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H I G H L I G H T S from I F P R I ’ S W E S T A N D C E N T R A L A F R I C A O F F I C E 1
H I G H L I G H T S from I F P R I ’ S
WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA OFFICEI F P R I E S T A B L I S H E D T H E W E S T A N D C E N T R A L A F R I C A O F F I C E ( W C A O )
I N 2 0 1 0 T O B E T T E R M E E T L O C A L R E S E A R C H A N D C A P A C I T Y N E E D S F O R
R E D U C I N G P O V E R T Y A N D E N D I N G M A L N U T R I T I O N I N T H E R E G I O N .
Although the West and Central Africa region has experienced strong economic growth over the past
15 years, it faces challenges from increasing urbanization, a growing middle class, transforming
agrifood systems, and the intensifying effects of climate change. WCAO is helping to address these
pressing problems. It also supports the implementation of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture
Development Programme (CAADP) and works with regional bodies such as the Economic Community of
West African States (ECOWAS) and individual countries to provide evidence-based agricultural policy
solutions and capacity-strengthening support. WCAO hosts staff from two IFPRI research divisions: the
Markets, Trade, and Institutions Division (MTID) and the Poverty, Health, and Nutrition Division (PHND).
The following are highlights of the major research, capacity-strengthening, and policy-dialogue activities
that IFPRI leads from WCAO.
BRO_2016_WCAO.indd 1 5/19/2017 1:59:40 PM
H I G H L I G H T S from I F P R I ’ S W E S T A N D C E N T R A L A F R I C A O F F I C E2 H IH I GH I GHHHH I GHH I GH I G H LLH L IL IH LHH G HG HG H T SSSSSSSSSS frofrofrofrofrofrofrofroommmmmmmm I FI FI FI FI FII FF PPPP R IP R IP R IP ’ S’ S’ S WWWW E SWWW T A A AAA N DDDD C E NC E NC E NC E NC E NC E NN T R AT R AT R AT RT R AT R AT R AAA L ALL AL AL AL A F R IF R IF R IF RF RF R I C AC AC AC A O F FO F FOO F FOO I C EC EC E222222
Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support SystemMonitoring CAADP PerformanceDuration: 2006–2021
w w w . r e s a k s s . o r g @ R e S A K S S @ r e s a k s s . a f r i c a
R A T I O N A L E and O B J E C T I V E S : The Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme
(CAADP) is an Africawide framework for transforming the agriculture sector and increasing economic growth and food and
nutrition security. Established in 2006 by IFPRI in partnership with the African Union Commission (AUC), leading regional
economic communities (RECs), and Africa-based CGIAR centers, ReSAKSS assesses performance against benchmarks,
guides the review and dialogue processes associated with CAADP planning and implementation, and addresses the demand
for improved data, analysis, and capacities. Today, ReSAKSS comprises a network of three Africa-based regional nodes.
WCAO works closely with the ReSAKSS–West Africa node hosted by the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture
in Ibadan, Nigeria, to execute CAADP support activities in collaboration with ECOWAS. These include tracking CAADP
implementation through Annual Trends and Outlook Reports (ATORs) and an interactive website; establishing strategic
analysis and knowledge support system (SAKSS) platforms to provide data and knowledge nationally; strengthening
capacities for policy analysis and monitoring and evaluation (M&E); and strengthening mutual accountability processes at
the country and regional levels by providing technical assistance for agriculture joint sector review (JSR) assessments.
ReSAKSS’s third phase (2017–2021) will continue these activities and support the development and implementation of the
next-generation national agriculture and food-security investment plans (NAFSIPs) and CAADP biennial reviews called for
in the 2014 Malabo Declaration. This phase is funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
R E S U L T S and O U T C O M E S :
ReSAKSS has become the leading platform for tracking CAADP indicators through its web-based knowledge
products and its flagship ATORs. The ReSAKSS website
features a mapping tool for tracking agricultural
development indicators, and has been used to inform
CAADP planning, dialogue, and review processes. The
Africawide ATOR serves as the official CAADP M&E report
and, since 2008, ReSAKSS has produced eight Africawide
ATORs assessing the performance of countries and
subregions against CAADP goals. Featured ATOR topics
have included trends and determinants of agricultural
productivity, public expenditures in the agriculture sector,
promoting food-system resilience through agricultural
trade, the challenges and opportunities faced by countries
in achieving middle-income status, the role of nutrition in
achieving development goals, the need for African
governments to simultaneously address the triple burden of
malnutrition (undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and
overweight and obesity), and the contribution of climate-
smart agriculture to meeting Malabo Declaration goals.
ReSAKSS has organized six major continental conferences
(hosted by AUC) focusing on the CAADP agenda. The
meetings convened more than 200 delegates, including
policy makers, donors, researchers, advocacy groups,
farmers’ organizations, the private sector, and other key
CAADP stakeholders to deliberate on the findings of the
latest ATOR and review progress of CAADP implementation.
BRO_2016_WCAO.indd 2 5/19/2017 1:59:40 PM
H I G H L I G H T S from I F P R I ’ S W E S T A N D C E N T R A L A F R I C A O F F I C E 3
ReSAKSS has led efforts to promote regular, comprehensive, inclusive, and robust agriculture JSRs, both nationally and
regionally. In 2014 and 2015, ReSAKSS assessed JSR efforts in
18 countries, including 7 West African countries and the
ECOWAS region as a whole, to evaluate the institutional and
policy landscape and the quality of current agricultural review
processes. The assessments’ findings have been used to
strengthen JSRs in many of the countries, including Burkina
Faso, Ghana, and Senegal. ECOWAS, the first regional
economic community (REC) to undertake a JSR assessment,
will serve as a model for other RECs.
ReSAKSS built institutional and technical capacity through
training, collaboration with local partners, and sharing best
practices. Between 2011 and 2016, ReSAKSS organized
training workshops for 1,610 participants from ministries of
agriculture, national statistical bureaus, universities, civil
society, and the private sector across Africa. The training
covered methodological aspects of geographic information
systems (GIS), M&E, and agricultural policy analysis.
ReSAKSS led efforts to reshape the CAADP M&E system in
response to the goals of the 2014 Malabo Declaration. It
assisted the AUC and the NEPAD Planning and
Coordinating Agency (NPCA) in developing the revised
CAADP Results Framework 2015–2025, which outlines 40
indicators for tracking performance.
Between 2012 and 2015, ReSAKSS conducted human and institutional capacity needs assessments in more than a
dozen countries to improve the quality of agricultural policy
planning and implementation. Following the assessments,
ReSAKSS established SAKSS platforms in 13 countries
(including 6 in West Africa) to provide policy-relevant
analyses, data, and tools for improving policy making, filling
knowledge gaps, and promoting dialogue. ReSAKSS is
setting up SAKSS governance structures and analytical
networks that will link policy makers to the pool of
knowledge and analyses.
Since 2015, ReSAKSS has worked to equip all SAKSS platforms with a country eAtlas, a mapping tool to help
policy makers and analysts access and use disaggregated,
high-quality data on agricultural, socioeconomic, and
biophysical indicators. ReSAKSS, together with the country
SAKSS platforms, has developed 21 eAtlases for all existing
and upcoming SAKSS platforms. ReSAKSS has held national
workshops in 14 countries, convening SAKSS stakeholders
to review and validate the data and transfer the eAtlas tool
to national teams.
In 2016, ReSAKSS began supporting the preparation of next-generation NAFSIPs by (1) developing a NAFSIP
Toolbox that outlines metrics, analytical tools, methodologies,
and core programmatic components to guide the design of
NAFSIPs; (2) establishing a NAFSIP Local Expert Group to
provide technical support to countries as they elaborate their
NAFSIPs; and (3) setting up a NAFSIP Task Force, which
includes IFPRI researchers, to provide training, backstopping,
and quality control to the local experts.
BRO_2016_WCAO.indd 3 5/19/2017 1:59:43 PM
H I G H L I G H T S from I F P R I ’ S W E S T A N D C E N T R A L A F R I C A O F F I C E4 H I GHH I GH I GGGGH HHHH L IL II G H TG H TG H TG H TG H TG H TG H TGGGG H T SSSSSS frfrfrfrorororooofrommmmmmmmmm I FI FI FI FFI FI FFFI FFFFI FFI FFI P RP RP RP RP RP RP R IR IR IPPPPPPP RR IPPP ’ SSSSSSSSSSSS WW EEE SE SE SWWWW T AT A N DN DN DN DN DN DN D C EC EC EC E NEE NC E NC E NC E NE NC E NC E NC EC EEE NC E NC E NC E NEE NC E T RT RT RT R AT RT RR AR AR AT RR AT RTT RR ATTT L AL AL AL AL AL A F R IF R IF R IF R IF R IF R IF C AC AC AC AC AC AA O F FOO F FO F FO F FO F FO F F I C EC EC EEEC EE44444444444444444444
Strengthening Economic Modeling Capacities Duration: 2010–2021
w w w . a g r o d e p . o r g @ A G R O D E P @ A G R O D E P
R A T I O N A L E and O B J E C T I V E S : From 2006 to 2009, IFPRI assembled and trained often-isolated local
experts on the economic modeling techniques needed to support CAADP’s analytical agenda. In 2010, IFPRI launched the
AGRODEP modeling consortium to build a critical mass of Africa-based experts who could address the strategic
development issues facing the continent. The consortium, funded by USAID from 2017–2021, aims to improve Africa’s
capacities for conducting cutting-edge research and analysis. IFPRI facilitates the consortium in partnership with the
Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA), the Food, Agriculture, and
Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN), and the West and Central Africa Council for Agricultural Research
and Development (CORAF/WECARD). AGRODEP is implemented by MTID with WCAO.
The AGRODEP Consortium facilitates the development and use of economic modeling tools; promotes access to
existing databases; provides training, workshops, and research grants; and supports research and capacity-strengthening
collaboration between African and international researchers. It is organized into three components: (1) a shared modeling
infrastructure, (2) a distributed database infrastructure, and (3) membership, research networking, and capacity building.
R E S U L T S and O U T C O M E S :
AGRODEP has grown over five years to 183 members
from 27 African countries; 30 percent of members are
women. Members’ economic analysis skills have improved
through the consortium’s training programs, competitive
research grants, and economic models and datasets. Full
AGRODEP membership is exclusive to African researchers
living in Africa.
Along with the AGRODEP website, a web-based data portal was developed as an entry point for the economic
models, toolboxes, data, and related resources assembled
by AGRODEP. The website provides data-visualization tools;
a wiki space for scientific exchange and collaborative
documentation; access to AGRODEP publications,
presentations, and training materials; information on events,
training, and grants announcements; and network activity
support among AGRODEP members, staff, partners, and
governance group members.
AGRODEP’s model library, featuring a catalog of 22 state-of-
the-art models and toolboxes, allows consortium members
to access economic models and adapted tools. New models
developed for AGRODEP are documented in the AGRODEP
Technical Notes Series that launched in November 2012.
To date, 14 technical notes have been published.
The peer-reviewed AGRODEP Working Paper Series aims
to improve the quality of research by AGRODEP members
and to contribute to the policy dialogue on African growth
and development. Since the series launched in September
2011, 38 working papers have been published.
Fifteen papers published in 2014 and 2015 qualified for the Awards for Excellence in Publications, which provide
incentives for publishing in top-ranking academic journals.
AGRODEP’s data portal provides access to 305 datasets, including 151 on household surveys and social accounting
matrices (SAMs) for 24 African countries.
BRO_2016_WCAO.indd 4 5/19/2017 1:59:44 PM
H I G H L I G H T S from I F P R I ’ S W E S T A N D C E N T R A L A F R I C A O F F I C E 5
AGRODEP holds an annual grant competition for research projects that are innovative and address gaps in research
and has awarded more than 40 competitive research grants
since launching the grants program in 2011. AGRODEP’s
Research Valorization Grant program has awarded more
than 40 travel grants.
Since 2012, AGRODEP has delivered more than 30 training courses on data analysis and economic models
and tools to 348 participants. These trainings include
courses on SAMs, sampling and processing household
survey data, poverty measurement and analysis, impact
evaluation, crop modeling, experimental methods, applied
microeconometrics, panel data analysis, productivity and
efficiency analysis, and general equilibrium modeling.
AGRODEP cohosted the 17th Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis with the Global Trade Analysis
Project in Dakar, Senegal, in 2014. The conference
convened about 200 economists from more than 50
countries to discuss food policy, trade, and economic
vulnerability, with a focus on Africa.
Technical and Analytical Support to ECOWASDuration: 2013–2018
R A T I O N A L E and O B J E C T I V E S : In 2005, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
adopted the ECOWAS Common Agricultural Policy (ECOWAP) in support of the CAADP implementation agenda. ECOWAP
is implemented through the regional agriculture investment plan (RAIP) and the national agriculture and food-security
investment plans (NAFSIPs). A monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework was developed to assess implementation of the
regional and national investment plans.
WCAO and ReSAKSS have supported ECOWAS in (1) strengthening its M&E unit and updating its M&E framework to
reflect Malabo Declaration goals and thematic areas such as climate change, nutrition, and gender; (2) strengthening
mutual accountability processes at the regional level, which are critical for tracking implementation progress of the RAIP
and NAFSIPs; and (3) analyzing economic impacts of ECOWAS’s rice self-sufficiency policy. The economic impact of the
regional rice self-sufficiency policy on intra- and extraregional trade was projected using IFPRI’s ECOWAS simulation
model (ECOSIM). These efforts are part of the US Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Food Security Policy, a five-year
project involving Michigan State University (MSU), the University of Pretoria, and IFPRI.
R E S U L T S and O U T C O M E S :
ReSAKSS and WCAO provided technical support to ECOWAS to help launch the first regional JSR. They
conducted a JSR assessment that evaluates the policy and
institutional landscape in the ECOWAS region, appraises
ECOWAS’s agriculture-sector review processes, and
presents agriculture-sector performance baselines. The
final JSR assessment, completed in October 2016, outlines
an action plan for establishing a regular JSR for the region.
To help strengthen ECOWAS’s M&E unit, a technical expert from ReSAKSS has been stationed at the
ECOWAS Directorate for Agriculture and Rural
Development in Abuja, Nigeria, since October 2015. The
expert led a review of how to operationalize the M&E unit
proposed for ECOWAP and provided technical support
on ways to improve M&E in the agriculture sector.
According to the ECOSIM regional simulation for rice,achieving the goal of regional self-sufficiency by 2025 will
require the annual increase in rice production to be twice
that of consumption (8 percent and 4 percent, respectively).
The model projects that the rice sector’s average annual
value-added growth rate will double from 6 percent to 12
percent, reducing the region’s dependence on rice imports,
contributing to GDP growth, and improving food security.
The 2014–2015 Ebola crisis in West Africa prompted the project to use the agriculture-focused SAM for Guinea to
assess Ebola-related food-security threats. The study tested
the sensitivity of Guinea’s economy and households to the
epidemic’s transmission channels and showed that food
consumption is seriously affected by the disruption of trade
transactions between rural and urban markets and between
national and international markets.
BRO_2016_WCAO.indd 5 5/19/2017 1:59:44 PM
H I G H L I G H T S from I F P R I ’ S W E S T A N D C E N T R A L A F R I C A O F F I C E6 H I GI GIIIIIII GII GII GI HHHHH L IL IH G HG HG HG HHHHH THG HHHHHG HG H TTHH SSSSSSS frooofrooommmmmmmmmmmmmm I FI FII FI FI FI FFI FI FI F P RP RP R II ’ SSS W E SW E SE SEE SE SE SSE SSS T AT AT AT AAT AAT AT AT AT AT AT AT AT ATT A N DN DN DNN DN DN DN DDN DN DN DN DNNN DN DN D C E NC E NC E NC E NC E NC E NE NC E NC E NC E NC E NC E NC E NC E NC E NC E NE NE NNC E NE T R AT R AT R AT R AT R AT R AT R AT R AT RT R AR AT R AT R AR AT R AT R AT R AR AT RT R L AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL A F R IF R IF RF R IF R IF R IF R IF R IF R IIF R IF R IFF R IF R IF RF IF RF R IF RF C AC AC AC ACC AC AC AC AC AC ACC AC AC AC AC AAC AAAC AA O F FO F FO F FO F FO F FO F FO F FO F FF FO F FO F FO F FO F FO F FO F FO F FO F FO F FO F FO F FO I C EI C EI C EI CI CI CI CI C EI C EI CCI C EI C EI CI CI C EI CI CCII CI6
Providing Agricultural Policy Support in SenegalDuration: 2015–2018
R A T I O N A L E and O B J E C T I V E S : The Government of Senegal is striving to improve the performance of
the agriculture sector through agricultural policies and programs. Yet agricultural value added per worker is two times
lower than the average for Africa south of the Sahara (SSA), while cereal yields in the country are also below that of SSA.
Weak institutions and governance have hindered the private-sector investment necessary for stimulating economic growth
and reducing poverty. The Senegal Agricultural Policy Project (PAPA), a sub-award of the US Feed the Future Innovation
Lab for Food Security Policy project, was launched in 2015 with financial support from USAID-Senegal. WCAO implements
the project in close partnership with Senegal’s Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Equipment (MARE), MSU, Africa Lead, and
local knowledge centers.
The project seeks to (1) establish an analytical network of local centers of expertise to generate evidence-based policy
analysis and knowledge to guide agricultural policy; (2) set up an inclusive policy dialogue platform; and (3) develop a
knowledge-management platform that disseminates data and analyses.
R E S U L T S and O U T C O M E S : To link the demand for data and knowledge with the supply, an analytical network
has been established to address the needs of MARE and other government agencies. Network representatives come from
MARE’s Directorate for Analysis, Forecasting, and Agricultural Statistics, the Consortium for Economic and Social Research, the
Faculty of Economics and Management of Cheikh Anta Diop University, and elsewhere. Members discuss research to be
undertaken through PAPA and attend training clinics on economic analysis and policy tools. The project has strengthened the
technical capacities of 45 analytical network members, including 11 women.
PAPA is helping to establish an inclusive agricultural policy-dialogue platform that includes all major nongovernmental
organizations (NGOs), the private sector, civil society
organizations, producer organizations, universities, and
research centers. Platform members recently helped
prepare the 2015 agricultural JSR report and assessed
MARE’s M&E capacity. The assessment generated data on
staff numbers and types, access to computers and the
Internet, the types of data regularly collected by MARE
units, and the synergies between projects.
The PAPA website (www.papa.gouv.sn) provides
information on day-to-day project implementation, including
the work of the analytical network. The project developed
another knowledge platform with a user-friendly eAtlas for
Senegal that can map and analyze data on agricultural,
nutrition, climate, and socioeconomic indicators. Following
the assessment of existing platforms, the project developed
an implementation plan for a user-friendly M&E platform,
including a manual of M&E procedures for tracking
performance of agricultural policies and programs.
PAPA has facilitated several meetings of the analytical network and other partners to discuss the project’s
research agenda and plan for field surveys. Participants
agreed on a division of research based on areas of
expertise and conducted literature reviews to understand
the transformation, as well as the challenges and
opportunities, in (1) cereal value chains; (2) horticulture
value chains; (3) input sectors; and (4) thematic areas such
as water management, agricultural subsidies, and
agricultural insurance. Key achievements include a literature
review, detailed questionnaires targeting households and
actors along value chains, and sampling frames for the
questionnaires. Field surveys began in March 2017.
BRO_2016_WCAO.indd 6 5/19/2017 1:59:44 PM
7H I G H L I G H T S from I F P R I ’ S W E S T A N D C E N T R A L A F R I C A O F F I C E
Trade and Gender Analysis to Guide Investments in NigerDuration: 2014–2016
R A T I O N A L E and O B J E C T I V E S : Although Niger has committed to liberalizing regulations on
products moving across its borders, the country’s capacity to lower the costs of doing business has at times been
inadequate. The lack of data and analysis on the constraints on trade competitiveness also hinders reform. Women play
key roles in the production, processing, and commercialization of commodities, but gender equality and social inclusion
have not yet been realized in Niger.
To help guide investments by the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) in Niger and increase household production
and incomes in the country, IFPRI was asked to devise research-based solutions to the bottlenecks in agricultural production,
marketing, trade, and women’s empowerment in agriculture. IFPRI, with funding from MCC, (1) collected and analyzed trade-
flow data for Niger, (2) conducted surveys of transporters and cross-border traders to identify the barriers to free and perfect
competition and business profitability in Niger, and (3) applied the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI)
survey tool to analyze gender differences and empowerment in agriculture.
R E S U L T S and O U T C O M E S :
Research results have guided the formulation of MCC’s Niger Compact and will serve as a baseline for an impact
assessment of MCC’s investments in Niger. Analysis showed
that Niger continues to play a major role in regional
agricultural trade in West Africa. Simulation results show that
a modest reduction in trade costs or removal of cross-border
trade barriers would increase net imports of cereals and
other staple food products and net exports of live animals.
Analysis of Nigerien cross-border traders revealed that
female traders tend to be less educated than male traders,
participate less in associations and business networks, and
have less access to mobile phones and funding. Both female
and male traders experience harassment, with the most
frequent cases characterized by intimidation and
humiliation or verbal attacks. Women traders travel together
to cope with the risks of harassment, abuse, or violence.
Business profitability among women traders is restricted by
funding constraints, transport costs, and customs duties.
The analysis provided insights into potential interventions
needed to increase the safety and profitability of cross-
border trade for all traders—but for women, in particular—
including promoting collective action among female traders;
working with traders to identify effective coping strategies to
prevent and respond to harassment, abuse, and violence; and
increasing women’s access to credit by expanding the reach
of tontines (rotating savings schemes) to female traders.
Results from the WEAI analysis showed that empowerment
strongly varies between men and women and that women
are less empowered in households where a primary male is
also present. The differences in empowerment between
men and women stem largely from unequal access to
assets (most notably land). The analysis also showed that
more-empowered households are more productive.
Women’s empowerment could be improved through land-
rental markets, producer groups, and tontines. The results
will be used to track progress in empowerment as a result
of MCC investments.
BRO_2016_WCAO.indd 7 5/19/2017 1:59:48 PM
H I G H L I G H T S from I F P R I ’ S W E S T A N D C E N T R A L A F R I C A O F F I C E8
Evidence and Dialogue for Better Outcomes in Agriculture and Food Security Duration: 2010–2021
w w w . m a m o p a n e l . o r g @ M a m o P a n e l @ M a M o P a n e l
R A T I O N A L E and O B J E C T I V E S : The Malabo Montpellier Panel is a group of leading African and
European experts from the fields of agriculture, ecology, nutrition, public policy, and global development. Since January
2017, the Panel has been hosted jointly by IFPRI’s WCAO, the University of Bonn, and Imperial College London, and is co-
chaired by Dr. Ousmane Badiane (Africa Director, IFPRI) and Professor Joachim von Braun (Director, Center for
Development Research, University of Bonn).
The Panel’s core mission is to support evidence-based dialogue and guide policy choices toward the goals of the
Malabo Declaration and the global development agenda. The Malabo Montpellier Panel builds on the 2010–2016
Montpellier Panel, putting greater emphasis on African initiatives, such as the recently expanded CAADP agenda. The
Panel works with African governments and civil society initiatives to identify and implement policies that enhance
agriculture and food and nutrition security.
The Malabo Montpellier Panel is the only Africa-based high-level panel of independent experts dedicated solely to
agricultural development and food and nutrition security in Africa. Not only does the Panel provide high-quality research,
but it also provides decision makers with the latest technical evidence in key strategic development areas and with space
to reflect on the design and implementation of country policies and programs. The Panel provides accessible and readable
research reports for senior policy makers and other stakeholders. The Malabo Montpellier Forum, organized by the Panel,
gathers leading decision makers to dialogue on the evidence presented in the Panel’s special reports.
In 2017, the Panel will publish three technical reports and briefing papers, participate in international conferences and
workshops, convene the Malabo Montpellier Forum, and continue outreach activities. The Panel is funded by the African
Development Bank and the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development.
R E S U L T S and O U T C O M E S : The following achievements are from the first phase of the Panel (2010–2016):
The Panel has published 11 technical reports and briefing papers.
The Panel provided evidence to the UK International Development Committee on jobs and livelihoods in
November 2014, and in October 2015 the Panel submitted
evidence to the High Level Panel of Experts on Food
Security and Nutrition’s inquiry on “Critical and Emerging
Issues for Food Security and Nutrition.”
The Panel helped persuade the UK Department for International Development to include an agricultural strategy in its economic development portfolio.
The Panel’s work on sustainable intensification continues to inform policy making and implementation within the European Commission (EC). Private-sector representatives
have used the Panel’s reports to get technology to
smallholder farmers.
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H I G H L I G H T S from I F P R I ’ S W E S T A N D C E N T R A L A F R I C A O F F I C E 9
South-South Senegal: Addressing Informational and Cash Constraints on Smallholder Farmers Duration: 2014–2017
R A T I O N A L E and O B J E C T I V E S : One and a half billion people in poor countries live in smallholder
households, and these households produce 80 percent of the food in Africa south of the Sahara and Asia. While many
programs aimed at reducing rural poverty seek to diversify farmer income, increasing smallholder agricultural production
remains a key component of improving farmer livelihoods. Brazil has achieved impressive results in reducing poverty among
smallholders through a large set of agricultural and social protection interventions. Rural poverty in Brazil dropped dramatically
from 51.4 percent in 2002 to 29.1 percent in 2011; during the same period, family farmers’ incomes also grew by 50 percent. The
South-South Senegal project adapted and replicated one Brazilian intervention, “Fomento,” combining extension focused on
improving farm management with relatively large cash transfers to improve the trajectory of farm income.
To study the potential for adopting poverty-reduction programs such as Fomento and to test their effects on
smallholder outcomes such as production and investment, IFPRI launched pilot projects in Senegal and Malawi that aimed
to sustainably improve household livelihoods. In Senegal, the project involved 600 households across 120 villages, split
into three treatment groups of 200 households each:
Group 1 (control): advisory visits and basic agricultural
assessment only
Group 2: advisory visits, basic agricultural assessment,
and a farm-management plan
Group 3: advisory visits, basic agricultural assessment, a
farm-management plan, and a one-time, framed (that is,
intended for a specific purpose but unmonitored) cash
transfer (roughly US$200) at the beginning of the project
R E S U L T S and O U T C O M E S : To implement this project, IFPRI partnered with the Fédération des Organisations
Non-Gouvernementales du Sénégal (FONGS), an umbrella organization of smallholder farmer associations. GRET, a French
NGO, provided input in the development of farm-management plans and helped with cash transfers. The project worked with
FONGS in two main areas: training a subset of project facilitators as enumerators for data collection and providing feedback
and tools to improve FONGS’s agricultural assessment tool for future use.
After one year, agricultural production and livestock ownership were higher in the transfer group (Group 3)
compared with the group that received visits only (Group 1).
Analysis suggests that increases in productivity resulted from
higher investments in agricultural inputs, particularly
chemical fertilizer. Results show increased livestock holdings,
which remain after year two (24–31 percent) in Group 3, and a
potential increase in food consumption for Group 3. For
Group 2, no significant impacts were observed over the two
years of the project, although analysis continues.
In 2015 and 2016, 25 facilitators were trained in data collection. They will train other facilitators for FONGS
and lead their associations in improved M&E. The South-
South Senegal project also provided feedback and tools
to improve basic agricultural assessments, which are
now part of FONGS’s package of services and used to
monitor several thousand households across Senegal
annually. FONGS has shared this tool with farmer
organizations in Benin, Cameroon, Chad, Guinea,
Guinea Bissau, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria, which could
enable comparisons across West Africa. The project
helped FONGS target ways to improve the tool’s content
and design, and develop a data-entry mask for the
paper-based tool. The project’s capacity-building
activities will strengthen M&E at the local, regional, and
national levels.
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Innovative Approaches for the Prevention of Childhood Malnutrition Duration: 2014–2017
R A T I O N A L E and O B J E C T I V E S : In response to the persistence of child acute malnutrition, many West
African countries adopted the WHO-endorsed Community-Based Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) model, in
which acutely malnourished children are treated in outpatient programs. CMAM’s effectiveness, however, is hampered by
low program coverage. The Innovative Approaches for the Prevention of Childhood Malnutrition (PROMIS) multicountry
study is assessing the feasibility, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of an integrated child malnutrition prevention and
treatment intervention package. The program consists of behavior-change communication on child nutrition and health,
and the distribution of small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNS). These preventive interventions directly
reduce the incidence of acute malnutrition and may increase screenings for acute malnutrition.
PROMIS is funded by Global Affairs Canada and implemented by Helen Keller International in Senegal, Mali, and
Burkina Faso. In Senegal, IFPRI’s evaluation is limited to a feasibility study of PROMIS implemented through a community
and health facility–based platform in a semi-urban environment. PROMIS’s effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and pathways
of impact are studied in rural Mali and rural Burkina Faso using a cluster-randomized controlled intervention study.
R E S U L T S and O U T C O M E S :
IFPRI’s baseline surveys in Mali and Burkina Faso reported an
alarmingly high prevalence of child acute malnutrition (10–15
percent) and anemia (over 80 percent). Infant and young child
feeding practices in these countries were suboptimal, with
less than half of children under 6 months being exclusively
breastfed; less than 40 percent and 20 percent of children
aged 6–23 months (in Mali and Burkina Faso, respectively)
were fed diets with a minimum dietary diversity.
In 2015 and 2016, more than 200,000 infants and young children benefited from PROMIS nutrition services in
Burkina Faso, Mali, and Senegal. More than 75,000 children
aged 6–23 months received the preventive SQ-LNS
supplement, and more than 470,000 screenings for acute
malnutrition were conducted.
Feasibility, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness findings
will become available by the end of 2017 and during 2018.
Mali’s Projet Filets Sociaux Duration: 2014–2018
R A T I O N A L E and O B J E C T I V E S : In the last two decades, cash transfer programs have become a
popular approach to long-term poverty alleviation. Yet evidence of their effectiveness is limited in Africa south of the
Sahara—especially in West Africa—and impacts on child nutritional status are mixed.
Mali’s Projet Filets Sociaux (Jigisemejiri) national program aims to (1) meet the immediate and ongoing needs of
households in chronic poverty, and (2) create opportunities for their future by supporting human-development strategies
such as investing in child health and adopting appropriate child-nutrition and hygiene practices. This program uses an
integrated model that provides targeted cash transfers (about $16.75 per month, every three months) and training sessions
on nutrition, health, and income generation to beneficiary households and, in selected communes, preventive nutritional
packets (fortified corn-soy blend) to children aged 0–59 months and pregnant women. The cash transfer component is
expected to reach 62,000 poor households.
To measure the program’s effectiveness, IFPRI, in partnership with France’s Institut de Recherche pour le Développement
(IRD), is conducting an impact evaluation using a cluster-randomized controlled trial design, creating a strong foundation for
rigorous impact analysis. The study is funded by the Government of Mali, the World Bank, and the European Commission.
The study includes the regions of Sikasso, Koulikoro, Kayes, Ségou, and Mopti.
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R E S U L T S and O U T C O M E S : Analysis of baseline data includes the following observations about the situation
prior to intervention:
Of targeted households, 55 percent were affected by moderate or severe food insecurity and were suffering
from anxiety about household food supplies and
insufficient quality. Rates of moderate to severe hunger,
however, were much lower. Despite high levels of food
insecurity, households benefited from diversified diets.
On average, knowledge of breastfeeding was high among mothers of children aged 6–23 months, but knowledge of
complementary foods and foods rich in vitamin A was low.
This finding is reflected by the low percentage of children
aged 6–23 months receiving a minimally acceptable diet.
Levels of chronic undernutrition, acute undernutrition, and anemia were very high among children aged 6–23 months
(29 percent were stunted, 14 percent were wasted, 92
percent were anemic, and 10 percent had severe anemia).
Study results from the impact analysis will become
available in 2018.
Dairy Value Chain in Senegal Duration: 2012–2015
R A T I O N A L E and O B J E C T I V E S : Given the poor reach of traditional anemia interventions, new
strategies, including value-chain approaches, are needed to reduce anemia among women and children in remote areas. A
dairy value chain was used among pastoralists in northern Senegal to distribute a micronutrient-fortified yogurt to producers
supplying a minimum amount of cow milk each day. The objective of the intervention, implemented in partnership with the
local dairy factory Laiterie du Berger, GRET, and the Cellule de Lutte Contre la Malnutrition (CLM), was to improve
hemoglobin levels among preschool children in this remote area.
A cluster-randomized controlled study, funded by the European Commission and the IFPRI-led CGIAR Research
Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), evaluated whether providing micronutrient-fortified yogurt
produced by the dairy factory could be used as an incentive to improve the regularity and quantity of milk delivery from
dairy farmers while improving hemoglobin concentrations among children in dairy-farm households. The intervention was
coupled with a behavior-change communication campaign, focusing on young child feeding practices, iron-rich food
consumption, and anemia prevention. The project’s successful design and implementation benefited from the strong
partnership between the private sector, an NGO, and a governmental nutrition agency.
R E S U L T S and O U T C O M E S :
The evaluation showed that the nutritional incentive had a
positive impact on milk production and delivery during the
dry season, with a bigger impact in households where
women controlled the milk contract.
The dairy value-chain intervention increased access to an
affordable nutritious product and increased hemoglobin
concentrations among children between the ages of two
and five in this semi-nomadic population with little access
to health services or nutrient-rich foods.
This study is one of the first to show that a nutrition-sensitive agriculture value-chain approach can contribute to improved
child nutrition in a remote pastoralist population.
The intrahousehold dynamics observed in the first year of the study led to the study’s extension (Phase 2),
focusing on gender roles, cooperation within the
household, and implications for production efficiency in
dairy farming. In addition to the micronutrient-fortified
yogurt incentive, women received training on production
and herd management.
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Stories of Change in Nutrition in Senegal Duration: 2015–2016
R A T I O N A L E and O B J E C T I V E S : Maternal and child undernutrition present a persistent problem in
low- and middle-income countries. Improving the nutritional status of pregnant women and children during the first 1,000
days (from conception to 24 months of age) has long-term benefits for physical, cognitive, educational, health, and
economic productivity outcomes throughout life. Better nutrition during childhood in girls also improves the growth of
their future children. In recent years, global attention to undernutrition has surged. Yet nutrition planners and
implementers need better guidance on effective implementation of nutrition programs and policies.
The Stories of Change in Nutrition initiative responded to the growing demand for well-documented, systematic
assessments and reviews of nutrition-relevant change in high-burden countries. This series of in-depth case studies,
funded by the Children’s Investment Fund Foundation and the UK Department for International Development through
Transform Nutrition, synthesizes the actions, stakeholders, and policy and organizational contexts that have contributed to
changes in nutritional status. The Senegal case study, which used a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods,
examined the role of the enabling environment for nutrition over the past 15 years.
R E S U L T S and O U T C O M E S :
Change in nutrition in Senegal has been fueled foremost
by strong political commitment and delivered through an
increasingly fluid coherence between the disparate sectors
whose work touches on nutrition. The study highlights the
growing awareness of the need for a multisectoral
approach to nutrition.
IFPRI worked in collaboration with Senegal’s national coordinating body for nutrition, Cellule de Lutte Contre la
Malnutrition (CLM). The changes and challenges documented
in this study have provided directions for overcoming the
challenge of strengthening vertical and horizontal institutional
coherence and insights into the ways in which community
empowerment serves accountability and sustainability.
The study made recommendations for decision makers in Senegal and other countries with similar
nutrition typologies.
Cash for Nutrition Awareness component of the Santé Nutritionnelle à Assise Communautaire dans la Région de Kayes program in Mali Duration: 2013–2016
R A T I O N A L E and O B J E C T I V E S : Santé Nutritionnelle à Assise Communautaire dans la Région de Kayes
(SNACK) is a multisectorial program in Mali aimed at improving maternal and child nutrition. In 2013, the program
(implemented by the World Food Programme [WFP]–Mali) found that preventive healthcare use in the pre-, peri-, and postnatal
periods was low; the Cash for Nutrition Awareness (CNA) component was added to encourage pregnant and lactating women
to attend community health centers. Conditional upon visits to health centers, mothers received cash and a ready-to-use
nutritional supplement for their children from conception to 24 months. The program targeted 24,000 children and 15,000
women in the region of Kayes. The expected outcome is better growth in utero and during infancy and early childhood.
SNACK was funded by Global Affairs Canada and implemented in three districts of Kayes with support from UNICEF.
IFPRI, in collaboration with France’s IRD, is conducting the evaluation of SNACK’s CNA component—funded by the EU
(through the International Fund for Agricultural Development) and UNICEF—using a cluster-randomized controlled design.
The primary objective of the impact evaluation is to document the impact of SNACK’s CNA component on child linear
growth. The study also assessed whether the CNA component increased attendance at health centers, and whether an
increase was a consequence of the cash transfer and the distribution of nutritional supplements.
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R E S U L T S and O U T C O M E S :
At baseline, 40 percent of mothers with a child aged 12–42 months reported delivering at home. Levels of chronic and
acute malnutrition were high among children aged 12–42
months (33 percent were stunted and 7 percent were wasted).
Only a third of all children aged 6–23 months had consumed a
minimally acceptable diet the day before the survey.
The process evaluation conducted in 2015 identified gaps in program implementation. Feedback was provided to
WFP–Mali about specific implementation problems, and
corrective actions to improve the program were taken.
Study results from the impact analysis will become
available at the end of 2017.
Creating Homestead Agriculture for Nutrition and Gender EquityDuration: 2013–2016
R A T I O N A L E and O B J E C T I V E S : An integrated agriculture and nutrition program, the Enhanced
Homestead Food Production (EHFP) program, implemented by Helen Keller International (HKI) in Burkina Faso from 2010
to 2012 and evaluated by IFPRI, significantly reduced anemia, wasting, and diarrhea among young children; reduced
maternal underweight; and increased women’s empowerment. Could greater nutritional impacts for young children be
achieved with longer program exposure, the addition of a water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) intervention, and an
intervention to address micronutrient gaps, such as providing children aged 6–23.9 months with a daily lipid-based
nutrient supplement (LNS)? To find out, IFPRI worked with HKI to design a follow-up program and evaluation called
Creating Homestead Agriculture for Nutrition and Gender Equity (CHANGE), which was implemented from 2014 to 2016
in the villages that participated in the EHFP evaluation.
CHANGE was funded by Global Affairs Canada from 2013 to 2016, with some complementary funding provided by A4NH
for the evaluation activities. The evaluation used a longitudinal cluster-randomized design: the control and intervention villages
from the 2010–2012 EHFP evaluation were separately randomized into one of two groups for a total of four intervention groups,
all of which received HKI’s base EHFP program. The 2010–2012 control villages were randomized to receive the EHFP program
for the first time from 2014 to 2016, either alone or with a WASH intervention. The intervention villages that received the 2010–
2012 EHFP program were randomized to receive the EHFP program for the second time at the community level, with WASH or
with WASH and LNS. These groups helped answer three questions: (1) what is the added benefit of prior community-level
exposure to the EHFP program? (2) what is the added benefit of WASH? and (3) what is the added benefit of providing LNS?
R E S U L T S and O U T C O M E S :
Over two years, the prevalence of child anemia and iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) dropped (from 85 to 70 percent
and 74 to 54 percent, respectively), and vitamin A deficiency
(VAD) rose (24 to 36 percent) in the EHFP–2014 group.
Prior exposure prevented a decrease in weight-for-height
Z-scores and reduced the prevalence of underweight, but
did not affect the other nutritional status outcomes.
Adding WASH to the program in 2014 significantly
reduced anemia compared to EHFP alone, but did not
impact IDA or VAD.
Including both WASH and LNS in communities with prior EHFP program exposure produced the largest and most
diverse nutritional impacts, including significant reductions
in anemia, IDA, VAD, and stunting.
These results highlight the importance of addressing the
multiple causes of undernutrition simultaneously through
multisectoral programs.
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Program of Accompanying Research for Agricultural InnovationDuration: 2014–2017
R A T I O N A L E and O B J E C T I V E S : The Program of Accompanying Research for Agricultural Innovation
(PARI) scales up technological innovations for agricultural growth and food security through agricultural innovation centers
in Africa. Funded by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development and led by the Center for
Development Research at the University of Bonn, PARI covers 12 countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ethiopia,
Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, Togo, Tunisia, and Zambia.
Together, IFPRI’s Markets, Trade, and Institutions Division and the West and Central Africa Office (1) provide economic
modeling and GIS-based tools for identifying the best opportunities for innovation investments in value chains; (2) assess
the potential effects of those innovations; and (3) develop an advanced data-exploration system to facilitate access to the
data needed for these models. IFPRI’s analytical work comprises
elaborating agricultural typologies of microregions for
the 12 project countries to identify microregional-level
opportunities, bottlenecks, and investment gaps based
on production possibility frontiers that are applied to
farm activities.
developing and applying MIRAGRODEP-AEZ—a
global computable general equilibrium model with
agroecological zones—to integrate crop models and
analyze potential agricultural technology innovations at
the subnational level.
developing country eAtlases for accessing and using
highly disaggregated agricultural, socioeconomic, and
biophysical data. Policy makers and policy analysts can
use the eAtlas, an interactive mapping tool, to monitor,
analyze, and prioritize agricultural policies,
interventions, and investments.
helping members of the AGRODEP Modeling Consortium with economic modeling and agricultural
typology development.
R E S U L T S and O U T C O M E S :
Agricultural typologies have been completed for 7 of the 12 project countries—Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya,
Malawi, Nigeria, and Zambia—combining microlevel
household survey data with GIS information on
agroecological zones to construct regional-level estimates
of agricultural potential and efficiency.
PARI has developed eAtlases for all 12 project countries. In
7 of these—Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, Mali, Togo,
and Tunisia—PARI has held workshops for national partners
to review and validate the data used and to receive training
on the use of the eAtlas tool.
The MIRAGRODEP-AEZ model design has been finalized. The project has been tested for Ghana using several
scenarios and will be rolled out in other countries next.
The economic modeling capacity of AGRODEP members has benefited from training workshops on the
MIRAGRODEP-AEZ model and group efforts to develop
agricultural typologies.
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L I N K A G E S B E T W E E N P A R I P R O J E C T C O M P O N E N T S
Cat
ch u
p to
the
fron
tier s
cenario
(Effic
iency estimates), Innovation (Frontier expansion) scenarios &
spatial
disaggregation units (AEZs), Joint nomenclature
Household & farm data
Out
puts
(yie
lds)
Disaggregated data at the (s
ub) nat
iona
l lev
el
Typolog
y maps
Identification of areas with large efficiency gaps for technology packages
Outputs (production and econ
indicators by AEZs)
Disaggregated data at the national level (Crops and econ)
T Y P O L O G Y
E C O N O M I C
M O D E L S
e A T L A S
C R O P
M O D E L S
(Crops and biophysics)
Consistency check
pri
ce a
nd p
rodu
ctio
n dat
a for f
ocus crops
S O U R C E : Laborde, D. and F. Traore (2016), “PARI economic modeling component,” presentation at the PARI annual research and planning meeting, Nairobi, Kenya, December 9, 2016.
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Looking AheadS I N C E I T S E S T A B L I S H M E N T I N 2 0 1 0 , W C A O H A S M A D E I M P O R T A N T
S T R I D E S I N B U I L D I N G N E W S T R A T E G I C P A R T N E R S H I P S A N D
S T R E N G T H E N I N G E X I S T I N G O N E S . It has forged important partnerships with
nongovernmental organizations, civil society organizations, governments, universities, and regional
bodies such as ECOWAS and CORAF/WECARD as well as the AUC at the continental level. WCAO has
raised IFPRI’s profile and increased its impact on food policy research, capacity strengthening, and
agricultural policy dialogues in the region. The office will continue to deepen and leverage its
partnerships to support evidence-based policy analysis, dialogue, mutual accountability, and stronger
capacities to meet the food security and nutrition needs of West and Central Africa.
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTEA world free of hunger and malnutrition
IFPRI Headquarters1201 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005 USAPhone: +1-202-862-5600 | Fax: +1-202-862-5606
Email: [email protected] | Web: www.ifpri.org
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Phone: +221-33-869-9800Email: [email protected] | Web: www.wca.ifpri.info
Copyright © 2017 International Food Policy Research Institute. All rights reserved. Contact [email protected] for permission to republish.
Photo credits: Cover - M. Mitchell/IFPRI; p. 3 - ReSAKSS; p. 4 - M. Gueye/IFPRI; p. 6 - M. Ndongo/MARE; p. 7 - M. Mitchell/IFPRI; p. 9 - A. De Brauw; p. 13 - H. Rouamba/HKI
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