Higher Education Students’ Perception towards Examination Malpractices and Examination Ethics

7/28/2019 Higher Education Students Perception towards Examination Malpractices and Examination Ethics

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Ogeocptukf Arkicwgrm

Ctbjos "kfsg megwe ks igrkf pbjfgsgpby* js k drkeob ga pbjfgsgpby tbkt khhrcsscs qucstjges kdgut

igrkfjtytbkt js& ogeocpts suob ks `ggh keh cvjf& rj`bt keh wrge`& vjrtuc keh vjoc& lustjoc& cto% Xbc

ickeje` ga $ctbjos$ js bkrh tg pje hgwe& keh tbc vjcws ikey pcgpfc bkvc kdgut ctbjos krc sbkmy% Dcje`

ctbjokf js egt tbc skic ks hgje` $wbktcvcr sgojcty koocpts%$ Je key sgojcty& igst pcgpfc koocpt stkehkrhs

tbkt krc& je akot& ctbjokf% Dut stkehkrhs ga dcbkvjgr je sgojcty oke hcvjktc argi wbkt js ctbjokf% Pbkt& tbce&

js ctbjos7 Ctbjos js twg tbje`s% Ajrst& ctbjos rcacrs tg wcff)aguehch stkehkrhs ga rj`bt keh wrge` tbkt

prcsorjdc wbkt buikes gu`bt tg hg& usukffy je tcris ga rj`bts& gdfj`ktjges& dcecajts tg sgojcty& akjrecss& gr

spcojajo vjrtucs% Xbc ctbjos pfky ke jipgrtket rgfc je chuoktjge systci kfsg%

Xbc chuoktjge systci js tbc jestruicet k sgojcty uscs tg cqujp jts cetjrc pcgpfc tg fckh prghuotjvc pudfjo

fjvcs keh auff pcrsgekf fjvcs koogrhje` tg tbcjr tkfcet keh jetcrcst% Xbjs systci iust dc suob tbkt `jatch

jehjvjhukfs bkvc auff gppgrtuejty tg hcvcfgp tbcjr smjffs= jt iust `jvc sogpc agr tbc trkjeje` ga k fckhcrsbjp

`rgup keh kt tbc skic tjic prgvjhc agr tbc hcvcfgpicet ga kff tbc vgoktjgekf kdjfjtjcs ecchch agr tbc

orcktjge ga k prg`rcssjvc keh hcigorktjo sgojcty%

Xbc qukfjty ga chuoktjge tbkt wc jipkrt tg gur ygutb keh tbc prjgrjty kt wbjob wc rktc jt ogetrjdutc fkr`cfy

tg tbc agriktjge ga tbc kttjtuhcs tbcy okrry gvcr jetg pudfjo fjac% _g wbktcvcr mjeh ga scch wc sgw je tbc

ofkssrggi& tbc ikeecr je wbjob wc eurturc jt keh tbc strce`tb wbjob jt jidjdcs je jts vkrjgus stk`cs ga

`rgwtb wjff kff hctcrijec tbc bkrvcst tbkt tbc ektjge wjff rckp je tbc agri ga jts chuoktch ygutb ogije`

gut ga tbc sobggfs& ogffc`cs keh uejvcrsjtjcs% Xbc jiprjets ga tbcsc jestjtutjges ga fckreje` wjff dcogic

jehcfjdfc ikrms ofckrfy vjsjdfc je kff ajcfhs ga gur ektjgekf fjac= dc jt k ofcrm je ke gaajoc& k sgfhjcr je tbc

dkttfc ajcfh& k sobggf ikstcr je k vjffk`c sobggf& k Sejvcrsjty ^rgacssgr& k durckuorkt rueeje` tbc

khijejstrktjge je k sckt ga pgwcr% Xbjs `rckt jipkot ga chuoktjge ge tbc ektjgekf obkrkotcr js

uehcrstkehkdfc geoc wc rcog`ejsc dgtb tbc sbgrt tcri ks wcff ks fge` tcri pgwcr chuoktjge wjcfhs gvcr

kff wbg `g tbrgu`b jts prgocss% Je kff tbc oguetrjcs cspcojkffy gurs& tbc chuoktjge js cvkfuktch ge tbc dksjs

ga tbc pcragrikeoc k stuhcet sbgws je tbcjr cxkijektjges%

Cxkijektjge js tbc pjvgtkf pgjet krgueh wbjob tbc wbgfc systci ga chuoktjge rcvgfvcs keh tbc suoocss

gr akjfurc ga tbc systci ga cxkijektjge js jehcch ke jehjoktgr ga tbc suoocss gr akjfurc ga tbkt pkrtjoufkr

systci ga chuoktjge% Xbc chuoktjge fcvcf ga tbc stuhcet js kfsg khluh`ch ge tbc dksjs ga cxkijektjges%

Xbc cxkijektjge systci okrrjcs k `rckt scesc ga jipgrtkeoc keh fjkdjfjty je jt% Jt wgufh dc pcrtjecet tg

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cxkijec tbc prcscet systci ga cxkijektjge wjtb k vjcw tg hctcrijec ks tg wbctbcr jt kotukffy scrvcs tbc

purpgscs jt purpgrts tg scrvc% Xbc ogeocpt ga rcfjkdjfjty& ga ogursc& rcacrs tg ogesjstceoy ga icksurcicet

dut tbc prcvkjfje` systci ga cxkijektjge keh jts ighc ga ogehuot hgcs egt vcrjay dgtb tbcsc kssuiptjges%

Xbc systci bks hc`cecrktch tg ke cxtcet tbkt jts vkfjhjty keh rcfjkdjfjty krc qucstjgekdfc% Ja ogesjhcrch je

rckf scesc cxkijektjge js eg fge`cr rc`krhch ks k tcst agr cvkfuktje` tbc pcragrikeoc gr luh`je` tbc

sobgfkstjo kttkjeicet ga stuhcets% Xbc systci js orusbch je suob k wky keh up tg tbc fcvcf tbkt jt sccis tg

dc hjaajouft tg agffgw tbc prcvkjfje` systci ja gec kotukffy wkets tg icksurc pcragrikeoc%

Xbc ikje gdlcotjvc ga bj`bcr chuoktjge js tg cqujp tbc stuhcet wjtb tbc rcqujsjtc megwfch`c keh smjffs tg

cekdfc bji gr bcr tg ogetrjdutc caacotjvcfy tg tbc ektjgekf hcvcfgpicet caagrt% Kftbgu`b cxkijektjges krc

egt tbc gefy jestruicet agr ksscssje` keh cvkfuktje` megwfch`c& jt bks cicr`ch ks tbc iklgr cstkdfjsbch

ykrhstjom keh tbc igst prkotjokf wky ga ksscssicet% Xbjs gvcr)hcpcehceoc ge ocrtjajoktc ks tbc mcy tg

cipfgyicet bks& bgwcvcr& fch tg k orkzy rusb dy igst pcgpfc tg try keh koqujrc ocrtjajoktcs cjtbcr

fc`jtjiktcfy gr jffc`jtjiktcfy%

Xbc stuhcets bkvc stkrtch usje` ueakjr ickes kt kff tbc fcvcfs hurje` tbc cxkijektjges% Dkrrje` k acw

jestjtutjges& cfscwbcrc je tbc oguetry& tbc chuoktjgekf cstkdfjsbicets krc cxpcrjceoje` ke cvcr jeorcksje`

trceh tgwkrhs tbc usc ga ueakjr ickes je cxkijektjges% _uob cstkdfjsbicets krc uekdfc tg stgp tbjs hrjvc%

Xbc ogeocrech `gvcreicets )) Achcrkf ks wcff ks ^rgvjeojkf )) tbgu`b auffy kwkrc ga tbc prgdfci& bkvc

akjfch tg tkmc caacotjvc stcps tgwkrhs crkhjoktje` tbjs cvjf% Xbc jetcesjty keh pcrvksjvcecss ga tbjs prgdfcioke dc `ku`ch argi tbc akot tbkt kpkrt argi tbc stuhcets& sgic pkrcets tgg pgsjtjvcfy jetcrvcec keh bcfp

keh akojfjtktc tbcjr objfhrce je tbcjr obcktje` khvceturcs% Xbc usc ga ueakjr ickes je cxkijektjges je

ocrtkje krcks bks jehcch dcogic k tbrjvje` dusjecss agr tbc cxkijektjge ikajk%

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Cxkijektjge Ikfprkotjoc

Ikfprkotjoc iky krjsc argi k prgacssjgekf's ijsogehuot gr akjfurc tg usc khcquktcfcvcfs ga okrc& smjff gr

hjfj`ceoc je tbc pcragrikeoc ga tbc prgacssjgekf's hutjcs tbkt okuscsbkri tg kegtbcr% Ikfprkotjoc typjokffy

goours ja k prgacssjgekf akjfs tg cxcrojsc bjs gr bcrprgacssjgekf smjffs je ke kssj`eicet bc gr sbc bks

koocptch kt tbc stkehkrh ga okrc& smjffkeh fckreje` kppfjch ojrouistkeocs dy tbc kvcrk`c pruhcet rcputkdfc

icidcr ga tbcprgacssjge je tbc `jvc je tbc $ogiiuejty$% Ogipkrjsge ga pcragrikeoc js dksch upge

tbcstkehkrh ga okrc agr tbc prgacssjgekf je tbc $ogiiuejty$ ) wbkt gtbcr prgacssjgekfs je tbcskic ajcfh hg

agr tbcjr ofjcets wbg krc fgoktch je tbc skic `cg`rkpbjo krck%Je grhcr agr ikfprkotjoc tg dc kotjgekdfc&

jelury& fgss gr hkik`c iust dc suaacrchdy tbc pcrsge wbg rctkjech tbc prgacssjgekf's scrvjocs gr tbgsc

gtbcrwjsc cetjtfch tgdcecajt argi gr rcfy upge tbc prgacssjgekfs scrvjocs%

Cxkijektjge ikfprkotjoc js hcajech ks k hcfjdcrktc wrge` hgje` ogetrkry tg gaajojkf cxkijektjge rufcs

hcsj`ech tg pfkoc k okehjhktc kt ke ueakjr khvketk`c gr hjskhvketk`c%Cxkijektjge ikfprkotjoc js key

jffc`kf kot ogiijttch dy k stuhcet sje`fc bkehchfy gr je ogffkdgrktjge wjtb gtbcrs fjmc acffgw stuhcets&

pkrcets& tckobcrs& supcrvjsgrs& jevj`jfktgrs& prjetcrs keh keydghy gr `rgup ga pcgpfc dcagrc& hurje` gr

katcr cxkijektjge je grhcr tg gdtkje uehcscrvch ikrms gr `rkhcs%

Xbc ikfprkotjocs tbkt js ogiigefy ogiijttch je cxkijektjge egt gefy jeofuhc pgsscssje` obcktje`

iktcrjkf "wrjttceprjetchcfcotrgejo hcvjoc cto* gr ogpyje` argi suob iktcrjkf dut kfsg rke`c argi

Kffgticet ga obgjoc cxkijektjge ocetrc& kppgjeticet ga obgjoc jevj`jfktje` stkaa& fckmk`c ga qucstjge

pkpcrs tg ogpyje`&^gsscssje` obcktje` iktcrjkf "wrjttceprjetchcfcotrgejo hcvjoc cto* gr ogpyje` argi

suob iktcrjkf& obke`je` keswcr dggms& jipcrsgektjge& ijsogehuot je cxkijektjge ocetrc&Ijsogehuot&

okrryje` gaacesjvc wckpges& rcausje`rcsjstje` tbc fkwauf grhcrs ga supcrvjsgry stkaa& orcktje`

hjsturdkeoc& jestj`ktje` gtbcr okehjhktcs& tbrcktceje` gr ksskuftje` tbc jevj`jfktje` stkaa& jipchje` tbc

prg`rcss ga cxkijektjge& je gr gutsjhc tbc cxkijektjge kpprgkobje` jevj`jfktgrscxkijecrs& Ijsogehuot&

okrryje` gaacesjvc wckpges& rcausje`rcsjstje` tbc fkwauf grhcrs ga supcrvjsgry stkaa& orcktje`

hjsturdkeoc& jestj`ktje` gtbcr okehjhktcs& tbrcktceje` gr ksskuftje` tbc jevj`jfktje` stkaa& jipchje` tbc

prg`rcss ga cxkijektjge& je gr gutsjhc tbc cxkijektjge ikmje` akfsc cetrjcs je kwkrh fjst cxkijektjge

rc`jstcrs keh jssuje` akmc ocrtjajoktchc`rccs cto%

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Caacots ga Cxkijektjge Ikfprkotjoc

Hjsogurk`c `ggh okehjhktcs argi stuhyje` bkrh

@ggh okehjhktcs krc tciptch tg dcfjcvc ja u okeegt dckt tbci& lgje tbci cspcojkffy ks tbcyscc gtbcr okehjhktcs `ct kwky wjtb tbcjr ogrrupt dcbkvjgrs% Xbjs dcbkvjgr iky dc ogetk`jgus ks

igrc keh igrc okehjhktcs tceh tg lgje je cxkijektjge ikfprkotjoc% Xbcy dcfjcvc tbkt cvce ja

tbcy krc oku`bt& tbcy wjff `ct kwky wjtb jt keh tbc ceh wjff lustjay tbc ickes

Hcejcs jeegocet stuhcets gppgrtuejty agr khijssjge

Ikey `ggh stuhcets bkvc dcce hcejch khijssjge dy tbc ogrrupt gecs wbg tbrgu`b cxkijektjge

ikfprkotjoc bkvc dcttcr sogrcs keh `rkhcs% Xbc dcst drkjes tbkt ogufh bcfp je rcsckrob keh

hcvcfgpicet krc fjmcfy tg dc tbrgwe gut gr arustrktch wbjfc sccmje` khijssjge

Hcfkys tbc prgocssje` ga cxkijektjge sogrcs keh `rkhcs

Cvcry yckr& ikey stuhcets krc oku`bt agr ce`k`je` je vkrjgus cxkijektjges ikfprkotjocs wbjob

ecchs tg dc jevcstj`ktch dcagrc rcsufts krc rcfcksch% Xbgu`b sgic rcsufts krc wjtbbcfh pcehje`

tbc hctcrijektjge ga tbc okscs& sgic krc hcojhch dcagrc rcsufts krc rcfcksch% Xbjs cxtcehs

prgocssje` tjic%

Hjssktjsajcs okehjhktcs

Okehjhktcs wbg pgsscss ocrtjajoktcs tbcy okeegt hcaceh krc hjssktjsajch% Xbcy bkvc

psyobgfg`jokf prgdfcis krjsje` argi tbc wky tbcy koqujrch tbcjr ocrtjajoktcs% Je sgic

jestkeocs& tbcy wjff egt dc dgfh tg prcscet tbc ocrtjajoktcs dcokusc tbcy oke dc prcscetch wjtb

tksms tbkt wjff rcqujrc tbci tg hcaceh tbc ocrtjajoktcs

Hcorckscs lgd caajojceoy

Xbjs bks k scrjgus jipfjoktjge ge tbc `rgss hgicstjo prghuot ga tbc oguetry% Jt kfsg bks caacot

ge tbc `cecrkf qukfjty keh stkehkrh% Jik`jec tbc bkvgo ga k bkfa dkomch ichjokf hgotgr ogufh

wrcom ge buike fjvcs% Pbkt kdgut tckobcrs wbg okeegt ogipctcetfy bkehfc tbc sudlcot tbcy

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krc trkjech tg tckob% Xbcrc js k obkje caacot ga cxkijektjge ikfprkotjocs ge tbc chuoktjgekf

systci keh tbc sgojcty ks k wbgfc%

Ikek`cicet ga ikfprkotjocs je cxkijektjge

Igrc tbke gec sct ga qucstjge pkpcr je ckob sudlcot sbgufh dc `cecrktch tg orcktc ueocrtkjety

ks tg wbjob pkpcr wjff dc ajekffy usch je tbc cxkijektjge%Iuftjpfc scts ga qucstjge pkpcr iky

kfsg dc usch tg cesurc tbkt kff tbc stuhcets hg egt `ct tbc skic qucstjge pkpcr%

[ucstjge pkpcr iky ogetkje spkoc agr keswcrje` tbc qucstjge tbus cfjijektje` tbc ecch agr

scpkrktc keswcr dggm% Kt prcscet bj`bcst kttcetjge js pkjh tg tbc pcragrikeoc ga stuhcets je tbc

tcrijekf cxkijektjges% Xbjs jehuocs k tcehceoy ga fkst bgur prcpkrktjge je `rckt burry fckvje`

eg sogpc agr hj`cstje` tbc megwfch`c% Fckreje` js k ogetjeugus prgocss keh bceoc cvkfuktjgega fckreje` gutogic iust dc hgec ge k ogetjeugus dksjs%

@jvc ik`jstcrjkf pgwcrs "jeofuhje` rj`bt tg krrcst* tg cxkijektjge dgkrh gaajojkfs%

Ogehuot arcqucet keh uekeegueoch vjsjts tg cxkijektjge ocetrcs%

Ogehuot k pudfjo kwkrcecss okipkj`e tg bj`bfj`bt tbc jipgrtkeoc ga jetc`rjty ga tbc

cxkijektjge systci%

Egt wrjtje` ekics ge keswcr sorjpts% Prjtje` ajotjtjgus rgff euidcrs tbkt wjff dc sudstjtutch

fktcr wjtb tbc rckf okehjhktcs euidcr%

Khcquktc sjttje` krrke`cicet sbgufh dc prgvjhc hurje` cxkis tg hjsogurk`c obcktje`%

Ektjgekf keh jetcrektjgekf cxkijektjge dgkrh keh gr`kejzktjge sbgufh sbkrc jeagriktjge ge

ecw tbrckts tg cxkijektjge scourjty keh prgochurcs agr oguetcrkotje` ikfprkotjoc%

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Tcvjcw ga Fjtcrkturc

Gfktgyc "4>>2* bks rcvckfch tbc rggt okusc ga cxkijektjge ikfprkotjoc js tbkt tbcrc js pggr prcpkrktjge ks

k rcsuft ga hcorcksje` fcvcf ga qukfjty tckobje` keh fckreje` je gur sobggfs% ^rgpcr prcpkrktjge prcvcets

pggr pcragrikeoc% Ge tbc gtbcr bkeh& pggr prcpkrktjge prgigtcs pggr pcragrikeoc% Bc bcfh tbkt tbcrc js

`rgss jekhcqukoy ga qukfjajch tckobcrs je bjs sobggfs% Kf)[kjsy "4>>2* bks ueckrtbch tbrcc iklgr

ogeofusjges je bjs stuhy= tbc ajrst ogeofusjge js tbkt tbcrc krc hjaacrceocs dctwcce tbc akotukfjty keh tbc

trceh tgwkrh obckt huc tg buikejty akouftjcs% Xbc scogeh ogeofusjge js tbkt tbcrc js eg hjaacrceoc

dctwcce tbc chuoktjgekf fcvcf ga stuhcets keh kttjtuhc tgwkrh obckt% Xbc tbjrh ogeofusjge js tbkt tbcrc js

hjaacrceoc dctwcce `cehcr keh tbc trceh tgwkrh obckt huc tg ikfcs% _jijfkr stuhy dy ^rcesbkw keh

_trku`bke "4>>2* bks ofckrfy jehjoktch je tbcjr stuhjcs tbkt stuhcets krc fjmcfy tg gdscrvc obcktje` gr kt

fckst pcrocjvc obcktje` js ogiige% Gec ga tbc ogrrcfktcs ga pcrocptjges ga ogiigepfkoc obcktje` rcfktcshjrcotfy tg tbc ofkssrggi jestruotgr% Fcejcet jestruotgrs pcrpctuktc tbc prgdfci ga ogiigepfkoc obcktje`%

Xbus& je khhjtjge tg ogeocres vgjoch je ikey agruis kdgut `rkhc jeafktjge keh stuhcet qukfjajoktjges&

fcejcet jestruotgrs pgtcetjkffy hkik`c tbc uejvcrsjty's rcputktjge wjtb jts gwe stuhcets% Kfsg Ljigb keh

Gfktuedgsue "4>>:* trcktch cxkijektjge ikfprkotjoc ks k sgojkf prgdfci tbkt bks wrcomch uejik`jekdfc

bkvgo tg tbc cetjrc akdrjo ga chuoktjge% Jt js k byhrk bckhch prgdfci tbkt rcqujrcs k iuftjhjicesjgekf

kpprgkob tg jts rcsgfutjge% Key caagrt kjich kt rcsgfvje` tbjs prgdfci iust dc ogffkdgrktjvc& tbkt js&

jevgfvje` kff stkmcbgfhcrs je tbc chuoktjge scotgr& ja egt& keh suob caagrt wjff ceh up dcje` ke cxcrojsc je

autjfjty% Kfutu keh Kfuchc "4>>1* rcpgrtch tbkt iklgrjty ga tbc stuhcets dcfjcvc tbkt cxkijektjge

ikfprkotjoc js k ogiige ackturc keh tbcjr jehuf`ceoc je jt bks tbc suppgrt ga sgic pkrcets tckobcrs keh

sobggf prjeojpkfs% Fkzy tckobcrs wbg bkvc egt tku`bt wgufh kt kff ogst wket tbcjr stuhcet tg pkss

cxkijektjge sjeoc jt js scce ks k icksurc ga `ggh tckobje`% Ge tbc pkrt ga sobggf prjeojpkfs& tbcy krrke`c

ogrpgrktc obcktje` agr tbcjr sobggfs dcfjcvje` tbkt wbce tbcjr stuhcets hg vcry wcff je key `jvce cxtcrekf

cxkijektjge& jt wjff kttrkot gtbcr stuhcets wbg iky egt dcfjcvc je bkrh wgrm% Ghuwkjyc "4>>0* bks

ogeofuhch argi bjs stuhy tbkt stuhcets k`rcc wjtb tbc hjaacrcet agris ga cxkijektjge ikfprkotjocs

jhcetjajch& tbc okuscs ga wbjob tbcy dfkic ge tbciscfvcs ks egt dcje` khcquktcfy prcpkrch agr

cxkijektjges% _tuhcets akoc fgts ga stru``fc tg `cttje` kokhcijo ocrtjajoktc tbcrcagrc tbcy hg kff sgrts ga

ikfprkotjocs kt cxkijektjge% Shukm keh Cmpgb "4>>8* agueh gut tbkt Cxkijektjge ikfprkotjoc js

hjsbgecsty hurje` cxkijektjges% Cxkijektjge ikfprkotjoc bks ogic tg dc k igestcr kige` us& keh pgscs

k vcry scrjgus tbrckt tg chuoktjgekf stkehkrhs keh orchjdjfjty ga ocrtjajoktcs kwkrhch tg us% @cecrkffy

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tckobcrs keh pkrcets wbg krc ùjhc keh jevj`jfktgrs& igst ga tbc tjics bkvc tbc mcy tg ourdje` tbjs

icekoc% Setjf tbcy rjsc up wjtb tbc suppgrt ga sobggf khijejstrktgrsprgprjctgrs k`kjest cxkijektjge

ikfprkotjoc& tbjs igestcr wjff ogetjeuc tg fggi je gur ijhst& hcstrgy gur akdrjo `rkhukffy& keh vjgfcetfy

ogesuic us uftjiktcfy% Kfsg Kmsgy "4>>0* cxpfkje tckobcr okehjhktcs pcrocptjges keh vjcws kdgut tbc

pkrtjkf dcbkvjgr je tbcjr ogffc`cs keh ajeh gut stuhcets cxpcrjceocs rcfktch wjtb pkrtjkf dcbkvjgrs

goourrch je tbcjr okipuscs% Xbcrc krc sg ikey hjaacrceocs dctwcce uejvcrsjtjcs kdgut hjsorjijektjge keh

cqukfjty sudlcots Pbjfc stuhcets argi gec uejvcrsjty akocs hjsorjijektje` dcbkvjgrs je gtbcrs uejvcrsjty

sgic akoufty icidcrs dcbkvc hjsorjijektgrjfy keh Sejvcrsjtjcs sbgufh bkvc ke cqujty pgfjoy keh jt

stuhcets dcbkvjgrs krc kaacotch ec`ktjvcfy argi tbjs% Jt sbgufh dc prcpkrch dy cxtcesjge pkrtjojpktjge ga

kff _tuhcets hg egt trust tgtkffy tg akoufty% _gic stuhcets hjsorjijektjvc dcbkvjgrs& dcokusc sgic akoufty

icidcrs dcbkvc hjsorjijektgrjfy dcbkvjgrs%Xbc rcsckrobcs keh tbc ogurscs kdgut agr vkrjgus rcksges%

Xbcsc krc cspcojkffy pgfjtjokf vjcw tbcsc sudlcots sbgufh dc suppgrtch igrkffy keh kppfc)pgfjsbcrs

cogegijokffy% _truyvce& Hgoby& Lkessces"4>>4*obke`cs je fckreje` ictbghs krc uscauf ja tbcy krc

ogestruotjvc je ekturc%Xbc obkrkotcrjstjos keh jipkot ga ksscssicet krc cxkijech argi tbc stuhcet's pgjet

ga vjcw keh su``cst tbkt stuhcets' pcrocptjges kdgut ksscssicet bkvc ogesjhcrkdfc jeafuceocs ge stuhcets'

kpprgkobcs tg fckreje`% Jt wks agueh tbkt stuhcets bkvc hjaacrcet vjcws kdgut agrikts keh ictbghs ga

ksscssicet% Keh ogipkrch hjaacrcet ksscssicet& cssky typc qucstjge keh pcrocjvc kftcrektjvc ksscssicet

ks dcje` igrc 'akjr' tbke tbc trkhjtjgekf 'egrikf' ksscssicet ictbghs% Okvkek`b& Pkfhrjp& Tgikegsmj&

Hgrike&Ajsbcr "4>>3*Xbjs rcsckrob hcvcfgpch keh kppfjch ke jestruicet tg icksurc stuhcet

pcrocptjges ga tbc ksscssicet prgochurcs kppfjch tg `ku`c tbcjr ofkssrggi fckreje` keh ke jetcrvkf)fcvcf

sokfc tg icksurc ajvc kspcots ga stuhcet pcrocptjges ga ofkssrggi ksscssicet< oge`ruceoc wjtb pfkeech

fckreje`= kutbcetjojty= stuhcet ogesuftktjge= trkespkrceoy= keh koogiighktjge ga stuhcet hjvcrsjty% Xbjs

tbcgry kfsg rcvckfch ighcf ajt agr tbc iklgrjty ga tbc jtcis wbce hktk wcrc kssjèch tg k tbrcc pgjet

rcspgesc sokfc keh kekfytjo tcobejqucs keh rcsufts& bgw tbc jestruicet ogufh dc jiprgvch& keh jhcetjajcs

ogiige keh ueogiige stuhcet pcrocptjges dksch ge k pgstbgo kekfysjs% Gù%Ghjidk "4>;>* agueh

gut bgw caacotjvc ùjhkeoc keh oguescfje` scrvjocs oke dc usch tg tkomfc keh rchusch cxkijektjge

ikfprkotjocs rkvk`je` tbc Ej`crjke sobggf systci% Xbc rcsckrobcr jetcrvjcwch stuhcets ga Ogffc`c ga

Chuoktjge Lkfje`g keh okrrjch ge)tbcspgt ksscssicet ga akojfjtjcs kvkjfkdfc tg gdtkje jesj`bt jetg tbc

prgdfci% Jt wks hjsogvcrch tbkt k sjèjajoket hjaacrceoc cxjsts dctwcce tbc sktjsakotjge ga tbc oguescfch

keh ege)oguescfch% Xbc pkpcr rcogiicehs kige` gtbcrs tbc agffgwje`s& cstkdfjsbicet ga wcff)cqujppch

oguescfje` uejts je sobggfs keh rcogèjtjge ga oguescfje` ks k vcrjtkdfc tggf je tbc aj`bt k`kjest

2


9/42

cxkijektjge ikfprkotjoc%Ghjk;& Gigageiwke "4>>0* tbjs pkpcr cxkijecs tbc prgdfcis keh prgspcots

ga chuoktjgekf cevjrgeicet je Ej`crjk% Chuoktjge je Ej`crjk akoje` prgdfcis fjmc pggr auehje` &pggr

chuoktjgekf jearkstruoturcs& jekhcquktc ofkssrggis& tckobje` kjhs "prglcotgrs& Ogiputcrs& Fkdgrktgrjcs

keh fjdrkrjcs*& pkuojty ga qukfjty tckobcrs keh pggr pgffutch fckreje` cevjrgeicet% Xbcrcagrc Ej`crjk

chuoktjgekf systci dcogic hkik`c keh cxkijektjge ikfprkotjocs rjsc je stuhcets pcrocptjge% Xbc

purpgsc ga tbjs rcsckrob js tg cxkijec stuhcet pcrocptjges ga kokhcijo jetc`rjty kige` akoufty keh pccrs%

Xbc ourrcet stuhy survcys ;0? dusjecss `rkhuktc stuhcets je twg uejvcrsjtjcs tg cxkijec pgtcetjkf

hctcrijekets ga kokhcijo hjsbgecsty pcrocptjges% Xbc stuhy cxpfgrcs tbc akotgrs tbkt jeafuceoc kokhcijo

hjsbgecsty kige` dusjecss `rkhuktc stuhcets keh ogipkrcs tbc rcfktjvc jipgrtkeoc ga akoufty jeafuceocs

keh pccr jeafuceocs ge stuhcets ctbjokf dcbkvjgr% Xbc rcsufts sbgwch tbkt tbc hc rcc ga stuhcets

kokhcijo hjsbgecsty je `rkhuktc sobggf js jeafuceoch dy tbc qukfjty keh rcfcvkeoc ga jestruotjge keh tbc

kokhcijo hjsbgecsty ga jestruotgrs keh pccrs% Jipfjoktjges agr stuhcet fckreje` keh tbc cebkeocicet ga

kokhcijo jetc`rjty je tbc ofkssrggi krc hjsoussch%Gigfukdj kehSzgmk ";::?*& gur vkfuc systci bks

drgmce hgwe ogipfctcfy keh sg khufts keh ygutbs kfjmc kot wjtbgut igrkf sorupfcs% Xbc `cecrkf cipbksjs

je gur sgojcty tghky js ge iktcrjkfjsi& drjdcry& ogrruptjge& ouftjsi& scxukf prgijsoujty& arkuh& vjgfceoc&

ocrtjajoktc rkomctccrje` keh k bgst ga gtbcr sgojkf vjocs%Gigtuec ";::4*& jestjtutjgekfkrrke`cicets

rcqujrc ocrtkje egris megwe kstbc oghc ga ogehuot ga cxkijektjges hcsjèchdy kutbgrjtjcs ogeocrech

wjtb cxkijeje` tbcOkehjhktcs agr tbc spcojajo cxkijektjge tg cesurckdsgfutc jetc`rjty ga tbc rcsufts% Je

gooksjges wbcrctbcsc rufcs krc dgyogttch cjtbcr dy tbc tckobcrs grfckrecrs& tbcy fckh tg cxkijektjge

jrrcùfkrjtjcs kehikfprkotjoc% Xbjs pgffutcs tbc rcsufts ga tbcstuhcets je cxkijektjge keh pgscs k `rckt

tbrckttg tbc vkfjhjty keh rcfjkdjfjty gacxkijektjge rcsuftskeh ocrtjajoktjge%Gfuycdk keh Hkrkigfk";::4*

rcikrmch tbkt cxkijektjge ikfprkotjoc jeofuhc tbc agffgwje`< cxkijektjgeikfprkotjoc js key jrrcùfkr

dcbkvjgr cxbjdjtchdy k okehjhktc gr keydghy obkr`ch wjtb tbcogehuot ga cxkijektjge dcagrc& hurje` gr

katcrtbc cxkijektjge wbjob ogetrkvcecs tbc rufcskeh rcùfktjges `gvcreje` tbc ogehuot ga

suobcxkijektjge% _uob cxkijektjge ikfprkotjoc wjffjeofuhc key ga tbc agffgwje`< cxkijektjge fckmk`c&

jipcrsgektjge& obcktje`& ogffusjge&swkppje` ga sorjpts& siu``fje` ga keswcr sorjptsje cxkijektjge bkffs&

rcsuftocrtjajoktc agr`cry&vcrdkfpbysjokf ksskuft ge cxkijektjge khijejstrktgrs%Mjdfcr ";::?* hcajech

cxkijektjge ikf)prkotjocs ks agrisga obcktje` keh pfk`jkrjsi tbkt jevgfvc stuhcets`jvje` gr rcocjvje`

uekutbgrjzch kssjstkeoc jeke kokhcijo cxcrojsc gr rcocjvje` orchjt agr wgrmtbkt js egt tbcjr gwe%Ogbce&

^ket keh _bkrp "4>>;* stuhjch hjaacrceocs je ctbjokf hcojsjge)ikmje` kige` tbrcc `rgups ekicfy

stuhcets stkrtje` tbcjr dusjecss stuhjcs& tbgsc je tbc ajekf yckr& keh prgacssjgekf kooguetkets% Xbcy agueh

:


10/42

acw hjaacrceocs dctwcce tbc twg)stuhcet `rgups& su``cstje` tbkt tbcjr chuoktjge bkh ec`fj`jdfc caacot ge

rkjsje` stuhcets' kwkrcecss ga tbc ctbjokf jssucs% Je akot tbc stuhy rcpgrtch tbc `rkhuktje`_tuhcets' sogrcs

tg dc ikr`jekffy fgwcr tbke tbgsc ga tbc cetry)fcvcf stuhcets% Xbc^rgacssjgekfs rc`krhch sgic kotjges ks

sjèjajoketfy fcss ctbjokf tbke hjh tbc `rkhuktje`stuhcets% Je gur stuhy& wc okrrjch gut k sjijfkr

cxpfgrktjge ga ctbjokf kttjtuhcs je Jehjk%

Hgoby& _c`crs& !Ducbf& ;:::*% Xbcsc obke`cs je fckreje` tbcgry `g tg`ctbcr wjtb jeegvktjges je

jestruotjge keh cvkfuktjge< ecw jestruotjgekf ictbghs krc jetrghuoch je chuoktjgekf prkotjoc& tbc fktcst

tcobegfg`jcs keh ichjk krc usch& keh kftcrektjvc ighcs ga ksscssicet krc jipfcicetch Djrcedkui&

";::1*% Dcfjca je tbc kotjvc rgfc ga tbc fckrecr keh ajehje` tbkt jt js tbc stuhcet's pcrocptjges ga tbc

fckreje` cevjrgeicet tbkt jeafuceoc bgw k stuhcet fckres& egt ecocsskrjfy tbc ogetcxt je jtscfa& dgtb `kvc

rjsc tg tbjs rcvjcw tbkt agouscs ge tbc jeafuceocs ga ogevcetjgekf keh kftcrektjvc ksscssicet ictbghs

argi tbc stuhcets' pcrspcotjvc%\cjhecr ";:20* agueh tbkt iuftjpfc obgjoc typc cxkis krc `cecrkffy

pcrocjvch igrc akvgrkdfy tbke cssky typc jtcis kfge` igst hjicesjges ga tbc jevcetgry "j%c% pcrocjvch

hjaajoufty& kexjcty& ogipfcxjty& suoocss cxpcotkeoy& accfje` kt cksc*& dy dgtb dgys keh `jrfs% Xbc sikffcst

hjaacrceocs dctwcce tbc agrikts wcrc cvjhceoch ge tbc hjicesjges ga trjomjecss& pcrocjvch jetcrcst& keh

pcrocjvch vkfuc% Aurtbcrigrc& jt wks agueh tbkt stuhcets pcrocjvc cssky typc cxkis tg dc sgicwbkt igrc

kpprgprjktc tbke iuftjpfc obgjoc cxkis agr tbc purpgsc ga rcafcotje` gec's megwfch`c je tbc sudlcot

ikttcr tcstch% Xrkud keh IkoTury ";::>* rcvjcwch tbc cipjrjokf rcsckrob ge Iuftjpfc obgjoc "IO*

keh Arcc rcspgesc "AT* tcsts sjeoc ;:0>& keh jehjoktch scvcrkf tcehceojcs% Gvcrkff& stuhcets rcpgrt tbkt

tbcy krc jeafuceoch dy tbc cxpcotktjge tbkt k tcst wjff dc je IO gr AT agrikt% Je pkrtjoufkr& stuhcets

rcpgrt igrc pgsjtjvc kttjtuhcs tgwkrhs IO tcsts ge `rguehs tbkt tbcsc tcsts krc cksjcr tg prcpkrc& krc

cksjcr tg tkmc& keh bgfh agrtb bgpc agr bj`bcr rcfktjvc sogrcs% Ks tg wbctbcr tbc cxpcotktjge tbkt k tcst wjff

dc je IO gr AT agrikt jeafuceocs fckreje`& scvcrkf stuhjcs sbgw sjèjajoket caacots% Je tbcsc stuhjcs& tbc

pcragrikeoc ga k IO tcst dy stuhcets cxpcotje` IO js egt sjèjajoketfy hjaacrcet argi tbkt ga stuhcets

tgfh tg cxpcot k AT tcst& dut stuhcets cxpcotje` k AT tcst pcragrich ge tbc AT tcst sjèjajoketfy dcttcr

tbke stuhcets tgfh tg cxpcot k IO tcst% _fktcr ";::1* agueh tbkt gvcrkff& stuhcets fjmc tbjs kftcrektjvc

prgochurc agr ksscssicet% ^grtagfjg ksscssicet sccis tg rcigvc tbc stuhcets' pcrocjvch fcvcf ga 'tcst

kexjcty'% Xbjs rchuotjge sbgws up je tbc wky stuhcets kttceh tg ofkss hjsoussjges& rcfjcvch ga tbcjr

trkhjtjgekf vj`grgus egtc) tkmje` hutjcs% _tuhcets tbgu`bt tbkt tbcy wgufh rcicidcr wbkt tbcy wcrc

fckreje` iuob dcttcr keh fge`cr tbke tbcy wgufh tbc iktcrjkf agr gtbcr ofksscs tbcy tggm& dcokusc tbcy

bkh jetcrekfjzch tbc iktcrjkf wbjfc wgrmje` wjtb jt& tbgu`bt kdgut tbc prjeojpfcs& keh kppfjch ogeocpts

;>


11/42

orcktjvcfy keh cxtcesjvcfy gvcr tbc hurktjge ga tbc ogursc% Xbc igst ec`ktjvc kspcot ga orcktje` pgrtagfjgs

js tbkt tbcy spceh k fgt ga tjic `gje` gvcr tbc tcxtdggm gr rcqujrch rckhje`s% _tuhcets rcpgrt tbkt tbcy krc

celgyje` tjic spcet ge orcktje` pgrtagfjgs keh tbkt tbcy dcfjcvc jt bcfps tbci fckre ogeocpts% Grsigeh

keh Icrry ";::0* jipfcicetch keh cvkfuktch k ictbgh ga stuhcet scfa) ksscssicet% K ogipkrjsge

dctwcce tbc tutgr keh tbc stuhcet scfa) ksscssch ikrm ge tbc pgstcr kssjèicets rcvckfch ke gvcrkff

hjsk`rccicet ga 21#& wjtb 31# ga stuhcets gvcr) ikrmje` keh ?># uehcr) ikrmje`% Jt js egtjockdfc tbkt

pggr stuhcets tceh tg gvcr) ikrm tbcjr wgrm& wbjfst `ggh stuhcets tceh tg uehcr) ikrm% Ja tbc jehjvjhukf

ikrmje` orjtcrjk krc ogesjhcrch& tbke tbc euidcr ga stuhcets ikrmje` tbc skic ks tbc tutgr rke`ch argi

?;# tg 14#% Xbc k`rccicet kige` stuhcets ikrms rke`ch argi 3; tg 13#% Xbc jehjvjhukf cvkfuktjge

agris rcvckfch tbkt stuhcets komegwfch`ch tbc vkfuc ga tbc scfa) ikrmje` tksm% Xbcy tbgu`bt tbkt scfa)

ksscssicet ikhc tbci tbjem igrc keh acft tbkt tbcy fckrech igrc% Igst ga tbc stuhcets rcpgrtch tbkt scfa)

ksscssicet ikhc tbci igrc orjtjokf ga tbcjr wgrm keh tbcy acft tbkt tbcy wgrmch je k igrc struoturch

wky% _cfa) ksscssicet js pcrocjvch ks obkffce`je`& bcfpauf keh dcecajojkf%Bguescff "4>>4* bks okffch agr k

dgttgi up kpprgkob tg tbc jssuc& wbcrc stuhcets cxpcrjceocs gatckobje`)rcsckrob fjems krc jevcstj`ktch%

Xbjs pkpcr utjfjzcs suob ke kpprgkob je grhcr tg gaacrogiicet ge egt gefy tckobje`)rcsckrob fjems je

prkotjoc& dut kfsg ge wbctbcr tbc pgfjoy stccr tgwkrhstckobje`)gefy uejvcrsjtjcs js hcsjrkdfc% Jt hgcs sg tg

ogeecot tbc sgictjics kdstrkot pgfjoy hcdktcswjtb stuhcets pcrocptjge ga wbkt kotukffy bkppces tg tbci%

Ecuikee ";::4* su``csts tbkt tbcrc iky dc hjaacrceocsdctwcce tbc rckfjty ga wbkt kotukffy bkppces keh

wbkt kokhcijos tbjem bkppces% Xbjs kff ickes tbkttbcrc js k ecch agr k igrc sgpbjstjoktch uehcrstkehje`

ga tbc rcfktjgesbjp dctwcce tckobje` kehrcsckrob% Cftge "4>>;* ikjetkjes tbkt tbc jhck ga k pgsjtjvc fjem

dctwcce `ggh rcsckrob keh`ggh tckobje` js k iytb& wjtb eg rj`grgus cvjhceoc tg uehcrpje jt% Bc

ikjetkjes tbkt tbc iytb bksdcce jestjtutjgekfjzch je SM uejvcrsjtjcs dy ackrs agr tbc auturc ga Bj`bcr

Chuoktjge keh agr pcgpfcslgds wjtbje tbc scotgr% Ga ogursc& jt js uesurprjsje` tbkt rcsckrob)kotjvc

fcoturcrs ofkji tbkt tbcjrrcsckrob dcecajts tbcjr tckobje`%Drcw keh Dguh ";::3* tbus krùc tbkt fckreje`

js tbc sjèjajoket kehsudstketjkf cfcicet tbkt tckobje` keh rcsckrob dgtb sbkrc% Aurtbcrigrc& tbc

hjstjeotjge dctwccetrkesacrrje` megwfch`c "tckobje`* keh `cecrktje` megwfch`c js krtjajojkf%

Pbctbcrstuhcets& tckobcrs gr rcsckrobcrs rcogèjsc jt gr egt& wbce tbcy koqujrc ecw megwfch`c tbcy

pfkoctbcjr gwe jetcrprctktjge ge jt% Xbjs ickes tbkt ecw megwfch`c js ogestruotch hurje` dgtb tbc

tckobje`keh rcsckrob prgocss% Megwfch`c hgcs egt cxjst jehcpcehcetfy ga tbc rcsckrobcr& tckobcr gr

stuhcet%Dgycr ";::>*wbg sccs sobgfkrsbjp ks bkvje` agur strkehs< hjsogvcrje` ecw megwfch`c&

jetc`rktje` hjaacrcet strkehsga rcsckrob& kppfyje` rcsckrob keh tbcgry tg prkotjoc keh& ajekffy& tbc tckobje`

;;


12/42

ga megwfch`c% Bgwcvcrsobgfkrsbjp js hcajech& ke jevcstj`ktjge ga tbc vjcws ga stuhcets je k tckobje`)fch

jestjtutjge gaacrs kegppgrtuejty tg tcst tbc ofkjis je suob uejvcrsjtjcs surrguehje` sobgfkrsbjp's jipkot

keh wgrtb%

;4


13/42

Tktjgekfc ga tbc _tuhy

Ikfprkotjocs keh jrrcùfkrjtjcs je bj`b stkmcs cxkijektjges bkvc dcogic k ogiige pfkoc je tbc hky)tg)

hky tkfm %Xbjs pkpcr scts gaa je tbc jetrghuotjge dy hcajeje` jipgrtket tcris tbkt arcqucetfy kppckr je tbc

prcscetktjge& suob ks cqujty je chuoktjge& bj`b stkmcs cxkijektjges& keh ikfprkotjocs& jrrcùfkrjtjcs keh

cxkijektjge ctbjos%

Xbc kji ga tbjs pkpcr js tg bj`bfj`bt keh prcscet sgic ga tbc pgssjdfc rcksges tbkt ogufh cxpfkje tbc

jeafuceoc ga bj`b stkmcs cxkijektjge ikfprkotjocs keh cxkijektjge ctbjos% Xbc pkpcr trjcs tg cfuojhktc

bgw tbcsc jrrcùfkrjtjcs keh ikfprkotjocs ogic kdgut keh tbc pgssjdfc oufprjts%

Ajekffy jt cehs wjtb k sbgrt rcijehcr ga tbc dkomwksb caacots ga cxkijektjges keh ogeofuhcs tbktdkomwksb caacots ga cxkijektjges js tbc rggt okusc ga cxkijektjge ikfprkotjocs keh jrrcùfkrjtjcs%

Gdlcotjvcs

Xg stkehkrhjzch tbc icksurc tg cvkfuktc stuhcets pcrocptjge tgwkrhs cxkijektjge ikfprkotjocs

keh cxkijektjge ctbjos%

Xg stkehkrhjzch tbc icksurc tg cvkfuktc stuhcets pcrocptjge ga cxkijektjge ctbjos%

Xg jhcetjay akotgrs uehcrfyje` stuhcets pcrocptjge tgwkrhs cxkijektjge ikfprkotjocs%

Xg jhcetjay akotgrs uehcrfyje` stuhcets pcrocptjge tgwkrhs cxkijektjge ctbjos%

Xg ogipkrc stuhcets pcrocptjge kige` `cehcrs keh chuoktjgekf fcvcf tgwkrhs cxkijektjge

ikfprkotjocs keh cxkijektjge ctbjos%

;?


14/42

TC_CKTOB ICXBGHGFG@Z

;8


15/42

Bypgtbcsjs

B>;< Xbcrc js eg hjaacrceoc dctwcce tbc pcrocptjge ga `rkhuktc keh pgst `rkhuktc stuhcets tgwkrhs

cxkijektjge ikfprkotjocs%

B>4< Xbcrc js eg hjaacrceoc dctwcce tbc pcrocptjge ga `rkhuktc keh pgst `rkhuktc stuhcets tgwkrhs

cxkijektjge ctbjos%

Tcsckrob Ictbghgfg`y

;% Xbc stuhy

Xbc prcscet jevcstj`ktjge js k ege)cxpcrjicetkf stuhy ga tbc bj`bcr chuoktjge stuhcets

pcrocptjge ga cxkijektjge ikfprkotjocs keh cxkijektjge ctbjos% Xbc ictbghgfg`y usch

wks tbrgu`b tbc qucstjgeekjrcs ajffch dy tbc stuhcets%

4% _kipfc hcsj e

k* ^gpufktjge

Xbc `rkhuktcs keh pgst `rkhuktc stuhcets wcrc ogesjhcrch ks k skipfc pgpufktjge%

d* _kipfc cfcicet

Xbc skipfje` cfcicets je tbc rcsckrob wcrc tbc jehjvjhukf stuhcets%

o* _kipfc sjzc

Xbc skipfc sjzc ogesjstch ga ?>> rcspgehcets%

h* _kipfje` tcobejqucs

^urpgsjvc skipfje` tcobejqucs wcrc usch%

?% Xggfs agr hktk ogffcotjge

;3


16/42

Xbc hktk wks ogffcotch argi tbc stuhcets tbrgu`b scfa)hcsj`ech qucstjgeekjrcs agr tbc

stuhy%

8% Xggfs agr hktk kekfysjs

Qkrjgus tggfs agr hktk kekfysjs wcrc%?8>

4 Ja J `ct ke gppgrtuejty tg scc qucstjge pkpcr dcagrc tbc

cxkijektjge J wjff surcfy pkss%

>%>34

? Ja J ki tgfh tg duy tbc cxkijektjge qucstjge pkpcr dcagrc tbc

cxkis%

>%841

8 J obckt je cxkijektjge huc tg fkom ga ogeajhceoc% >%?3>

3 J hget bkvc cegu`b tjic tg rckh sg J tkmc jetcrcst je obcktje`% >%833

1 J wjff egt accf ujfty tg obckt je tbc cxkijektjge ja tbc tckobcr akjfs

tg tckob wcff%

>%?3?

0 Xckobcrs ceogurk`c obcktje` hurje` tbc cxkijektjge% >%4:>

2 J obckt dcokusc iy arjcehs obckt je cxkijektjge% >%3>3

: Igst pkrcets ceogurk`c tbcjr objfhrce tg obckt% >%?08

;> ^cgpfc tbgsc wbg gefy obckt bkvc bj`b sogrcs% >%483

;; Obcktje` js vcry ogiige je key cxkijektjge tbcsc hkys% >%;81

;0


18/42

;4 Js jt hjaajouft tg stgp obcktje` je cxkijektjges7 >%?4>

;? Ja J hget obckt& tbce tbgsc wbg hg wjff bkvc ke khvketk`c gvcr

ic%

>%?34

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khcquktc% _g tbc stktcicets je tbc qucstjgeekjrcs wcrc trcktch ks rcfjkdfc stktcicets%

;2


19/42

?%?X)Xcst

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;:


20/42

IKF^TKOXJOC_

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>%1>?

4>


21/42

Ctbjos

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4;


22/42

JI^FJOKXJGE_ KEH_S@@C_XJGE_

44


23/42

?% Jipfjoktjges keh _u``cstjges

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4?


24/42

_SIIKTZ KEH

OGEOFS_JGE

48


25/42

8% _uiikry keh Ogeofusjge

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43


26/42

Dut tbc stuhy agueh tbkt tbcrc wks sj`ejajoket hjaacrceoc je pcrocptjge ga pgst `rkhuktc keh

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ctbjos igrc sjeocrcfy tbke ikfc stuhcets% Bceoc jt js ogeofuhch tbkt pgst `rkhuktc stuhcets krc egt

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cxkijektjge ctbjos%

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41
http://ezinearticles.com/?Advocates-Of-Examination-Malpractice&id=292923http://www.nigeriansinamerica.com/articles/2681/1/Examination-Malpractice-Our-Today-amp-Tomorrow/Page1.htmlhttp://www.nigeriansinamerica.com/articles/2681/1/Examination-Malpractice-Our-Today-amp-Tomorrow/Page1.htmlhttp://hadizaoyas.com/tips16.htmlhttp://research-education-edu.blogspot.com/2009/07/examination-malpractice.htmlhttp://research-education-edu.blogspot.com/2009/07/examination-malpractice.htmlhttp://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-20-0-000-000-2006-Web/JHE-20-4-000-000-2006-Abstract-PDF/JHE-20-4-295-300-2006-1510-%20Alutu-A-N-G/JHE-20-4-295-300-2006-1510-%20Alutu-A-N-G-Text.pdfhttp://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-20-0-000-000-2006-Web/JHE-20-4-000-000-2006-Abstract-PDF/JHE-20-4-295-300-2006-1510-%20Alutu-A-N-G/JHE-20-4-295-300-2006-1510-%20Alutu-A-N-G-Text.pdfhttp://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-20-0-000-000-2006-Web/JHE-20-4-000-000-2006-Abstract-PDF/JHE-20-4-295-300-2006-1510-%20Alutu-A-N-G/JHE-20-4-295-300-2006-1510-%20Alutu-A-N-G-Text.pdfhttp://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/artikel.php?ID%20=79190http://www.academicjournals.org/jeaps/PDF/Pdf2010/Apr/Adeyemi.pdfhttp://www.unilorin.edu.ng/publications/oniye/FEMALE%20STUDENT%20PERCIEVED%20(DR.%20ONIYE).htmhttp://www.unilorin.edu.ng/publications/oniye/FEMALE%20STUDENT%20PERCIEVED%20(DR.%20ONIYE).htmhttp://ezinearticles.com/?Advocates-Of-Examination-Malpractice&id=292923http://www.nigeriansinamerica.com/articles/2681/1/Examination-Malpractice-Our-Today-amp-Tomorrow/Page1.htmlhttp://www.nigeriansinamerica.com/articles/2681/1/Examination-Malpractice-Our-Today-amp-Tomorrow/Page1.htmlhttp://hadizaoyas.com/tips16.htmlhttp://research-education-edu.blogspot.com/2009/07/examination-malpractice.htmlhttp://research-education-edu.blogspot.com/2009/07/examination-malpractice.htmlhttp://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-20-0-000-000-2006-Web/JHE-20-4-000-000-2006-Abstract-PDF/JHE-20-4-295-300-2006-1510-%20Alutu-A-N-G/JHE-20-4-295-300-2006-1510-%20Alutu-A-N-G-Text.pdfhttp://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-20-0-000-000-2006-Web/JHE-20-4-000-000-2006-Abstract-PDF/JHE-20-4-295-300-2006-1510-%20Alutu-A-N-G/JHE-20-4-295-300-2006-1510-%20Alutu-A-N-G-Text.pdfhttp://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-20-0-000-000-2006-Web/JHE-20-4-000-000-2006-Abstract-PDF/JHE-20-4-295-300-2006-1510-%20Alutu-A-N-G/JHE-20-4-295-300-2006-1510-%20Alutu-A-N-G-Text.pdfhttp://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/artikel.php?ID%20=79190http://www.academicjournals.org/jeaps/PDF/Pdf2010/Apr/Adeyemi.pdfhttp://www.unilorin.edu.ng/publications/oniye/FEMALE%20STUDENT%20PERCIEVED%20(DR.%20ONIYE).htmhttp://www.unilorin.edu.ng/publications/oniye/FEMALE%20STUDENT%20PERCIEVED%20(DR.%20ONIYE).htm


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Tctrjcvch ge bttp?4 ge 43;;4>;>

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40
http://www.anglia.org/pages.php?cat=t&page=3032http://www.commonlii.org/pk/other/PKLJC/report/20.htmlhttp://feathersproject.wordpress.com/2008/07/16/the-menace-of-examination-malpractice/http://feathersproject.wordpress.com/2008/07/16/the-menace-of-examination-malpractice/http://feathersproject.wordpress.com/2008/07/16/the-menace-of-examination-malpractice/http://www.anglia.org/pages.php?cat=t&page=3032http://www.commonlii.org/pk/other/PKLJC/report/20.htmlhttp://feathersproject.wordpress.com/2008/07/16/the-menace-of-examination-malpractice/http://feathersproject.wordpress.com/2008/07/16/the-menace-of-examination-malpractice/


28/42

Tctrjcvch argi bttp>3)_tuhcets

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42
http://www.scribd.com/doc/34145428/Malpractice-Guidelineshttp://www.scribd.com/doc/34145428/Malpractice-Guidelineshttp://www.scribd.com/doc/34145428/Malpractice-Guidelines


29/42

4%4%? _kipfc _jzc

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31/42

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33/42

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42/42

Documents

Higher Education Students’ Perception towards Examination Malpractices and Examination Ethics