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Higher education and internationalization
Lex Borghans
Maastricht University
Trends
1. European universities are changing rapidly– And in the USA they fear this development
2. These trends are difficult to document and effects are hard to measure, due to a lack of data
3. National governments (at least the Dutch) neglect this trend and still think about higher education in the same way as about primary education
European universities are changing rapidly
• There are clear trends that European universities get stronger
• In the USA they fear the consequences
Enrollment grows
Relatively fewer students go to the USA
US students come more often to Europe
Research in Europe becomes international
Language of Dutch PhD theses
Research in Europe becomes international
Language of journals
Why this trend?
• Balance between costs and benefits shifts
These trends are difficult to document
• Most data sources are national
• Non-response among students who go abroad is high
• Identification is difficult due to selectivity
Questions
• What are the effects for students when they study abroad?
• What are the effects for students who stay in their own country who experience a larger share of international students?
• What are the effects for the quality of universities?
• What are the spill-over effects for the local economy?
CHEERS as an exampleStudents living abroad
Living abroad for work or study
Secondary education
abroad Before study During study After study
Italy 0.5 7.4 21.4 1.2
Spain 4.8 0.3 13.8 1.0
France 6.7 7.2 21.7 4.6
Austria 6.1 10.0 29.2 5.5
Germany 1.9 5.7 19.9 6.4
Netherlands 4.7 9.0 30.0 1.7
UK 10.7 10.0 25.9 8.6
Finland 3.6 18.6 27.5 3.8
Sweden 5.8 32.5 29.6 4.9
Norway 4.6 19.4 0.5
International aspects of work
Traveled abroadCommunication with
people abroad International context
Italy 15.4 71.2 32.0
Spain 8.9 92.0 25.0
France 13.6 80.1 36.6
Austria 38.5 83.5 56.8
Germany 23.2 83.4 52.9
Netherlands 23.0 70.2 53.4
UK 18.4 70.3 46.4
Finland 39.4 82.6 57.4
Sweden 37.1 45.5
Norway 84.3
International experience during the study and after
• Students with international experience during the study:– 4 x more likely to work abroad– 2 x more likely to travel internationally– Equally likely to communicate with people
abroad– 1.5 x more likely to have work in an
international context
Who goes abroad during the study?
• Women are more likely to go abroad before or during the study
• Work orientations:– Varied social life and personal development
have strong positive effect– Family/home has strong negative effect– Work and career has no effect during the
study, and positive effect after the study
Effects of international experience during the study
OLS
Monthly income .044 *** (.008)
Hourly income .032 *** (.008)
Hours of work .485 *** (.128)
Job satisfaction .099 *** (.017)
Career satisf. .102 *** (.016)
Personal devel. .047 *** (.014)
English .379 *** (.019)
French .360 *** (.018)
German .303 *** (.016)
Italian .271 (.171)
Spanish .147 *** (.026)
Empirical strategy
• Individual participation might be selective
• Instrument: Average participation in international activities during study in field of study within countries.
Effects of international experience during the study
OLS 2SLS
Monthly income .044 *** (.008) .172 *** (.060)
Hourly income .032 *** (.008) .043 (.056)
Hours of work .485 *** (.128) 4.018 *** (.919)
Job satisfaction .099 *** (.017) .497 *** (.121)
Career satisf. .102 *** (.016) .623 *** (.117)
Personal devel. .047 *** (.014) .221 *** (.104)
English .379 *** (.019) .697 *** (.145)
French .360 *** (.018) .490 *** (.138)
German .303 *** (.016) .346 *** (.114)
Italian .271 (.171) .293 (2.060)
Spanish .147 *** (.026) -.322 (.246)
Response of the national government
The example of the Dutch government• Essentially they think about universities as a
closed Dutch system– A recent report about the future of Dutch higher
education almost ignores the European context– While more than 50% of all masters at universities are
in English the government raises the question whether it should be legal not to teach in Dutch
– The parliament wants to know whether we gain more from foreign students than they costs (do they buy enough in local stores to recover the government spending?)
What are the best policies?
• What are the key features to promote internationalization?– Internationalisation is a trend that governments can
not stop– The challenge is to use this trend to build strong
universities• Which policies best promote
internationalization? – Policies that acknowledge this trend rather than
policies that try to keep things as they are– The key question for each country is: Do you want to
become the Massachusetts or the Kentucky of Europe?