo.Eb, (nÌmMma) Ho$ {dÚmWu CÎma nwpñVH$m Ho$ ‘w»¶ n¥ð> na

AmB©.S>r.Amo.Ec. (nÌmMma) Adí¶ {bI|&

1. draJmWm H$mì¶ H$s àd¥{Îm¶m| H$m gm‘mÝ¶ n[aM¶ Xr{OE& 20AWdm

Am{XH$mbrZ g§V H$mì¶ H$s {deofVmAm| H$mo {deX H$s{OE&

2. ^p³VH$mbrZ g§V H$mì¶ H$s {deofVmAm| H$mo {deX H$s{OE& 20AWdm

am‘^p³VemIm H$s àd¥{Îm¶m| H$m dU©Z H$s{OE&

3. am‘^p³VemIm H$m Zm‘H$aU H$aVo hþE ar{V‘w³V gm{hË¶ H$m n[aM¶ Xr{OE& 20AWdm

ar{V~Õ H$mì¶ H$s {deofVmAm| H$mo àH$me S>m{bE&

4. N>m¶mdmXr H$mì¶ H$s àd¥{Îm¶m± {deX H$s{OE& 20AWdm

{hÝXr {Z~§Y gm{hË¶ H$m H«${‘H$ {dH$mg {b{IE&

5. (A) {H$gr EH$ {df¶ na {Q>ßnUr {b{IE …- 10(1) H¥$îU^p³VemIm(2) ^maV|Xþ ¶wJ&

(~) g^r dñVw{Zð> àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE …- 10(1) {hÝXr H$m àW‘ H${d {H$go ‘mZm OmVm h¢?(2) ào‘m»¶mZ H$mì¶ {H$g e¡br ‘| {bIo J¶o h¢?(3) H${d {à¶m {H$gH$s aMZm h¢?(4) AmYw{ZH$ H$mb ‘| {bIm J¶m I‹S>r~mobr H$m àW‘ ‘hmH$mì¶ H$m¡Z-gm h¢?(5) ZB© H$hmZr H$m àma§^ H$~ go ‘mZm OmVm h¢?(6) "Pm±gr H$s amZr' erf©H$ H${dVm Ho$ aM{¶Vm H$m Zm‘ {b{IE&

(Q>) O¶e§H$aàgm (S>) gw^ÐmHw$‘mar Mm¡hmZ(R>) {XZH$a (T>) ‘mIZbmb MVwd}Xr

325

(7) "{hÝXr àXrn' Ho$ g§nmXH$ BZ‘| go H$m¡Z Wo?(Q>) ^maV|Xþ (S>) ~mbH¥$îU ̂ Å>(R>) àVmnZmam¶U {‘l (T>) ‘hmdraàgmX {ÛdoXr

(8) BZ‘| go H$m¡Z-gm ZmQ>H$ àgmX Or H$m Zht h¡?(Q>) ñH§$XJwá (S>) Y«wdñd{‘Zr(R>) M§ÐJwá (T>) A§YoaZJar

(9) "EH$ Am¡a ÐmoUmMm¶©' ZmQ>H$ Ho$ aM{¶Vm H$m¡Z h¡?(Q>) gwa|Ð d‘m© (S>) ‘{U ‘YwH$a(R>) e§H$a eof (T>) am‘Hw$‘ma d‘m©

(10) "Yw‘¹§$S> emó' Ho$ boIH$ H$m¡Z h¡?(Q>) Ako¶ (S>) am§Jo¶ amKd(R>) amhþb gm§ñH¥$Ë¶m¶Z (T>) ¶enmb

326

T.Y.B.A. HIND PART - IVCon. 376 & (a)-11 (OLD COURSE) RD-1469-1470

(3 Hours) [Total Marks: 100]


(2) CÎma nwpñVH$m na àíZ H«$‘m§H$/Cn àíZ H«$‘m§H$ Adí¶ {bI|&

(3) AmB©.S>r.Amo.Eb, (nÌmMma) Ho$ {dÚmWu CÎma nwpñVH$m Ho$ ‘w»¶ n¥ð> na

AmB©.S>r.Amo.Eb. (nÌmMma) Adí¶ {bI|&

1. draJmWm H$mì¶ H$s àd¥{Îm¶m| H$m gm‘mÝ¶ n[aM¶ Xr{OE& 20AWdm

Am{XH$mbrZ O¡Z gm{hË¶ Am¡a bm¡{H$H$ gm{hË¶ H$m {ddoMZ H$s{OE&

2. ^p³VH$mb Ho$ g§V H$mì¶ H$s {deofVmAm| na àH$me S>m{bE& 20AWdm

am‘ ̂ p³V H$mì¶ H$s àd¥{Îm¶m| H$m {ddoMZ H$s{OE&

3. ar{VH$mb H$m Zm‘H$aU H$aVo hþE ar{V~Õ H$mì¶ H$m gm‘mÝ¶ n{aM¶ Xr{OE& 20AWdm

ar{V~Õ H$mì¶ Ymam H$s {deofVmAm| H$m {ddaU Xr{OE&&

4. à¶moJdmXr H$mì¶ H$s àd¥{Îm¶m| na àH$me S>m{bE& 20AWdm

{hÝXr H$hmZr H$m {dH$mg H«$‘ {b{IE&

5. (H$) {H$gr EH$ {df¶ na {Q>ßnUr {b{IE …- 10(1) ZmW gm{hË¶&(2) ^maV|Xþ¶wJrZ H${dVm&

(I) g^r dñVw{Zð> àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE …- 10(1) "g§Xoe amgH$' Ho$ aM{¶Vm H$m Zm‘ {b{IE&(2) gy’$s H$mì¶Ymam Ho$ gd©loð> H${d H$m¡Z h¡?(3) ar{VH$mb Ho$ {H$g à‘wI H${d Zo dra ag àYmZ H${dVmE° {bIr&(4) "H$m‘m¶Zr' ‘| {H$g Xe©Z H$s A{^ì¶p³V hþB© h¡?(5) "e§~yH$' Zm‘H$ H¥${V Ho$ aM{¶Vm H$m¡Z h¡?(6) Zm^mXmg {H$g H$mì¶ Ymam Ho$ H${d h¡?

(Q>) H¥$îU ̂ p³V H$mì¶ (S>) g§V H$mì¶(R>) am‘ H$mì¶ (T>) gy’$s H$mì¶

327

(7) "H${d{à¶m' {H$gH$s aMZm h¡?(Q>) a{h‘ (S>) KZmZ§X(R>) Ho$edXmg (T>) gyaXmg

(8) BZ‘| go H$m¡Z-gr H¥${V Ako¶ H$s Zht h¡?(Q>) har Kmg na jU ̂ a (S>) Aar Amo H$éUm à^m‘¶(R>) Am±JZ Ho$ nma Ûma (T>) g§gX go g‹S>H$ VH$&

(9) "H${~am I‹S>m ~Oma ‘|' Ho$ aM{¶Vm H$m¡Z h¡?(Q>) ^rî‘ ghmZr (S>) JmoqdX MmbH$(R>) gwa|Ð d‘m© (T>) OJXreM§Ð ‘mWwa

(10) "ào‘M§X H$s OrdZr {H$g Zm‘ go {bIr JB© h¡?(Q>) H$b‘ H$m ‘OXÿa (S>) H$b‘ H$m {gnmhr(R>) H$b‘H$ma (T>) Amdmam ‘grhm

328

T.Y.B.A. HIND PART - IVCon. 376 & (a)-11 2

(REVISED COURSE) RD-1470

(3 Hours) [Total Marks: 100]


(2) CÎma nwpñVH$m na àíZ H«$‘m§H$/Cn àíZ H«$‘m§H$ Adí¶ {b{IE&

(3) AmB©.S>r.Amo.Eb, (nÌmMma) Ho$ {dÚmWu CÎma nwpñVH$m Ho$ ‘w»¶n¥ð> na

AmB©.S>r.Amo.Eb. (nÌmMma) Adí¶ {bI|&

1. {hÝXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ H$mb {d^mOZ Ed§ Zm‘H$aU Ho$ g§X^© ‘| {d{^Þ {dÛmZm| Ho$ ‘V-‘VÝVmam| H$s MMm© H$s{OE& 20

AWdm draJmWm H$mbrZ H$mì¶ H$s gm‘mÝ¶ {deofVmAm| na àH$me S>m{bE&

2. g§V H$mì¶ H$s gm‘mÝ¶ àd¥{Îm¶m| H$mo g{dñVa ñnï> H$s{OE& 20AWdm

H¥$îU ̂ p³V gm{hË¶ H$s gm‘mÝ¶ {deofVmAm| H$m dU©Z H$s{OE&

3. ar{V ‘w³V H$mì¶ H$s àd¥{Îm¶m| H$mo g{dñVa ñnï> H$s{OE& 20AWdm

ar{V~Õ H$mì¶ H$s {deofVmAm| na àH$me S>m{bE&

4. N>m¶mdmXr H${dVm H$s à‘wI àd¥{Îm¶m| H$m C„oI H$s{OE& 20AWdm

{hÝXr H$hmZr {dYm H$s {dH$mg ¶mÌm na àH$me S>m{bE&

5. (H$) {H$gr EH$ {df¶ na {Q>ßnUr {b{IE …- 10(1) {gÕ gm{hË¶ (2) à¶moJdmX

(I) {ZåZ{b{IV g^r àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE …- 10(1) {hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$mo Ama§{^H$ ¶wJ H$mo "Am{XH$mb' Ho$ Zm‘ go {H$gZo

A{^{hV {H$¶m h¡?(2) ^«‘aJrV Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm‘ {b{IE?(3) ar{VH$mb Ho$ {H$g H${d Zo draag àYmZ aMZmE± H$s h¡?(4) "gamoOñ‘¥{V' Zm‘H$ aMZm {H$g H${d Zo H$s h¡? (5) "{MÝVm‘{U' {H$gHo$ {Z~§Ymo H$m g§H$bZ h¡?(6) {hÝXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ Am{XH$mb H$mo "{gÕ gm‘§V H$mb' {H$gZo H$hm h¡?

329

(Q>) am‘MÝÐ (S>) am‘Hw$‘ma d‘m©(R>) amhþb gm§H¥$Ë¶m¶Z (T>) S>m°. ZJoÝÐ

(7) "nw{ï>‘mJ©' H$m OhmO {H$g H${d H$mo H$hm J¶m h¡?(Q>) H$~raXmg (S>) KZmZ§X(R>) VwbgrXmg (T>) Ho$edXmg

(8) H$m¡Z-gm H${d "EH$ ̂ maVr¶ AmË‘m' Ho$ Zm‘ go à{gÕ h¡?(Q>) am‘Zaoe {ÌnmR>r (S>) ZaoÝÐ e‘m©(R>) ‘mIZbmb MVwd}Xr (T>) n§V

(9) gañdVr Ho$ g§nmXH$ BZ‘| go H$m¡Z Wo?(Q>) àVmnZmam¶U {‘l (S>) ‘hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXr(R>) hOmar àgmX {ÛdoXr (T>) h[aAm¢Y

(10) "Ë¶mJnÌ' CnÝ¶mg Ho$ boIH$ H$m Zm‘ ~VmBE?(Q>) ¶enmb (S>) A‘¥Vbmb ZmJa(R>) O¶e§H$a àgmX (T>) O¡ZoÝÐHw$‘ma

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