Steel

Building material of the 20th century

Outstanding structural propertiesHigher buildings

Longer spans

Slender constructions

Photographs removed due to copyright restrictions:Vogesen School, Basel (CH) (Diener&Diener, 1994)

Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris (Labrouste, 1875)

Menier Chocolate Factory, France (Saulnier, 1872)

Steel

Building material of the 20th century

Outstanding structural propertiesHigher buildings

Longer spans

Slender constructions

Glazed buildings

Photographs removed due to copyright restrictions:Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago (Mies van der Rohe 1940)

Farnworth House, Plano (USA) (Mies van der Rohe, 1945)

Steel

Building material of the 20th century

Outstanding structural propertiesHigher buildings

Longer spans

Slender constructions

Glazed buildings

Photographs removed due to copyright restrictions: Glass skyscraper, Chicago (project) (Mies van der Rohe, 1922)

Crystal Palace, Universal Exhibition (Paxton, 1851)

Steel

Building material of the 20th century

Outstanding structural propertiesHigher buildings

Longer spans

Slender constructions

Glazed buildings

Prefabrication

Orthogonal assembly but free "veil" form

Photographs removed due to copyright restrictions: Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao (Gehry, 1997)

Steel

Frameswith cantilevering beams

Image by MIT OCW.

Image by MIT OCW.

Steel

Frameswith cantilevering beams

with continuous columns

Image by MIT OCW. Image by MIT OCW.

Steel

Frameswith cantilevering beams

with continuous columns

two-way frames

Photograph removed due to copyright restrictions:

Tea House, Vienna (Marterer, 1998)

Image by MIT OCW.

D6

D7

a

b

Image by MIT OCW.

Steel

Issue of fire-protectionHeat affects steel’s load-carrying ability

Strategy depends on­ Building use

­ Occupancy

­ Space heating

­ Number of storeys

Protection measures­ Oversizing

­ Intumescent paint

­ Concrete cladding or filling

Image by MIT OCW.

Steel

Trusses for extreme spansSenior citizen’s home by MVRDV (1997)

Element(loadbearing)Roof purlin ( )Floor beam ( )Castellated beam ( )Lattice beam

Span 1(m)

-10 m6-15 m8-20 m

10-25 m

h*/l

1/18 - 1/361/15 - 1/241/12 - 1/181/10 - 1/15

1/10

1/12

1/15

1/18

1/24

1/36

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 23 2421 22 250

2.001.901.801.701.601.501.401.301.201.101.000.900.800.700.600.500.400.300.200.100.00 Span

1(m)

Depth of beam h (m)

Image by MIT OCW.

Steel

Diagonals and diamondsOrnamental quality

Form directly related to structure

Photographs removed due to copyright restrictions:Faculty of Law, Cambridge (UK) (Foster, 1995)

Mediathek, Japan (Ito, 2001)

Swiss Re Tower, London (Foster, 2000)

Steel

Diagonals and diamondsOrnamental quality

Form directly related to structure

Photographs removed due to copyright restrictions:Sabolovka Radio Mast, London (Suchov, 1919)

Prada Epicenter Store, Tokyo (Herzog&DeMeuron, 2001)

Swiss Re Tower, London (Foster, 2000)

Steel

CanopyIndependent structure

Space generator

Photographs removed due to copyright restrictions:Hall of Labor, Turin (Nervi, 1961)

Stansted Airport, London (Foster, 1991)

Steel

Folding of metal for reinforcementAluminum-based loadbearing constructions (Jean Prouvé)

Photographs removed due to copyright restrictions:Méridienne de l’Observatiore, Paris (Prouvé, 1951)

Centenaire de l’Aluminium, Paris (Prouvé, 1954)

Steel

Main reference for lecture contents:“Constructing Architecture” by Deplazes: pp. 113-138

Additional readings relevant to lecture topics:"Fundamentals of Building Construction" by Allen

&

"Building Construction Illustrated" by Ching & Adams

chapters on steel