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Higher Education in China
past and present
The Number of Students in Chinese Schools 1978 - 2005
0
15,000,000
30,000,000
45,000,000
60,000,000
75,000,000
90,000,000
105,000,000
120,000,000
135,000,000
150,000,000
elementary school students
junior middle school students
high school students
college students
The Number of College Students in China 1949 - 2005
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
14,000,000
16,000,000
GaoKao
• National College Entrance Examination
• abolished during the Cultural Revolution
• Deng Xiaoping’s decision in 1977– “without grasping science and education, the
Four Modernizations would have no hope”– restored College Entrance Examination– like an “atomic bomb”, especially among the
sent-down youths
Prepare for GaoKao
GaoKao subjects
• Everyone has to take exams in Chinese, mathematics, and English
• Arts students also have to take exams in politics, history, and geography
• Sciences students also have to take physics, chemistry, and biology
3 days of GaoKao
• everyone has to give way
3 days of GaoKao
• nothing stops it– … not even SARS
the lucky ones
… so why do they join the PartyParty ...
indeed two separate questions:
What incentive do theythey have in joining the Party?
What incentive does the PartyParty have in recruiting them?
First: their incentives ...
… and so many others’
UndergraduateStudents
GraduateStudents
Total 5,506,000 271,000
CCP members 209,000 76,000
% CCP members 3.8% 28.2%
CCP Members in Chinese Universities
A survey of university students
Sample: 2,063 students at 18 Shanghai universities in 1988
Question: Some of your friends have joined the Party, others are striving to do so. What is your observation and understanding of this?
They believe in Communism and want to make a contribution
4% They think the Party is good and are joining in order to
be further educated10%
In reality they want a “Party card” which they can use as capital to receive future benefits
59%
… and see what some 5th graders say ...
“We all want to join the Party. This is because you can get promotions when you are a Party member. You can have power when you are promoted. And with power you can become rich. None of the Party members in our village is now poor”.
What are their real incentives ...
Materialistic gains rather than ideological doctrines
A professor of political science in Hong Kong: “the young generation now joined the Party like young professionals join the Lions Club or Rotary Club to establish business ties.”
Ever More Competitive Job Market for College Graduates
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
freshmen class graduating class
student Party members
• advantage in job market, especially for positions in government agencies or state-owned enterprises
future political career
• Party membership plus college education are necessary conditions for political advancement
… but there are different voices ...
A student in Beijing: “I cannot be bothered, there are more ways to succeed now. One can go abroad, or work for a private enterprise, or foreign companies.”
A folk rhyme in Hubei Province: “Each tills their field, and each makes their money: who cares whether you’re a Party member or not?”
Study Abroad
• From 1978 through 2004
• 814,884 have gone to study abroad– 114,663 in the year 2004– The number has been decreasing since
September 11, 2001
• 197,884 have returned– 25,116 in the year 2004– The annual number has been increasing fast
Urban Employment 1978 - 2003
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
1978 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
10,0
00 e
mp
loye
es
household
foreign
HK, Macau, TW
private
joint-stock
limited liability company
joint ventures
limited partnership
collective
state-owned
Second: the PartyParty’s incentives ...
In the 1950s and 1960s, the Party’s recruitment strategies emphasized class origin.
Peasants and workers were especially welcome, but intellectuals were not.
It’s all changed since the late 1970s ...
since Deng Xiaoping started the reforms in the late 1970s, the Chinese Communist Party has staked its legitimacy on economic performance more than anything else.
To get rich is glorious!
To achieve the ambitious economic development goals, the Party desperately needs youth and talent.
The “Three Represents theory”
Jiang Zemin:“Our Party … has always represented the development requirements of China’s advanced social productive forces”
Party recruitment of talents
• The secretary of a local Party committee: “The Party is the leader of our country’s economic construction, and first of all we need excellent people from all professions”.
• In 1990, 0.8% of all undergraduate students were CCP members; in 2000, Party members constitute 3.8% of all under-graduate students.
Party recruitment of adult population
Years of School Education
Party itself has also changed ...