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““Highway Construction Work Highway Construction Work Zones and Traffic Control Zones and Traffic Control
Hazards”Hazards”A Training Program developed under a Susan A Training Program developed under a Susan
Harwood grant from OSHAHarwood grant from OSHA
Prepared by Prepared by Wayne State University, Wayne State University,
Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringDepartment of Civil and Environmental EngineeringDetroit, Michigan Detroit, Michigan
This material was produced under grant number 46E3-HT18 from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S.
Department of Labor. It does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor does mention of
trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
• Highway Construction and Work Zone Safety – Concern to many
• Construction Workers, Contractors, Highway and Safety Agencies, Regulatory Agencies, Transportation Professionals and Engineers,Trade Associations, etc.
• Highway construction is one of the most hazardous occupations in the USA– In the highway and street construction
Industry • Over 20,000 workers are injured each year• Over 100 workers are killed each year
Introduction
Fatality Statistics by Industry Type
1997 2001
Highway and Street Construction 39.21 44.65
All Construction except Highway and Street Construction Workers
18.13 18.99
Building Construction (Residential and Non-Residential)
13.91 11.30
TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
AVERAGE ANNUAL FATALITY RATE
(Deaths per 100,000 workers)
Risk of death of Highway and Street Construction workers is2 to 4 times that of the remainder of the construction industry,
and building construction industry.Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI), Bureau of Labor Statistics
• Highway work spaces are unique– Worker exposure to potential hazards include:
• Construction-related hazards• Vehicle intrusion in the work space• Workers directing passing traffic and construction
traffic • Interaction between workers, machinery,
equipment, trucks and vehicles within the work space
• Restricted work space• Night operations
– Pressure to complete project early exacerbates the situation
Causes of Highway Worker Fatalities
• 120 to 130 workers die each year in highway and road construction (H&SC) activities
• Majority of the fatalities (74%) for H&SC workers are due to:
– On-foot workers struck by passing vehicular traffic (23%)
– On-foot workers struck by construction vehicles (18%)
– Construction vehicle operator and occupant events (e.g., rollovers) (18%)
– Highway traffic accidents (15%)
* Sources: BLS CFOI data, 1992-1996; and SIC 1661 Contractor OSHA 200 data as posted on the National Work Zone Safety Information Clearinghouse website at http://wzsafety.tamu.edu/files/factsheet.stm
Causes of Highway Worker Injuries
• Majority of serious injuries are due to: – Over-exertions (27%)– Falls (23%)– Being struck by other objects (17%)
• Tools, materials, equipment parts, trees, etc.
* Sources: BLS CFOI data, 1992-1996; and SIC 1661 Contractor OSHA 200 data (data log and summary) as posted on the National Work Zone Safety Information Clearinghouse website at http://wzsafety.tamu.edu/files/factsheet.stm
Highway Safety vs. Construction Safety
• The number of injuries and fatalities from traffic crashes far outweigh the number of H&SC workers that are injured or killed – Traffic Crash Data
• In the USA, in 2001: – 2.9 million people were injured in traffic
crashes– 42,116 people were killed in traffic crashes
– Highway Worker Accident Data • In the USA each year, over 20,000 H&SC workers
are seriously injured• In 2001, 132 H&SC workers were killed in the USA
Highway Safety vs. Construction Safety (Cont.)
• For Year 2001– Highway traffic crashes - motorists
• 1,586 injuries per 100,000 licensed drivers• 22 persons killed per 100,000 licensed drivers
– Highway and street construction workers• 6,765 injuries per 100,000 workers• 44.6 persons killed per 100,000 workers
National Work Zone Traffic Crash Trends
Source: Fatal Accident Reporting System
• Between 1992 and 1998– A total of 152 H&SC workers were killed
from being struck by a vehicle from passing traffic
• On average, 25 workers are killed per year from intruding vehicles
National Work Zone Traffic Crashes (Cont.)
Distribution of Work Zone Fatalities by Occupation, 1992-
1999 Average
Source: NIOSH/CDC. “Deaths Caused by Vehicles and Heavy Equipment on Construction Sites”, Sept. 2002
Other trades33%
Truck drivers9%
Construction laborers
42%
Operating engineers
9%
Supervisors7%
Events Leading to H&SC Worker Fatalities
Occupational Fatalities - Average 1992-2002
Collision between Vehicles
10%
Noncollision Highway Incidents
9%
Nonhighway Transportation
Incident8%
Highway Transportation
Incident23%
Caught in Equipment or
Object5%
Struck by Object7%
Struck by Falling Object
4%Contact with Objects and
Equipment14%
Fall to Lower Level3%Harmful
Substances or Environment
5%
Contact with Current
(Electrocution)4%
All Others8%
(Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics)
Examples of Common Hazards in Highway Work Zones
No Rigid barriers to separate workers from passing traffic
Hazard to On-Foot Workers: Type of Barrier
Truck may be traveling at a high speed
Worker is in traffic lane
Hazard to On-Foot Workers: Too Close to Traffic Lane
Hazards to On-Foot Workers: Working Near Equipment
Workers in close proximity to equipment
Working too close to equipment against a rigid barrier (possible pinch point)
Hazards to On-Foot Workers
Improper Flagging Techniques
Flagger is not using hard hat Flagger is sitting while working
Flagger is not flagging, is not using hard hat and is facing back to traffic
Improper Personal Protective Equipment
Using cell phone in middle of the lane (distraction)
No shirts (and other PPE)
No steel toed shoes
Hazardous Work Environment (Poor Visibility)
Hard to see a worker in the shadow of a truck
Lack of high visibility apparel/vest
Equipment Rollovers
Rolled over equipment
Overhead Power Lines
Truck/equipment in potential contact with overhead power lines, which may result in electrocution
Hazards of Heavy Equipment: Impaired Vision
Broken windows
Parking Hazards
Parked car too close to heavy equipment in operation
Incident involving parked car and loader
Importance of Training
• Improve knowledge, skills, ability and attitude in order to perform construction related activities safely and efficiently
• Increase awareness of job hazards and methods to abate them
• Improve safety for workers and reduce injuries/fatalities
Overview of Training Modules
Module 1. Work Zone Traffic Control
Module 2. Safe Operations and Internal Traffic Control in
the Work Space
Module 3. Heavy Equipment
Module 4. Overhead and Underground Power Lines
Module 5. Hand and Power Tools
Other Training Materials Available • Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s
(OSHA)– “10-Hour Training Course on Roadway Construction
Industry”– http://www.artba.org/pdf/2003_10-Hour_Overview.pdf
• Michigan Road Builders Association (MRBA)– “Heavy/Highway Construction Safety Best Practices”
• Southern California Contractors Association, Inc. – “Safety Manual for Workers on Roadways Open to
Motorists” – http://www.sccaweb.org/safety_training.htm
Other Training Materials Available
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health/Center for Disease Control and Prevention (NIOSH/CDC)– “Building Safer Highway Work Zones: Measures to
Prevent Worker Injuries from Vehicles and Equipment”
– http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/2001128.html
• Various Training Videos