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Higher Education Developments within the ASEAN Community
Roger Y. Chao Jr.01 April 2015
CHET, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, Canada
Why Study ASEAN?
• Demographic Premium• GDP growth• Trade• FDI• ASEAN Centrality– Regional level– Trans-regional level
ASEAN & the ASEAN CommunityGDP ($ Mil) GDP/cap ($) Pop. (‘000) HE enrolment
Brunei 16,970 42,445 400 5,363
Cambodia 14,401 977 14,741 200,192
Indonesia 878,223 3,578 245,425 5,051,637
Lao PDR 9,083 1,394 6,514 51,545
Malaysia 305,154 10,338 29,518 612,208
Myanmar 52,525 861 60,976 605,101
Philippines 250,543 2,565 97,594 2,387,557
Singapore 276,610 52,069 5,312 154,271
Thailand 366,127 5,391 67,911 2,075,427
Vietnam 141,669 1,596 88,773 1,519,840
Notes: GDP, GDP/cap & pop (2012); HE enrolment based on latest available data PH (2008); KH (2011); BN, IN, MY & MM (2012); LA, SG, TH & VN (2013)Source: ASEAN Statistics; UNESCO UIS
ASEAN Integration< 90s 1990s 2000s 2000s 2010s
ASAMaPhilIndo
ASEAN 5 (67)Brunei (84)
VN (95)LA & MM (97)KH (98)
ASEAN Charter(2007)
1st Summit (Indonesia 76)
AFTA (92)AFAS (95)ASEAN 2020AUN (95)AUN-QA (97)Hanoi PoA 98
Bali Con 2 (03)Vientiane AP(2004-2010)AEC BP (07)
AEC BP (07)Hua Hin Dec (07)APSC BP (09)ASCC (09)
5 yr WP Ed(2011-2015)
Source: Chao (forthcoming 2015) Changing ASEAN HE Discourse & Chao (2014) unpublished PhD Dissertation
Economic Status & Higher Education Focus
Economic Status Countries Higher Education Focus
Lower Income Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Vietnam
-policy reform & system expansion-increasing enrollment-infrastructure development
Low-Middle Income Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand
-quality improvement
High Income Brunei Singapore
-more independent with global partnerships-well developed with high international recognition
Asian Development Bank (2011)
Changing ASEAN HE Discourse
From: CooperationManpower Development; Teacher Ed; Systems
To : Regionalization (ASEAN HE Area)
AEC; Hanoi PoA; Bali Concord II; Vientiane APAEC BP; AUN; AUN-QA
To : Identity formation & Community BuildingHua Hin Dec; ASCC; 5 yr WP for Ed
Source: Chao (forthcoming 2015): the Changing ASEAN HE discourse
Multilateral Liberalization
1) Framework agreement on enhancing ASEAN Economic cooperation (1992)
2) ASEAN framework agreement on services (1995) 3) ASEAN framework agreement on visa exemptions (2006)4) ASEAN agreement for the movement of natural persons
(2012)5) MRAs– Engineering services (2005)/Nursing services (2006)
– Surveying and Architectural services (2007)
– Dental, Accountancy & Medical practitioners (2008);
– Tourism professionals (2012)
Chao (forthcoming 2015) The Changing ASEAN higher education discourse: implications to regionalization of ASEAN higher eduction
Other Developments
• EU Share (starting 2015)
• Tuning South East Asia (tentative 2015)
• ASEM processes
• Referencing to AQRF by 2018
• ACTFA / AQAFHE