Hilmar_Farid-Indonesia's Original Sin

8/9/2019 Hilmar_Farid-Indonesia's Original Sin

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Kgpnt*Hykh I~cp~thc Yp~`kny# Ulc~jn 5# G~jdnt 8# 422>

KYYG 8050’;9=9 Rtkgp,KYYG 805;’600= Lgckgn,2>,282229’80 « 422> Ph{clt % Ethgiky Mtl~r Cp`@LK? 82'8262,80549;02042229456=;

Kg`lgnykh‛y ltkmkghc ykg? jhyy akcckgmy hg` ihrkphckyp nvrhgyklg#8;5>’55

Fkcjht EHTK@

HDYPTHIP Elccl}kgm hg hdltpn` il~r hppnjrp kg Lipldnt 8;5># pfn Kg`lgnykhg jkckpht{ ltmhgkzn`}fhp p~tgn` l~p pl dn lgn le pfn jlyp flttke{kgm jhyyhitny le pfn p}ngpknpf ingp~t{' Jltn pfhg fhce hjkccklg rnlrcn }ntn akccn` }fkcn f~g`tn`y le pfl~yhg`y le lpfnty }ntn `nphkgn` elt {nhty kg rtkylgihjry pftl~mfl~p pfn il~gpt{' Pfntn htn p}l jholt rlkgpy pfhp pfky rhrnt hppnjrpy pl jhan' Ektyp#pfhp pfn akcckgmy htn kg ehip h ihyn le yphpn uklcngin `nyrkpn le pfn neeltpy pl jhan kp clla ckan yrlgphgnl~yuklcngin' Ynilg`# pfhp pfn akcckgmy htn it~ikhc pl pfn nvrhgyklg le ihrkphckyj kg Kg`lgnykh' ^ykgm

Jhtv‛y ilginrp le ‖rtkjkpkun hii~j~chpklg‛# kp hppnjrpy pl yfl} pfhp pfn jhyy akcckgmy hg` httnypy#pfn nvrtlrtkhpklg le rnlrcn etlj pfnkt fl~yny hg` chg`y# hg` pfn nckjkghpklg le }ltakgm*ichyy rlckpkihc

eltjhpklgy# htn kgpnmthc rhtpy le hg nilgljki ypthpnm{ le pfn Gn} Lt`nt'

AN[]LT@Y? Uklcngin# jhyy akcckgmy# Kg`lgnykh# Gn} Lt`nt# ihrkphckyj# rtkjkpkunhii~j~chpklg

Pfky rtkjkpkun hii~j~chpklg rch{y kg Rlckpkihc Nilglj{ hdl~p pfn yhjn rhtp hy ltkmkghc ykg kgpfnlclm{' &Ahtc Jhtv# 865=+

Kgptl`~ipklg

Kg pfn fkyplt{ dllay le pfn Y~fhtpl tnmkjn# pfn akcckgmy le fhce h jkccklg jnjdnty hg`y{jrhpfkznty le pfn Iljj~gkyp Rhtp{ le Kg`lgnykh hg` lpfnt cnepkyp ltmhgkzhpklgy kg 8;5>’55 }ntn glg*nungpy' Pfn lgc{ ykmgkekihgp akcckgm pfhp lii~ttn` hp pfhp pkjn }hy y~rrlyn`c{pfn akcckgm le ykv htj{ mngnthcy hg` h ckn~pnghgp kg C~dhgm D~h{h# h yjhcc ukcchmn lg pfnl~pyaktpy le Ohahtph# lg 8 Lipldnt 8;5>' Pfn tnmkjn iljjnjlthpn` pfn akcckgm nunt{ {nht}kpf h ghpklghc `h{ le tnjnjdthgin hg` h intnjlg{ ihccn` ‖Yhitn`gnyy le Rhgihykch @h{‛& Fhtk Anyhapkhg Rhgihykch+' ]kpf pnvpdllay# ekcjy# hg` eknc` ptkry pl pfn J~yn~j le pfnNvptnjn Cnep hp pfn ykpn }fntn pfn akcckgmy le pfn htj{ mngnthcy plla rchin# pfn tnmkjn ptkn`pl jhan yifllc ifkc`tng ennc tnr~cyn` hg` flttkekn` d{ pfky uklcngin# hg` pl ennc pfhgae~cpfhp Y~fhtpl fh` phang rl}nt pl yhun pfn il~gpt{ etlj hg{ e~tpfnt ptnhylgl~y hg` ptnhifnt*l~y hipy' Ke jhg{ Kg`lgnykhgy }ntn akccn` hp pfhp pkjn# pfng kp }hy h jhppnt eht tnjlunètlj Y~fhtpl‛y tkyn pl rl}nt' Kp }hy lgc{ h jhppnt le lc` en~`y hjlgm ikukckhgy y~tehikgm hph pkjn le hghtif{' Pfn tnmkjn‛y jlyp iljrtnfngykun rtlrhmhg`h dlla# h~pfltn` d{ pfnhtj{ fkypltkhg G~mtlfl Glply~yhgpl hg` pfn rtlyni~plt Kyjhkc Yhcnf &Glply~yhgpl hg`Yhcnf 8;6;+# `nulpn` hcc le p}l rhthmthrfy pl pfn jhyy akcckgm# lt ‖ichyf‛ kg pfnkt pntjkglc*lm{# hg` ilgic~`n` pfhp ‖pfn dcll`dhpf hjlgm jnjdnty le pfn yliknp{ }hy `ktnipc{ tnchpn`

pl nungpy kg pfn rhyp‛' Pfn h~pflty y~mmnypn` pfhp ikukckhgy }fl fh` dnng rtnukl~yc{jhckmgn` lt fhtjn` d{ pfn RAK plla pfnkt tnungmn kg 8;5>’55' Pfn jkckpht{ kpynce fh` gltnchpklg pl pfn akcckgmy'



0 Fkcjht Ehtk`

Y~trtkykgmc{ ngl~mf# jhg{ yiflchty }kpf gl rhtpki~cht yphan kg y~rrltpkgm pfn tnmkjnfhun ng`ltyn` kpy ichkj pfhp pfn akcckgm }hy `~n pl clgmyphg`kgm ilgeckipy hjlgm ikukckhgy'K}hg Mht`lgl Y~ohpjkal &8;;4+# rtldhdc{ pfn ektyp Kg`lgnykhg pl }tkpn h `kyyntphpklg hdl~ppfn akcckgm# ehphckypkihcc{ ilgic~`n` pfhp pfn jhyy akcckgm }hy kgnukphdcn ykgin pfn RAK }hy lgpfn ‖clykgm hg` }tlgm‛ yk`n1 kp }hy h rhtp{ pfhp fh` dniljn pfn ngnj{ le pfn rnlrcn' Icke*

elt` Mnntpz# hg hgpftlrlclmkyp glpn` elt fky y~dpcn fntjngn~pkiy# ykjkchtc{ htm~n` kg fkyjnjlkt pfhp pfn akcckgmy }ntn glp pfn tny~cp le yphpn uklcngin &Mnntpz 8;;>+' Pfn ehcc leY~fhtpl kg 8;;6 hg` pfn y~dynx~ngp ecll` le gn} fkyplt{ dllay fhy glp cn` pl h yntkl~y}nhangkgm le pfky nvrchghpklg le pfn akcckgmy' Fntjh}hg Y~ckyp{l# kg fky tningpc{ r~dckyfn`

dlla lg pfn akcckgmy kg Nhyp Ohuh# tnuntpy pl pfn Y~fhtpl tnmkjn ckgn? pfn{ }ntn h ‖clmkihcilgynx~ngin‛ le h dkppnt# rtn*nvkypkgm ilgeckip dnp}nng pfn iljj~gkyp rhtp{ hg` kpy rlckpkihctkuhcy &Y~ckyp{l 4222+'

Kg pfn ektyp ynipklg le pfky nyyh{ K htm~n pfhp pfn akcckgmy tnrtnyngpn` h ihyn le untpkihc# d~tnh~ithpki uklcngin' K j~yp h`jkp pfntn ky glpfkgm kgpnccnip~hcc{ ifhccngmkgm kg hyyntpkgmpfky? pfn nuk`ngin ky ehktc{ icnht hg` yljn yiflchty fhun hctnh`{ jh`n pfn htm~jngp &Yl~pf*}ll` hg` Echghmhg 8;69# Enkg 8;;9# Tldkgylg 8;;>+' K ennc iljrnccn`# fl}nunt# pl l~pckgn

dtknec{ pfn ihyn ykgin yl jhg{ rtljkgngp Kg`lgnykhg yiflchty# nung pflyn hyylikhpn` }kpfpfn hgpk*Y~fhtpl ‖tneltjhyk‛# hdy~t`c{ rntykyp kg nvrchkgkgm pfn akcckgmy hy fltkzlgphc# yrlg*phgnl~y uklcngin hg` kg dncknukgm pfhp Kg`lgnykhgy htn h ulchpkcn# rtkjkpkun rnlrcn rtlgn pluklcngin' Pfn ektyp ynipklg le pfky nyyh{ ky pf~y hg ~g}hgpn` gninyykp{' Rntfhry pfn gluncp{pfhp pfn ektyp ynipklg ilgphkgy# hrhtp etlj pfn x~lpkgm le lthc kgpntukn}y }kpf eltjnt RAKjnjdnty# ky yljn hghc{yky le pfn akcckgmy hy h ihyn le d~tnh~ithpki uklcngin jh`n pl clla ckanyrlgphgnl~y uklcngin'8

Pfn htm~jngp pfhp K }l~c` ckan pl eli~y ~rlg ky pfn lgn K jhan kg pfn ynilg` ynipklg' Kpilgintgy pfn akcckgmy hy pfn el~g`hpklg elt pfn mtl}pf le ihrkphckyj kg Kg`lgnykh' Intphkgc{Kg`lgnykh ky glp h ~gkx~n ihyn kg pfn }ltc`' Pfntn }ntn jhg{ il~ry `‛ëphp hiiljrhgkn` d{

dcll`yfn` kg pfn Yl~pf &Chpkg Hjntkih# Hetkih# hg` Hykh+ dnp}nng 8;52 hg` 8;=>' Ifljya{hg` Fntjhg &8;=;+ fhun glpn` pfhp jhg{ jkckpht{ leekinty lt ickx~ny le leekinty }fl ynkzn`rl}nt kg il~ry y~dynx~ngpc{ kjrcnjngpn` rtl*^Y nilgljki rlckikny hg` iljjkppn` mtlyyf~jhg tkmfpy uklchpklgy' Pfnyn il~ry tny~cpn` kg gn} rfhyny le ihrkphc hii~j~chpklg kg pfnheenipn` il~gptkny' Pfn ihyn le pfn nilgljki pthgyeltjhpklg le Ifkcn hepnt MngnthcRkglifnp‛y il~r le 8;=9 ky }ncc agl}g'

Elt pfn ihyn le Kg`lgnykh# K }l~c` ckan pl yfkep pfn ghtthpklg le pfn jhyy akcckgmy etljlgn le rtkjkpkun rnlrcn pl rtkjkpkun hii~j~chpklg' Pfn jhyy akcckgmy hg` httnypy# pfn nvrtl*rtkhpklg le rnlrcn etlj pfnkt fl~yny hg` chg`y# hg` pfn nckjkghpklg le }ltakgm*ichyy rlckpk*ihc eltjhpklgy# }ntn kgpnmthc rhtpy le hg nilgljki ypthpnm{ le pfn ickx~n le htj{ leekinty}fl }ntn ynkzkgm yphpn rl}nt' ]kpf pfn tnrtnyyklg le }ltanty hp jkgkgm hg` rchgphpklg

ngpntrtkyny# pfn ilggnipklg dnp}nng pfn rlckpkihc tnrtnyyklg hg` pfn nilgljki ypthpnm{ kyrntenipc{ icnht' D~p pfn ilggnipklg flc`y pt~n elt lpfnt jltn kg`ktnip ihyny hy }ncc' Kgmngnthc# Y~fhtpl hg` fky hcckn` htj{ leekinty ltifnypthpn` pfn tnrtnyyklg hg` r~yfn` hyk`nRtnyk`ngp Y~ahtgl }kpf hg nilgljki ypthpnm{ hctnh`{ kg jkg`' Pfn{ ~y~trn` rl}nt }kpf hrtn*nvkypkgm rchg pl rtljlpn ihrkphckyp mtl}pf hg` pkn pfn Kg`lgnykhg nilglj{ pl pfn ]nyp#hg` pfntnd{ ng` Y~ahtgl‛y hgpk*kjrntkhckyp rtlmthjjn' Pfn{ rchggn` lg tninkukgm eltnkmghk`# clhgy# hg` kgunypjngp etlj ]nypntg il~gptkny hg` pl mhkg hiinyy pl ]nypntg jhtanpyelt Kg`lgnykhg nvrltpy'4 Pfn htj{*`ktnipn` jhyy uklcngin tny~cpn` kg pfn ynrhthpklg le hchtmn g~jdnt le rnlrcn etlj pfnkt jnhgy le rtl`~ipklg hg` y~dykypngin'

Pfn jkckpht{ yphpn pfhp tny~cpn` etlj pfky mngnthckzn` pnttlt ihjrhkmg `nulpn` kpyncelunt pfn elccl}kgm {nhty pl rtljlpkgm pfn kgpntnypy le `ljnypki hg` eltnkmg ihrkphc' Kp nvrtl*

rtkhpn` rnlrcn elt `nunclrjngp rtlonipy hg` jhkgphkgn` h `likcn rlr~chin# pf~y tnrnhpkgmpfn yhjn yltp le uklcngin pfhp kp iljjkppn` kg kpy nhtc{ {nhty' Pfn htj{ intphkgc{ `k` glpykjrc{ yntun hy h akg` le cl{hc hpphia `lm elt eltnkmg hg` `ljnypki ihrkphc ’ kp `ljkghpn`



Kg`lgnykh‛y ltkmkghc ykg >

pfn yphpn hg` jlyp `nekgkpnc{ fh` kpy l}g kgypkp~pklghc kgpntnypy' Fl}nunt# ykgin Y~fhtpl‛yjkckpht{ yphpn }hy ngpktnc{ `nrng`ngp ~rlg eltnkmg hk` hg` clhgy &~gpkc kp ekghcc{ lunt`lyn`kg pfn chpn 8;;2y+ hg` ~rlg nilgljki mtl}pf elt kpy `ljnypki cnmkpkjhi{# kp fh` pl ekg` }h{yle fhtjlgkzkgm kpy l}g kgpntnypy }kpf pflyn le ihrkphc'

Kp ky }k`nc{ ~g`ntypll` kg pfn ckpnthp~tn lg pfn rlckpkihc nilglj{ le Kg`lgnykh pfhp pfn

jk`*8;52y tnrtnyngpy h `thjhpki fkypltkihc dtnha# pfhp pfn nilglj{ ~g`nt pfn Gn} Lt`nt}hy th`kihcc{ `keentngp etlj pfn rtn*8;5> nilglj{' H glpn` yiflcht lg Kg`lgnykhg ilgpnj*rltht{ rlckpkiy# Tkifht` Tldkylg# elt kgyphgin# glpn` pfhp pfn nvrhgyklg le ihrkphckyj hepntpfn jk`*8;52y }hy rlyykdcn ‖lgc{ hepnt pfn rlckpkihc ukiplt{ le pfn jkckpht{ lunt pfn RAK hg`pfn Y~ahtgl tnmkjn# }fkif kg p~tg yni~tn` h ukiplt{ hp pfn ylikhc cnunc elt pfn rtlrntpknìchyyny lunt pfn pftnhp rlyn` d{ pfn chg`cnyy hg` pfn ~tdhg }ltanty‛ &Tldkylg 8;65? 82;+'[np pfn eli~y kg Tldkylg‛y yp~`kny# hy kg yl jhg{ lpfnty# ky lg pfn ihrkphckyp `nunclrjngpkpynce# glp lg pflyn rtn*ilg`kpklgy elt pfn `nunclrjngp# hg` rh{y ckppcn hppngpklg pl fl} pfnhtj{‛y ilgpkg~kgm ~yn le uklcngin fncrn` pl itnhpn pflyn chg`cnyy }ltanty' K `l glp ukn}ihrkphckyj hy ylcnc{ h jhppnt le pfn dl~tmnlkykn# hy Tldkylg‛y yp~`kny le Kg`lgnykh‛y ‖d~yk*gnyy ichyy‛ kjrc{' Glt `l K ukn} pfn }ltakgm ichyy hy lgc{ pflyn rnlrcn }fl htn pl`h{ }lta*

kgm kg h ehiplt{ elt h }hmn' Thpfnt# elccl}kgm Jhtv fkjynce# K ynn ihrkphc hy h ylikhc tnchpklg}fkif kgulcuny pfn eltjhpklg le h }ltakgm ichyy hg` kpy tnrtl`~ipklg {nht*kg {nht*l~p hy hrlr~chin }kcckgm pl }lta ~g`nt pfn iljjhg` le pflyn }fl ilgptlc pfn ihrkphc'

Pfn htj{‛y jhyay hg` j{pfy

Kp fhy dniljn h akg` le ifnhr pftkcc kg pfn rlyp*Y~fhtpl nth pl `nichtn pfhp Y~fhtpl }hy pfnjhypntjkg` le pfn 92 Ynrpnjdnt Jlunjngp &Mnthahg 92 Ynrpnjdnt lt M*92*Y+# pfhp fn ngmk*gnntn` h il~r hppnjrp rtnikync{ yl pfhp kp il~c` rtluk`n fkj }kpf pfn rtnpnvp elt tnrtnyykgmkp' K fhun j{ `l~dpy hdl~p pfky pfnlt{ hg`# jltn mngnthcc{# hdl~p pfky png`ngi{ pl annryrni~chpkgm hdl~p pfn nvkypngin le h jhypntjkg`' Gl gn} fht` nuk`ngin fhy njntmn` pfhp}l~c` hccl} ~y pl `npntjkgn }fl }hy hip~hcc{ dnfkg` M*92*Y# nung ke pfn leekikhc untyklg kyflrncnyyc{ ~gtnckhdcn' Ynunthc gn} dllay# kgic~`kgm pnypkjlgkny etlj h g~jdnt le ekm~tny`ktnipc{ kgulcun` kg pfn jlunjngp# fhun jntnc{ dniljn pfn jkttlt kjhmn le pfn mluntg*jngp untyklg kg pfnkt mtl~g`cnyy hyyntpklgy ilgintgkgm pfn k`ngpkp{ le pfn jhypntjkg`&Chpkne 4222# Y~dhg`tkl 4228# Ynjdktkgm 4220+' Pfky rtnlii~rhpklg }kpf ilgyrkthi{ pfnltknyfhy cn` jhg{ yiflchty# ukipkjy hg` f~jhg tkmfpy hipkukypy pl luntclla pfn yrnikekiy leY~fhtpl‛y itnnrkgm il~r hg` pfn pnttlt ihjrhkmg pfhp elccl}n` pfn il~r hppnjrp'

Kg pfn }nnay kjjn`khpnc{ hepnt M*92*Y# Y~fhtpl hg` fky ilccnhm~ny kg pfn htj{ }ntnihrhdcn le ltmhgkzkgm hg neenipkun# ghpklg}k`n pnttlt ihjrhkmg dnih~yn pfn{ fh` ilgptlclunt pfn htj{ hg` jhpntkhc y~rrltp etlj eltnkmg mluntgjngpy# rhtpki~chtc{ pfn ^gkpn`

Yphpny &}fkif rtluk`n` Y~fhtpl }kpf nx~krjngp elt th`kl iljj~gkihpklgy+' Lgn leY~fhtpl‛y ektyp ypnry hepnt tninkukgm pfn jhg`hpn etlj Rtnyk`ngp Ylnahtgl lg 8 Lipldnt# pl‖ihtt{ l~p tnyplthpklg le yni~tkp{ hg` lt`nt‛# }hy pl tnrchin hcjlyp hcc pfn plr cnh`nty le pfnhtj{ hg` pfn jkckpht{ iljjhg`nty l~pyk`n Ohahtph' Fn ynp ~r hg kgunypkmhpklg pnhj hpnunt{ cnunc le jkckpht{ iljjhg` pl httnyp hg` `nphkg jkckpht{ rntylggnc y~yrnipn` le dnkgmkgulcun` kg M*92*Y'9 Pfn ektyp phtmnpy }ntn p}l htj{ dhpphcklgy hg` pfn rhchin m~ht` ptllrypfhp fh` dnng `ktnipc{ kgulcun` kg pfn M*92*Y# hg` pfng pfn jnjdnty le pfn Ghu{ hg` pfnHkt Eltin }fl }ntn y~yrnipn` le dnkgm Y~ahtgl cl{hckypy' ^ykgm fky nvkypkgm rl}nt dhyn kgpfn Htj{ Ypthpnmki Tnyntuny Iljjhg` &Alypth`+ hg` fky gn} rlykpklg hy pfn iljjhg`ntle pfn Iljjhg` elt Tnyplthpklg le Yni~tkp{ hg` Lt`nt &Alrahjpkd g'`'+# fn nyphdckyfn` pfnrl}nt le fky l}g ickx~n lunt pfn ngpktn htjn` eltiny'

Y~fhtpl‛y ilgptlc lunt pfn jn`kh ilgyk`nthdc{ `npntjkgn` pfn rlckpkihc `nunclrjngpy']kpfkg h yfltp pkjn fky ptllry plla lunt pfn ghpklghc th`kl yphpklg hg` iclyn` `l}g hccgn}yrhrnty hg` rtkgpkgm fl~yny# nvinrp elt p}l gn}yrhrnty r~dckyfn` d{ pfn jkckpht{'0 Hp





Kg`lgnykh‛y ltkmkghc ykg =

]fhpnunt pfn tnhc kgpngpklgy le pfn rhtp{ cnh`nty hp pfhp pkjn# kp }hy icnht pfhp glgn le pfnih`tny lt jnjdnty le cnepkyp ltmhgkzhpklgy }ntn rtnrhtn` elt hg lrng ilgetlgphpklg }kpf pfnjkckpht{' M~gh}hg# hg htpkyp dnclgmkgm pl pfn rtlmtnyykun i~cp~thc ltmhgkzhpklg# Cnath# pfngynppkgm ~r pfn `nilthpklgy elt pfn Hykhg Mhjny kg Ohahtph# tnihccn`#

Kg pfn jltgkgm# K }lan ~r# pfhp }hy Lipldnt 8yp' QJ{Z etkng`y }lan ~r# ckypngn` pl pfn th`kl#

QplZ pfhp hggl~ginjngp' ]fhp fhrrngn`< Pfn{ hcc itl}`n` Qhtl~g` pfn th`klZ# tkmfp' Nunt{* dl`{ }hy# {nhf# fl} il~c` kp dn pfky }h{< D~p# }n `k`g‛p ennc pfhp }n }ntn kgulcun` kghg{pfkgm' K `k`g‛p nung agl} hdl~p pfn kgik`ngp' Ke }n `k`g‛p agl} hg` }ntng‛p kgulcun`#glpfkgm }l~c` fhrrng pl ~y# tkmfp< Yl }n }ntn x~kpn ihcj# }n `k`g‛p ml hg{}fntn' Kp }hylgc{ chpnt# `h{ d{ `h{# }n }lg`ntn` fl} `k` kp dniljn ckan pfky< ]f{ }ntn pfn Mnt}hgkQ}ljng ltmhgkzhpklgZ leekin# II*RAK leekin# DPK Qrnhyhgp ~gklgZ leekin `nyptl{n`< Hk`kp‛yfl~yn QIfhktjhg le RAKZ' ]flh# pfn rtldcnj yrtnh`' ]ncc pfng# lgin Cnath leekin }hy lii~*rkn`# pfn dllay thgyhian`# j{# j{# pfky il~c`g‛p mnp hg{ }ltyn' ]n tnhckzn` pfhp }n il~c`hcyl dniljn phtmnpy'

Pfn jlunjngp kg Ohahtph fh` uktp~hcc{ gl y~rrltp l~pyk`n pfn ikp{ nvinrp etlj ynunthcmtl~ry kg Ingpthc Ohuh cn` d{ jk``cn*thga jkckpht{ leekinty' Kg Olmohahtph# yljn yp~`ngpy

hg` jnjdnty le pfn {l~pf ltmhgkzhpklg plla pl pfn yptnnpy kg y~rrltp le pfn jlunjngp' Heltjnt yp~`ngp hipkukyp kgulcun` kg pfn `njlgypthpklg yhk`#

]n agn} glpfkgm hdl~p pfn akcckgmy le mngnthcy kg Ohahtph' Etkng`y etlj IMJK Qh cnepkypyp~`ngp ltmhgkzhpklgZ dtknen` ~y hdl~p h il~r hppnjrp d{ ‖tkmfp}kgm mngnthcy‛ kg Ohahtph pfhp}hy eltnyphccn` d{ gp~gm' Yl }n }ngp l~p elt h njlgypthpklg lg Lipldnt 4# 8;5> pl y~rrltppfn Tnulc~pklght{ Il~gikc' Hp pfn ALTNJ Qjkckpht{ fnh`x~htpntyZ Jholt Ahtph}k mhun hyrnnif' Fn }hy h ALTNJ leekint kg ifhtmn le jkckpht{ lrnthpklgy' Yl# K `k`g‛p agl} }fhp pfnM*92*Y }hy hdl~p# K agn} glpfkgm' ]n pt~c{ dncknun` pfhp pfn tkmfp}kgm Il~gikc le Mngnthcy}hy tnhc' ]n fh` gl ifhgin pl `kyi~yy pfnyn pfkgmy pfltl~mfc{' Lgc{ chpnt# kg rtkylg# }n ptkn`pl tnilgypt~ip }fhp hip~hcc{ fhrrngn` d{ hyakgm etkng`y }fl ynnj pl agl} jltn hdl~p pfntlcn le pfn Yrnikhc D~tnh~ Qle pfn RAKZ# Hk`kp Qpfn rhtp{‛y ifhktjhgZ# hg` }fnpfnt pfn Rlckpdktl

agn} hg{pfkgm hdl~p kp' Yl# kg rtkylg }n cnhtgn` jltn hdl~p }fhp fhrrngn`' ]n `k`g‛pagl} pfhp yljn mngnthcy }ntn akccn` kg Ohahtph hg` }n gnunt `~m hg{ flcny Qkg }fkif pl`~jr iltrynyZ' Pfntn }hy gl rchg pl akcc tnhipklght{ cnh`nty lt chg`clt`y' Pfntn }hy glpfkgmckan pfhp'

Kp ky lepng glpn` pfhp nunt{ chtmn*yihcn akcckgm ky rtnin`n` d{ h `nf~jhgkzhpklg le pfnukipkjy' Pfky ky h mcldhc rhppntg' Pfn iljj~gkypy le Kg`lgnykh }ntn `nf~jhgkzn` yl pfhppfn r~dcki }l~c` glp ynn pfn iljj~gkypy hy enccl} ikpkzngy d~p lgc{ hy `njlgy dngp lgyrtnh`kgm hpfnkyj hg` yh`kyj' Pflyn ikukckhgy }fl hrrtlun` le pfn akcckgmy le pfn iljj~*gkypy lepng htm~n pl`h{ pfhp kp }hy h pkjn }fng ‖{l~ nkpfnt akcc lt dn akccn`‛# hy ke pfn RAKjnjdnty }ntn `hgmntl~y akccnty tnh`{ hg` `npntjkgn` pl akcc hcc pfnkt ngnjkny' D~p }fhp

gnn`y pl dn tnilmgkzn` ky pfhp pfky hpjlyrfntn }hy kgpngpklghcc{ jhg~ehip~tn` d{ pfn htj{'Hepnt hcc# ke kp }ntn tnhcc{ h ilgeckip dnp}nng p}l yk`ny# lgn }l~c` nvrnip pfn RAK pl fhuniljjkppn` kpy yfhtn le pfn uklcngin' @nyrkpn hcc pfn jn`kh f{rn hp pfn pkjn hg` pfn y~dyn*x~ngp pfktp{*rc~y {nhty le yphpn*yrlgyltn` hgpk*Iljj~gkyp rtlrhmhg`h# pfntn ky ckppcnnuk`ngin le hg{ chtmn*yihcn akcckgmy d{ pfn RAK nkpfnt kjjn`khpnc{ dneltn lt hepnt 8;5>'5 Pfnyl*ihccn` ‖ylikhc ilgeckip‛ hip~hcc{ ilgykypn` le ~gkchpnthc hpphiay' Jnjdnty le pfn rhtp{ hg`lpfnt cnepkyp ltmhgkzhpklgy leentn` uktp~hcc{ gl tnykyphgin pl hpphiay lg pfnkt leekiny hg`fljny' Kg jhg{ rchiny pfn jkckpht{ tl~g`n` ~r hccnmn` iljj~gkypy }kpf nhyn hg` ihttkn`l~p jhyy nvni~pklgy'

Elccl}kgm hglpfnt hyrnip le pfky mcldhc rhppntg# }fkif }n fhun ynng ncyn}fntn ’ y~ifhy kg T}hg`h ’ pfn Kg`lgnykhg htj{ ltmhgkzn` rhthjkckpht{# ikukckhg mtl~ry pl rhtpkikrhpn

kg pfn pnttlt ihjrhkmg' Kg pfn ektyp }nna le Lipldnt# hgpk*Iljj~gkyp jhyy ltmhgkzhpklgy}ntn itnhpn` l~p le nvkypkgm ltmhgkzhpklgy hg` kg`kuk`~hcy }fl fh` clgmyphg`kgm pkny pl pfnhtj{' Pfn htj{ jldkckzn` glg*iljj~gkyp {l~pf mtl~ry hcc lunt Kg`lgnykh pl ihtt{ l~p pfn



6 Fkcjht Ehtk`

uklcngin hmhkgyp rnlrcn hyylikhpn` }kpf pfn RAK' Pftnn `h{y hepnt pfn ak`ghrrkgm hg` akcckgmle pfn mngnthcy pfn ‖Hipklg ^gkp{ elt pfn @nypt~ipklg le pfn Ynrpnjdnt 92 Jlunjngp‛ &AHR*Mnyphr~+ }hy eltjn` d{ ikukckhgy }fl ngol{n` pfn y~rrltp le pfn htj{ &Ghy~pklg 8;6>?4=4’=0+' Ikukckhg r~dcki ekm~tny# nyrnikhcc{ etlj J~yckj ltmhgkzhpklgy y~if hy Hgylt# h{l~pf }kgm le Ghf`chp~c ^chjh &G^+# }ntn yphmn` pl jkgkjkzn pfn kjrtnyyklg le h `ktnip

ilgetlgphpklg dnp}nng RAK hg` pfn Htj{'=

Pfn ^Y njdhyy{ kg Ohahtph tnrltpn` dhia pl pfnYphpn @nrhtpjngp kg h ihdcn le 0 Glunjdnt 8;5>?

Kg Ingpthc Ohuh# Htj{ &TRAH@+ ky pthkgkgm Jlycnj [l~pf Qrtldhdc{ nkpfnt Dhgynt lt FJKZhg` y~rrc{kgm pfnj }kpf }nhrlgy hg` }kcc annr pfnj l~p kg etlgp hmhkgyp pfn RAK' Htj{}kcc pt{ pl hulk` hy j~if kp ihg yhenc{ `l yl# `ktnip ilgetlgphpklg }kpf pfn RAK ‥ Htj{ kycnppkgm mtl~ry lpfnt pfhg Htj{ `kyitn`kp pfnj Qpfn RAKZ hg` `njhg` pfnkt r~gkyfjngp'&Ikpn` d{ Tldkgylg 8;;>+

Pfn kgulcunjngp le pfnyn rhthjkckpht{ hg` ikukckhg ltmhgkzhpklgy kg pfn uklcngin fhyilge~yn` yljn yiflchty kgpl pfkgakgm pfhp pfn uklcngin tnrtnyngpn` h ilgeckip dnp}nng pfnynltmhgkzhpklgy# y~if hy G^# hg` pfn RAK' Pfn ifhkg le pfnkt htm~jngphpklg# fl}nunt# chiay h

it~ikhc ckga# pfhp dnp}nng chtmnc{ glg*uklcngp rlckpkihc tkuhct{ hg` chtmn*yihcn akcckgm' Fl}`k` h clgmyphg`kgm rlckpkihc tkuhct{ p~tg kgpl jhyy j~t`nt< ]f{ }hy pfn ilgeckip tnylcun`pftl~mf h dcll`dhpf< Pfn kjrckikp# yljnpkjny nvrckikp hyy~jrpklg }k`nc{ yfhtn` d{hih`njkiy hg` yphpn leekikhcy hckan ky hg hfkypltkihc nyyngpkhckyj# pfhp Kg`lgnykhgy htn h ghp~*thcc{ uklcngp hg` pnjrnthjngphc rnlrcn }fl htn hii~ypljn` pl tnylcukgm pfnkt ilgeckipypftl~mf uklcngin' Y~if hg nvrchghpklg ky glp lgc{ ehcyn# d~p hcyl jkycnh`kgm dnih~yn kp`kypthipy l~t ukn} etlj pfn jlyp kjrltphgp hiplt kg pfn 8;5>’55 }hun le uklcngin# k'n' pfnjkckpht{'

Ke }n hip~hcc{ nvhjkgn pfn nungpy le 8;5>’55# }n ekg` pfhp pfn clgmyphg`kgm rlckpkihcilgeckip ihgglp hiil~gp elt pfn akcckgmy' Kg Dhck# pfn RGK hg` pfn RAK fh` dnng dkppnt tkuhcyykgin pfn chpn 8;>2y' Hepnt M*92*Y hg` pfn hgpk*RAK f{rn etlj pfn htj{# pfn RGK `k` glp d{

kpynce ml l~p hg` akcc iljj~gkypy' Pfn RGK jkckpkh `k` ch~gif yljn hpphiay lg RAK fljnyhg` d~kc`kgmy d~p kp hrrnhty glp pl fhun akccn` hg{lgn `~tkgm pfn jlgpfy le Lipldnt hg`Glunjdnt 8;5>' Kp }hy lgc{ kg @ninjdnt# lgin pfn TRAH@ ptllry httkun`# pfhp pfn jhyyakcckgm dnmhg' Pfn yhjn rhppntg ihg dn ynng kg Gltpf Y~jhpth }fntn pfn jkckpht{ dnmhg d{rtlulakgm glg*iljj~gkyp {l~pf mtl~ry kgpl hpphiakgm RAK y~rrltpnty d{ yh{kgm pfhp pfnRAK }l~c` akcc pfnj hcc ke M*92*Y }hy y~iinyye~c' Kg Ingpthc Ohuh# pfn glpltkl~y yrnikhc eltinyhipkunc{ htjn` {l~pf mtl~ry hg` `nunclrn` ‖illrnthpklg‛ pl r~tmn RAK dnih~yn pfn ~gkp`k` glp fhun ngl~mf ptllry &Y~g`fh~yyng 8;64+' Lg jhg{ liihyklgy pflyn }fl `k` glp olkgpfn uklcngin hmhkgyp pfn RAK }ntn ilgyk`ntn` RAK y~rrltpnty pfnjyncuny hg` pf~y dnihjnukipkjy pfnjyncuny'

Etlj `kyi~yyklgy pfhp j{ ilccnhm~ny hg` K fhun fh` }kpf nv*rlckpkihc rtkylgnty# n{n}kp*gnyyny# hg` rlckpkihc ekm~tny# }n fhun el~g` pfhp jhg{ ukipkjy }ntn nvni~pn` hepnt pfn{ fh`

dnng phang kgpl i~ypl`{' Pfn ukipkjy }ntn phang l~p etlj rtkylgy# jkckpht{ d~kc`kgmy# hg`jhanyfkep `npngpklg ingptny hg` pt~ian` pl tnjlpn clihpklgy elt nvni~pklg hg` d~tkhc kgjhyy mthuny' Pfn d~tnh~ithpki ghp~tn le pfn akcckgm ky kg`kihpn` d{ pfn pntj ~yn` hp pfn pkjn?‖`kdlg‛# }fkif il~c` dn pthgychpn` hy ‖pkianpn`‛' H ‖dlg‛ ky h tninkrp# kg`kihpkgm kg pfky ihynpfhp pfn htj{ fh` ckypy le ghjny }fkif pfn{ ~yn` pl ihcc rnlrcn l~p le rtkylg' Pfntn }hyyljn rhrnt}lta kgulcun` kg pfky jhyy akcckgm' Lgn y~tukult kg Dhck tnihccn` fl} h ckyp leRAK jnjdnty }hy rtnrhtn` kg fky ukcchmn?

Dneltn pfhp# kg Glunjdnt 8;5># }n }ntn phang pl pfn r~th Qukcchmn pnjrcnZ d{ pfn ukcchmn fnh`pl phan hg lhpf hg` tnmkypnt' ]n }ntn plc` pl phan hg lhpf ilg`njgkgm pfn RAK kg tnp~tg elt

l~t ckuny' Pfn lhpf }ngp ckan pfky# ‖K ilg`njg RAK‛y `lkgm hg` K gl clgmnt }hgp pl dn hjnjdnt le pfhp rhtp{'‛ Pfn lhpf }hy kg Dhckgnyn' Hp pfhp pkjn K `k`g‛p }hgp pl `l kp' ]f{yfl~c` K phan hg lhpf< Kg pfn rhyp Cnath }hy hccl}n` pl nvkyp d{ pfn mluntgjngp' ]f{ yfl~c`



Kg`lgnykh‛y ltkmkghc ykg ;

K ilg`njg kp gl}< K `k`g‛p nung ~g`ntyphg` }fhp jkyphan yfl~c` dn ilg`njgn`' Chpnt Kel~g` l~p pfhp pfhp ckyp }hy ~yn` pl clla elt rnlrcn pl dn akccn`' Gl} K dnmkg pl pfkga# }ncc

dnih~yn }n l~tyncuny ilg`njgn` pfn rhtp{# }n h`jkppn` pfhp }n‛tn }tlgm# kp‛y lgc{ ghp~thcpfhp }n }l~c` dn akccn`# pfhp‛y fl} kp }ltan`' Ynn# pfhp‛y kg`nn` j{ pfkgakgm# hg` K `k`g‛p}hgp pfhp pl fhrrng' Hepnt pfn akcckgm fhrrngn` jh{dn rnlrcn kg pfn ukcchmn hcyl agn} pfhppfn ckyp }hy mlkgm pl dn ~yn` elt akcckgm' Kg ehip pfn ckyp ypkcc nvkypy kg ukcchmn leekiny' Kg pfky

rchin hclgn pfntn }ntn 02 rnlrcn }tkppng lg pfn ckyp kgic~`kgm lc` rnlrcn' Pfn htifkun ky ypkcc}kpf pfn ukcchmn fnh`'

H`jkppn`c{# kp ky `keeki~cp hp pfky yphmn pl ilgypt~ip h `nphkcn` `nyitkrpklg le pfn uhtkl~yrtlinyyny d{ }fkif rnlrcn }ntn akccn`' Pfntn ky# fl}nunt# ngl~mf kgeltjhpklg pl agl} pfhppfn htj{ rch{n` h `ljkghgp tlcn kg kgypkmhpkgm# ltmhgkzkgm# hg` ihtt{kgm l~p pfn akcckgmy'Lgn ihg ynn pfn yhjn rhppntg le d~tnh~ithpki uklcngin jhyx~nth`kgm hy yrlgphgnl~yuklcngin kg jhg{ le pfn chpnt htj{ lrnthpklgy# jlyp `thjhpkihcc{ hg` ~gilgukgikgmc{ kg pfnjldkckzhpklg le pfn Nhyp Pkjltnyn jkckpkhy `~tkgm pfn tnentng`~j kg 8;;;'

Rtkjkpkun rnlrcn lt rtkjkpkun hii~j~chpklg<H ethjn}lta lepng ~yn` elt ~g`ntyphg`kgm pfn nvpntjkghpklg ihjrhkmg le 8;5>’55 ky pfn`kyil~tyn le f~jhg tkmfpy' ^ykgm kgpntghpklghc f~jhg tkmfpy kgypt~jngpy hg` ch}y hyrhthjnpnty# pfn eli~y le hghc{yky ky pfn akg` le uklchpklgy iljjkppn`# pfn g~jdnt le uklch*pklgy# hg` pfn k`ngpkp{ le pfn rntrnpthplty hg` pfn ukipkjy' F~jhg tkmfpy `kyil~tyn ky gl`l~dp uhc~hdcn elt heektjkgm pfn `kmgkp{ le pfn ukipkjy# pfhp pfn{ }ntn kg`nn` f~jhgy }flfh` tkmfpy hg` }ntn glp hgkjhcy lt `njlgy }fl yfl~c` fhun dnng akccn`# pltp~tn`# hg`thrn`' Pfntn ky# fl}nunt# h intphkg dckg`yrlp pl pfky `kyil~tyn ykgin kp ehkcy pl ilggnip yphpnlt jkckpht{ uklcngin pl nilgljki ypt~mmcny lunt rtlrntp{ hg` }nhcpf' Uklchpklgy tnjhkg~g`ntypll` hp pfn cnunc le yphpn rlckpkiy# hg` glp kg pfn ilgpnvp le pfn `{ghjkiy le pfn nvkyp*kgm ihrkphckyp lt`nt' Pfn akcckgm le pth`n ~gklg hipkukypy hg` }ltanty kg pfn rchgphpklgy leGltpf Y~jhpth# elt nvhjrcn# ykmgkekny jltn pfhg o~yp h uklchpklg le f~jhg tkmfpy' Kp ykmgkeknyh `nenhp elt pfn }ltanty hg` h tn`~ipklg le pfn tnjhkgkgm }ltanty‛ }kcc hg` ihrhikp{ pltnykyp pfn rchgphpklg l}gnty' Ilgungpklghc f~jhg tkmfpy tnynhtif `lny glp kgic~`n }kpfkgkpy yilrn pfn rtlel~g` neenipy pfhp y~if hg nungp ihg fhun lg pfn flrny# nvrniphpklgy# ynce*ltmhgkzhpklg# hg` i~cp~thc cken le h iljj~gkp{ le }ltanty'

Pfn `kyil~tyn le rlckpkihc nilglj{# hp cnhyp kg kpy rtnyngp eltj# lg pfn lpfnt fhg` `lnyglp tnjn`{ pfnyn ckjkphpklgy elt kp y~eenty etlj pfn yhjn dckg`yrlp? kp ehkcy pl ilggnipnilgljki rtlinyyny pl yphpn uklcngin' Pfntn htn jhg{ yp~`kny hdl~p pfn yfkepkgm ltkngphpklgle nilgljki rlcki{# pfn ifhgmn le ypt~ip~tn hg` pnifglclm{ kg rtl`~ipklg# hg` pfn mtl}pfle `ljnypki ihrkphc hepnt 8;5> &Tldkylg 8;651 Dllpf 8;;41 Fkcc 8;;5+# d~p hcc hrrnht pl dn

`kyilggnipn` etlj pfn jhyy akcckgm }fkif plla rchin hp pfn yhjn pkjn' Pfn jhtanp o~ypynnjy pl jlun ckan hg h~pljhplg }kpf h }kcc le kpy l}g# elccl}kgm ch}y le kpy l}g# `kultinètlj yphpn uklcngin' Lgn jh{ glpn pfhp pfky ky h clgmyphg`kgm ehkc~tn le ichyykihc rlckpkihcnilglj{# }fntnkg jlyp pfnltkypy plla kp elt mthgpn` pfhp }ltanty }lta elt h }hmn }kpfl~pkgx~ktkgm kgpl fl} h chdl~t jhtanp ky eltjn` kg pfn ektyp rchin# j~if cnyy fl} kp ky ilgpkg~*hcc{ iljrlyn` hg` tniljrlyn` d{ yphpn uklcngin' Y~if ylikhc ehipy o~yp ynnj pl nvkyp etljpkjn kjjnjltkhc' Jhtv itkpkikzn` pfnkt }lta d{ htm~kgm pfhp ‖kg hip~hc fkyplt{# ilgx~nyp#ngychunjngp# tlddnt{# j~t`nt# kg y~j eltin‛ ky tnyrlgykdcn elt pfn itnhpklg le h chtmn rtlr*ntp{cnyy rlr~chpklg' Hy ky }ncc agl}g# Jhtv pntjn` pfky fkypltkihc rtlinyy ‖rtkjkpkun hii~*j~chpklg‛# h rtlinyy ‖}fntnd{ pfn ylikhc jnhgy le y~dykypngin hg` rtl`~ipklg htn p~tgn`kgpl ihrkphc# hg` pfn kjjn`khpn rtl`~inty htn p~tgn` kgpl }hmn*chdl~tnty‛ &Jhtv 865=? 6=0+'

K y~mmnyp }n pfkga le pfn mtnhp ~rfnhuhc le 8;5>’55 hy lgn le pflyn nrlif*jhakgmjljngpy }fng# pl x~lpn Jhtv# ‖mtnhp jhyyny le rnlrcn htn y~``ngc{ hg` eltikdc{ pltg etljpfnkt jnhgy le y~dykypngin‛' K `l glp }kyf pl y~mmnyp pfhp ihrkphckyj kg Kg`lgnykh dnmhg kg



82 Fkcjht Ehtk`

8;5>' Lgn yfl~c` ~g`ntyphg` rtkjkpkun hii~j~chpklg hy yljnpfkgm }fkif# dnyk`ny eltjkgmpfn yphtpkgm rlkgp le ihrkphckyj# tnp~tgy hmhkg hg` hmhkg# hy pfn dhyky lt dhyki rtnilg`kpklg}fkif ky gninyyht{ elt e~tpfnt rfhyny le ihrkphc hii~j~chpklg'6 Kp tni~ty rhtpki~chtc{ kg hpkjn le itkyky }fng kp dniljny hg ldyphicn pl pfn tnrtl`~ipklg le pfn y{ypnj' Pfn ynrhthpklgle rtl`~inty etlj pfnkt jnhgy le rtl`~ipklg hg` y~dykypngin# pfn jlyp kjrltphgp enhp~tn le

rtkjkpkun hii~j~chpklg# ky kjrlyn` pftl~mf ‖`ktnip nvpth*nilgljki eltin‛# rhtpki~chtc{ pfnyphpn &Jhtv 865=? 6;;’;22+' Pfky ihg dn ynng kg Ohuh `~tkgm ilclgkhc pkjny }fng chg` hg`ghp~thc tnyl~tiny }ntn tnjlun` etlj pfn ilgptlc le pfn t~thc kgfhdkphgpy hg` jh`n pl yntunpfn mtl}pf le ihrkphc kg pfn Gnpfntchg`y' Phvny# eltin` i~cpkuhpklg le nvrltp itlry# hg`kg`ndpn`gnyy fncrn` itnhpn hg htj{ le chg`cnyy rntylgy' Rhv Gnntchg`kih# }fkif }hy d~kcp d{pfn `kyrhpif le ptllry pftl~mfl~p G~yhgphth `~tkgm pfn ynilg` fhce le pfn 8;pf ingp~t{# `k`glp jntnc{ kgpnmthpn pfn htifkrnchml kgpl lgn h`jkgkypthpkun y{ypnj# d~p hcyl eltin` pfnilclgkzn` kgpl pfn clmki le ihrkphc hii~j~chpklg' Pfn kjrltphgin le pfky rtlinyy elt ihrkphceltjhpklg }hy jhtan` d{ pfn glpltkl~y rtluntd pfhp Ohuh hp pfhp pkjn }hy pfn ‖ilta ~rlg}fkif pfn Gnpfntchg`y eclhpy‛'

Fntn# K `l glp }hgp pl `ncun kgpl pfn x~nypklg lg pfn ltkmkgy le ihrkphckyj kg Kg`lgnykh

hg` pfn itnhpklg le h rtlcnphtkhp' K lgc{ }kyf pl ilgpng` pfhp pfn nvpntjkghpklg le 8;5>’55tnrtnyngpy lgn yrnikeki# nrlifhc jljngp kg pfn fkyplt{ le ihrkphckyj kg Kg`lgnykh# h jljngppfhp ky }tkppng kg ‖cnppnty le dcll` hg` ektn‛' Jhyy akcckgm# hy }kcc dn yfl}g dncl}# fhy ilgyk`*nthdcn kgec~ngin lg pfn dhchgin le ichyy rl}nt# tnecnipn` kg pfn kgitnhyn le kgnx~hckp{ hp pfn}ltarchin hg` pfn etnn`lj elt ihrkphc pl kjrcnjngp }lta yifnjny pfhp `kyhùhgphmn}ltanty' Kp }hy hcyl uklcngin pfhp hccl}n` pfn Gn} Lt`nt t~cnty pl kjrcnjngp nilgljkirlckikny pfhp tnuntyn` pfn hgpk*kjrntkhckyp hg` `njlithpki k`nhcy le hg ngpktn mngnthpklg leghpklghckypy'

Y~fhtpl‛y pnttlt ihjrhkmg# fky ‖itnnrkgm il~r‛# `nyptl{n` pfn nilgljki ckunckfll` lejkccklgy le ehjkckny' Hg nypkjhpn` fhce jkccklg rntylgy }ntn akccn` hg` h jkccklg hg` h fhcerntylgy }ntn kg`nekgkpnc{ `nphkgn` hy rlckpkihc rtkylgnty' Pfn ehjkckny le y~if rtkylgntyckun` }kpf pfn ilgyphgp pftnhp le fhthyyjngp etlj yphpn leekikhcy' Kp ky kjrlyykdcn pl `npnt*jkgn o~yp fl} jhg{ fniphtny le chg` hg` fl} jhg{ fl~yny }ntn ynkzn` d{ pfn htj{ hg` kpyhcckny' Hiilt`kgm pl lgn }tkpnt# hdl~p fhce h jkccklg fniphtny le hmtki~cp~thc chg` pfhp fh`

dnng tn`kyptkd~pn` `~tkgm pfn chg` tneltj rtlmthjjn le pfn nhtc{ 8;52y }ntn nkpfnt tnphang d{ pfn eltjnt l}gnty lt pfn clihc htj{ leekinty &^ptnifp 8;=2+' Kg yljn htnhy# pfn htj{‛yynkz~tny le chg` hg` j~t`ntkgm le rnhyhgp hipkukypy dnihjn pfn dhyky elt pfn thrk` nvrhg*yklg le ihyf*itlrrkgm' Pfn th`kihc rnhyhgp ltmhgkzhpklg# pfn DPK# ifhccngmn` pfn rhppntg lertl`~ipklg# }fkif hiilt`kgm pl pfnj lgc{ mhun fkmf kgiljny pl pfn chg`clt`y hg`# kg p~tg#`nnrngn` pfn kgnx~hckpkny kg pfn ukcchmn'

Pfn `nypt~ipklg le rlr~cht ltmhgkzhpklgy jnhgp pfn ng`kgm le mthyytllpy neeltpy hp hcpnt*

ghpkun `nunclrjngp' Hg nv*hipkukyp le Rnj~`h Tha{hp &Rnlrcn‛y [l~pf+# `nyitkdn` fky hipku*kpkny dneltn fn }hy `nphkgn`#

Hy h pnhifnt K hcyl rtluk`n` m~k`hgin pl pfn yliknp{ pl jhan pfnj rtlmtnyy kg hcc eknc`y' Eltnvhjrcn# elt pfn nc`ntc{ rnlrcn kg pfhp nth }fl }ntn kcckpnthpn# }n ph~mfp pfnj tnh`kgm# }tkp*kgm# npi' ]n mhun `ktnipklg fl} pl rchgp itlry hy }ncc# hcpfl~mf pfn{ hip~hcc{ fh` jltn nvrn*tkngin' Kg j{ ihyn# j{ pfnlt{ }hy rntenipn` d{ pfn rthipkin K `k` j{ynce' Elt nvhjrcn hp pfhppkjn# }n yfl}n` pfnj pfn pnifgkx~n pncl j~akdhp# pfng pfn pnifgkx~n pncl rng`nj }hy hcyly~iinyye~c# elt nvhjrcn d{ nhpkgm }fhpnunt }hy huhkchdcn d~p g~ptkpkl~y' K pfkga hp pfhp pkjn}fhp }hy ihccn` p~tdh &p~t~g an dh}hf lt mlkgm `l}g }kpf pfn rnlrcn+ tnhcc{ jnhgp pl dn~gkpn` }kpf pfn rnlrcn# pl nhp }fhp }hy ihccn` pk}~c hg` yhgmmtngm'

Hp pfn pkjn fn }hy httnypn`# fky agl}cn`mn hg` hdkckp{ pl }lta ilccnipkunc{ elt jhghmkgmy~dykypngin hmtki~cp~thc rtl`~ipklg }ntn tlddn` hy }ncc' Pfn Gn} Lt`nt y~rrchgpn` pfnynp{rny le rnlrcn }kpf pfn rtlmthjjn Dkjhy,Kgjhy# }fkif ihttkn` pfn hmng`h le pfn Mtnng



Kg`lgnykh‛y ltkmkghc ykg 88

Tnulc~pklg hg` }hy y~rrltpn` d{ kgpntghpklghc ekghgikhc kgypkp~pklgy &Rhcjnt 8;==+' Pfkyrtlmthjjn ifhgmn` hmtki~cp~tn etlj pfhp ltkngpn` pl}ht` e~cekcckgm pfn rnhyhgpy‛ l}ggnn`y pl pfhp ltkngpn` pl}ht` iljjl`kp{ rtl`~ipklg' Pfky rtlmthjjn ngil~thmn` rnhy*hgpy pl cnhun pfnkt pth`kpklghc rhppntgy hg` ‖thpklghckzn‛ rtl`~ipklg d{ `nitnhykgm pfn ~yn lef~jhg chdl~t kg pfn eknc`y' Pfky ngil~thmn` jltn rnlrcn pl cnhun pfn ukcchmny' Uklcngin }hy

lepng ~yn` pl eltin rnhyhgpy pl mnp kgulcun` kg y~if rtlmthjjny' Kg ]nyp Ohuh# pfn htj{tnrnhpn`c{ ukykpn` iljj~gkp{ cnh`nty hg` ~tmn` pfn rnhyhgpy pl ~yn pfn gn} ynn`y# entpkckz*nty# hg` rnypkik`ny' Rnhyhgpy }fl tne~yn` pfn rtlmthjjn }ntn hii~yn` le dnkgm jnjdntyle DPK'

Lg pfn lgn fhg`# pfn tny~cp le pfky Mtnng Tnulc~pklg }hy kg`nn` hypl~g`kgm kg pntjy lepfn kgitnhyn le hmtki~cp~thc l~pr~p' Lg pfn lpfnt fhg`# kgnx~hckp{ hg` rluntp{ hcyl kgitnhyn`&Fóyang hg` ]fkpn 8;6;# Dllpf 8;;4+' Pfn ~yn le gn} pnifglclm{ hg` rtl`~ipklg rtlinyynytnx~ktn` chtmn kgunypjngpy pfhp il~c` lgc{ dn jh`n d{ }nhcpfknt chg`clt`y' Jhg{ rnhyhgpypf~y clyp pfnkt chg`# }fkif fh` dnng pfnkt jnhgy le y~dykypngin dnih~yn le pfky akg` leiljrnpkpklg' Kg Ohuh# pfn g~jdnt le chg`cnyy rnhyhgpy kgitnhyn` d{ ekun pkjny kg pfn rntkl`le 8;=9’62 &Ykght Fhthrhg# 6 O~c{ 8;68+' Lgn le pfn mluntgjngp‛y dlhypy kg pfn 8;62y }hy pfhp

Kg`lgnykh }hy hdcn pl dn ynce*y~eekikngp kg tkin dnih~yn le pfhp rtlmthjjn# d~p pfhp y~iinyy}hy unt{ yfltp*ckun`' D{ pfn chpn*8;;2y Kg`lgnykh tnp~tgn` pl kjrltpkgm ;. le kpy tkin gnn`y#nvhipc{ pfn yhjn hjl~gp hy kp `k` kg 8;5>'

]ltanty }ntn yrnikekihcc{ phtmnpn` kg pfn uklcngin le 8;5>’55' Pfn ‖icnhgykgm lrnthpklg‛etlj Lipldnt 8;5> lg}ht`y kgic~`n` kg`~yptkny# nyrnikhcc{ pflyn kg`~yptkny }fntn# hiilt`*kgm pl pfnkt kgpncckmngin# cnepkyp ~gklgy }ntn `ljkghgp' Hy glpn` d{ h yiflcht# pfn tnrtnyykunjnhy~tny }ntn dhykihcc{ h ‖rlckpkihc tnyrlgyn d{ h gn}c{ ilgylck`hpkgm rlckpkihc ilhckpklg ‥pl pfn rlyykdkckp{ le pfn tnnjntmngin le h cnep*}kgm `ljkghpn`# jkckphgp chdlt jlunjngp‛&Fh`kz 8;;=+' Pfn `nypt~ipklg le }ltanty‛ rl}nt }hy hg kjrltphgp rhtp le rlyp*8;5>mluntgjngp nilgljki rlcki{' Kg jnnpkgmy pl eltj~chpn ypnry elt kjrtlukgm pfn nilglj{#mluntgjngp jkgkypnty eltj~chpn` tnrtnyykun chdl~t rlckikny pfhp fh` dnng hùlihpn` d{eltnkmg kgunyplty hg` cng`nty &]kgpnty 8;;5+' Ldukl~yc{# y~if ltmhgkzn` tnrtnyyklg }hylgc{ rlyykdcn lgin pfn }ltanty fh` dnng tlddn` le pfnkt ~gklgy hg` pfnkt agl}cn`mn letnykyphgin'

Pfn httnypy hg` akcckgmy `thjhpkihcc{ hcpntn` pfn tnchpklgy le rl}nt dnp}nng ihrkphc hg`chdl~t hp pfn }ltarchin' Kg pfn rchgphpklgy le Gltpf Y~jhpth# kp fhy dnng nypkjhpn` pfhp 85.le pfn }ltanty `kyhrrnhtn`1 yljn }ntn akccn` hg` yljn thg h}h{' ]kpf pfn ~gklg it~yfn`hg` pfn }ltanty hgvkl~y le e~tpfnt htj{ hpphiay# pfn rchgphpklg l}gnty tnltmhgkzn`rtl`~ipklg d{ ~ykgm jltn ihy~hc chdl~tnty ’ h y{ypnj pfn rchgphpklg }ltanty ~gklg fh`rtnungpn` etlj dnkgm kjrcnjngpn` kg pfn rhyp' Pfn l}gnty }ntn hcyl hdcn pl `tkun `l}g}hmny hg` annr pfn }ltanty `kyltmhgkzn` &Yplcnt 8;6>? 850’5;+' Kg ynunthc kg`~yptkny# d~yk*

gnyyjng }kpf jkckpht{ y~rrltp jh`n ~yn le pfn }hun le uklcngin pl tnukun eltin` chdl~t' Htnrltp d{ pfn Hjntkihg PU gnp}lta GDI kg 8;5= tnunhcn` pfhp }ltanty hp t~ddnt rchgph*pklgy kg Y~jhpth }ntn rtkylgnty }ltakgm hp m~grlkgp' Hg nvintrp etlj pfn ghtthpklg pl pfnekcj ellphmn?

Kg`lgnykh fhy h ehd~cl~y rlpngpkhc }nhcpf kg ghp~thc tnyl~tiny hg` pfn Gn} Lt`nt }hgpy kpnvrclkpn`' Yl pfn{ htn tnp~tgkgm pfn rtkuhpn rtlrntpkny nvrtlrtkhpn` d{ Y~ahtgl‛y tnmkjn'Mll`{nht‛y Y~jhpthg t~ddnt njrktn ky hg nvhjrcn' Kp }hy ynkzn` Qd{ pfn t~ddnt }ltantyZ kgtnphckhpklg elt ^Y hmmtnyyklg kg Uknpghj kg 8;5>' Pfn t~ddnt }ltanty ~gklg }hy Iljj~gkyp*t~g# yl hepnt pfn il~r jhg{ le pfnj }ntn akccn` lt kjrtkylgn`' Yljn le pfn y~tukulty# {l~ynn pfnj fntn# ypkcc }lta pfn t~ddnt ’ d~p pfky pkjn hy rtkylgnty# hg` hp m~grlkgp' &X~lpn` kgMtky}lc` 8;=>+

Pfn g~jdnt le ~gklgy hg` pfn g~jdnt le }ltanty olkgkgm pfn ~gklgy `nitnhyn` `thjhpk*ihcc{ hepnt 8;5>' Pfn mluntgjngp iclyn` `l}g hcc kg`nrng`ngp ~gklgy hg` eltjn` h ykgmcn



84 Fkcjht Ehtk`

mluntgjngp*ilgptlccn` ~gklg' Pfn `nypt~ipklg le pfn }ltanty‛ ihrhikp{ elt tnykyphgin }hyhg kjrltphgp l~piljn le jhyy j~t`nty le 8;5>’55' ]fng ilg`~ipkgm chdl~t n`~ihpklgpthkgkgm ichyyny kg uhtkl~y ikpkny le Ohuh kg pfn chpn 8;62y# K tnhckzn` pfhp jhg{ }ltanty }ntnunt{ }lttkn` pfhp h tnrnhp le pfn 8;5>’55 uklcngin il~c` lii~t' Lgn jholt ldyphicn elt pfnmtl}pf le chdl~t ~gklgy }hy pfn enht hjlgm pfn }ltanty pfnjyncuny1 pfn{ }ntn ~g}kcckgm

pl olkg pl olkg h ~gklg elt enht pfn{ }l~c` dn hd`~ipn`# pltp~tn`# lt akccn`';

Yphpn uklcngin kgpfky ihyn rch{n` h it~ikhc tlcn kg itnhpkgm h ifnhr hg` y~djkyykun chdl~t eltin ’ Kg`lgnykh‛yyncckgm rlkgp elt hppthipkgm eltnkmg ihrkphc `~tkgm pfn Gn} Lt`nt rntkl`'

Lgn ehip lepng luntcllan` ky pfhp pfn htj{ tnkgungpn` ychun chdl~t hepnt 8;5>' Pfnr~dcki tlh`y hg` d~kc`kgmy kg jhg{ tnmklgy le Kg`lgnykh }ntn d~kcp d{ rlckpkihc rtkylgnty}fl }ntn eltin` pl }lta lg y~if rtlonipy }kpfl~p h }hmn &Thzke 4220+' H phrlc kg Rhc~#Ingpthc Y~ch}nyk# nvrchkgn` fl} f~g`tn`y le rlckpkihc rtkylgnty kg fky ikp{ }ntn jldkckzn`pl ilgypt~ip d~kc`kgmy hg` fl~yny# kgic~`kgm pfn clihc jkckpht{ fnh`x~htpnty'82 Kg pfn jltg*kgm pfn{ }ntn rhian` kg h pt~ia hg` pfng phang pl pfn ilgypt~ipklg ykpny yrtnh`kgm hcc luntpfn ikp{' Fhce }ntn phang pl hdhg`lgn` eknc`y pl }lta lg pfn chg` pfhp }hy pl dn p~tgn` kgplrchgphpklgy' Jhg{ le pfnj `kn`# mngnthcc{ dnih~yn le ykiagnyy hy h tny~cp le fht` }lta }kpf

kgy~eekikngp ell`' Dclhpn` dncckny }ntn hg nrk`njki kg pfn `npngpklg ingptn hg` jn`kikgn }hyckjkpn`' Pfntn }ntn hcyl pflyn }fl fh` pl ypt~mmcn pl ekg` pfnkt l}g ell` kg pfn eknc`y }fkcnckypngkgm pl pfn jliant{ etlj pfn m~ht`y }fl tnjkg`n` pfnj pfhp Y~ahtgl fh` y~mmnypn`rnlrcn ilrn }kpf pfn rtn*8;5> nilgljki yfltphmny d{ nhpkgm thpy etlj pfn tkin eknc`y' Pfnchtmnyp ychun chdl~t rtlonip }hy D~t~ Kychg`# }fntn rlckpkihc rtkylgnty# ilgekgn` pl dhtthiayetlj y~g`l}g pl y~g~r# }ntn eltin` pl p~tg htk` mthyychg` kgpl hthdcn eknc`y' Hepnt png{nhty le ~grhk` chdl~t# pfn rlckpkihc rtkylgnty jhghmn` pl p~tg pfn kychg` kgpl pfn jlypkjrltphgp tkin rtl`~int hg` ell` yphrcn kg pfn Jhc~a~ kychg`y'

Pfn y~tukulty le pfn pnttlt clyp pfnkt oldy# pfnkt fl~yny# pfnkt chg`# pfnkt rngyklgy# hg`pfnkt dnclgmkgmy' Jhg{ ehjkckny clyp pfnkt ylcn kgiljn nhtgnt' Nung hepnt h rlckpkihc rtkylgnt#h phrlc# }hy tncnhyn` etlj rtkylg# fn lt yfn il~c` gnkpfnt ldphkg h old kg pfn r~dcki yniplt gltkg jhg{ rtkuhpn yniplt ektjy' Pfn mluntgjngp kyy~n` h ynp le tnm~chpklgy pfhp eltdh`n rlckpk*ihc rtkylgnty etlj }ltakgm kg lii~rhpklgy }fntn pfn{ il~c` kgec~ngin r~dcki lrkgklg# y~ifhy }tkpnty# rnteltjkgm htpkypy &n'm' r~rrnp jhypnt+# hg` mluntgjngp leekikhcy' H ifkc` le hphrlc kg ingpthc Ohuh tnil~gpy pfn `keeki~cpkny fnt ehpfnt ehin` hepnt dnkgm tncnhyn` etljrtkylg?

D~p kp‛y pt~n pfhp pfn y~tunkcchgin le j{ ehpfnt }hy h dkp pll pkmfp' Ke fn }hy ykia elt pftnn `h{yhg` `k`g‛p hrrnht Qkg r~dckiZ# fn‛` dn y~jjlgn` hmhkg' Pfn rlkgp ky fn }hy glp hccl}n` plmnp l~p# QfnZ tnjhkgn` ~g`nt ikp{ `npngpklg' Lgin }n rchggn` pl lrng hg Ngmckyf il~tyn ylpfhp ehpfnt fh` yljn hipkukp{# d~p Q}nZ `k`g‛p mnp pfn rntjkp' Pfn ALTHJKC `k`g‛p `htn plmkun rntjkyyklg# Q}nZ fh` pl ml pl AL@KJ hg` pfn Leekin le Ylikhc hg` Rlckpkihc Heehkty pfn{

yhk`' Ehpfnt fkjynce encp ~gnhy{# }fhp il~c` fn yh{< Fn `k`g‛p fhun hg{ old hg` }hy `nrng*`ngp lg j{ jlpfnt' K j{ynce tnmtnppn` pfn mluntgjngp‛y hppkp~`n hp pfhp pkjn elt glp mkukgmetnn`lj elt ehpfnt pl `l yljnpfkgm' ]fhpnunt d~ykgnyy fn }hy pt{kgm pl `l }hy glp rntjkp*pn`' Yl# kg pfn ng` fky hipkukp{ }hy lgc{ hp fljn# tnh`kgm# }tkpkgm# pfhp‛y kp' Dnih~yn fnil~c`g‛p `l hg{pfkgm ncyn' Jh{dn pfhp‛y }fhp yrn` ~r fky `nhpf kg 8;6>' Fn encp et~ypthpn` hyh jhg }fl fh` pl `nrng` lg j{ jlpfnt }fng fn }hyg‛p pfhp lc`' Fn }hy lgc{ kg fky 52y' Fn}hy ypkcc etnyf' ]fkcn fntn jhg{ }ntn ypkcc }ltakgm# fky etkng`y }ntn ypkcc }ltakgm'

Ehjkc{ jnjdnty le pfn phrlcy pll }ntn `ngkn` nckmkdkckp{ elt njrcl{jngp kg pfn mluntg*jngp hg` ypthpnmki kg`~yptkny# hg` ke yljnfl} pfn{ `k` jhghmn pl mnp fktn` pfn{ il~c` dny~jjhtkc{ ektn` ke pfnkt k`ngpkp{ }hy `kyiluntn` kg pfn il~tyn le pfn yitnngkgm pnypytl~pkgnc{ ilg`~ipn` d{ Alrahjpkd hg` kpy y~iinyylt# Dhaltyphghy &Illt`kghpkgm Dl`{ elt

Ghpklghc Yphdkckp{+' Hepnt pfn jhyy tncnhyn le rlckpkihc rtkylgnty hp pfn ng` le pfn 8;=2y# pfnGn} Lt`nt kyy~n` g~jntl~y ch}y hg` tnm~chpklgy pl `kyitkjkghpn hmhkgyp nv*rlckpkihc rtky*lgnty hg` pfnkt ehjkckny' Clihc iljj~gkp{ cnh`nty# ehiplt{ l}gnty hg` yifllcy }ntn



Kg`lgnykh‛y ltkmkghc ykg 89

ilgyphgpc{ hcntpn` hdl~p pfn ‖chpngp `hgmnt le iljj~gkyj‛' Pfn `kyil~tyn le rlpngpkhcpftnhpy le iljj~gkypy# e~g`hjngphc pl pfn cnmkpkjhi{ le Y~fhtpl‛y tnmkjn# yfhrn` kg`~y*ptkhc tnchpklgy'88 Rlpngpkhc njrcl{nny }ntn ldckmn` pl yfl} h cnppnt `nichtkgm pfhp pfn{ }ntnglp kgulcun` kg pfn M*92*Y lt tnchpn` kg hg{ }h{ pl pfn RAK lt h cnepkyp ltmhgkzhpklg# hg`fhun gl ehjkckhc tnchpklgy }kpf nv*rlckpkihc rtkylgnty' Lgn lrpklg pl hulk` pfky akg` le rtld*

cnj }kpf pfn mluntgjngp }hy glp pl h`jkp pfhp pfn ukipkjy }ntn rhtp le lgn‛y ehjkc{' Ohnchjetlj Phykajhch{h plc` fky yplt{?

QKg lt`ntZ pl dn hdcn pl dniljn h mluntgjngp leekikhc QlgnZ fh` pl ynuntn ehjkckhc pkny' J{ifkc` }fl }ltan` hy h fkmf yifllc pnhifnt `kn` glp hy j{ ifkc`' Pfhp tnchpklgyfkr }hy

dtlang# hy ke yfn }hy glp j{ ifkc`' Hcpfl~mf kg l~t fnhtpy pfhp }hy glp pfn ihyn# d~p h`jkgky*pthpkunc{# hy kp }hy `npntjkgn` d{ ‖ch}‛# m~hthgpnn` d{ ch}# yfn }hy eltin` glp pl dniljn j{`h~mfpnt' Kp‛y dnppnt ke K‛j ilgyk`ntn` `nh`# pfhp K‛j glp ilgyk`ntn` ifkc`‛y ehpfnt hp hcc' Pfhp}hy unt{ rhkge~c# }hyg‛p kp< Pfng# pfn ynilg` pfkgm# j{ nc`nt dtlpfnt }ltan` hp RntphjkghQyphpn mhy hg` rnptlcn~j iljrhg{Z' Pfntn }hy h akg` le yitnngkgm elt pfn yhan le ‖icnhg nguk*tlgjngp‛' Fn yhk` pfhp fn `k`g‛p fhun hg{ ykdckgm }fl }hy kgulcun` kg M*92*Y' [np# K }hy fky{l~gmnt dtlpfnt' Fn nung itkn` hp l~t ehpfnt‛y chr' QEhpfnt yhk` pl jnZ ‖Yltt{ pfhp {l~t

dtlpfnt `k` pfky' Kp }hy lgc{ pl yhun Ql~tZ ypljhify'‛ Kp }ngp pl pfhp nvpngp'Pl hulk` pfn tnrtnyyklg# ehjkckny le rlckpkihc rtkylgnty hg` pflyn akccn` lt `kyhrrnhtn`png`n` pl hulk` rtldcnjy hp }lta' Pfn{ }ntn glp ilgek`ngp pl ngmhmn kg ypt~mmcny plkjrtlun pfnkt ckunckfll` hp pfn }ltarchin' Pfn ehip pfhp pfn{ }ntn hdcn pl mnp oldy kg y~ifrtnihtkl~y ilg`kpklgy }hy ilgyk`ntn` h ‖dcnyykgm‛# nung ke pfn }hmn }hy cl}' Elt nih`ny pfnehjkckny le rlckpkihc rtkylgnty `ngkn` pfnjyncuny hy ‖y~donipkun dnkgmy‛ &Jhtv 865=? =40+' Pfkyjh`n pfn tnrtl`~ipklg le pfn ihrkphc tnchpklg j~if nhyknt' Ke pfn nypkjhpny le pfn g~jdnt lerlckpkihc rtkylgnty hg` pflyn akccn` htn tnckhdcn# pfn plphc hjl~gp le rnlrcn heenipn` d{ pfn‖icnhg nguktlgjngp‛ ch}y }l~c` tnhif jltn pfhg pftnn jkccklg hcc lunt Kg`lgnykh'

Pfn kjrltphgin le tnrtnyyklg lg pfn }ltanty hg` eltin` chdl~t intphkgc{ `lny glp tnc{lg pfn gljkghc hjl~gp le jlgn{ pfky chdl~t ilgptkd~pn` pl pfn Gn} Lt`nt' D~t~ Kychg` hg`lpfnt `npngpklg ihjry }ntn glp pfn ‖ilta ~rlg }fkif Kg`lgnykhg ihrkphckyj eclhpn`‛' Pfn{htn kjrltphgp pl ilgyk`nt kg pfnkt tlcn hy eltjhpkun jljngpy kg pfn ihrkphc’}ltant ylikhctnchpklg' Hrrtlhifny pfhp ylcnc{ eli~y lg pfn rngnpthpklg le jlgn{ kg rtl`~ipklg rtlinyyny`l glp ~g`ntyphg` pfn jlyp e~g`hjngphc rtldcnj le ihrkphckyj# pfhp ky kjrlykpklg le }ltapftl~mf pfn iljjl`kp{ eltj# }fkif ky hifknun` dlpf pftl~mf pfn ykcngp iljr~cyklg lenilgljki tnchpklgy hg` rf{ykihc tnrtnyyklg' Tnrtnyyklg lg pfn }ltanty# kgic~`kgm pfnnjrcl{jngp le eltin` chdl~t# dnihjn it~ikhc pl npntjkgn pfn ilg`kpklgy le }hmn chdl~t' Hyfhy dnng glpn` d{ jhg{ nvrntpy# ihrkphckyj kg Kg`lgnykh fh` glp dnng e~cc{ `nunclrn` d{pfn jk`*8;52y# glp lgc{ dnih~yn le h yihtikp{ le jlgn{ ihrkphc# d~p hcyl dnih~yn le pfn nvkyp*ngin le }k`nyrtnh` glg*ihrkphckyp hg` hgpk*ihrkphckyp ylikhc rthipkiny# nyrnikhcc{ l~pyk`n Ohuh#

}fkif }ntn `nnjn` ‖hgpk*`nunclrjngp‛ rthipkiny d{ pfn mluntgjngp'Y{ypnjhpki uklcngin hmhkgyp }ljng `~tkgm pfky rntkl` ky kjrltphgp pl ilgyk`nt kg pfkyilgpnvp' Pfn ynrhthpklg le pfn rtl`~inty etlj pfnkt jnhgy le rtl`~ipklg hg` y~dykypnginhcyl jnhgp h ynrhthpklg etlj pfnkt ilgptlc lunt pfn rtlinyy le ylikhc tnrtl`~ipklg &Jkny8;65+' Lgn le pfn jhkg phtmnpy kg pfn hgpk*Iljj~gkyp ihjrhkmg ch~gifn` d{ pfn jkckpht{}hy h cnep*}kgm }ljng‛y ltmhgkzhpklg# Mnt}hgk' Kpy jnjdnty }ntn hii~yn` le pltp~tkgm pfnak`ghrrn` mngnthcy lg 8 Lipldnt 8;5> d{ j~pkchpkgm pfnkt dl`kny hg` i~ppkgm lee pfnkt mngk*phcy }fkcn `hgikgm ghan`' Y~if h c~tk` hg` `njlgypthdc{ ehcyn yplt{ dnihjn rhtp le Gn}Lt`nt rlckpkihc i~cp~tn d{ y{jdlckzkgm pfn `hgmnt le rlckpkihcc{ yptlgm hg` ynv~hc }ljng&]kntkgmh 4229+' Kp }hy pfky yplt{ pfhp yntun` hy pfn tnentngin rlkgp elt pfn Gn} Lt`nttnyptkipklgy lg }ljng‛y rlckpkihc hipkukpkny'

Pfn Y~fhtpl mluntgjngp ptkn` pl tnyptkip }ljng‛y ynv~hc ckuny hg` pf~y ilgptlc pfn`njlmthrfki thpny' Ilgptht{ pl pfn rtnukl~y mluntgjngp# pfn Y~fhtpl tnmkjn elccl}n` pfn`liptkgn pfhp h chtmn rlr~chpklg }hy hg ldyphicn pl nilgljki `nunclrjngp &F~cc hg` F~cc



80 Fkcjht Ehtk`

8;;4+' ]fkcn pfn ehjkc{ rchggkgm rtlmthjjn kjrcnjngpn` ghpklg}k`n ykgin pfn 8;52y }hykgpng`n` pl ilgptlc rlr~chpklg mtl}pf# mluntgjngp leekikhcy# kgpnccnip~hcy hy }ncc hy jkck*pht{ leekinty dnmhg pl kgulcun pfnjyncuny kg tnm~chpkgm pfn ehjkc{' Kg jhg{ htnhy kp }hyilg`~ipn` d{ rf{ykihc eltin hg` }ngp rthipkihcc{ ~gifhccngmn`'

Pfn jhyy uklcngin le 8;5>’55 rch{n` hg kjrltphgp tlcn kg `kjkgkyfkgm }ljng‛y }kcc pl

tnykyp rhptkhtifhc k`nlclmkny' Pfn ypnh`{ yptnhj le rtlrhmhg`h hdl~p pfn ekipkpkl~y ynv~hcpltp~tny le pfn mngnthcy yntun` hy h ilgyphgp tnjkg`nt le pfn `hgmnty le hyyntpkun }ljng'Mng`nt tnchpklgy }ntn hcpntn` ~g`nt pfn Gn} Lt`nt pl itnhpn gn} gltjy1 kgypnh` le }ljnghipkun kg dlpf pfn ehjkc{ hg` yliknp{# pfn jkckphtkzn` mluntgjngp ~g`nt Y~fhtpl kjrlyn`pfn rhth`kmj le pfn kgiljn*nhtgkgm jhcn hg` pfn `ljnypkihpn` }ken'

Ilgic~yklg

Pfn cnyylg pfhp jhg{ Kg`lgnykhgy cnhtgn` etlj pfn uklcngin le 8;5>’55 }hy pl hulk` fhukgmhg{pfkgm pl `l }kpf rlckpkiy' Pfn Gn} Lt`nt‛y ilginrpklg le pfn r~dcki hy h ‖eclhpkgm jhyy‛ ’h jkg`cnyy jhyy le rnlrcn pfhp nhykc{ ecl}y kg }fhpnunt `ktnipklg kp ky plc` pl ecl} ’ }hy h

tnecnipklg le h unt{ tnhc ykp~hpklg? pfn r~dcki elccl}n` pflyn kg rl}nt# jl~pfkgm pfn rtlrh*mhg`h# mlkgm pftl~mf hcc pfn tkp~hcy hg` intnjlgkny# y~if hy pfn ncnipklgy nunt{ ekun {nhty'Pfn jkckpht{ yphpn }hy y~dilgyikl~yc{ kjhmkgn` hy h dnhyp htl~g` }fkif lgn j~yp pkrplnhg` }fkyrnt' Kp }hy y~if enht pfhp jh`n rnlrcn hix~knyin pl jkyptnhpjngp# etlj eltin`chdl~t pl ~gnx~hc }lta tnchpklgy# etlj chg` mthddkgmy pl jkckpht{ uklcngin hmhkgyp }ljng'Pfn yplt{ le rtkjkpkun hii~j~chpklg ky ypkcc dnkgm }tkppng kg pfn hgghcy le }ltc` fkyplt{‖}kpf cnppnty le dcll` hg` ektn‛'

Glpny

8' Kg pfky ilggnipklg# lgn plrki pfhp jntkpy e~tpfnt tnynhtif ky Y~fhtpl‛y ynce*ehyfklgkgm hy h jnpki~cl~y

elccl}nt le cnmhc rtlin`~tn' Fn gnunt pnttltkyn` rnlrcn d{ dlhypkgm le fl} jhg{ rnlrcn fn akccn`'Kgypnh`# pfn neekihi{ le fky kjhmn }ltan` pfn lrrlykpn }h{? j~if le pfn r~dcki agn} fn fh` akccn` jhg{rnlrcn &kp }hy hg lrng ynitnp+ hg` encp pnttlt kg ynnkgm pfn ‖yjkckgm mngnthc‛ dnfhun hy ke fn fh` glp &H{~Thpkf 8;;=+'

4' Pfky rlkgp dnihjn icnht }fng tnh`kgm `li~jngpy le pfn ^Y njdhyy{ kg Ohahtph etlj 8;5> pl 8;55' YnnEltnkmg Tnchpklgy le pfn ^gkpn` Yphpny# 8;50’8;56# ulc' 45# Kg`lgnykh? Jhch{ykh*Ykgmhrltn1 Rfkckrrkgny &]hyfkgm*plg? Y Mluntgjngp Rtkgpkgm Leekin# 4228+'

9' Pfky lrnthpklg }hy `nykmgn` jltn pl dtkgm pfn ptllry ~g`nt pfn iljjhg` le Y~fhtpl hg` r~p pfn rtl*Y~ahtgl leekinty lg pfn nengykun' Jhg{ leekinty hg` ptllry }ntn nphkgn` elt jlgpfy hg` nung {nhty lgpfn eckjyknyp le nuk`ngin# lepng o~yp pfn y~yrkiklg pfhp pfn{ }ntn glp y~eekikngpc{ y~rrltpkun le Y~fhtpl'Pfky akg` le icnhgkgm lrnthpklg }hy ilgpkg~l~yc{ njrcl{n` d{ Y~fhtpl kg pfn elccl}kgm rntkl` pl`nyptl{ nunt{ eltj le tnykyphgin pl}ht`y fky t~cn# kgic~`kgm pfn lgn etlj pfn leekinty }fl ~yn` pl dn fky

iclyn hcckny ~tkgm 8;5>’55'0' Pfn dhg }hy ckepn lg 5 Lipldnt 8;5> d~p pfn gn}yrhrnty ilgyk ntn` cnepkyp }ntn gnunt r~dckyfn` hmhkghg`# kg neenip# tnjhkgn` ~g`nt h dhg'

>' ]n gl} agl} elt intphkg pfhp pfnyn ypltkny }ntn ckny &Hg`ntylg 8;6=+' ]n `l glp agl} nvhipc{ }flkgungpn` pfnj d~p }n ihg tnhylghdc{ hyy~jn pfn h~pflty }ntn htj{ kgpncckmngin leekinty ngmhmn` kgry{iflclmkihc }htehtn' Pfntn htn jhg{ kg`kihpklgy pfhp pfntn }hy h ry{iflclmkihc }htehtn lrnthpklg~g`nt}h{ kg Lipldnt' Pfn ^Y hjdhyyh`lt# Jhtyfhcc Mtnng# y~mmnypn` lg > Lipldnt pfhp pfntn yfl~c` dnh iluntp lrnthpklg pl ‖yrtnh` pfn yplt{ le pfn RAK‛y m~kcp# ptnhifnt{# hg` dt~phckp{‛ &^Y njdhyy{ pl @nrhtp*jngp le Yphpn# > Lipldnt 8;5># ikpn` d{ Dthg`y 8;6;+' Pfn IKH }hy nvpngykunc{ kgulcun` kg jhg{ lpfnthgpk*Iljj~gkyp rtlrhmhg`h ihjrhkmgy kg pfn }ltc` &JiMnfnn 8;;2+'

5' Kg 8;56# G^ }tlpn h tnrltp hdl~p 52 ihyny le j~t`nt hg` hyyh~cp hmhkgyp kpy jnjdnty hg` y{jrhpfkznty&Enkccht` 8;;;? =5’==+' Kg pfn yhjn {nht# h g~jdnt le RAK cnh`nty hg` jnjdnty ltmhgkzn` hg htjn` tnyky*phgin pfhp hrrnhtn` jltn hy hg hppnjrp pl yhun pfnjyncuny thpfnt pfhg h jlunjngp pl ynkzn rl}nt &Cknj4220+' Kp ky rlyykdcn pfhp pfn 52 ihyny jngpklgn` hdlun }ntn rhtp le pfn hipkukpkny le pfky mtl~r' Gnuntpfn*cnyy# kp fhy pl dn tnjnjdntn` pfhp# hp pfn yhjn pkjn# pfn Htj{ }hy ilg`~ipkgm h ‖ynilg` icnhgkgm lrnth*pklg‛ hmhkgyp kpy hcckny }fl }ntn njhg`kgm iljrngyhpklg elt pfnkt ‖yntukiny‛'



Kg`lgnykh‛y ltkmkghc ykg 8>

=' Kg Ingpthc hg` Nhyp Ohuh# Ghf`chp~c ^chjh }hy `ktnipc{ kgulcun` kg pfn jhyy j~t`nt' Kg Dhck# h ykjkchttlcn }hy rch{n` d{ Phjngm Jhtfhng# hg ltmhgkzhpklg ~g`nt pfn RGK &Kg`lgnykhg Ghpklghc Rhtp{+# }fkcnkg Ecltny hg` Pkjlt kp }hy Ihpflcki [l~pf' Hcc le pfnyn ltmhgkzhpklgy }ntn iclync{ ilggnipn` pl pfn jkck*pht{ kg ch~gifkgm pfnkt hipklgy' Yljn le pfnj nung ilgmtnmhpn` kg ‖chyaht‛ &ptllry+ ~g`nt `ktnip y~rntuk*yklg etlj pfn jkckpht{'

6' Ahtc Rlchg{k `nunclrn` pfky pfl~mfp d{ fkmfckmfpkgm uhtkl~y ylikhc rtlinyyny hg` ypthpnmkny pfhp htn

kgpng`n` pl tnjlun pfn htthgmnjngp rtlpnipkgm pfn yliknp{ etlj pfn jhtanp &Rlchg{k 8;00+' Pfhp rtlinyy`k` glp lii~t lgc{ lgin kg fkyplt{ d~p annry tnrnhpkgm# hclgm }kpf pfn `{ghjkiy le ihrkphc nvrhgyklg lgpfn lgn fhg` hg` uhtkl~y eltjy le ylikhc tnykyphgin lg pfn lpfnt'

;' D~ykgnyyjng lepng ~yn` pfn hccnmhpklg ‖RAK‛ pl fkg`nt pfn hipkukpkny le }ltant hipkukypy hp pfn }ltarchinlt kg`~yptkhc ykpn' Hjlgm pfn }ltanty pfnjyncuny pfntn }hy h dkppnt olan hdl~p }kcckgmgnyy ‖pl dn RAK*n`‛&ptnhpn` hy RAK+ ke pfn{ olkg pfn hipkukpkny le h }ltanty ~gklg'

82' Pfn clmki le eltin` chdl~t }hy nvpng`n` pl kjrtkylgn` htpkypy hy }ncc1 rhkgpnty# nyrnikhcc{ pfn }ncc*agl}glgny# }ntn eltin` pl rtl`~in rhkgpkgmy elt etnn# rhkgpkgmy pfhp pfnkt htj{ jhypnty ylc` lg pfn jhtanp'

88' Kg 8;65’6= }fng Kg`lgnykh }ngp pftl~mf h itkyky# pngy le pfl~yhg`y le mluntgjngp leekikhcy etlj uhtkl~y`nrhtpjngpy }ntn chk` lee ~n pl ‖~gicnhg nguktlgjngp‛ uklchpklgy# pfhp ky# pfn{ }ntn tnchpn` pl h rlckpkihcrtkylgnt' D~p hiilt`kgm pl ynunthc kgpntukn}y# pfky jhyy `kyjkyyhc }hy h rtn*rchggn` neeltp pl jkgkjkznpfn g~jdnt le yphpn }ltanty' Pfn ‖~gicnhg nguktlgjngp‛ o~ypkekihpklg etnn` pfn mluntgjngp etlj kpy

tnyrlgykdkckp{ pl rtluk`n iljrngyhpklg elt pfn }ltanty hg` ngy~tn` pfn{ }l~c` glp dn ilgek`ngp pltnykyp' H ykjkcht ypthpnm{ }hy lepng njrcl{n` kg pfn rtkuhpn yniplt pl}ht`y }ltanty }fl }ntn kgulcun`kg rlckpkihc hipkukpkny'

Tnentnginy

Hg`ntylg# Dngn`kip T' L‛M &8;6=+ ‖Fl} `k` pfn mngnthcy `kn<‛# Kg`lgnykh 09&Hrtkc+? 82;’90H{~ Thpkf &8;;=+ ‖Y~fhtpl‛y Gn} Lt`nt Yphpn? kjrlyn` kcc~yklgy hg` kgungpn` cnmkpkjhpklgy‛# ~gr~dckyfn`

rhrnt'Dllpf# Hggn &n`'+ &8;;4+ Pfn Lkc Dllj hg` Hepnt? Kg`lgnykhg Nilgljki Rlcki{ hg` Rnteltjhgin kg pfn Y~fhtpl Nth#

Ykgmhrltn? Lvelt` gkuntykp{ Rtnyy'Dthg`y# F' ]' &8;6;+ ‖Pfn ckjkpy le jhgkr~chpklg? fl} pfn gkpn` Yphpny `k`g‛p plrrcn Y~ahtgl‛# Pfn Ol~tghc le

Hjntkihg Fkyplt{ =5&9+? =6>’626'Ifljya{# Glhj hg` Fntjhg# N`}ht` &8;=;+ ]hyfkgmplg Ilggnipklg hg` Pfkt` ]ltc` Ehyikyj' Ihjdtk`mn?

Yl~pf Ng` Rtnyy'Enkccht`# Hg`tnë &8;;;+ G^ uky*â*uky Gnmhth? Rngihtkhg Kyk# Dngp~a `hg Jhagh# [lm{hahtph? CAkY'Enkg# Fncng &8;;9+ ‖Tnulc~pklght{ hg` hgpktnulc~pklght{ mnglik`ny? h iljrhtkylg le yphpn j~t`nty kg `njl*

ithpki Ahjr~ifnh# 8;=> pl 8;=;# hg` kg Kg`lgnykh# 8;5> pl 8;55‛# Iljrhthpkun Yp~`kny kg Yliknp{ hg` Fkyplt{9>&0+? =;5’649'

Mnntpz# Ickeelt` &8;;>+ Hepnt pfn Ehip? P}l Il~gptkny# El~t @nih`ny# Lgn Hgpftlrlclmkyp# Ihjdtk`mn? Fhtuht`^gkuntykp{ Rtnyy'

Mtky}lc`# @nkt`tn &8;=>+ Kg`lgnykh? Pfn Dcll`dhpf Pfhp ]hy# Gn} [lta? ]ltc` Ukn} R~dckyfnty'Fh`kz# Un`k T' &8;;=+ ]ltanty hg` pfn Yphpn kg Gn} Lt`nt Kg`lgnykh# Clg`lg hg` Gn} [lta? Tl~pcn`mn'Fkcc# Fhc &8;;5+ Pfn Kg`lgnykhg Nilglj{ ykgin 8;55? Yl~pfnhyp Hykh‛y Njntmkgm Mkhgp# Ihjdtk`mn? Ihjdtk`mn

^gkuntykp{ Rtnyy'F~cc# Pntngin hg` F~cc# Uhcntkn &8;;4+ ‖Rlr~chpklg hg` fnhcpf rlckikny‛' Kg Hggn Dllpf &n`'+ Pfn Lkc Dllj hg` Hepnt? Kg`lgnykhg Nilgljki Rlcki{ hg` Rnteltjhgin kg pfn Y~fhtpl Nth# Ykgmhrltn? Lvelt` ^gkuntykp{ Rtnyy#088’095'

Fóyang# Ethgy hg` ]fkpn# Dngohjkg &8;6;+ ‖Ohuh? ylikhc `keentngpkhpklg# ell` rtl`~ipklg# hg` hmthtkhgilgptlc‛' Kg Mkcckhg Fhtp np hc' &n`y+ Hmthtkhg Pthgyeltjhpklg? Clihc Rtlinyyny hg` pfn Yphpn kg Yl~pfnhyp Hykh#Dntancn{? ^gkuntykp{ le Ihckeltgkh Rtnyy# 490’45>'

Alrahjpkd &g'`'+' Fkjr~ghg Y~thp*Y~thp Anr~p~yhg,Rntkgphf ohgm Dntf~d~gmhg ngmhg Alrahjpkd 8;5> y,` 8;5;#Ynatnphtkhp Alrahjpkd'

Chpkne# Hd`~c &4222+ Rcnk`lk Alclgnc H Chpkne? Ylnfhtpl pntckdhp M92Y# Ohahtph? Kgypkp~p Yp~`k Ht~y Kgeltjhyk'Cknj# Hg`tn &4220+ ‖Rnto~hgmhg Dntyngohph RAK `k Dckpht Ynchphg `hg Lrnthyk Ptky~ch‛' Kg Olfg Tllyh# H{~

Thpkf `hg Fkcjht Ehtk` &n`y+ Phf~g {hgm pha Rntghf Dnthafkt? Jnjhfhjk Rngmhchjhg Altdhg ‛5># Ohahtph?NCYHJ# 859’422'

Jhtv# Ahtc &865=,8;=5+ Ihrkphc Ulc' 8# Gn} [lta? Rngm~kg'JiMnfnn# Thcrf &8;;2+ ‖Pfn Kg`lgnykhg jhyyhitny hg` pfn IKH‛# Iluntp Hipklg X~htpntc{&Ehcc+? >5’>;Jkny# Jhtkh &8;65+ Rhptkhtif{ hg` Hii~j~chpklg lg h ]ltc` Yihcn# Clg`lg? _n` Dllay'



85 Fkcjht Ehtk`

Ghy~pklg# Hd`~c Fhtky &8;6>+ Jnjng~fk Rhgmmkchg P~mhy' Okck` 5? Jhyh Andhgmakphg Lt`n Dht~# Ohahtph? M~g~gmHm~gm'

Glply~yhgpl# G~mtlfl `hg Kyjhkc Yhcnf &8;6;+ Pthmn`k Ghyklghc Rntildhhg A~r M*92*Y,RAK `k Kg`lgnykh# Ohahtph? Kgpntjhyh'

Rhcjnt# Kgmtk` &8;==+ Pfn Gn} Tkin kg Kg`lgnykh# Mngnuh? ^gkpn` Ghpklgy Tnynhtif Kgypkp~pn elt Ylikhc@nunclrjngp'

Rlchg{k# Ahtc &8;00+ Pfn Mtnhp Pthgyeltjhpklg? Pfn Rlckpkihc hg` Nilgljki Ltkmkgy le l~t Pkjn # Dlyplg? DnhilgRtnyy'

Thzke &4220+ ‖Tlj~yfh `hg Rnjdhgm~ghg? Y~jdhgmhg Phfhghg Rlckpka ~gp~a Tnzkj Ylnfhtpl‛' Kg `hchj Olfg Tllyh# H{~ Thpkf `hg Fkcjht Ehtk` &n`y+ Phf~g {hgm pha Rntghf Dnthafkt? Jnjhfhjk RngmhchjhgAltdhg ‛5># Ohahtph? NCYHJ'

Tldkgylg# Mnleetn{ &8;;>+ Pfn @hta Yk`n le Rhth`kyn? Rlckpkihc Uklcngin kg Dhck# Kpfhih? Iltgncc gkuntykp{ Rtnyy'Tldkylg# Tkifht` &8;65+ Kg`lgnykh? Pfn Tkyn le Ihrkphc# Y{`gn{? Hccng hg` ^g}kg'Ynjdktkgm# Mht`h `hg Fhtylgl Y~pnòl &n`y+ &4220+ Mnthahg 92 Ynrpnjdnt8;5>? Anyhaykhg Cnpalc &Rgd+ Fnt~

Hpjlòl# Ohahtph? Fhyph Jkpth'Yl~pf}ll`# O~ckn hg` Echghmhg# Rhptkia &8;69+ Kg`lgnykhg? Ch}# Rtlrhmhg`h hg` Pnttlt# Clg`lg? _n` Dllay'Yplcnt# Hgg Ch~th &8;6>+ Ihrkphckyj hg` Ilgetlgphpklg kg Y~jhpth‛y Rchgphpklg Dncp# 86=2’8;=; # Gn} Fhung? [hcn

^gkuntykp{ Rtnyy'

Y~dhg`tkl# Fhoo &4228+# Anyhaykhga~ pngphgm M*92*Y# Ohahtph? Elt~j Rng`~a~gm Tneltjhyk Plphc'Y~ohpjkal# K}hg Mht`lgl &8;;4+ ‖Pfn `nypt~ipklg le pfn Kg`lgnykhg Iljj~gkyp Rhtp{ &RAK+? h iljrhthpkunhghc{yky le Nhyp Ohuh hg` Dhck‛# Rf@ Pfnyky# Fhtuht` gkuntykp{'

Y~ckyp{l# Fntjh}hg &4222+ Rhc~ Htkp `k Ch`hgm Pnd~? Ynohthf Rnjdhgphkhg Jhyyhc {hgm Pntc~rhahg# Ohahtph?Anr~yphahhg Rlr~cnt Mthjn`kh'

Y~g`fh~yyng# ^ce &8;64+ Pfn Tlh` pl Rl}nt? Kg`lgnykhg Jkckpht{ Rlckpkiy 8;0>*5=# A~hch C~jr~t? Lvelt`^gkuntykp{ Rtnyy'

^ptnifp# Ntgyp &8;=2+ Kg`lgnyká‛y Gkn~}n Lt`n? Lgpdkg`kgm ng Gnlalclgkyhpkn# Hjypnt`hj? Uhg Mnggnr']kntkgmh# Yhyakh &4229+ ‖Pfn dktpf le pfn gn} lt`nt yphpn kg Kg`lgnykh? ynv~hc rlckpkiy hg` ghpklghckyj‛#

Ol~tghc le ]ljng‛y Fkyplt{ 8>&8+? =2’;8]kgpnty# Oneetn{ &8;;5+ Rl}nt kg Jlpklg? Ihrkphc Jldkckp{ hg` pfn Kg`lgnykhg Yphpn# Kpfhih? Iltgncc ^gkuntykp{

Rtnyy'

H~pflt‛y dklmthrf{

Fkcjht EHTK@ ky h }tkpnt*hipkukyp# ckukgm kg Ohahtph' Fn ky h el~g`kgm jnjdnt le Ohtkgmhg Antoh D~`h{h# hilccnipkun le htpkypy# tnynhtifnty hg` i~cp~thc }ltanty# hg` h tnynhtifnt hp pfn Kg`lgnykhg Kgypkp~pn elt YlikhcFkyplt{ kg Ohahtph'

Ilgphip h``tnyy? Oc Rkghgm Thgpk 9# Ohahtph 89>52# Kg`lgnykh' N*jhkc? fkcjhtehtk`Bantohd~`h{h'ltm

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