Highway Soil Intro

7/23/2019 Highway Soil Intro

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INTRODUCTION TO SOIL MECHANI


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DEFINITION

Dr. Karl Von Terzaghi the Father of Moern SoilMe!hani!" e#ne Soil Me!hani!" a" follo$"%

Soil Mechanics is the application of the laws ofmechanics and hydraulics to engineeringproblems dealing with sediments and otherunconsolidated accumulations of solid particles

produced by the mechanical and chemicaldisintegration of rocks regardless of whether ornot they contain an admixture of organicconstituents.


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ORI&IN OF SOIL


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IGNEOUS ROCK

Igneo'" ro!( i" the re"'lt fro) !oolingan harening of )olten ro!( !alle)ag)a that ha" originate fro) ee*

$ithin the earth.


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SEDIMENTARY ROCK

Sei)entar+ ro!(" are for)e fro)a!!')'late e*o"it" of "oil *arti!le"or re)ain" of !ertain organi")" that

ha,e haren -+ *re""'re or !e)ente-+ )aterial".


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METAMORPHIC ROCK

Meta)or*hi! ro!(" are ro!(" re"'ltefro) )eta)or*hi") 'e to !hange" inte)*erat're *re""'re an *la"ti! /o$

!hanging the original ro!( "tr'!t'rean )ineral !o)*o"ition of the ro!(.


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CATE&ORIES OF SOIL


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RESIDUAL SOIL

Re"i'al Soil or Sei)entar+ Soil i" for)e fro) the$eathering of ro!(" or a!!')'lation of organi!)aterial" re)aine at the lo!ation of their origin.0eathering *ro!e"" )a+ -e attri-'te to )e!hani!al

!he)i!al or "ol'tion $eathering. Me!hani!al $eathering refer" to *h+"i!al

i"integration 'e to e1e!t" of $in rain r'nning$ater or te!toni! for!e" 2earth 3'a(e4.

Che)i!al or Sol'tion 0eathering i" e!o)*o"ition ofro!( 'e to !he)i!al rea!tion" that o!!'r a" a re"'lt ofe5*o"'re to at)o"*here te)*erat're !hange"rea!tion $ith $ater or other )aterial".


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TRANSPORTED SOILS

Tran"*orte Soil" are tho"e )aterial"tran"*orte fro) their *la!e of origin.

Tran"*ortation )at re"'lt 'e to the

e1e!t" of gra,it+ $in gla!ier" ofh')an a!ti,it+.


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TYPES OF SOIL

The )a6or !ategorie" of "oil" aregra,el "an "ilt an !la+. &ra,el an"an are 'ni,er"all+ (no$n a" !oar"e

grain "oil. On the other han "ilt an!a+ are !on"iere a" #ne grain "oil.

7arti!le" larger than gra,el are

!o))onl+ referre to a" !o--le" or-o'ler".


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CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL


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8eha,ior of "oil )a"" !o'l -eeter)ine -a"e on the!hara!teri"ti!" of ini,i'al "oil

*arti!le" "'!h a"%

a4 &rain "ize

-4 &rain "ha*e

!4 S'rfa!e te5t're an ele!tri!al"'rfa!e !harge" re"'lte fro) the!he)i!al !o)*o"ition an )ole!'lar

"tr'!t're".


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The &eneral Chara!teri"ti!" an Cla""i#!ation of "oil*arti!le" are en')erate a" follo$"%

Gravel

&ra,el !on"i"t of ro!( frag)ent" )ore or le"" ro'ne -+$ater a!tion or a-ra"ion !la""i#e a!!oring to the follo$ing

t+*e"%

a4 Quartz is the hardest of common rock forming minerals.

-4 Well Rounded Pebbles and oulders ! those thatundergone long period of $ear that -e!o)e al)o"t 3'artz.

!4 Slightly Worm "ra#el is rough and angular including othermaterials or rocks li(e granite "!hi"t -a"alt or li)e"tone.


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Coarse sand

Coar"e San i" '"'all+ ro'ne li(egra,el $ith $hi!h it i" fo'n angenerall+ !ontain" the "a)e )aterial".

Fine sand

Fine San ha" *arti!le" that are )oreang'lar than the !oar"e an #ne*arti!le".


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Silt rain

Silt San i" "i)ilar to #ne "an $ith the "a)e)ineral !o)*o"ition. The+ are fo'n a"

Ro!( /o'r in gla!ial )oraine". It !o'l -e*ro'!e -+ !he)i!al e!a+. O!!a"ionall+"ilt !ontain"%

a4 7')i!e

-4 Loe""

!4 Material" foreign to the a""o!iate "an


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Cla!

Cla+ i" *late li(e "!ale li(e or ro li(e in "ha*ea" a re"'lt of !he)i!al $eathering.

8e!a'"e of their ")aller "ize" it" *erfor)an!ei" in/'en!e -+ )oi"t're an "'rfa!e!he)i"tr+.

Colloidal "la!

Colloial !la+ i" #ne !la+ that re)ain""'"*ene in $ater an oe" not "ettle 'nerthe for!e of gra,it+.


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Coarse Grain Materials

For )o"t *'r*o"e" !oar"e grain )aterial" are!on"iere "ati"fa!tor+ !on"tr'!tion )aterial.

On the other han "ilt+ "oil $ill !reate *ro-le)"in area" $here the gro'n ha" )oi"t're)o,e)ent 'e to !a*illar+ a!tion. Soil that!ontain" !la+ $o'l -e tro'-le"o)e )a(ing the

e"ign an !on"tr'!tion )ore i9!'lt. A" a r'leof th')- "oil $ith !la+ "ho'l not -e '"e!lo"er to the roa$a+ "'rfa!e".


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I#$ortant Grain S%a$e C%ara"teristi"s

Ro'ne *arti!le" e5tra!te fro) the "trea) thatha" 'nergone $ear are !on"iere"trong )aterial".

Flat an /a(+ *arti!le" that $ere not "'-6e!te to$ear are $ea( an ,aria-le that i" not "'ita-le for,ario'" '"e.

Ang'lar or ro'ghl+ !'-i!al "ha*e *arti!le" *ro'!efro) !r'"hing "trong an to'gh ro!(" in!rea"e" the

re"i"tan!e of "oil )a"" to efor)ation $hen"'-6e!te to loa 'e to ini,i'all+ interlo!(inggrain".


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CLASSIFICATION FOR SOILS


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7ealog+ i" the "!ien!e of "oil". It i" the-a"i" for *ealogi!al !la""i#!ation'ner the *rin!i*le that% :li(e "oil are

e,elo*e on li(e "lo*e $hen li(e)aterial" are $eathere in li(efa"hion.;. Regarle"" of geogra*hi!al

lo!ation" $here "lo*e" an !li)ate arethe "a)e the e*th an nat're of "oil)antle are al"o "i)ilar.


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The te5t're!la""i#!ation of"oile*ening on thegrain"izei"tri-'tion i"!la""i#e into three

gro'*" na)el+%2a4 San

2-4 "ilt an

2!4 !la+.


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The *o"ition" of e,er+ *oint in"ie the trianglere*re"ent the "ie,e anal+"i" of "oil in*arti!'lar graing. After eter)ining the grain

"ize of the "a)*le !hart" i" rea a"follo$"% S*a!e" ,erti!all+ '*$ar "tarting fro) zero at

the -otto) re*re"ent !la+ *er!entage.

S*a!e" fro) left to right iagonall+ o$n$ar

"tarting $ith zero at the left re*re"ent" "ilt. S*a!e" fro) right to left iagonall+ o$n$ar

"tarting $ith zero at the rightre*re"ent" "an.


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The Uni#e Soil Cla""i#!ation S+"te)$a" intro'!e -+ the U.S. Ar)+ Cor*"an the 8'rea' of Re!la)ation".

Letter" $ere '"e in"tea of n')-er"to e"ignate the i1erent gro'*". The)e!hani!al anal+"i" an the li3'i an

*la"ti! li)it te"t" are the *ri)aril+!la""i#!ation tool". The *rin!i*al"+)-ol" an "oil e"ignation are%


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The Uni#e Soil Cla""i#!ation S+"te) re!o))ene "e,eral $a+" for3'i!( ienti#!ation of #ne grain *ortion" of the "oil na)el+%

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Highway Soil Intro