Highway engineering cc303.pptx

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Cc302 – highway engineeringPuan norashikin md radzi



List of Compaction machinery & compaction

determinations.

explainations of

levelling work & soil compaction.



Group membersAhmad Khairul b. Md Isa

16DKA11F2039

Muhamad Syahir b. Anuar

16DKA11F2074

Muhamad Aidil Izaham b. Mahmood

16DKA11F2058 Mohamad Hayani b. Mohd Said

16DKA11F2045



Compaction machinery



JUMPING JACK

TAMPERS/RAMMERS

Jumping Jack Tampers/

Rammers are designed for

confined area compaction

of cohesive and mixed soilsin construction, utility, and

municipal applications.



REVERSIBLE VIBRATORY PLATE

COMPACTORS

Reversible Plate

Compactors feature

variable forward and

reverse operation, ideal forcompaction applications in

trenches and backfilling

along foundations.

Machines can also be

operated stationary for

“spot” compaction.



RIDE-ON ASPHALT

ROLLERS

Ride-On Asphalt Rollers

provide excellent

performance on small to

medium asphalt pavingjobs, as well as roller

compacted concrete

applications.



RIDE-ON VIBRATORY

ROLLERS

Single-Drum Ride-On

Vibratory Compactors

feature hydrostatic, all-

wheel planetary drive andarticulated steering for

excellent gradeability and

maneuverability on rugged

terrain.



VIBRATORY PLATE

COMPACTORS

One-Way Plate Compactors

are designed for

compacting both granular

soils and hot/cold asphaltin confined spaces in appli-

cations such as patio

construction.



WALK-BEHIND

ASPHALT ROLLER

Walk-Behind Asphalt Rollers

provide excellent

performance on small to

medium asphalt pavingjobs, as well as roller

compacted concrete

applications.



WALK-BEHIND TRENCH

ROLLERS

Walk-Behind Vibratory

Trench Rollers feature dual

vibratory padfoot tamping

drums for compactingcohesive soils and clay in

utility trenches and other

confined area construction

applications.



Compaction determination



General aim/objective

To determine the Optimum moisture content andmaximum dry density of a soil.



Theory Compaction is the process of densification of soil mass

by reducing air voids.

The purpose of laboratory compaction test is sodetermine the proper amount of water at which the

weight of the soil grains in a unit volume of the

compacted is maximum.



COMPACTION TESTING FOR SOILS,

GRANULAR, CEMENT BOUND ANDBITUMINOUS MATERIALS

MOISTURE CONDITION TEST, (MCT) CLEGG IMPACT SOIL TESTER

DYNAMIC CONE PENETROMETER

CORE CUTTER

PLASTIC LIMIT TEST NUCLEAR DENSITY GAUGE/METER

SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD

PERCENTAGE REFUSAL DENSITY (PRD)



Moisture condition test (MCT)The moisture condition test is a physical test

indicating how much compactive effort is neededto compact a sample of soil at a particular

moisture content. CLEGG IMPACT SOIL TESTER

The theory being that a well compacted surface

will cause the weight to stop more quickly than a

poorly compacted surface.

DYNAMIC CONE PENETROMETER The Dynamic Cone Penetrometer can be used to

indicate the compaction/density of soil/fill

materials.



CORE CUTTER Core cutters are used for testing the compaction of

cohesive/clay soils placed as fill.

PLASTIC LIMIT TEST This is the test where you try and make a "worm"

about the thickness of a pencil out a sample from a

clay soil.

The Plastic Limit being the moisture content at

which the "worm" starts breaking up, it is at the

limit of its plasticity.



NUCLEAR DENSITY GAUGE/METER The conditions of use and storage of a nuclear

density gauge/meter are very stringent and mustbe adhered to.

Technicians who use the apparatus must undergo

strict medical checks on a regular basis.

Failure to comply with the appropriate regulationsrenders the laboratory and technician open to

prosecution.

SAND REPLACEMENT METHODThis along with the Core Cutter is one of the older,

more labour intensive methods of determining

compaction.



PERCENTAGE REFUSAL DENSITY (PRD)The percentage refusal density is a measure of

the density and hence the state of compaction of laid dense bitumen macadam, and the test which

determines the PRD is intended as a quality control

test.



LEVELLING WORK



DEFINITION• Determination of the elevations of points on the earth’s

surface relative to a starting point (“zero elevation”) or to

sea level

• Leveling is one of the types of geodetic measurements

used to plan, construct, and maintain engineeringstructures, railroads, HIGHWAYS, and so on.





GEOMETRIC METHOD• Geometric leveling is done by sighting on the horizontal

line through the sighting tube of a level and reading the

elevation of the sight line above the earth’s surface at acertain point on a rod set plumb at the point



Trigonometric method• Trigonometric levelling is based on the simple

relationship of the dip angle of the sight line passing

through two points on the terrain to the difference in theelevations of the points and the distance between them



BAROMETRIC METHOD• Barometric leveling is based on the fact that atmospheric

pressure (measured by a barometer) depends on the

elevation of a point above sea level

• Barometric leveling is common on geographic andgeological expeditions, as well as for topographic

surveying in inaccessible areas



MECHANICAL METHOD• Mechanical leveling is done by an automatic level,

mounted on a bicycle or motor vehicle, that

automatically plots the profile of the terrain andmeasures the distance traveled

• The vertical is given by a heavy plumb in the automatic

level, and the distance is recorded by a friction disk connected to the bicycle wheel



HYDROSTATIC METHOD• Hydrostatic leveling is based on the fact that the free

surfaces of a liquid in communicating vessels are at the

same level• A hydrostatic leveling instrument consists of two glass

tubes set in rods with gradations. The tubes areconnected by a rubber or metal hose and are filled with a

liquid, such as water or dimethyl phthalate



SOIL COMPACTION



DEFINITION• Soil compaction is a form of physical degradation

resulting in densification and distortion of the soil where

biological activity, porosity and permeability arereduced, strength is increased and soil structure partly destroyed

• Some soils are naturally compacted. Soils can vary from

being sufficiently strong to resist all likely applied loadsto being so weak that they are compacted by even lightloads.



THE IMPACT

• Large spaces in soils are known as macro pores and are

created by plant roots, burrowing creatures andshrinkage caused by the drying of wet soil

• These macro pores are usually continuous and form“highways” for air and water to travel deep into the soil



SCALE• Well-structured soils combine good physical soil

properties with high strength. Sandy soils with a single

grain structure and compacted massive soils can be very strong

• However, rootability and soil physical properties are

then often bad

• Roots have a binding action and increase the elasticity and resistance of a soil to compaction



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Highway engineering cc303.pptx