SANSKRIT

.

CO

R KALE

[

OT!LAL BANAR8IDAS:;3u

DELHI

PATNA

H

VARANASI

HIGHER SANSKRIT

GRAMMAR

FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES,BY

LATE MORESHWAR RAMGHANDRA KALE,Author

B.A.,

of

the

'Sahityasarasangraha? &c. &c.

MOTILAL BANARSIDASSDELHI::

PATNA

I:

VARANASI

Publisher

:

Printer

:

Snii clap

Lai Jain-,

Shantl Lai JainShri Jainendra Press,

Motilal Banarsidass,

Bungalow Road,

Bungalow Road,

Jawahar Nagar, Delhi-6.

Jawahar Nagar, Delhi-6.

1961By a.rangement with

M/S Gopal

Narain

&

Co.

f+

\

Books available at

:

Post

Motilal Banarsidass, Bungalow Road, Jawahar Nagar, Box 1586, Delhi-6.

Motilal Banarsidass, Nepali Khapra, Post Motilal Banarsidass, Bankipur, Patna-4 .

Box

75, Varanasi.

PREFACEhas been prepared with a the Indian University students. The University examiners have been, of late, evincing a desire to exact a more thorough knowledge of the obscurer and therefore more difficult parts of Sanskrit Grammar, than was required formerly. In fact, a student of the present day, with Sanskrit for his second language, must, if he wishes to pass his University Eaxminations with credit, acquire more than a general knowledge of the various departments of Sanskrit Grammar, while none of the grammars now accessible to the Indian student, with the exception of one or two, supply him with the necessary information on the various topics discussed in Dr. Bhandarkar's books, the original Sanskrit works. though ingeniously sketched and^Jadmirably executed, are admittedly meant to introduce a student to the vast field of Sanskrit Grammar. Dr. Kielhorn's Grammar aims more at brevity and perspicuitv than at fullness of treatmentpresent

The

Grammar

view

to

meet the growing wants of

with conciseness. Prof. Whitney's grammar is too elaborate, and therefore too high for the ordinary student. Prof. Monier Williams' grammar and others, though excellent in themselves, are expressly written for European students and are more suited to them than to the Indian students. I have, therefore, done my best to bring the present Grammar upto the requirements of the high standard.

Now, a few words on the scope and arrangement of the work and I will conclude. As remarked by Dr. (Now Sir) Bhandarkar* "Grammar was not an empiric study with Panini and the other ancient grammarians of India." In fact in the hands of the ancient Grammarians of India, Sanskrit Grammar rose to the dignity of a science and must"Introduction to the 3rd Ed. of the 2nd

Book

of Sanskrit.

>

ii

be studied as such. To quote the words of the learned Doctor again "its study possesses an educational value of the same kind as that of Euclid and not much inferior toit

in degree.

For

to

make up

a particular

from the mind

of the

go through a certain process of synthesis." To split up, therefore, a general rule of the ancient Indian grammarians into a number of thecases it comprehends, as is done by some praticular modern writers on Sanskrit grammar, is not to build up but to destroy, not to simplify the difficulties of the

student

has to

For a Grammar, then, to be practical and correct, in my humble opinion, it must be based on indigenous words understood and studied in their genuine scientific spiiit. In writing the various chapters of this book (except the one on the 'Conjugation of Verbs') I have closely followed Panini as explained by Bhattoji Dikshit (the Ka^hika of Vamana being alsooccasionally referred to). Many of the rules given are translations of the Sutras of Panini, much matter being thus compressed into a small compass. The original Sutras where necessary, are given in foot-notes as help to memory. Sandhis and declensions are very fully treated.

student but to embarrass him.

Compounds which

c play such an important part in San krit

literature, and which, yet, are very summarily disposed of in many grammars, have received special attention,

almost everything in the Siddhanta Kaumudi being included. The formation of feminine bases which is not considered separately in other grammars has been treated of here in a separate chapter (VI). The seventh chapter deals with the Taddhita affixes (i. e. affixes forming secondary nominal ba&es) which, for the convenience of the student and the occassional referer, have been arranged here in an alphabetical order, each followed by a number of the derivatives formed by it. The question of gender which so much perplexes the foreigner has been dealt with in the eighth chapter, while the ninth treats of "Indeclinables." The first nine chapters thus form what may be called the first part of the book, in as much as they deal with all that relates to the noun (declinable and indeclinable) But a special feature of the pres nt Grammar is the chapter on the 'Conjugation of Verbs/ No part of Sanskrit Grammar is more difficult and

iii

perplexing and therefore more calculated, to tire out the patience of the young student, than the conjugation of Verbs. It is, therefore, written with a special attention The general rules given are to th3 student's difficulties. amply illustrated by example. Almost all the roots which are likely to puzzle the student in conjugating'

them

in

a

conjugated.

particular tense or mood have been fully In the eleventh chapter, all the verbs which

change their pada when preceded by particular prepositions are given in an alphabetical order with illustrations where necessary. Two more chapters, one on syntax and the other on prosody, have also been added. The chapter on syntax contains almost everything given in the first2G chapters of Prof.tion,' the

Apte's 'Guide to Sanskrit Composisame original having been followed by the both. The chapter on prosody is based on the Chhanclomanjari and the Vrittaratnakara. The book closes with a list ofverbs (added at the suggestion of my publishers) containing almost all the roots in Sanskrit and giving the 3rd pers. sing, in the important tenses and moods.

be seen that I have spared no pains to useful and as complete as possible. Also such of the technical terms used in original Sanskrit Grammars as the student always meets with in Sanskarit commentaries, are given in their proper places with theirit

Thusthe

will

make

book

as

explanations.

In writing this

Grammar,

I

have occasionally used

Monier Williams's, Dr. Kielhorn's and Whitney's grammars to ail of whom I make ample acknowledgements. My special thanks are due to Dr. Bhandarkar whose twobooks of Sanskrit were my chief guide in writing out the chapter on the 'Conjugation of Verbs,' and to the late Prof Apte to whose excellent 'Guide to Sanskrit Composition,' I am indebted for some of the illustrations given in tha Thirteenth chapter. I have also to thank

my

help

friend Mr. IJUdhavacharya Ainapure for his occasional and for the pains he took in preparing for this Grammar the list of Verbs added at the end and carrying it through the press.

into

This being th? first attempt of the Author to bring one volume che various departments of Sanskrit

iv

Grammar as full and as concisely as possible, the Author hopes that the public will take an indulgent view of the work, and pardon him for any of the inaccuracies,. mistakes of typography, &c., that might have crept innotwithstanding his best care.for these to say that theItis

a sufficient

excuse

whole volume was written and Before carried through the press in less than a year. concluding I have also to thank Mr. Vinayaka Narayana,Proprietor of the firm of Messrs. Gopal Narayen & Co., my publishers of this Grammar, for the care with which he passed the sheets through the press.

Lastly I beg to say that I shall be very grateful for any corrections and suggestions that may be sent to me by my indulgent readers and critics and will try to profit by them if the book reaches a second edition.

1894.

CONTENTS.CHAPTER.I.

PAGE..........

The AlphabetRules of Sandhi :1

...

... ...

1

II.

12 12

Svarasandhi

...

......

2III.

Halsandhi...

22

3 Visargasandhi Subanta or Declension of nouns, substantive...

...

2832 34 5465 8287

and adjective1

...

...

......

23

Bases ending in vowels (Section I) Bases ending in consonants (SectionIrregular bases...

II)......... ... ...

...

4

Words

of irregular declension......

IV.

Pronouns and their Declension

V.VI.VII.

Numerals and

their Declension

102

Degrees of Comparison

... ...

... ...

HO113

Compounds 1 Dwandwa2

...

or copulative

compounds...

...

115

Tatpurusha or the Determinative com-

pounds3

...

...

121

Karmadharaya or the Appositional compounds...

... ...

...

133144

45

Upapada compoundsAvyayibhava

Bahuvh! or Attributive compoundsor the Adverbial

...

147-

678

compound 1 6fr General rules applicable to all compounds 16& Other changes in connection with compounds..,......

171

VIII.

Formation of Feminine Basestion of the

...

...

180

IX.

Secondary Nominal Bases derived by the addi-

Taddhita or Secondary

affixes.

194

2

CHAPTER X. GenderXI.1

PAGE... ... ... ...

219223 224

Avyayas or IndeclinablesPrepositions...

.-,......

... ...

23

AdverbsParticles

...... ......

...

228 230

45

ConjunctionsInterjections

... ......

...

231231

...

XII.

Conjugation of Verbs1

...

... ...

233

... Active Voice (Section I) with Bases unchangeable (a) Roots

235

(1st,...

4th, 6th and 10th classes)(b) Roots of theclasseslarly(c)1st,

...

24]

4th,

6th and 10th

which from...

their bases irregu-

248

Roots with changeable bases (2nd, 3rd, ... 254 5th, 7th, 8th and 9th classes)Generalor,...

2

Non-conjugational tenses and moods

295

The two futures and conditional(a) First

Future

...

...

... ...

298

(b)(c)

Second future and conditionalPerfect(1)(2)... ...

300306321

...... ...

Irregular bases

...

Periphrastic Perfect......... ...

329 332

(d) Aorist1st Variety

... ... ......

......

332333

2nd3rd6th

... ...

...

340344

...

...

7th4th5th

...

......

...

354347352

...

....

CHAPTER(e)

PAGEBencdictivcSection II(a) Passive(b)......

...

......

356359359

...

...

...

...

Non-conjugational tenses and moods1

...

364364

Perfect

... ...

......

... ...

2 Aorist

365367

2 Derivative Verbs (Section(a)(b)

III)... ...

...

GausalsDesideratives

......

...

368

.........

3763S4 392 399

(c)

Frequentatives

......

(d)

Nominal Verbs

XIII.

Parasmaipada and Atmanepada

...

XIV.

Verbal Derivatives or Primary NominalBases......

...

...

416468

XV.

Syntax1

:

...

...

...

23

Concord GovernmentPronounsParticiples

...

...

...... ... ......

470 475508

...

.........

......

45

510

Tenses and moodsIndeclinablesI

......

5185321

6

...

APPENDIX1

:-Prosody...

...

...

Samavrittas

......

......

3

2

Vishama VrittasII:

24

APPENDIX

...

...

...

24

Dhatukosha

..15-61

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE WORK.OFTHE NAMES OF THE WORKS AND GRAMMATICAL, &C.

Amara.Bhatt. or

Amarakosh.Bhatti.

Sis.

Sisupalavadha.

Bhatti-

Uttar.

Utcararamacharita.or

kavya.

Bh.

Bhartrihari. Ni. Sa.

Vop. A- or

Bop.

Vopadeva.

Atm

Atmanepada.

Nitisataka.

Vai.

Sa.

AbLAce.Adj.

Ablative.

Variagyasataka.

Accusative.Adjective.

Dev.-Devibhagavata PuranaHit.

Hitopadesa.

Adv.Avy.Bah.

Adverb.Avyayibhava.Bahuvrihi.Causal.

Kad.

Kadambari.

Katya Katyayana. D. Kav Dandin's KavyadarsaKir.

Cau.Cf.

Compare.

Kiratarjuniya.

Comp.Dat.

Compound.Dative.

Mai.

Mb.

Malavikagnimitra. Mahaor Mah. Bhas.

Den.Des.

Denominative.Desiderative..

bhashya of Patanjali. Mah. Bhar. Mahabharata.

FreqInst.

Frequantative.Indeclinable.

Meg.Pan.

Meghaduta.Panini's Sutras.

Indecl.

Instrumental.Locative.

Rag.

Raghuvamsa of Kalidasa.

Loc.

Nom.Ramacharita.Pass.

Nominative.Parasmaipada.

Ram.ch.Sak.

P. or Par.

Abhijnanasakuntala of Kalidasa.

Passive.

Pot. P. -Potential participle.

Sid.

Kau.

SidhantakauBhattoji

P.P.-Past Passive participle.Pres.p.

mudi,shita's

DikPron.

commentary onsiitras.

Present participle.

Panini's

Pronouns.c.

&c.

&c.

&c.

&c'

&c.

A

HIGHER

SANSKRIT GRAMMAR.Chapter I. THE ALPHABET.1.

Sanskrit, or the refined language, is the language ofin

Devas or gods * and the alphabetcalled Devanagari, or(a)

which

it

is

written is

that- em ployed

in the cities of gods.

The

correct

name

for the Sanskrt alphabet is

Daiva-

nagari sometimes abbreviated into Ndgari, Perhaps in the word Devanagari we have a history of the times when the

Aryans entered and

settled in

Northern India.

The Aryansfrom r%g^to

who

were much fairer in colour than the aborigines of India

are the Devas referred to in the

name Devanagari);

(

shine, those of a brilliant complexion

and Nagari means the

Aryan settlements within thelanguage was spoken.(6)

precincts oi

which the sacred

The Sanskrit language

is

generally written in different

parts of the country, in that alphabet which is used for the

Vernacularever, in

( e. g.

Bengali, Marathi &c.

).

That

character,(

how-

which the earliest monuments are written

such as the

inscriptions containing the edicts of Asoka ) and which is employed throughout Upper India is generally considered to

be the real Devanagari.*

Wf

f 'TIT

?Cr ^TCFifUcqrai qf fffi:

I

Dandin,

2^2.

SANSKRIT GBAMMATI.

[

2

The Devanagari alphabet

consists ot forty -two letters

or varnas, nine vowels or svaras,

and

thirty-three

consonants

or vyanjanag.*

These express nearly every gradation of sound, and every letter stands for & particular and invariable sound.(a)

Note

:

This explains

why

there are no names, as in Greek -

for the different letters oi the alphabet.

*

Thus given by Pamnigr^or|

:

Vowels:

=s,

&c.

11. A vowel by itself or a consonant, simple or conjunct, with a vowel added to it, is called an Akthara or a syllable.

12.

The form* which

the vowel signs

assume when addedletters(b).

to consonants and the changes which

some(a)

undergo

when compounded(a) 3?

are given below, underis

and

added to a consonant

denoted by the rein ova I of

the nether stroke; as 3? +37=91 ka. The remaining vowela when compounded with a consonant become r, p , *r> ^ > t> ^> c >ft

%%>,1, respectively; as ^+an=^fea,^+f =foki;t

similar-

ku.,