High Voltage Analog Design in a Standard Digital CMOS Process

Brigham Young University Brigham Young University

BYU ScholarsArchive BYU ScholarsArchive

Theses and Dissertations

2005-11-17

High Voltage Analog Design in a Standard Digital CMOS Process High Voltage Analog Design in a Standard Digital CMOS Process

Riley D. Beck Brigham Young University - Provo

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd

Part of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Commons

BYU ScholarsArchive Citation BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Beck, Riley D., "High Voltage Analog Design in a Standard Digital CMOS Process" (2005). Theses and Dissertations. 809. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/809

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected].

http://home.byu.edu/home/

http://home.byu.edu/home/

https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/

https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd

https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd?utm_source=scholarsarchive.byu.edu%2Fetd%2F809&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages

http://network.bepress.com/hgg/discipline/266?utm_source=scholarsarchive.byu.edu%2Fetd%2F809&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages

https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/809?utm_source=scholarsarchive.byu.edu%2Fetd%2F809&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages

mailto:[email protected],%[email protected]

�� ! ��

"$# ��&%'�$� " ��(�

)+*

�-,/.10 * �32546087:9

�<;>=(0@?A,/?-?CB )(D ,1;A;A08EF;>GH;>=I0�JLKM78B(.N; * GOJ

46PC,/QR=5K DTS GRB(UIQWV�U(,1XO08PC?A,1; *

,1UFY5KOPC;A,ZKO.[J\B(.1]5.1. D 08U+;^GMJ ;A=(0�PA08_`B(,1PA0 D 0@U`;A?$J\GRP^;>=(0�E(0@QRPA0@0aGMJ

# KO?�;>08P-GOJb��7@,/08UI780

��0@Y5KOP�; D 08U+;-GOJc�'.1087d;>PA,17eKO.fKOU(E " G D Y(BI;>0@P��'UIQR,/U(0@08PC,/U(Q

46PC,/QR=5K DTS GRB(UIQWV�U(,1XO08PC?A,1; *

��087@0 D3) 08P�gOhOh+i

" GRY * PA,1QR=+; 7� gOhRhRiH�-,/.10 * �325460@7:9

��.1. �-,/QR=+;>?-�-08?C08P�XR08E

4^�-�� # S ��V�� V�� '��! S

��-��V�� -� " � # # �!$-�'� ��%'%��^�-� ��

GOJcK ;A=(08?C,/?-?AB )(D ,N;A;A08E )+*

�-,/.10 * �32546087:9

$=(,1?�;>=I08?A,1?�=(KO? ) 080@U PA08KOE )+* 0eKO7:= D 0 D3) 08P-GOJc;>=(0 J\GR./.1G��-,1U(QHQRP>KME(B5KM;A0a7@G DWD ,1;C;>0@0aKMU(E)+*FD K��CGRPA,N; * XOGO;>0�=5KO? ) 080@U&J\GRBIU(E&;AG ) 0�?>K ;>,/?�JLKO7@;AGRP * 2

��KM;A0 ��KeX�,/E��I2 " G D 08P�� " =5KO,/P

��KM;A0 ��GRU5KM./EF�2 " G D 08P

��KM;A0 �-,/7:=5KOPCE&�a2 ��[email protected]\PA,1E(QR0

4^�-�� # S ��V�� V�� '��! S

��?�7:=5KO,1P GOJI;A=(0'7eKOU(EI,/E5KM;A0�� ? QOP>KOE(B(KM;>0'78G DWD ,1;C;>080 � � =5KeXR0 PA08KOE ;A=(0';>=(0@?A,/?�GOJ(��,1./0 * �32 460@7:9,/Ua,1;A? ]5U5KM.�J\GRP D KOU(E =5KeXO06J\GRB(U(Ea;>=5KM;�� ,1;A? J\GRP D K ; � 78,1;>KM;>,1GRU(? �OKOUIE ) , ) ./,/GOQRP>KOYI=(,/78KO.O?�; * .10KOPC0 7@GRU(?A,1?C;A08U+;bKMU(E3KO7@780@YI;:K ) ./0 KOU(E�J\B(.1]5.1.RB(U(,NXR0@PA?A,N; * KOU(EaE(08Y5KMPC; D 08U+; ?C; * ./0�PA0@_`B(,/PC0 D 08U+;>?�� g�� ,N;>? ,1././BI?C;>PAKM;>,NXR0 D KM;A08PA,/KO./? ,/U(7@./B(E(,1U(Q ]5QRBIPA08? �6;:K ) ./0@?�� KOU(E 7:=5KOPC;A? KMPA0 ,/U Y(.ZKM780��-KMU(E��;A=(0W]5U(KO. D KOU`B(?C78PC,/YI;a,/? ?>KM;A,/?�JLKO7@;AGRP * ;AG ;>=I0 QRPAKOE(B5KM;A0W7@G D D ,N;A;>0@0 KOU(E ,1? PC0eKOE * J\GOP?AB )(D ,1?A?C,/GRUF;>G ;A=(0�B(U(,1XO08PC?A,1; * ./, ) P>KOP * 2

��KM;A0 ��KeX�,/E��I2 " G D 08P" =5KO,1P�� P>KME(B5KM;A0 " G DWD ,1;C;>0@0

��7@780@YI;>0@E J\GRP^;A=(0 ��08Y5KOP�; D 08U+;

# ,17:=5KO08. �a2 �O08U(?C08U��P>KOE(B(KM;>0 " G�GRPAEI,/U5KM;AGRP

��7@780@YI;>0@E J\GRP^;A=(0 " GR./.108QR0

��./KOU&� 2(%cKOPC9�,1U(?AGOU��0eKMU �(�!P>KH� 2� 5B(.N;>GRU " GO././0@QR0�GOJc� U(QR,1U(080@PA,/UIQKOU(E&�087:=(U(GO./GRQ *

��4^��-�� "

�� <�� -��! �� "$# ��

%��^� " ��(�

�-,/.10 * �32546087:9

��0@Y5KOP�; D 08U+;-GOJc�'.1087d;>PA,17eKO.fKOU(E " G D Y(BI;>0@P��'UIQR,/U(0@08PC,/U(Q

# KO?�;>0@P�GMJ ��7@,/0@U(780

$=(,1?W;>=I08?A,1? ,1U`;APAG�E(B(7@08? =(,1QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQR0&KOYIY(PAG+KM7:=(08? ;A=5KM; KOPA0&, D Y(./0 D 0@U+;>08E ,/U KOU

KOU5KM./GRQH��KO./.��!0��[087d;$?A0@U(?AGOP�,1U`;A08P�JLKO780M2�$=I,/?-,/U+;>0@PCJLKO7@0�=5KO? ) 0@08U&PA08KO./,��808E ,1U K D G�E(,N]508E&i �

hI2�� D "$# �� Y(PCG�7@08?A?'B(?C,/U(Q��+hM� =I,/QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQO0 # ��3;>P>KMU(?A,1?C;>GOPA? ;>=5K ;'E(GaUIGO;�K �[087@;�.1G��XRGO.1;:KMQR0�E(0@X�,1780�J\B(U(7@;A,/GRU(KO./,N; * 2 $=(0@?A0 7@,/PC78B(,N;>?-,/U(7@./B(EI0�K =(,1QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQR0 �I.1G�� G�[?A0@;�7@B(PAPC08U+;?A0@U(?A0 K D Y(.1,1]50@P�� -=(,17:= KO7:=(,10@XR0@? K 78G D D GRU�� D G�E(0 ,/U(Y(B�; P>KMU(QR0 ;A=5KM;F,1? �-,1;A=(,/U�K ��

GOJa�� B(?C,/U(Q K ) B(./9��!EIPA,1XO08U E(,��[08PC08U+;>,/KO.�,1U(Y(BI;&?C;>KOQR0M2 $=(0 K D Y(./,N]508P KO./?CG BI?A08? =(,/QO=

XRGO.1;:KMQR0'7eKO?C78G�E(06E(0dX�,/780@?c;>G�Y(PCGO;>0@7@;b.1G �� XRGO.1;:KMQR0 E(0@X�,17808?�;>=5K ;c=5KeXO0 ) 0@08UaY(.ZKO7@08Ea,/U 78PA,N;>,17eKO.D KM;>7:=(,1U(Q�KOPC0eKO?c;AG KO7:=(,/0dXR0�K�./G � ,/UIY(BI; G�[?A0d; XRGR.N;:KOQO0$GOJ iOhRh � �-,1;>=IGRBI;b;A=(0$B(?A0$GMJ[;APA, D 2� ?A=(GRP�;';>G ) KM;A;A08P * KMPA7:=(,N;>087d;>B(PC0�,1?�KO./?CG EI,/?A7@B(?A?C08E �-=(,17:= B(?C08?6K ) BI./9��!E(PC,1XO08U 78G D Y5KOPAKM;>GRPKOU(E K3% # �� ) .1G�7:9`,/UIQ ;A087:=(U(,1_`B(0�KOU(E KO./.1G �-?�J\GRP�K PC08.1,ZK ) .10$?A=(GOPC;�;>G ) KM;A;A08P * ) PC0eKO9È(G �-U

XRGO.1;:KMQR0 �-,1;A=(GRBI; B(?C,/U(Q K ?A0@PA,108? ) ./G�7:9`,/U(Q EI,/G�E(0O2 �!U+;>0@QRP>K ;>,/GOU GOJa;A=(08?C0 ) ./G�7:9�? ,1U`;AG K?C;>KOU(E5KMPAE "$# �� Y(PCG�7@08?A? ./08KOE(? ;>G 78GO?C; ?>KeX�,/U(QR?&KO?&KOEIE(,1;A,/GRU5KM.�E(0dX�,1780@? ?ABI7:=�KO? E5KM;>K

78GOU`XO08P�;>08PC?�KOUIE D ,/7@PAGRY(PCG�7@08?C?AGRPC?-KOPA0�78G D3) ,/UI08E �-,1;A= ;A=(0 ��KO.1.�� 0��[087@;^?A08UI?AGRP�,/U+;>0@PCJLKO7@0O2

� "�� '�� # ��

� �6GOB(./E .1,/9O0 ;>G�;A=5KOU(9 D * 7@G D D ,N;A;>0@0�J\GOPc;>=(0^KOEIX�,/7@0-KOU(E ?ABIY(Y[GOPC; GRU3;A=(,/?cY(PAG �C0@7@;82%cKMPC;>,178B(./KOPA. * �5� � GRB(.1E ./,19O0�;>GW;A=5KOU(9&��P@2�%�0@;APA,/0 J\GRP�=(,/?�QRB(,/E(KOU(780aKOU(E Y5KM;>,108U(7@03KOUIE ��P82" G D 08P^J\GRP$=I,/? �-,/.1./,/UIQRU(08?C? ;AG ) 0 D * KOE�X�,1?A0@P�,1UF;>=(0�08UIEf2

� D B(?C;�KM7:9�UIG��-.108E(QO0 Da* 0 D Y(.1G * 08P � � # � ��0 D ,/7@GRU(E(B(7d;>GRP � �-=(G$J\B(U(E(0@E�;A=(,/? YIPAG �C0@7@;KOU(E ?AB(Y(Y GRP�;>08E D 0a,1U ,1;A?�7@G D YI./0@;A,/GRU 2�� GRB(.1E 08?CY[0@78,ZKM./. * .1,/9M0a;>GW;>=5KOUI9 Da* J\0@././G �<0 D �Y(.1G * 080@? �-=(G Y(PCG X�,1E(08E&?AB(YIY[GRP�;�KOU(E 08U(7@GRB(PAKOQR0 D 08U+;82

# GR?�;�GOJbKM./. �� ;A=5KOU(9 Da* �-,1J\0 �5 KOB(PA0@U � KOU(E D * ; � G 7:=I,/./EIPA08U � �RKOPA0d;A;�KOU(E � KM;A,/0 �

* U(U �[J\GOP�;A=(0 Y5K ;>,/0@U(780 KOU(E .1G XR0a;A=(0 * ?C=(G �60@E D 0�;>=(PCGRB(QR=(GOBI;e2�� ,1;A=(GRBI;�;>=(0@,/P�08U(7@GRB(P �KOQR0 D 0@U+;�KOU(E&=(08.1Y � �6GOB(./E&U(GO;-=5KeXO0a=5KME&;A=(0�GRY(Y GRPC;AB(U(,1; * ;>GH78G D Y(.10@;A0�;>=(,1?$Y(PAG �C0@7@;82

��

�� ! �" #�$

% $&"' (�*),+�-/.��" 0�$

% $&"' (�*),12$��!3�4��" 0�$5#

6 7 �! 84��3��9 �$:�!� 6

�R2 � # GO;A,1XMKM;>,1GRU 2a2 2 2a2�2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 �

�R2 g % PAG�7808?C?��0@?A7@PA,/Y�;>,/GOU�2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 �

�R2 % PA0@X�,1GRB(? � GOPA9 2a2�2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 g

�R2 � % PA08?C08U+;��;>B(E * 2 2a2�2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 �

�R2 �(2 � ��0@?A,1QRU ��Y(Y(PCG+KO7:= 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 �

�R2 �(2 g " ,1PA7@B(,1;-�<;IK D Y(./0 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 �

�R2 �(2 $=I08?A,1?��B�;>./,1U(0�2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 �

�R2 i " GRU+;>PC, ) BI;A,/GRUI?�2 2a2�2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 =

> ? $:�!@BAC��5 8-/�*�EDGFIHKJB$&�L-MJ� 8-N��-/4O�QPR$:��$5 8-N�TSC4O�U�V��"W" X

g�2 � ��,1QR= �'GR.1;>KOQR0��0dX�,1780 ��XR0@PCX�,/0 � 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 Y

g�2 g ��0@X�,/7@0� , D ,1;:K ;>,/GOU(? 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 ��

Z ? $:�!@BAC��5 8-/�*�[P��"W$��!�LSC4�-N�9 �$��V��" 6�Z

I2 � 46B(.19 �!��PA,NXR08UF�!UIY(BI;��;:KOQO0 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 �

I2 g ��0dXR0@PA?A0a4^KM;C;>0@P * % PAGM;>087d;>,1GRU 2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 ��=

I2 g�2 � " G DWD GRU � 08./. # 0@;A=(G�E 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 �8\

I2 g�2 g " G DWD GRU �-08?A,1?C;AGRP # 0@;A=(G�E 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 �8\

I2 �� !U(EI08Y 08U(E(0@U+;� 0@XO08. ��=(,NJ ;>08PC? 2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 gOh

X�,1,

I2 I2 � �-08?C,/?�;>,1XO0 2a2�2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 gOh

I2 I2 g ��,1G�EI0 " GRU(U(0@7@;A08E % # �� 2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 g �

I2 � ��7d;>,1XO0 " .ZK D Y(?$2 2a2�2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 gRg

I2 i " GRU(7@./B(?C,/GRU 2a2 2 2a2�2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 gRg

� F � 8@��"�) �!4�S 4�� $�" $��!� ? $:�!@BAC��5 8-/�*�EDG$�4O� 3�$: P��" $:�!� >��(2 � ��,1QR= �'GR.1;>KOQR0��0dX�,1780 # K ;>7:=(,1U(Q , D ,N;:KM;A,/GRU(? 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 gRi

�(2 g " B(PAPC08U+;��08U(?C0a� D YI./,1](08P # KM;>7:=(,1U(Q ��U5KO. * ?A,/?�2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 gRi

�(2 ��,1QR= �'GR.1;>KOQR0 " KO?C78G�E(0 % PAGO;A087@;A,/GRU 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 g9\

� DG$�4O� 3�$: P��" $:�!�L�*) - ? -N��T��9 KJ ��"'�!4 7 �� 8� 4�) -N�V� Z�6

i�2 � ��KO.1.��!� �[087d;��0@U(?AGRP-�!U+;>0@PCJLKO7@0 ��0@?A7@PA,/Y�;>,/GOU�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 �

i�2 g " B(PAPC08U+;��08U(?C0a� D YI./,1](08P 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 �

i�2 ��=(GRP�;$;>G 4^KM;C;>0@P * ��0d;>087d;>GRP 2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 ��

i�2 � ��XR08P � " B(PCPA0@U`;��0@;A087d;>,/GOU KMU(E " BIPAPA0@U+;� , D ,N;>,/UIQ 2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 VY

i�2 i c,1XO0��'GR.1;-��08U(?C0 " ./K D Y 2 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 � �

i�2�� XR08P � �'GR.N;:KOQO0�% PAGO;A087@;A,/GRU 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 �`g

% -�!�!3� ��I2 � ��BI;� R��08U(?C0 46.1G�7:9 2�2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 �ì

�I2 g " B(PAPC08U+;��08U(?C0a� D YI./,1](08P 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 � \

�I2 ��=(GRP�;$;>G 4^KM;C;>0@P * ��0d;>087d;>GRP 2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 � Y

�I2 � ��XR08P � " B(PCPA0@U`;��0@;A087d;>GRP�KOU(E " B(PCPA0@U`;� , D ,1;A,/U(Q 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 iOh

�I2 i i ��0@U(?A0 " .ZK D Y&2a2�2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 i �

�I2�� GOY 0dXR08. K * GRBI; 2�2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 i �

� +��"' �� " 3��: �" ��=�2 � 0@?C;��0d;>B(Y 2a2 2 2a2�2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 iRi

=�2 g " B(PAPC08U+;��08U(?C0a� D YI./,1](08P 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 iRi

=�2 ��=(GRP�;$;>G 4^KM;C;>0@P * �-08?CB(.1;A?�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 iV=

=�2 � ��KO.1. ��0@U(?AGOP��!U+;>0@PCJLKO7@0� 0@?C;��0@?AB(.N;>? 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 i9\

X�,/,1,

� D �� 3�" $:�!��" �6\I2 � ��B(QRQO08?C;A,/GRUI?^J\GRP 5B(PC;A=(08P��-08?A08KOPA7:= 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 �+g

� $:.<��$��*�*4�-��@� �

, ;

;

��

g�2 � " i3=(,/QR= � XRGO.1;:KMQR0�E(0dX�,1780 E(08?C78PC,/YI;A,/GRUf2 2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 ��

=�2 � " B(PAPC08U+;�?A08UI?A0 D ,1? D KM;>7:=FE5K ;:KI2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 i�

=�2 g �<;�;AP>KOY GR./KM;>0@E �� ,1U(Y(BI;-G � ?C0@;-XRGR.N;:KOQO0�J\GRP^;>=(0�7@B(PAPC08U+;�?C08U(?C0 K D Y(.1,1]50@P82 2 i�

=�2 ��=(GRP�;$;>G ) KM;C;>0@P * Y 08PCJ\GOP D KOU(780M2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 iV=

=�2 � � 0 * Y5KMP>K D 0@;APA,/7@?^J\GRP-��KM./.�� 0��[087d;$?A0@U(?AGRP-,1U`;A08P�JLKO780M2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 i9Y

;�,

;I,1,

��

g�2 � " PAGR?C?-?A087d;>,1GRU GMJ �+h � % # � � 2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 � h

g�2 g " PAGR?C?-?A087d;>,1GRU GMJ gRg � % # � � �-,1;A=&EI0808Y � � � 0@./. 2 2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 � h

I2 � 46B(.19 � E(PA,NXR0@U&EI,��[08PA0@U+;>,ZKM. "$# �� ,1U(Y(BI;-Y(KO,/P@2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 � �

I2 g � D KO./.[?A,/QOU5KO.f D G�E(08. 2`2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 � �

I2 46B(.19 � E(PA,NXR0@U&EI,��[08PA0@U+;>,ZKM.f? D KO./.[?A,1QRU5KO. D G�E(08. 2�2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 � i

I2 � Q� KOU(E&Q��Y(./GO;A?^J\GRP " iH% # � � 2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 � �

I2 i ��, D Y(.10�=(,1QR= ?A,/EI0 ? �-,1;A7:= E(BIPA,/UIQ ?C=(GRP�;�;AG ) KM;A;A08P * JLKOB(.N;e2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 ��=

I2�� " G D D GRU � 08.1. =(,/QO=&?C,/E(0�? �-,1;A7:=f2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 �8\

I2 = " G D D GRUFPC08?C,/?C;AGRP$=(,1QR= ?A,/EI0 ? �-,1;A7:=f2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 �8Y

I2 \ ��0@?A,1?C;>,NXR0 ) KO?C08E&./0dXR08. ?C=(,1J ;A08P@2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 g �

I2 Y ��,/G�E(0�7@GRU(U(0@7@;>0@E % # ��F./0@XO08. ?A=I,1J ;>0@P82�2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 g �

I2 � h��7d;>,1XO0�XRGR.N;:KOQR0�[email protected] D Yf2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 gRg

�(2 � ��08UI?AGRP-,/U+;A08PCJLKM780 D ,1? D KM;>7:= KMU5KO. * ?C,/?$78,1PA7@B(,1;82 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 g�

�(2 g ��,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0�7eKO?C78G�E(0a7@B(PAPC08U+; D ,1PAPAGOP82 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 g9Y

i�2 � ��KO.1.�� 0��[087@;^?A08UI?AGRP-,/U+;A08PCJLKM780 ) ./G�7:9 E(,/KOQRPAK D 2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 +g

i�2 g * Y(,17eKO. GOY[0@P>KM;A,/GRUFGOJ�;>=I0a��KO./.��!0 � 0@7@;$?C08U(?CGRP�,1U+;>08P�JLKO780M232 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 �

i�2 08?A?-0 � 0@7@;>,NXR0 78B(PCPA0@U`;�?A0@U(?A0aK D Y(./,N]508P6E(08?C,/QRUf2�2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 +i

i�2 � 46B(.19 � E(PA,NXR0@U&7@B(PAPC08U+;�?A08UI?A0aK D YI./,1](08P82 2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 ��

i�2 i � " ?C, D B(./KM;>,1GRU(?�J\GRP^;>=(0�7@B(PAPC08U+;�?C08U(?C0 K D Y(.1,1]50@P82$2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 =

i�2�� =(GRP�;$;>G ) KM;C;>0@P * 78G D Y5KMP>KM;AGRP82`2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 V\

i�2 = ��,/G�E(0�7@GRU(U(0@7@;>0@E .10@XR0@. ?A=(,NJ ;>0@P82 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 VY

i�2 \ ��=(GRP�;$;>G ) KM;C;>0@P * ? �-,N;>7:=f2 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 �+h

i�2 Y ��=(GRP�;$;>G ) KM;C;>0@P * ?A, D B(./KM;>,1GRUf2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 �+h

i�2 � h�� " ?C, D B(./KM;>,1GRU GOJ 78BIPAPA0@U+; �!.1, D ,1;^K D YI./,1](08P6EIB(PA,1U(QHGRY[0@P>KM;A,/GRU 2 2a2 2a2 2 2 � �

;�,/,1,

i�2 �� " B(PA0@U+; �!.1, D ,1;^KOU(E G XR08P �!7@B(PAPC08U+;�E(0d;>0@7@;>,1GRU ?A, D B(.ZK ;>,/GOUf2�2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 �`g

�I2 � ��KO.1.�� 0��[087@;^?A08UI?AGRP-,/U+;A08PCJLKM780 �-,1;A=&Y(KOP>KO?C,1;A,/7 D 0@;>KO.fPA0@?A,1?C;:KMU(780M2 2a2 2a2 2 2 � �

�I2 g " G D Y(./0d;>0 D KO?A9WE(08?C,/QRU J\GRP$GRBI; M?A0@U(?A0 ) .1G�7:9 2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 � \

�I2 ��08UI?A0 ?A9O0 �<E(B(0�;>G � ��^KOU(E&� �� 2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 � Y

�I2 � # KO?C9 E(08?C,/QRU&GOJ�;>=(0�7@B(PAPC08U+;�?C08U(?C0 K D Y(.1,1]50@P82H2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 iOh

�I2 i K * GRBI;�GOJ�;>=(0�?C=(GRPC;-;AG ) KM;A;A08P * E(0@;A087@;AGRP82 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 i �

�I2�� XR08P �!7@B(PAPC08U+;�EI0@;>0@7@;AGRP-.ZK * GRB�;e2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 iRg

�I2 = " B(PAPC08U+;�./, D ,1;A08P�.ZK * GOBI;e2 2 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 i�

�I2 \ i ��?A0@U(?A0 78./K D Y&./K * GRBI;82 2 2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 i�

�I2 Y 5B(./.��!7:=(,1Y D KM?A9 EI08?A,1QRU&GOJ ;A08?�;�7:=I,/Yf2�2a2 2�2a2 2 2a2 2a2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 i �

=�2 � % # �� ) KM7:9 ;>G ) KO7:9 ?C=(GRP�;�;AG ) KM;A;A08P * KOPA7:=(,N;>0@7@;>BIPA0O2 2 2 2a2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 i9\

=�2 g gRg � % # �� -,1;>= PC08?A,1?C;AGRP-?A=(GRP�;-;>G ) KM;C;>08P * KOPC7:=(,1;A087@;AB(PA0M2 2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 i9\

=�2 �+hM� % # �� -,1;>= PC08?A,1?C;AGRP-?A=(GRP�;-;>G ) KM;C;>08P * KOPC7:=(,1;A087@;AB(PA0M2 2 2�2a2 2a2 2 2 i9Y

;�,1X

�� /� ��

� ��

6��6 F �N �$:#�-� �$:�!�

# KOU * 08.1087d;>PAGOU(,/7 KOY(Y(.1,/78KM;>,1GRU(?F?ABI7:=�KO? KOB�;>G D GO;>,NXR0 ��,/U(EIB(?C;APA,ZKM.aKMU(E�KOYIY(./,/KOU(78078GOU`;APAGR. PA0@_`B(,/PC0 =(,1QR= XRGR.N;:KOQR0@? J\GRP ,1U`;A08P�JLKO78,1U(Q �-,N;>= 0 ;�;>0@PAU5KO. ?A0@U(?AGOPA? KOUIE�.ZKOPCQR0 ?AB(Y �Y(. * XOGR.1;>KOQR08?@2 $=(0F78GO?C;H?>KeX�,/UIQR?3,/UI=(08PC08U+;H,/U 7@,/PC78B(,N;3,/U+;A08QRPAKM;>,1GRU D GO;>,NXMKM;>0@? 08.1087d;>PAGOU(,/7@?

D KOU`BIJLKO7@;AB(PA0@PA?�;>G&78G D3) ,/UI0 =I,/QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQO0 KOU5KO.1GRQ J\B(U(7d;>,1GRU(? �-,1;A= ?�;:KOU(E(KOPAE E(,/QO,1;:KM.c./GOQR,/77eKMY5K ) ,1./,1;A,/0@?bGRUH;>=(0-?>K D 0 "$# �� EI,/0O2 # G�EI,1]578KM;>,1GRU(?b;>G ?C;>KOU(E5KMPAE "$# �� Y(PCG�7@08?A?C08?^=(K XO0

) 0808U&Y(PCGRY[GO?A08E ;>G Y 08P D ,1;^?AB(7:= =(,/QR= � XRGO.1;:KMQR0�J\B(U(7d;>,1GRU5KO.1,1; *� �� g�� 2V�?C,/U(Q Ka?CB ) � D ,/7@PAGRU "$# �� 08./.5;A087:=(U(GO./GRQ * KM?�;A=(0 ) KM?A,/?'J\GRP ;>=I0�=(,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0

Y(PCG�7@08?A?�=5KO? D KOU * KOEIXMKOU+;:KMQR08?@26$=(0 ,/U+;>0@QRP>K ;>,/GOU&GMJc=(,1QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQR0�KMU(E .1G �� XRGO.1;:KMQR0�J\B(U(7 �;>,1GRU5KO.1,1; * GRU ;>=I06?>K D 0�E(,/06KO./.1G �-? J\GOPcK D GRPC0 7@GR?C; �!0��[087d;>,NXR0^KMU(E3PA0@./,/K ) ./0',1U`;A08QRPAKM;>0@E 7@,/PA7@B(,1;E(0@?A,/QOUf2W�!U KOE(E(,N;>,1GRU �f;>=I0WKeXMKO,1.ZK ) ,1./,N; * KMU(E .1G � 78GO?C; GOJ6;A=(0 ;>0@7:=(U(GR.1GRQ * ��QR,NXR08? D KOU`BIJLKO7 �;>BIPA08PC?��50 ;�, ) ,/.1,1; * KOU(E KOEIE(,1;A,/GRU5KM.[7@GR?C;-?AK X�,1U(QR?82 $=I0 =I,/QR=(0@P^./[email protected]�,/U+;>0@QRP>K ;>,/GOU KO7:=(,10@XO08?) 0@;A;A08P�Y[0@PCJ\GRP D KMU(780�J\GRP-7@GRPA0 KOU5KM./GRQ KOU(E&E(,1QR,1;>KO. ?C,/QRU5KM. Y(PAG�780@?A?A,1U(Q 78,/PC78B(,N;>P * 2�$=(08?C03KOE��

XMKOU+;:KOQO08?b78KOU ) 0^KOY(Y 0eKM./,/UIQ�;AG D KOU`BIJLKO7@;AB(PA0@PA?bGMJ5=(,/QO=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0 D , ;�08E3?C,/QRU5KM.�KMY(Y(./,17eKM;A,/GRUI?82

6�� > SC4O�U�V��"W"�P��" �V4O$ �� $:�!�

$=(0WY(PAG�780@?A? BI?A08E ,/U ;>=(,1? ;A=(08?C,/? �^KM?a� # � ��0 D ,/7@GRU(E(BI7@;>GOP � ? hI2�� D � � �60@./. � �D 0@;:KM.�;>0@7:=(U(GR.1GRQ * �-,1;>=H=(,1QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQR0 08U(=(KOU(780 D 0@U+;>?82�V�?A,/UIQ�;>=(PC080�KOE(E(,N;>,1GRU5KO. D KM?A9 ?�;>0@Y(?� # ��&=5KO?�E(0dXR08.1GRY 08E KH.ZKM;A08PAKO. � # ��&EI0@X�,/7@0 �L% � ; * Y[0aKOU(E � � ; * Y 0 � �-,1;A= K ��O� E(PAKO,/U��) B(.19 ) PA08KO9È(G �-U�XOGR.1;>KOQR0M2 ��E(E(,1;A,/GRU(KO.�E(0@X�,17808? �-,N;>= PA08EIB(780@E EIP>KO,1U�� ) BI./9 ) PC0eKO9È(G �-UXRGO.1;:KMQR08?WGOJ gRg � KMU(E � I2 g � =5KeXR0 KO.1?AG ) 080@U , D Y(./0 D 0@U`;A08Ef2 $=(0 BI;A,/./,��eKM;A,/GRU GOJ�;A=(08?C0

�

=(,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0 E(0@X�,17808?H,1U`;AG ;>=I0 ;>087:=IU(GR./GOQ * EIG�0@? U(GO;HK �[087d; ;>=(0 Y[0@PCJ\GRP D KOUI780 GOJ�E(,1QR,1;>KO.

KOU(E ./G �� XOGR.1;>KOQR0�E(0dX�,/780@?82$$=(,1?�Y 08P D ,N;>?^;A=(0aYIPAG�7808?C?�;AG ) 0 0�� 78,/0@U+;�KM;�,/U+;A08QRPAKM;>,1U(Q ) GO;A==(,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0�KMU(E ./G �� XOGR.1;>KOQR0�J\B(U(7d;>,1GRU5KO.1,1; * 2

��G � 0@XO08P�� -=(,1./0 ?CB(7:= D G�E(,1](7eKM;A,/GRU(? 08U(K ) ./0 =(,/QR= XRGR.N;:KOQR0@? ;>G ) 0 Y(PCG�7@08?C?A08E GRU��7:=(,1Y �b=(,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0H78,1PA7@B(,1; U(G�E(08? D B(?C; ) 0W=5KOU(EI./08E �-,1;A= 0 ;�;>PC0 D 0 78KOBI;>,1GRUf2&$=(0 =I,/QR=��XRGO.1;:KMQR06Y(PCG�7@08?C?A,/UIQ�?C;A08Y(? QR0@U(08PAKO./. * Y[0@P D ,1;�=(,1QR=(08P E(P>KM,/U�� ?AGRB(PC7806KOU(E3E(PAKO,/U � ) B(.19�XRGR.N;:KOQO08?��) BI;�Q+K ;>0 � XRGR.N;:KOQO0 KOU(E ?AGRBIPA780 � ) BI./9 ) PC0eKO9È(G �-Ua./[email protected]?�PC0 D KO,/U�PC08./KM;>,NXR08. * .1G ��2 ��E(E(,1;A,/GRU(KO./. *

KO.1.�� # ��aE(0dX�,1780@?b?A=5KMPA0$K�78G D D GOU3% � ; * Y 0^?AB ) ?C;>PAKM;>0678GRU(UI087@;A,/GRUa;>=5KM; ,/?�;>,108Ea;AG�QRPCGRB(U(Ef2

" GRU(?C08_`B(0@U`;A. * �[78KOPA0dJ\B(. KOU5KO.1GRQ E(0@?A,/QOU&YIP>KO7d;>,/7@08? D B(?�; ) 0�KOYIY(./,108EF;>GHY(PC0@XR0@U+; ) PC0eKO9È(G �-U

KOU(E&./G � ./,NJ\0@;>, D 0�78GOU(E(,1;A,/GRUI?$E(B(0�;>GHPA0@./,/K ) ,/.1,1; * E(0@QRP>KME5KM;>,1GRUf2��,1QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQR0�E(0@X�,/7@08?�=5KeXR0aKOE(E(,N;>,/GOU5KO.f.1, D ,1;:K ;>,/GOU(?�;A=5KM;�7eKMU KOE�XR08PC?A0@. * K �[087@;�;>=I0

Y 08PCJ\GOP D KOU(780'GOJ(KOU3KMU5KO./GOQ�7@,/PC78B(,N;e2 # KM;A7:=(,/U(Q�GOJ(=I,/QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQO0 E(0@X�,/7@08? ,/? XR0@P * Y[G�GRP ��-=I,/7:=7eKMU ./0eKME ;>GF,1U(78PC0eKO?C08E ,/U(YIBI;�G�[?A0d;�XRGO.1;:KMQR03,/U GRY[0@P>KM;A,/GRU(KO.�K D YI./,1](08PA?�KOU(E 7@B(PAPC08U+; D ,1? �

D KM;>7:=F,1UF78B(PCPA08U+; D ,/PCPAGRPC?82c�!U&KOEIE(,1;A,/GRU ��=(,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0�E(0@X�,17808?�KOPC0�; * Y(,/78KO./. * D B(7:= .ZKOPCQR08P;>=(KOU ;>=(0@,/P ./G �� XRGR.N;:KOQR0W78GRBIU`;A08PCY5KOPC;A? �-=I,/7:= ./08KOE(?3;>G KOU ,1U(78PC0eKO?C0&,1U Y5KOPAKO?A,N;>,/7 7eKOY5KM78,��;:KMU(780M2 5B(PC;A=(08P D GOPA0 � ;>=(0@?A0HE(0dX�,1780@?aKMPA03U(GM;�KO?�0�� 7@,/08U+; KOPC0eK �-,1?A0HKO?�;A=(08,1P�./G �� XRGR.N;:KOQR078GOB(U+;>08PCY5KOP�;>?82F��./.bGMJ^;>=(0@?A0 ./, D ,N;:KM;A,/GRU(? D B(?�; ) 0 7eKOPC0@J\B(.1. * B(UIE(08PC?C;>G�G�E KOUIE 78GOU(?A,1E(08PC08E

�-=(0@U E(0@?A,/QOU(,/U(Q =I,/QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQO0�78,1PA78BI,1;>?$,1U ?C;:KMU(E5KOPCE "$# ��[2

6�� Z SC4O� #�$:�!3�"�� *4O

� U`B D3) 08P�GOJ�0 ;�,/?�;>,/UIQ ,/U(EIB(?C;APA,ZKM. �[KOBI;>G D GO;A,1XO0 KOUIE 78G D D 0@PA7@,ZKO.�KOY(YI./,/78KM;>,1GRU(?�PA0 �_`B(,/PC0 ;>=(0 B(?C0 GMJ�=(,1QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQR0W,/U+;>0@PCJLKO7@08?@2 * Y(,/78KO./. * ;A=(08?C0 ?C08U(?CGRP E(08?C,/QRU(? =(K XO0&;A=(PA0@0

D KO,/U J\B(U(7d;>,/GOU(?82 c,1PA?C; ;>=I0 * Y(PAG X�,/E(0 K =(,1QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQR0 ?CB(Y(Y(. * �-=I,/7:= ) ,/KO?A0@?W;A=(0 ?C08U(?CGRP,/U+;AGFKOU GRY 08PAK ) .10 78GOU(E(,1;A,/GRU 2��0@78GRUIE � ;>=I0 * D GRUI,1;>GOP�;A=(0aXOGR.1;>KOQR0 78B(PCPA08U+;�GOBI;>Y(B�;�GOJ ;>=I0?A0@U(?AGOP^KOU(EWY(PAG X�,/EI0�J\0@08E ) KM7:9 ,1UIJ\GRP D KM;A,/GRUa;>Ga;A=(0�KOY(Y(.1,/7eK ;>,/GOUf2 ,/U5KO.1. * ;>=(0 * Y(PAGO;A087d;6;>=I0

,/U+;A08QRPAKM;>0@E&7@,/PC78B(,N;$J\PAG D 08./0@7@;APA,/78KO.fG XR0@P � ?C;>PC08?C?�78GOU(E(,1;A,/GRUI?82

� ./0@7@;>PCGRU(,17 78G D Y GRU(0@U`;A? ,1U KOBI;AG D GM;>,1XO0 KMU(E ,/UIE(B(?C;APA,/KO.'? * ?C;A0 D ?HKOPA0W0 ;�Y[GO?A08E ;AG

K XMKOPA,10@; * GOJ�Y GO;>0@U`;A,ZKO.1. * =5KMP D J\B(.�7@GRU(E(,N;>,1GRU(? ?CB(7:= KO? G XR0@P � XOGR.1;>KOQR0 ��?C=(GRP�;F;>G ) K ;A;>0@P * �

?A=IGRPC;�;AGFQRPAGOB(U(E KOU(E PC0@XO08PA?C0 ) KM;A;A08P * 78GOU(E(,1;A,/GRUI?82 ��XR0@P � XOGR.1;>KOQR0 � KO./?CGF9Ù(G �-U KM?�K ./G+KMEE(B D Y � G�7@78B(PC? �-=(0@U ,1U(E(B(7d;>,1XO0 9�,17:9 ) KO7:9 J\PAG D ;>=(0&,/QRUI,1;>,1GRU ? * ?�;>0 D ,1U KOU�KOB�;>G D G ) ,1./0

g

7eKMB(?A0@?c;>=(0 ) KM;A;A08P * XOGR.1;>KOQR0';>G�PC,/?C0O2c * Y(,/78KO.�KOBI;>G D G ) ,/./0 ) K ;A;>0@PA,108? D KO,1U+;:KO,1U K � g � Y G �60@P?ABIY(Y(. * � ) B�;bE(B(PC,/U(Q�K�.1G+KOE E(B D Y 7@GRU(E(,N;>,/GOU ;A=(0 * 7eKMU D G D 0@U`;>KOPA,1. * QR08UI08P>K ;>06BIY ;>G��+hM� GOJ

Y GO;>0@U`;A,ZKO. 2b��B(PC,/U(Q K ?A=IGRPC;^;AG ) KM;C;>0@P * 78GRU(EI,1;>,1GRU KMU GRBI;AY(BI;$Y(,1U ?A=IGRPC;A?6;>G K XRGR.N;:KOQR0�;>=5K ;

=5KO?�KF=(,1QR=(0@P�Y[GO;A08U+;>,/KO. ;A=5KOU ;>=I0H�� GOJ';>=(0H,1U`;A08QRPAKM;>0@E 78,1PA78BI,1;e2a$=(,/?�78KOB(?A0@?�0 ;�780@?A?A,NXR0

78BIPAPA0@U+;�;AG�J\0808E ) KO7:93,1U`;AG�;>=(0-Y G �60@P ?AB(Y(YI. * GOJ ;A=(0�KOY(Y(.1,/7eK ;>,/GOUf2 ��E(E(,N;>,1GRU5KO.1. * ;>=I0$PA0@XO08PC?A0) KM;C;>0@P * 7@GRU(E(,N;>,/GOU G�7@78B(PC? �-=(08U ;>=(0FY G �60@PH?AB(Y(YI. * ) KM;C;>0@P * XOGR.1;>KOQR0FKOPC0F,/U5KMEIXR0@PC;>0@U+;>. *? �6KOY 08E � �-=(,/7:= KO./?CG 78KOB(?C08? 0 ;�7808?C?A,NXR0 7@B(PAPC08U+; ;AG �5G � ;>=(PCGRB(QR= ;>=I0 7:=(,1Yf2 � ?C=(GRP�; ;AGQRPCGRB(U(E JLKOB(.N;$7eKOU KO.1?AGH7eKOBI?A0aKOU 0 ;�7808?C?�GOJ 78BIPAPA0@U+;�,NJc,N;-G�7@78B(PC?�GOU KOU&GRBI;AY(BI;�Y(,1U ;A=5KM;-,1?

) 08,/UIQ�E(PC,1XR0@U =(,1QR=f2��.1.�GMJ(;>=(0@?A0 08./0@7@;APA,/78KO.`G XR08P �!?�;>PA0@?A? 7@GRU(E(,N;>,/GOU(? 7eKOU3Y GO;A08U+;>,/KO./. * E5K D KOQR0

GRP-E(0@QRP>KOEI0aKMU ,1U`;A08QRPAKM;>0@E 7@,/PC78B(,N; � �-=(,17:= PC08_`B(,/PC08?-;>=5K ;�;A=(0�=(,/QO=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0�,/U+;A08PCJLKM780 D B(?�;=5KeXR0 ) B(,1.1;$,1U Y(PAGO;A087d;>,/GOU(?^;>GWKO787@GRB(U+;-J\GRP^;>=I08?A0�JLKOB(.N;$78GOU(E(,1;A,/GRUI?82

�G Y(PAG X�,/E(0�KME(08_`B5KM;A0�Y(PAGM;>087d;>,1GRU �(=(,1QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQR0�,/U+;A08PCJLKM7808?-KMPA0�; * Y(,17eKO.1. * E(08?C,/QRUI08E�-,1;A= .1G�� XRGR.N;:KOQO0 D G�E(B(./0@? ;A=5KM;aB(?A0W0 ;�;>[email protected] D Y GRU(0@U`;A? ?CB(7:= KO? PC08QRBI.ZKM;AGRPA? � E(,1G�EI08?��7eKMY5KO78,N;>GRPC?��OKOU(E3,1U(E(B(7d;>GRPC?82c$=I08?A06E(0@X�,/7@08?bYIPAGO;A087@;c;>=(0 ,/U+;>0@PCJLKO7@0 J\PAG D ;>=(0 08./0@7@;APA,/78KO.`G XR08P �?C;APA0@?A?-78GRUIE(,1;A,/GRU(? ��YIPAG X�,/E(0�Y G �60@P^;>G3;>=I0�KOY(Y(.1,/78KM;>,1GRU KOUIEFY(PAG X�,/E(0�J\0808E ) KO7:9 ,1UIJ\GRP D KM;A,/GRUJ\GRP-;>=(0 ? * ?C;A0 D 2��G � 0@XO08P��f;A=(08?C0 0 ;�;>PAK E(0dX�,1780@?�,/U(7@PA08KO?A0 ;A=(0 7@GR?C;�KOU(E .1G �60@P�;>=(0aG XR08PAKO./.PA0@./,/K ) ,/.1,1; * GOJ�;>=I0aKMY(Y(./,17eKM;A,/GRU 2

��UIGO;>=(0@PÊ(0@?A,/QOU KOY(Y(PCG+KO7:=F, D Y(.10 D 08U+;>?';>=(0�78,/PC78B(,N;6,1UFK =(,1QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQR0�KOU5KM./GRQaY(PAG �

780@?A?@2� * Y(,/78KO./. * ;A=(08?C0�Y(PCG�7@08?C?A08? KOPC0�0�� 78,/0@U+;6,1U EI08?A,1QRU(,1U(Q�=(,/QR= � XRGO.1;:KMQR0^KOU(KO./GRQ�7@08./.1?�� ) B�;E(B(0�;AG3;>=(0@,/P^./KOPAQR0@P^QR0@G D 0d;>PC,/08?^KOU(E ,/?CGR.ZKM;A,/GRUW?A7:=(0 D 0@?�KMPA0�U(GO;^78GR?�;�0 � 0@7@;A,1XR0 �-=(0@U ,1U+;>0 �QRPAKM;>,1U(Q�E(,1QR,1;>KO.È(08?C,/QRUI?82c� U�B D3) 0@PbGOJ Y5KMY[0@PA?b=5KeXO0 ) 0@08U �-PA,N;A;>0@U ;>=(KM; 78G XO08P =(,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0,/U+;A08QRPAKM;>0@E 78,1PA78BI,1; E(08?C,/QRU ,1UFKOU5KM./GRQ Y(PAG�780@?A?C08? g � � � � i�� 2 $=I08?A0�Y(KOY[0@PA?^,1U+;>08QOP>KM;A0�;>=I008.1087d;>PA,17eKO.cG XO08P �!?C;APA0@?A? YIPAGO;A087@;A,/GRUI? D 08U+;A,/GRU(0@E ,1U ;>=(0HY(PC08780@E(,/UIQ Y5KMP>KOQRPAKOY(=f2H$=(,1?�,/?�KO7 �

78G D Y(.1,/?C=(08E B(?A,1U(Q-;>=(0 KOEIXMKOU+;:KMQR08? ;>=5K ;cKMPA0�,/U(=(0@PA0@U`; ,/UaKOUaKOU5KO.1GRQ-Y(PAG�780@?A? ?AB(7:= KM? E(,1G�EI08?��E(B5KM. �60@./.1?�KOU(E Y[G�7:9O0d;>?@2H��08KO./,��8,/UIQW;>=I08?A0HY(PCGO;>0@7@;A,/GRU(?�,1U K ?C;:KMU(E5KOPCE "$# �� Y(PCG�7@08?A?�,1?U(GO;�KM?�?�;>PAKO,/QR=+;CJ\GRP �6KOPAEF;AGW, D Y(.10 D 08U+;ÊIB(0�;>G ,1;>?$.1, D ,1;>KM;>,1GRU(?82

��EIE(,1;A,/GRU5KM.�Y5KOY 08PC? =5KeXR0 KO./?CG ) 0@08U �-PC,1;A;A08U ;>=5K ; E(,1?A7@B(?A?&;>=(0 E(08?C,/QRU GOJ3=I,/QR=��XRGO.1;:KMQR0 KOU5KO.1GRQW7@,/PC78B(,N;>?-,/U&?C;>KOU(E5KOPCE "$# �� = � 2$$=(0@?A0aY5KOY 08PA?�E(,/?C78B(?C?�;A=(0a=I,/QR=��XRGO.1;:KMQR0 EI08?A,1QRU�.1, D ,1;:K ;>,/GOU(? ;>=(KM; KMPA0 KM?A?AG�78,/KM;>0@E �-,1;A=�=(,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0 E(0dX�,1780@?��KOU(E�G � 0@P

?AG D 0�./, D ,N;>08E�?AGR.1BI;>,1GRU(? ;>G�G XR08PC78G D 0608KO7:=3Y(PCG ) .10 D 2��./,/KO= D KOE � 0@;82bKO. D 08U+;A,/GRU(? ;>=I0 Q+K ;>0 �) B(.19 ./, D ,1;>KM;>,1GRU GOJ6;>=(0F� # �� ;>PAKOU(?C,/?C;AGRPA?aE(B(0 ;>G ;A=(0 7@G DWD GRU ?AB ) ?�;>PAKM;>0 7@GRU(U(0@7@;A,/GRU �KOU(E E(,1?A78BI?A?A0@?6=(G ��;A=(,/?'.1, D ,1;>?�;>=(0-E(,�� 0@PA0@U`;A,ZKO.5,1U(Y(BI;'?�;:KOQO0�GOJ K�=(,/QR= � XRGO.1;:KMQR0^GRY 08PAKM;>,1GRU5KO.K D Y(./,N]508P ;AG ?C;APA,17@;>. * =(,/QO=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0�% # ��WE(0@X�,17808? �-=(08U K �-,/E(0�,/U(Y(B�;6? �-,/U(Q3,1? PC08_`B(,1PA08E 2� ;�KO.1?AG D 0@U+;>,/GOU(?^;>=(0�7@GRU(7@08YI;�GOJ�Y(PAGM;>087d;>,1U(QH./G �� XOGR.1;>KOQR0�E(0dX�,/780@? �-,N;>=F=(,1QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQR0�7eKO? �78G�E(0 ;>PAKOU(?C,/?C;AGRPA?�J\GOP�KO./.b7@B(PAPC08U+; D ,1PAPAGOPA?82 $=(,/?�PC08E(B(7@08? ;>=(0H7eKMY5KO78,N;:KOUI780HKOU(E ,/UI78PA08KO?A0@?

;>=I0 D KM;A7:=(,/UIQ KOU(E GRBI;AY(BI;H, D Y 08E5KMU(780 GMJ�;A=(0F=(,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0W78B(PCPA08U+; D ,/PAPCGRP82 ��[email protected]@_ �0@;�KM. E(,1?A78BI?A?A0@?$;>=(0�.1, D ,1;:K ;>,/GOU GMJ ,1U+;>08P�JLKO78,1U(Q3E(,1QR,1;>KO. ./GRQO,/7 �-,N;>=F=(,1QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQR0�KOU5KM./GRQ KMU(E, D Y(.10 D 08U+;>?�?AG D 0^?C, D Y(./0�./0dXR08.�?A=(,NJ ;>0@PA?82b��KM7:= GMJ5;>=(0@?A0$Y5KOY 08PC?bY(PCG X�,1E(0^,/UI?A,/QO=`;c,/U+;>G D KOU *

GOJ�;>=(0 ,1?A?CB(08? KO?C?AG�78,ZK ;>08E �-,N;>= =(,/QO=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0 EI08?A,1QRU ,/U ?C;>KOU(E5KMPAE "$# �� ) BI;�;A=(0 * G � 0@PGRU(. * .1, D ,1;>0@E ?AGO./BI;A,/GRU(? ;>GH78GRPCPA0@7@;�;>=(0�Y(PCG ) ./0 D ?@2

6�� SC4O��"W�� J� �3��

6�� 6 PR��" $:�!�Q � ��4��*-N� @

$=(,1?H;A=(08?C,/? Y(PA0@?A0@U`;A?WJ\GRBIP U(0 � =I,/QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQO0 E(08?C,/QRU KOY(Y G+KO7:=I08?WKOU(E 0��[087@;A,1XO08. *

B(?C08?^;>=I0 D ,1U ;>=I0�E(08?C,/QRUFGMJ�K3U(0 � �+h � �<��KM./.�� 0��[087d;6?C08U(?CGRP$,/U+;>0@PCJLKO7@0�78,1PA7@B(,1; ;>=5KM;6,/?^,1U+;>0 �

QRPAKM;>0@E ,/U+;AG KH?C;>KOU(E5KOPCE .1G�� XRGR.N;:KOQO0ah�2 � � D "$# � �&Y(PAG�780@?A?82$��E(E(,N;>,/GOU5KO./. * K D ,/? D KM;A7:=KOU5KM. * ?A,1?WGOJ�;>=(0 ,/U+;>0@PCJLKO7@0 ,1?WPC0eKO.1, �80@E ;AG ) 0@;A;A08PWB(U(E(0@PA?C;>KOU(E ,N;>? 0��[087@;A? GRU ;>=(0 E(08?C,/QRUf2

��EIE(,1;A,/GRU5KM.[E(0@?A,1QRUFY(P>KM7@;>,1780@?-KOPA0�EI08?A7@PA, ) 0@E ;A=5KM;-=(0@./YFPC08E(B(7@0�;>=(0�0 � 0@7@;A?�GMJ D ,/? D K ;>7:= ,1U

K =(,/QO=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0�,1U`;A08QRPAKM;>0@E 78,/PC78B(,N;e2

$=(0�]5PC?C;-E(0@?A,1QRU ;>0@7:=(U(,/_`B(0�Y(PC08?C08U+;>?�K D 0@;>=IG�E J\GRP , D Y(./0 D 0@U+;>,/UIQ3K3=(,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0

E(,�� 0@PA08U+;A,ZKO.�,/U(YIBI;b?�;:KOQR0^;A=5KM;cB(?A0@? ) B(./9��!EIPA,1XO08U % # �� ;>PAKOU(?C,/?C;AGRPA?@2c$=(,1?bU(0 � ,1U(Y(BI; ?�;:KOQO0,/?c?AB(,N;:K ) .106J\GRP GRY 08PAKM;>,1GRU5KO.�K D Y(./,N]508PC?bKOUIEHXOGR.1;>KOQR0^7@G D Y5KOP>K ;>GRPC?c;>=5K ;'PA08_`B(,1PA0-K�78G DWD GRU��

D G�E(0$,1U(Y(BI;'PAKOU(QR0^;A=5KM;',1? �-,1;>=I,/U K��GMJ[�� -=(08U �� -GOJ ;>=(0-=(,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0

� # � � ;>P>KMU(?A,1?C;>GOP82 $=(,1? U(0 � Q+KO,/U ?C;>KOQR0 G XO08PC78G D 08? ;A=(0&Q+KM;>0 � ) BI./9 ./, D ,N;:KM;A,/GRU GOJ�;>=I0� # � �FE(0dX�,1780@?�;A=5KM;-?A=(KOPA0aK 78G D D GOUFQRPAGRBIU(E(08E&?AB ) ?C;AP>KM;A0a7@GRU(U(0@7@;>,1GRUf2

� D KO./.O?A,/QOU5KO.+KOU(KO. * ?A,1? GOJ�;A=(0 ) B(./9�� E(PA,NXR08U ,/UIY(BI;�?C;>KOQR0�,/? KO.1?AG�E(08PC,1XR0@E � �-=I,/7:= ?A=(G �-?

;>=(KM;6,N;>?�Q+KO,1U ,/?�E(0@Y[0@U(E(08U+;$GOUW;>=I0 ) G�E * ;AP>KOU(?C78GRUIE(B(7@;>KOU(7@0�GOJf;A=(0�% # �� ,/UIY(BI; E(0@X�,/7@08?@2

$=(0 ) G�E * ;>PAKOU(?C78GRU(EIB(7@;>KOU(780�,/? ; * YI,/7eKM./. * �

�� GOJ ;>=(0^;AP>KOU(?C78GRUIE(B(7@;>KOU(7@0 � �-=(,/7:=HPA0@?AB(.N;>? ,1UK PA0@E(B(7@;A,/GRU&GOJ Q+KO,1U J\PCG D KH?C;>KOU(E5KMPAE&E(,��[08PC08U+;>,/KO.fQ+KM;A0 � E(PA,NXR08U ,1U(Y(BI;-?�;:KOQR0 )+* �

�� 2'$=(0

�

./GO?A?�GOJbQ+KM,/U&,/?-PA0@78G XR0@PA08E )+* B(?C,/U(QW=(,/QR= � XRGO.1;:KMQR0�7eKO?C78G�E(0 EI0@X�,/7@08?�GOU ;>=I0a7@B(PAPC08U+; D ,/PCPAGRP

./GRKOE KOU(E&,/U(YIBI;-?C;>KOQR0 � �-=I,/7:=&,/U(7@PA0eKM?A08?-;>=I0 GOBI;>Y(B�;-, D Y[0@E5KOU(7@0 GMJ ;A=(0�Q+KO,/UF?�;:KOQO0O2��.1?AG Y(PA0@?A08U+;A08E ,/?WK XOGR.1;>KOQR0 78./K D Y ;A=5KM;W,/? Y(.ZKO7@08E GRU ;A=(0�� 08.1.�,1U(Y(BI;A?�� -=I,/7:=

Y(PC0@XR0@U+;>?6;A=(0�?CGRB(PC780 � ) B(.19 E(,/G�E(0^J\PAG D ) 0@78G D ,/UIQ�J\GOP �6KOPAE ) ,ZKO?C08E �-=(08UW;>=(0�,/U(YIBI;'XRGR.N;:KOQR0? �-,1U(QR?3GOBI;3GOJ6;>=(0 GOY[0@P>KM;A,/U(Q P>KOU(QO0O2 $=(,1? Y(PCGO;>0@7@;A? ;>=(0 ) B(./9�� E(PA,NXR08U ,/U(Y(B�;3?C;>KOQR0 J\PAG D

,/U��C087@;A,/U(Q 7@B(PAPC08U+;�,/U+;>G ;>=I0 ?CB ) ?�;>P>K ;>0 �-=(,/7:=&7eKOU&,/UIE(B(780�./KM;>7:=`B(Yf2$=(0'?A0@78GRUIE E(0@?A,/QOU�;A087:=(UI,/_`B(0�, D Y(./0 D 0@U`;A? KOU�,/U+;A08QRPAKM;>0@E PC0@XO08PA?C0 M?C=(GRP�; ;AG ) KM;A;A08P *

Y(PCGO;>0@7@;>,1GRU ;A=5KM;�78KOU �-,1;A=(?C;>KOU(E K ?C=(GRPC;�B(Y ;>G&gOh �32 $=(,/?�,1?�KO7:=I,/0@XO08E )+* B(?C,/U(Q ) KO7:9 ;AG) KO7:9 % # ��WE(0dX�,/780@?6?CG ;>=5K ;�;A=(08,1P EIP>KO,1U�� 08.1.5E(,/G�E(08? KOPC0�JLKO7@,/U(Q 0eKM7:= GO;>=I08P82c$=(,/? ) ./G�7:9`?

KOU * PA0dXR08PC?A0 7@B(PAPC08U+; ;A=5KM;W,/? QR08U(0@P>KM;A08E�EIB(PA,1U(Q K PA0@XO08PC?A0 ?A=(GRP�; ;>G ) KM;C;>08P * 78GRU(EI,1;>,1GRUf2��UIGO;>=(0@P ) ./G�7:9`,/U(Q D 0@;A=(G�E ,1? E(,/?C78B(?C?A08E �-=(,/7:= B(?C08?WK PC08?C,/?C;AGRPH,/U ) 0@; � 080@U ;>=(0 ?CGRB(PA7@0KOU(E �60@./.�GOJ^;>=I0F% # �� E(0@X�,17808?@2 $=(0 PC08?C,/?C;AGRP 0��[087@;A,1XO08. * ./, D ,N;>?�;A=(0 7@B(PAPC08U+;3;>=(KM;378KOUJ\080@E ) KO7:9 ,/U+;AG&;A=(0W?CB(Y(Y(. * 2 " KOPC0 D BI?C; ) 0H;:KO9M08U �-=I08U B(?C,/U(Q ;>=(,1?aEI08?A,1QRU ;A087:=(UI,/_`B(0W;AGD ,/U(, D ,��80-;>=(0�?ABI?A780@YI;>, ) ,/.1,1; * ;>GH.ZKM;A7:=��!BIYf2

$=(0�;>=(,1PAE ;>0@7:=(U(,/_`B(0 E(,1?A78BI?A?A0@?�; � G ./0dXR0@. ?A=(,NJ ;>08P-E(0@?A,1QRU 0 ;(K D Y(.108?$;>=(KM;�,/U+;>0@PCJLKO7@0./G �� XRGR.N;:KOQR0 ./GRQO,/7 ;AG�=(,/QO=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0^KMU5KO./GOQ�J\B(U(7d;>,/GOU5KO./,N; * 2 ��U(0 D 0@;>=IG�E ,1?c;>G�B(?C0 D KM;A7:=(,/UIQPA0@?A,1?C;>GOPA?$,/U ;A=(0�?AGOB(PA7@0aKMU(EFE(P>KM,/UFGOJ K =(,/QO=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0�� # �� ;>P>KMU(?A,1?C;>GOP82b$=(0�Q+K ;>0�GOJ�;>=I0

� # � ��E(0dX�,1780',/? EIPA,1XO08U )+* E(,/QR,N;:KO. ./GOQR,/7M2�$=I0�?C087@GRU(E .10@XO08.+?A=I,1J ;>0@P B(?A0@?cK$E(,1G�EI0 78GRU(UI087@;A08E

% # ��WE(0dX�,1780-;>=5K ;6,1?�,1E(0eKM.(;>G EIPA,1XO0�;A=(0�Q+KM;>0�GOJfKa=(,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0-% # ��H;AP>KOUI?A,/?�;>GRP@2 46GO;A=

./[email protected]?A=I,1J ;>0@P30 ;IK D Y(.108?a;AP>KO7:9 ��FKOU(E Y(PCGO;>0@7@;3;A=(0F% # �� E(0@X�,/7@0 J\PAG D 0 ;IY GR?CB(PA0 ;AG K

X�,/GR./KM;>,1GRU GOJ�;>=I0 D KO;�, D B D QRKM;>0 � ) B(.19 ) PC0eKO9È(G �-U&XRGR.N;:KOQR0M2$=(0HJ\GRB(P�;>= EI08?A,1QRU Y(P>KO7d;>,1780H?A=(G �-?a=(G � ;>G B(?A0WKOU KO7@;A,1XR0 78./K D Y ;AG PC08Y(./KO780H;>=I0

J\B(U(7d;>,1GRU5KO.1,1; * GOJ K�� 08U(0@P-E(,/G�E(0O2' * Y(,/78KO./. * � 08U(0@P-E(,/G�E(08?�KOPC0�B(?A0@E ;>G 78./K D Y XOGR.1;>KOQR0@?�?CG

;>=(KM;�7@,/PC78B(,N;�U(G�E(0@?�KOPC0aU(GM;�0 ;IY GR?C08E ;>GW0 ;�780@?A?C,1XR03XOGR.1;>KOQR0@?82-�!U KWEI,/QR,N;:KO. "$# � � YIPAG�7808?C?

� 08UI08P EI,/G�E(08?WKOPA0 ; * Y(,/78KO./. * U(GO; KeXOKM,/.ZK ) ./0 � �-=(,17:=�PA0@_`B(,/PC08?W;A=(0 ,1U+;>PAG�E(B(7d;>,1GRU GMJ�KO7@;A,1XO078./K D Y(?$B(?A,1U(Q K D Y(./,N]508PC?$KOU(E ) ,ZKM?^XRGR.N;:KOQR0@?82

$=(0@?A0�J\GRBIP�0 ;IK D YI./08? KOPC0�B(?C08E ,1U ;A=(0�E(08?C,/QRUWGOJ K�=(,/QR= � XRGO.1;:KMQR0-��KO.1.�� 0��[087@;�?C08U(?CGRP

,/U+;A08PCJLKM780 ��KOUIE KOPC0 � 08.1.5?AB(,N;>08E ;>G ) 0�, D Y(.10 D 08U+;>0@E ,1U K�?C;>KOU(E5KMPAE EI,/QR,N;:KO. "$# ��WY(PAG�780@?A?@2

i

6�� > D $:4O� 3�$5 � 0U-N� ��

� ��KM./.�� 0��[087d;3?A0@U(?AGOP 7@GRU(?C,/?C;A?HGOJ�K ?C=(080d; GOJ�?A0 D ,/7@GRU(E(BI7@;>GOP D KM;A08PC,ZKO. 2 � =(08U K

78GOU(?C;>KOU+; XOGR.1;>KOQR0'?AGRBIPA780�,/?�KOYIY(./,108E�;>G-;>=(0 ��KM./.+?A0@U(?AGOPcK ) ,ZKM?�7@B(PAPC08U+;b,1? 78PC0eKM;A08E ;A=5KM; �5G �-?;>=IPAGRB(QO= ;A=(0 ?A0 D ,178GRUIE(B(7@;AGRP�?C=(080d;e23� J';>=I,/? ) ,/KO?A0@E ��KO.1.c?A0@U(?AGOP ,1?�Y(./KO780@E ,/U K D KOQRU(0d;>,/7

]50@./E �-,N;>= �(B�; .1,/U(0@? KM;3PC,/QR=+; KOU(QR.108?�;>G ;A=(0 ��KO./.'78BIPAPA0@U+; �c;A=(0 XRGO.1;:KMQR0 M7@B(PAPC08U+;3GOBI;>Y(B�;�-,/.1. ) 0�E(,1PA087d;>. * Y(PCGRY GRPC;A,/GRU5KM. ;AGH;A=(0�?C;APA0@U(QO;>= GOJ ;A=(0 D KMQRU(0@;A,/7�](08./E 2 $=(,/?^YI=(08U(G D 0@U(GRU,/?^;A=(0 ��KO.1.f0��[087d; � �-=(,17:= �6KO?�E(,/?C78G XR0@PA0@E )+* �$2� 625��KM./.f,1U �8\ =9Y \ � 2

$=(0 ��KM./.�� 0��[087d;F,/U+;>0@PCJLKO7@0 E(08?C78PA, ) 0@E ,1U ;>=(,1? ;>=(0@?A,/? ?CB(Y(Y(.1,/08? K ) ,/KO? XRGR.N;:KOQO0 GOJ

=�2 ha;>G g �I2 i ��;>G3;A=(0��KO./. ?A0@U(?AGRP-KMU(E KO./.1G �-?6Y(PC0878,1?A,1GRU D GRU(,1;AGRPA,1U(Q GOJ ;>=(0�7@B(PAPC08U+;$;>=(KM;^,1?D G�E(BI.ZKM;A08E )`* ;>=I060 ;�;A08PAU(KO. D KOQRUI0@;>,17�](08./E �-,1;A=(GRBI;�;>=(06U(080@E3GOJ(;APA, D 2�$=(,/?�78B(PCPA0@U`;b?A08UI?A07eKMY5K ) ,1./,1; * U(0@08E(? ;>G-PA0@Y(PAG�E(B(7@0�;A=(0��KO.1. ) ,/KO? 78B(PCPA0@U`; �-,1;A=(,/U��C=�2 i�� ?AG-;>=5K ;�KO787@B(P>KM;A0

D GRU(,1;AGRPA,1U(Q GMJ�;A=(0H��KM./.�?A08UI?AGRP�7eKMU ) 0 KO7:=I,/0@XO08Ef2 ��E(E(,N;>,1GRU5KO.1. * ,1;�U(080@E(?�;>G Y(PCGO;>0@7@;�;>=I0

,/U+;A08PCJLKM780�J\PAG D ;A=(0 =5KMPA?A= 08.1087@;APA,17eKO. 78GOU(E(,1;A,/GRUI?�YIPA08?C08U+;�,1U&;A=(0 =(,1QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQR0 KOYIY(./,17eKM;A,/GRU

08U+X�,/PCGRU D 08U+;e2�$=(0@?A0 Y(PCGO;>0@7@;>,1GRU(? ,1U(78.1B(E(0 K��gOhM� ?A=(GOPC;F;>G ) KM;A;A08P * �� hRh D � G XR08P �78BIPAPA0@U+;�?A=`BI;>EIG��-U �-,1;A= JLKOB(.N;�;>, D 0@P�� iMh D ��78B(PCPA0@U`; �!.1, D ,1;�KOU(E K�� 8� G XO08P � XRGR.N;:KOQO0E(0d;>087d;>,1GRU �-,1;>= ?C=�B�;>E(G �-Uf2 ��./.^=(,1QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQR0 J\B(U(7d;>,/GOU5KO./,N; * KOU(E G XR08P �!?�;>PA0@?A? Y(PAGM;>087d;>,1GRU

=5KeXR0 ) 0808U ,/U+;A08QRPAKM;>0@E ,1U+;>G K�?A,/UIQR./0 "$# � � E(,10 �-,1;>=IGRBI; ;>=I0�BI?A0-GOJ[0 ;�;>[email protected]@G D Y[GRUI08U+;>? ��-=(,17:= PC08?ABI.1;>?-,1U K ?C,/QRU(,N]57eKMU`;-7@GR?C;�?AK X�,1U(QR?$J\GRP^;>=I0 D KOU`BIJLKO7d;>B(PC08P@2

6�� Z +G@��"W$&" H(3� ��&$��

�!U " =(KOYI;>0@P g ;>=(0 =(,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0 D G�EI,1]578KM;>,1GRU(?�;>G ;>=I0W� # � ��0 D ,/7@GRU(E(BI7@;>GOPah�2 � �

D "$# �� Y(PAG�780@?A?�KOPC03E(,/?C78B(?C?A0@E ,1U E(0@;>KO,/. 2 " =5KOYI;A08P E(,1?A7@B(?A?C08?�?A0dXR08PAKO. =(,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0

E(0@?A,/QOU Y(P>KM7@;>,1780@? ;>=(KM;^KM././G � J\GRP , D YIPAG XR0@E PA0@./,ZK ) ,/.1,1; * KO? � 08.1. KM?6?>K J\0�GRY 08PAKM;>,1GRUf2 " =(KOYI;>0@P� 0 ;�Y5KOU(E(?6GRUW;A=(08?C0�E(08?C,/QRU D 0d;>=(G�E(GR.1GRQR,108?b;>Ga,/U(7@./B(EI0�YIPA087@,/?C,/GRU KOU5KO.1GRQaEI08?A,1QRUf2 " =(KOYI;>0@P

i E(0@?A78PC, ) 08?�;A=(0378,1PA7@B(,1;�E(08?C,/QRU GOJ K =I,/QR= XOGR.1;>KOQR0 ��KO./.��!0 � 0@7@;�?A08UI?AGRP�,1U`;A08P�JLKO780M2 " =(KOYI;>0@P

�3E(,1?A78BI?A?A0@?�;A=(0�./K * GRBI;-GOJ ;A=(,/?^7@,/PC78B(,N; ��KOU(E " =5KOYI;A08PC?,=3KOU(E \3E(,/?C78B(?C?$;>=(0�;A08?C;-PC08?CB(.1;A?^GOJ;>=I0a��KO./. ?A08UI?AGRP-,/U+;A08PCJLKM780 KOU(E&78GRUI78./BI?A,/GOU(?82

�

6�� D �!�� 84O$�.�3� �$��!��"

$=(,1?�;A=(08?C,/? 78GRU+;APA, ) BI;>0@? ;AG&;A=(0H0 ;�,/?�;>,/UIQ ) G�E * GOJ^9Ù(G �-.108E(QR0 GRU Y(PA0@78,1?A,/GOU =I,/QR=��XRGO.1;:KMQR0 KOU5KO.1GRQ E(08?C,/QRU&,/U K ?C;>KOU(E5KOPCE "$# �� Y(PAG�780@?A?82^��Y 0878,N]57eKM./. * �(;>=(,1?^;>=(0@?A,1?�E(G�08?-;>=I0J\GR.1./G �-,/U(Q��

� % PA0@?A0@U`;A?�K U(0 �<KOPC7:=(,1;A087d;>B(PC0�J\GRP-K J\B(./. * ,1U+;>08QOP>KM;A08E ��KM./.�� 0��[087d;$?A0@U(?AGRP-,1U`;A08P�JLKO780�,1UK ?C;>KOU(E5KMPAE&E(,/QR,N;:KO. "$# �� YIPAG�7808?C?82

� �!U+;>PCG�EIB(780@?'K�E(08?C,/QRU YIP>KO7d;>,/7@06J\GRP PA0@XO08PC?A0 ) KM;C;>0@P * YIPAGO;A087@;A,/GRUaJ\GRPc=(,1QR=�� ?A,/EI0 ? �-,1;>7:=I08?� ;>=5KM;-?C,/QRUI,1]578KOU+;>. * PA0@E(B(780@?�;A=(0�XRGR.N;:KOQO0�E(PAGRY&78G D Y5KMPA08EF;AGWK ) .1G�7:9`,/UIQ E(,/G�E(0O2 �

� ��0dXR08.1GRY(?&K E(,�� 0@PA08U+;A,ZKO. ) B(./9��!EIPA,1XO08U ,/UIY(BI; ?C;>KOQR0 J\GRPF=I,/QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQO0 GRY5K D Y(? KMU(E

7@G D Y(KOP>KM;AGRPA?';>=(KM;^G XR0@PA7@G D 0@?6;>=I0�78G D D GRU QRPCGRB(U(EI08E ?CB ) ?C;AP>KM;A0�78GRUIU(087d;>,/GOU GOJ ;>=I0

=(,1QR=FXRGR.N;:KOQO0�� # ��FE(0@X�,/7@08?�,/U KOU&U�� 60@./.fY(PCG�7@08?C?82

� ��,1?A78BI?A?A0@? B(?A,1U(Q$=(,/QO=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0 # � � b� $? KM? 7eKO?C78G�E(0'E(0@X�,/7@08? ;>G$YIPAGO;A087@;�.1G�� XRGR.N;:KOQO0;AP>KOU(?C,/?�;>GRPC?�� -=(,17:= KO.1?AG PC08?ABI.1;>?-,1U&,1U(78PC0eKO?C08E&Y(PA0@78,1?A,/GOU&EIB(0 ;AG ) 0d;A;>0@P D KM;A7:=(,/UIQ(2

� ��0@PA,1XO08? D ,1? D KM;>7:= 08_`B5KM;A,/GRUI? ;>=(KM;6PC0@XO0eKO. ;>=(0�, D Y[GOPC;:KMU(780-GOJf;A=(0�,1U(Y(BI; G�[?A0d;6XRGO.1; �

KOQO06GOJ(;A=(0^GRY 08PAKM;>,1GRU5KO.`K D Y(.1,1]50@P B(?A0@E ,/U3K�=(,/QR=aGRBI;AY(BI;b, D Y 08E(KOU(780 78B(PCPA0@U`; D ,1PAPAGOP82

� % PAG X�,/EI08? K 7@,/PC78B(,N; E(0@?A,1QRU 0 ;IK D Y(.10 ;A=5KM;3BI?A08?3KO7@;A,1XR0WXRGR.N;:KOQR0 78./K D Y(?a,1U Y(./KO780 GOJ

�@08U(0@P�E(,1G�EI08?^;>GH.1, D ,1;�;>=(0�XRGO.1;:KMQR0�;>=5K ;�78KOU ) 0�?C0808U GRU&GRBI;>YIBI;-Y(,/UI?82

=

\

�� /� ��

� � � �� 2� �T��

��,1QRU(,1](7eKOU+;W78GR?�; ?>KeX�,/UIQR? 7eKMU ) 0 PA08KO./,��808E ,/U K =(,/QO=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0&KOY(Y(.1,/78KM;>,1GRU ,NJ�;>=I0

D K��CGRPA,N; * GOJ^;A=(0 0@./0@7@;>PCGRU(,17W7@G D Y GRU(0@U+;>? 78KOU ) 0 ,1U`;A08QRPAKM;>0@E ,1U`;AG K&?A,/UIQR./0 E(0@X�,1780O2&$=(,1?7:=5KOY�;>08P E(,1?A7@B(?A?C08?�,/U�E(0@;>KO,/. ;>=(0 D G�EI,1]50@E�E(,/QR,N;:KO. "$# ��Y(PAG�780@?A? ;>=5K ; �^KO? B(?C08E�;>G-E(0dXR08.1GRY;>=I0 =(,/QO=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0 EI08?A,1QRU E(0@?A78PC, ) 08E ,/U ;>=(,1? ;>=(0@?A,1?82��!U�;>=(,1? Y(PCG�7@08?A? ��?�;:KOU(E(KOPAE E(,1QR,1;>KO.E(0dX�,1780@? KMPA0 B(U5K � 0@7@;>0@E )+* ;A=(0 =(,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0 D G�E(,1](7eKM;A,/GRU(?@2�$=I,/? KO.1./G �-? J\GRPFK D GRPA0

0��[087d;>,NXR0 ,/U+;>0@QRP>KM;A,/GRUFGMJbK =(,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0�? * ?C;>0 D GRU&7:=(,/Y&KOY(YI./,/78KM;>,1GRUf2

> ��6 ? $:�!@BAC�!�: 8-��!�[P�� #�$&�V�EH #!� 48#�$��

$=(0�Y(PAG�780@?A?^B(?C08E �6KO? � # ��0 D ,178GRUIE(B(7@;AGRP � ?67@GRPA0 �Ih�2 � � D � D 0@;:KM. ��i � �� 08./."$# ��;A087:=(UIGR./GRQ * GO;>=(0@P �-,1?A0�9�UIG��-U3KO? " i�2c$=(0 ) KO?A0�GOJ�;>=(,1? ;A087:=(UIGR./GRQ * ,/? ;>=(0 ?C;>KOU(E5KOPCE./G �� XRGR.N;:KOQR0^� # �� KOU(EW% # �� ;AP>KOU(?C,/?�;>GRPC?�� -=(,17:= KOPC0^JLK ) PC,/7eK ;>08E �-,N;>=H78G DWD GRU "$# ��Y(PCG�7@08?A?&?C;A08Y(?@2 � ,1;>= K D ,/U(, D B D Q+KM;A0 ./08UIQO;>= GOJ hI2�� D ;>=I0 D KO;�, D B D EIP>KO,1U�� ) BI./9

XRGO.1;:KMQR0$,/? .1, D ,1;>0@E ;>Gai�2 i � �`KOU(E �-,1;>= K�; * Y(,/78KO.5Q+KM;A0$G ;I,1E(0-GOJ � +i�� R;>=I0 D KO;�, D B D Q+K ;>0 �) B(.19 XRGO.1;:KMQR0$,/?'KO.1?AGai�2 i �32O$=(0 D KO;�, D B D XOGR.1;>KOQR0$.1, D ,1;:K ;>,/GOU(? GMJ[;A=(08?C0�E(0dX�,/780@? YIPAG�E(B(780@?

K U(080@E ;AG ) B(,/.1E ;>P>KMU(?A,1?C;>GOPA?$;>=5K ;-7eKOU �-,1;A=(?C;>KOU(E&?A,/QOU(,1]578KOU+;>. * =(,1QR=(0@P^XRGR.N;:KOQR0@?82�G�9M080@Y ;A=(0 ) KO?A0 "$# � ��;>0@7:=(U(GR.1GRQ * ,/U+;:KO7d;f;>G�KO.1./G � J\GRPf=I,/QR=�.10@XR0@./? GOJ�,/U+;A08QRPAKM;>,1GRU �

=(,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0aE(0@X�,/7@08? D B(?�; ) 0 ) B(,/.N;�B(Y �-,1;A=(,/U ;A=(0 Y(PAG�780@?A?@2 � ,1;A= ;A=(0HKOE(EI,1;>,1GRU GOJ�;>=I0J\GR.1./G �-,/U(Q$;A=(PA0@0^Y(PAG�780@?A?C,/U(Q D KO?C9�? ) 0 * GRUIE3;>=(0^?�;:KOUIE5KOPAE D KO?C9�?A0@;�� 0@08Y � � � 08.1. � �� % � � 08.1. 46./G�7:9 � % � 4�� KMU(E $=(,17:9&� K ;>0 �\ � �� K ��M� � # �� KMU(E % # �� ;>P>KMU(?A,1?C;>GOP7eKMU ) 0�, D YI./0 D 08U+;A08Ef2 $=(08?C0 ./KM;>0@P>KO. � # �� E(0dX�,/780@?-KOPA0�; * Y(,/78KO./. * ;>KOPAQO0@;>0@E J\GRP^KMBI;>G D G �

;>,NXR0 KOY(Y(.1,/7eK ;>,/GOU(?�KOU(E =5KeXO0 K D ,/U(, D B D Q+K ;>0 ./08UIQO;>= GMJ�g�2 g D J\GRP-;>=(0 % # �� KMU(E �(2 i

D J\GRP�;>=I0H� # ��[2 � 7@PAGR?C?�?A087d;>,1GRU GOJ ;A=(0 �+hM� % # � � ;>PAKOU(?C,/?C;AGRP�,1?�?A=(G �-U ,/U c,1QRB(PA0

Y

�� FOXFOX

P+P+ P+

P-Field

N+ N+

FOXFOX

N-Well

Deep N-Well

DRAIN

GATE

SOURCE

BULK

c,1QRB(PC0�g�2 � � " PAGR?C?�?C087d;>,/GOU GOJ �+hM� % # ��[2

g�2 �R2 $=(0 B(?A0 GOJ�;>=(0 �� D KO?A9 78PA08KM;>0@? KF.1,/QR=+;>. * EIGRY[0@E � � ; * Y 0 PC08QR,1GRU ;>=5K ;�E(,��[B(?A0@?

0@XO08U&E(080@Y[0@P-,/U+;>G3;A=(0�?AB ) ?C;>PAKM;>0M2'$=(,/?$E(0@08Y 08P$E(,�� BI?A,/GOUF?AB(PCPAGRB(UIE(?$;>=(0�?�;:KOU(E(KOPAE&� � � 0@./.

KOU(E Y(PCG X�,1E(08? K �+hM� PC0@XO08PA?C0 ) PC0eKO9È(G �-U ,/?AGO.ZKM;A,/GRU J\PAG D ;>=(0&%�?CB ) ?�;>P>K ;>0O2 $=(0&% � 4D KO?A9 7@PA0eK ;>08?6Ka.1,/QR=+;>. * EIGRY[0@EF% � ; * Y 0�PC08QR,1GRU �-=I,/7:= ) 087@G D 0@?�;A=(0�E(P>KO,1UWGMJf;>=(0�% # ��[2��./,1QR=+;>. * E(GRY 08E % � ]508.1E E(PC,1J ;�PA0@QR,/GOU ,/?-J\GRP D 0@E ) 0@; � 080@U ;A=(0 EIP>KO,1U KOUIE ;>=(0 � � �60@./. � �-=I,/7:=,/UI78PA08KO?A0@?^;>=(0�PA0@XO08PC?A0 ) PA08KO9È(G �-U GMJ ;>=(0�E(PAKO,/UW;>G ) BI./9 E(,/G�E(0�;AG ��O� 2I$=(0� � �� D KO?A9,/UI78PA08KO?A0@?a;A=(0 Q+K ;>0 G8;�,1E(0 ;A=(,/7:9Ù(0@?A? ;AG g9YOh �� -=(,/7:= 0 ;�;>08UIE(? ;>=I0 D KO;�, D B D Q+KM;>0 � ) BI./9XRGO.1;:KMQR06J\PAG D i�2 i ��;AG � I2 g �32O$=I08?A0-;>=IPA080�KOEIE(,1;A,/GRU5KM. D KO?C9�?'7@PA0eK ;>0-K�% # ��HKMU(E � # ��

E(0dX�,1780�;>=(KM;�,/? � 08./. ?CB(,1;A08EFJ\GRP$=(,1QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQR0�KOBI;>G D GO;A,1XO0�KOY(Y(.1,/7eK ;>,/GOU(?82

�� FOX

L � �� ainN+

FOXFOX

N-Well

Deep N-Well

DRAIN

GATE

SOURCE

BULK

P+ N+

FOX

c,1QRB(PA0 g�2 g � " PCGR?A?-?C087@;A,/GRU&GOJbgRg � % # �� -,N;>= E(0@08Y � � � 08.1. 2

� h

$=(0-.ZK ;>08PAKO.(� # � �3E(0@?A7@PA, ) 08E K ) G XR0-,/?bK�XO08P * 0�� 78,108U+;�E(0@X�,1780 �-=(08U E(08KO./,1U(Q �-,1;A=XRGO.1;:KMQR08?^QOPA0eK ;>08P�;>=5KMU&gOhM�32�$=(,/?678PA08KM;>0@?-K Y(PCG�7@08?A?^XOGR,/E J\GOP^KOY(YI./,/78KM;>,1GRU(?';>=5K ;^PA0@_`B(,/PC0�K

XRGO.1;:KMQR0 GOJ'i�2 iH;>G gOh �32 c,/QRBIPA0 g�2 g ?A=(G �-?�K =(,1QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQR0�;AP>KOU(?C,/?�;>GRP�7eKO.1./08E K % �E(0@X�,/7@0;>=(KM; 7eKOU ) 0 , D Y(./0 D 0@U+;>08E�,1U�;>=(0 YIPAG�7808?C? �-,1;>=IGRBI; ;>=I0 B(?A0'GOJ�;>=(0 D KO?A9`? ?�;>08YI? D 08U+;A,/GRU(0@EK ) G XR0O2 $=I,/?3;>PAKOU(?C,/?C;AGRP QR0@U(08PAKM;>0@?WK .1,/QR=+;>. * E(GRY 08E % � ; * Y[0 E(PAKO,/U PC08QR,1GRU )+* Y(.ZKM78,/UIQ K

=(GR.10 ,1U ;>=(0 � � c,108.1E D KO?A9 G XR0@P ;>=(0 EIP>KO,1U KOPA08KI2�$=(,/? 78PA08KM;>0@? K ) PC0eKO9È(G �-U XRGR.N;:KOQR0GOJ^gRg � )+* ./, D ,N;>,/UIQ ;A=(0WU`B D ) 0@P GMJ^%�78KOPAPC,/08PC?�,/U ;>=(0HE(PAKO,/U 2 ��E(E(,N;>,/GOU5KO. D G�E(,1]578KM;>,1GRU(?

;>G ;A=(0F?C;>KOU(E5KOPCE � � � 08.1.^?AY(KO78,1U(Q D B(?C; ) 0 D KOE(0 ;AG ,1U(78PC0eKO?C0 ;>=(0 � 08.1.��!?CB ) ?�;>P>K ;>0FE(,1G�E(0) PC0eKO9È(G �-U XRGR.N;:KOQR0W;>G gRg � 2 � ,N;>=(GRB�;3;>=(0 B(?A0 GOJ-;>=I0 ;>=(,17:9 Q+K ;>0 D KO?A9 ;>=I0 D KO;�, D B D

Q+KM;A0 � ) B(./9HXRGO.1;:KMQR0�,/?6./, D ,1;A08E ;>GWi�2 i �32IV�?A,1U(Q ;>=(0@?A0 D G�E(,N]57eK ;>,/GOU(?�;AG ;>=(0�?�;:KOU(E(KOPAE D KO?A9

?A0d;-78PC0eKM;A08?�K3E(0@X�,1780�;>=(KM;$,/?6,/E(08KO./. * ?CB(,1;A08EFJ\GRP$KMY(Y(./,17eKM;A,/GRUI?�;A=5KM;$=5KeXO0aK ��;>=(KM;-,/?^.108?C?

;>=(KOU gMhM��GRP$,/?$BI?A08E ,/U&K ?A,N;>B5KM;A,/GRU �-=I08PA0aK ./0@?A?A0@P$XRGR.N;:KOQR0�YIPAGO;A087@;A,/GRU ,1?$U(080@E(08Ef2 K ) ./0Wg�2 �HY(PAG X�,/EI08?aK&7@G D YI./0@;A0 ./,1?C;�GOJ�;>=(0 =(,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR03EI0@X�,/7@08?�;>=5KM;aKOPC0 K XMKO,1.��

K ) .10 ,1U ;A=(,/? Y(PCG�7@08?A?@2 � ; KO.1?AG E(0@]5UI08? ;A=(0 D KO;�, D B D ?>K J\0 ;>0@P D ,/U5KM.6XRGR.N;:KOQO08?HJ\GRPW08KO7:=

;>PAKOU(?C,/?C;AGRP�� -=I,/7:= =(KO? ) 0@08U EI0@;>0@P D ,/U(0@EW0 ;�Y[0@PA, D 08U+;>KO./. * J\PCG D ) PC0eKO9È(G �-U KMU(E PC08./,/K ) ,1./,1; *78GOU(?C;AP>KO,1U`;A?82�V�U(E(08PC?C;>KOU(E(,1U(Q ;>=(0 ?C;>PC08U(QM;>=(?�KOUIE ./, D ,N;:KM;A,/GRU(?$GMJ'0eKO7:= E(0dX�,/780 78KOU .10eKOE ;AG

K D GOPA0�0�� 7@,/08U+;�=(,/QO=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0�EI08?A,1QRUf2

cK ) ./0 g�2 � � " i =(,/QR= � XRGO.1;:KMQR0�E(0dX�,/780 E(0@?A78PC,/YI;A,/GRU 2��K D 0 �� \� � �� 08?C78PC,/YI;A,/GRU�� O% gRg�2 h i�2 i ��,/U(QO./0��,1E(08E $=(,1U ��KM;A0�� ;�;A08U(E(0@E ��P>KM,/U��V O%'V � I2 g i�2 i ��,/U(QR.10 ��,/EI08E $=(,/7:9&��KM;A0��08?�;>0@E ��P>KM,/U�-� O%b� � I2 g � I2 g ��GRB ) .10 ��,/EI08E&$=(,/7:9 ��KM;A0�� ;�;A08U(E(0@E ��P>KM,/U� � O%�� I2 g � I2 g ��GRB ) ./0 ��,1E(08E $=(,1U ��KM;A0��08?�;>0@E ��P>KM,/U� � M% � gRg�2 h � I2 g ��GRB ) .10 ��,/EI08E $=(,/7:9&��KM;A0��08?�;>0@E ��P>KM,/U� O% ��(2 h � I2 g KM;>0@P>KO. � # � �

> � > P�� #�$&�V� % $�� $5 8-� �$:�!��"

� =(,1./0�;>=I0a=(,1QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQR0�EI0@X�,/7@08? D 08U+;A,/GRU(0@E ,1UF;>=(0 Y(PA0dX�,/GRB(?�?A0@7@;A,/GRU 7eKOU Y(PAGO;A087d;

KOQ+KM,/U(?�;6=(,1QR=(0@P�XOGR.1;>KOQR08?';>=I0 * KO./?CG =5KeXO0�./, D ,N;:KM;A,/GRU(? �-=(,/7:= 7eKOU ?C0@XO08PA0@. * K �[087@;^KOUFKOU(KO./GRQ

��

E(0@?A,/QOUf2 $=(0�]5PA?�;-./, D ,1;>KM;>,1GRU ,/?6;A=5KM;�KO.1.f� # � �FE(0dX�,1780@?�?C=5KOPC0aK 7@G DWD GRUF?CB ) ?C;AP>KM;A0 �5;>=I0?A0@78GRUIE3,/? ;>=(0�PA0@E(B(7@08E ?AGOB(PA7@0 � ) B(./9 ) PC0eKO9È(G �-U XOGR.1;>KOQR0 �MKOU(Ea;>=(0';>=(,1PAE ,/? ;>=(0 Y[G�GRP D KM;>7:=��,/UIQF7:=5KOP>KM7@;>0@PA,1?C;>,178?�GOJ�;>=(0@?A0H=(,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR03EI0@X�,/7@08?82HV�U(E(0@PA?C;>KOU(E(,1U(Q ;>=(0@?A0H./, D ,N;:KM;A,/GRU(?-,1?

, D Y GRPC;>KOU+;^J\GRP$PA08KO./,��8,1U(Q K PA0@./,ZK ) ./0�KMU(E Y(PA0@78,/?C,/GRU&KOU(KO./GRQ EI08?A,1QRUf2

$=(0 " i ;>087:=IU(GR./GOQ * ,/? ) B(,/.N; ,1U�K ?A,/UIQR./0 �60@./. � � � ; * Y[0 �WY(PCG�7@08?A? � �-=(,/7:=�78KOB(?C08?KO.1.b� # � � E(0dX�,/780@? ;AGF?A,N;�,/U ;>=I0 QRPAGRBIU(E(08E Y�� ?AB ) ?�;>PAKM;>0M2H460878KOB(?A0 ;A=(0H?AB ) ?�;>PAKM;>0H,/?�;>,/0@E

;>G K ]�;I0@E Y GO;A08U+;>,/KO. � ;>=(,1?�./, D ,N;>?$;>=I0 D KO;�, D B D XRGR.N;:KOQO0 ;>=5K ;�7eKOU ) 03Y(./KO780@E KO78PCGR?A?�;>=I0Q+KM;A0�GOJ ;A=(0 � # �� ;>PAKOU(?A,1?C;AGRP82'�!U K ; * Y(,17eKO. =I,/QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQO0�KOY(Y(.1,/78KM;>,1GRU B(?C,/U(QH;>=(0�E(0dX�,/780@?

E(0@?A78PC, ) 08E&,/U ;A=(,/?^7:=(KOYI;>0@P��(;A=(0 D K�;I, D B D ��78KOU ) 0 ��O� �-=(0@PA0 KO?^��J\GRP$KOU * � # ��

E(0dX�,1780�7eKMU GRUI. * ) 0 � I2 g �<J\GRP^;A=(,/7:9 QRKM;>0 KOU(E i�2 i �<J\GRP-K3;>=I,/U Q+KM;A0 EI0@X�,/7@0O2'�!U 7@GRU+;>PAKO?C;��K % # �� E(0dX�,/780�7eKOUW;>,/0�,1;A? � 08.1. ;AG ,N;>?�?AGRB(PC780 � �-=(,17:=FKO./.1G �-?�;A=(0�% # ��W;>G D KM,/U+;:KO,1U KOUKO7@7808Y�;:K ) .10�Q+KM;>0 � ) BI./9 KMU(E Q+KM;>0 �!?CGRB(PA7@0�XRGR.N;:KOQR0 =�� 2

�-0@J\08PCPA,1U(Q ;>G cK ) ./0 g�2 � �-=I,/./0 ;>=(0a�� 67eKOU ) 0 _`B(,N;>03=(,1QR= � ; * Y(,/78KO./. * ;A=(0 � � =5KM?K ?A,/QOU(,1]578KOU+;>. * PC08E(B(7@08E ) PA0eKM9�EIG��-U 2 � =(0@U E(GO,/U(Q&KOU5KM./GRQ E(0@?A,/QOU(?�,/U ;>=(,1?�Y(PAG�780@?A?a7eKOPC0D B(?�; ) 0�;:KO9M08UF;>G 0@U(?AB(PC0�;>=5KM;$KO./. E(0@X�,17808?-KMPA0�B(?C08E&,/U ;A=(08,1P^?>K J\0�GRY[0@P>KM;A,/U(Q KOPA08KI2 �<?>K J\0

=(,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR03EI08?A,1QRU Y(P>KM7@;>,17803;AG KeXOGR,/E � �� ) PA08KO9È(G �-U(? ,1?�;>GF;>,103;>=(0 ��GOB(PA7@0 KOUIE 4 B(./9;>GOQR0@;A=(08P �-=(0@U Y GR?A?C, ) .10O2

��,1QR= XRGR.N;:KOQO0�EI0@X�,/7@08?�=5KeXR0�KOU KME(E(,1;A,/GRU(KO.I.1, D ,1;:K ;>,/GOUa,1UH;A=5KM;';>=I0 * =5KeXR0-XR0@P * Y G�GRP

D KM;>7:=(,1U(QH7:=5KOPAKO7@;A08PA,1?C;A,/78?@2'��](QRB(PA0�GOJ D 08PA,N;^;>=(KM; D 08KO?AB(PC08?-;>=(0 D KM;>7:=I,/U(Q Y 08P�J\GRP D KOU(7@0

GOJ "$# � �&E(0@X�,/7@08?�,1?�;A=(0 ?�;:KOUIE5KOPAE E(0@X�,/KM;>,1GRU GOJc;>=(0�;>=(PC08?C=(GR./E XRGR.N;:KOQR0 U(GRP D KM./, �@08EF;>G K

B(U(,N; * KOPA08KI2�$=I,/?�Y(KOP>K D 0@;A08P�KO./?CG 9Ù(G ��KO?�� [BI?A08?�B(U(,1;A?�GOJ D X� D 2�� ; * Y(,/78KO. ��

Y5KOPAK D KM;>0@PcJ\GRP =(,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0 "$# ��HE(0dX�,/780@? ,1? KOY(YIPAG ;�, D KM;>0@. * iOh D �� D 7@G D Y(KOPA0@EH;AG

gOh D X� D J\GRP-;>=(0a./G �� XOGR.1;>KOQR0�E(0dX�,1780@?�,/U&;>=(,1?�YIPAG�7808?C?82� , D ,1;:K ;>,/GOU(?^GOJ'KMU5KO./GOQWE(0@?A,1QRU

E(B(0�;AG Y G�GRP D K ;>7:=(,1U(QHGOJc=I,/QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQO0�E(0dX�,1780@? �-,1./. ) 0�E(,/?C78B(?C?A0@E ,/U " =5KMYI;>0@P��(2

� g

�� /� ��

� � � ��

$=(0 7eKOY5K ) ,/.1,1;>,108? GOJ�,/U+;>0@QRP>KM;A08E 78,/PC78B(,N; YIPAG�7808?C?A0@?FKOPA0 KO. �^K * ? ) 08,1U(Q Y(BI?A=(0@E )`*08UIQR,/U(0@08PC?82 � ,1;>= ;>=I0 ,1U(78.1B(?A,1GRUFGOJc=(,/QR=I08P^XRGO.1;:KMQR08?$;>GH?�;:KOU(E(KOPAE E(,/QR,N;:KO. "$# ��F;A=(0 7:=5KO.��

./0@U(QR0�7@G D 08?$K ) GRBI; ;>G , D Y(.10 D 08U+;6K 78,1PA78BI,1;ÊI08?A,1QRU ;>=(KM;$,/? ) GM;>= J\B(U(7d;>,1GRU5KO.[KOU(EFPC08./,/K ) .10O2

$=(,1?�7:=5KMYI;>0@P�E(,1?A7@B(?A?C08?�J\GRBIP�UI0 ��E(0@?A,/QOU Y(PAKO7@;A,/7@08?-;>=5KM;�=(0@./Y(?$;>GWG XR08PC78G D 0 ?AG D 0�GOJb;>=I07:=5KO.1./0@U(QR08?$GMJbE(0@?A,/QOU(,/U(Q =I,/QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQO0�,/U&K ?C;>KOU(E5KOPCE "$# � � Y(PAG�780@?A?@2

Z ��6 � 3�� P�4O$:#!�� 7 � ��3� �J� 8-/�*�

��? D 0@U+;>,/GOU(08E ,/U ;A=(0 Y(PA0dX�,1GRB(?�7:=5KOYI;A08P��[=(,/QO= XRGO.1;:KMQR0 # � � E(0@X�,17808?�=5KeXR0 K ./, D �,1;>KM;>,1GRUF;>=5K ;�;A=(0 D KO;�, D B D Q+KM;A0 ) B(.19 XRGR.N;:KOQO0a,1?�; * Y(,17eKO.1. * J\GRBIP�;A, D 08?�? D KO./.108P^;>=(KOU ;>=I0

D KO;�, D B D EIP>KO,1U ) B(.19&XOGR.1;>KOQR0 E(B(0 ;AG ;>=I03G ;I,1E(0a;A=(,/7:9Ù(0@?A?�.1, D ,1;:K ;>,/GOUf2 � =(0@U ;>=(0@?A0 E(0 �

X�,/7@08?�KOPC0 ,/U+;>0@QRP>KM;A08E ,1U`;AGFKOU U�� 60@./.cGOU(. * Y(PAG�780@?A? � ;A=(0 =(,1QR= XRGO.1;:KMQR0 � # � � ;AP>KOU(?C,/?�;>GRPC?�-,/.1.[GOU(. * ) 0�K ) .10�;>G �-,N;>=(?�;:KOUIE KOU K ) ?CGR./BI;A0�Q+KM;A0�XOGR.1;>KOQR0�;A=5KM;$,1?608_`B5KM. ;>G ;A=(0�KO.1./G �^K ) ./0D KO;�, D B D Q+K ;>0 ) BI./9 XOGR.1;>KOQR03EIB(03;>G ;A=(0 78G D D GRU ?AB ) ?C;AP>KM;A0 78GRU(UI087@;A,/GRUI?82 $=I,/?�Y(./KO780@?

KH?A0@XO08PC0 ./, D ,N;:KM;A,/GRU GRU ;>=(0�E(0@?A,1QRU GMJb=(,1QR=FXRGR.N;:KOQR0�GOY5K D Y(?�KOU(E&78G D Y5KOPAKM;>GRPC?^;>=5K ;�=(K XO0

K 78G D D GRU D G�E(0�,1U(Y(BI;-PAKOU(QR0�PA0@_`B(,/PC0 D 08U+;-;>=5KM;-,1? �-,1;A=(,/UF�� ;AG ��+2

$=(0WB(?A0WGOJ^;>=I0 ) B(.19��!E(PC,1XR0@U E(,�� 0@PA0@U`;A,ZKO.',1U(Y(BI;a?C;>KOQR0 =5KO? ) 080@U , D Y(.10 D 08U+;>0@E ,1U

K XMKOPA,10@; * GOJ�./G � XRGR.N;:KOQR0 KOY(Y(.1,/7eK ;>,/GOU(?a;AG KO7:=(,/0dXR0&K �-,/EI0F78G D D GOU D G�E(0 ,1U(Y(BI;3P>KOU(QO0�-,1;A= K PA08EIB(780@E ?AB(Y(YI. * XRGR.N;:KOQO0O2 � =(08U ;>=(,1?�E(0@?A,1QRU Y(PAKO7@;A,/780 ,/?�KOY(YI./,/0@E ;AG =(,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR078,1PA7@B(,1;A?��I;A=(0 ) B(./9 E(PA,NXR08U&78GOU(780@YI;�,/?$B(?C08E ;AGH08U5K ) ./0 K =(,/QR= 7@G DWD GRU�� D G�E(0�,/U(Y(B�;-P>KOU(QO0�-,1;A=(GRBI;$X�,1GR.ZKM;A,/U(Qa;>=(0�Q+KM;A0 � ) B(./9W./, D ,N;:KM;A,/GRU GOJ�;>=(0 � # � � ;>PAKOU(?C,/?C;AGRPA?@2

c,1QRB(PA0 I2 �$?A=(G �-?b;>=I0$?A7:=(0 D KM;A,/7^GMJ K�=I,/QR=��[XRGO.1;:KMQR0Ê(,�� 0@PA08U+;A,ZKO. ) B(.19 � E(PA,NXR0@U ,/U(Y(B�;?C;>KOQR0M2 $=(0 QRKM;>0@? �\U(G�EI0 ��4��GOJ^,1U(Y(BI; E(0dX�,1780@? # KMU(E # � KOPA0 ) ,/KO?A0@E ?AG ;>=(KM;a;A=(0 *

�

GRY 08PAKM;>0�,/U ?�;>PAGOU(Q ,1U`XO08PC?A,/GOU KOUIE&;A=(0 ) B(./9 ;A08P D ,1U5KO./? �\��% KMU(E&�� $KOPC0 BI?A08E KO?�,/U(Y(B�;>?82

�!U ;A=(,/? �6K * �[;A=(0a,1U(Y(BI;�E(,�� 0@PA08U+;A,ZKO. Y5KM,/P$;>PAKOU(?A,1?C;AGRPA? ) 0@=5KeXR0 KM?�E(0@Y(./0d;>,1GRU�� D G�E(0�E(0@X�,/7@08? �Y 08P D ,1;C;>,1U(Q3GRY 08PAKM;>,1GRU XR0@P * 78.1GR?A0�;AGH;A=(0�?AB(YIY(. * PAKO,/. 2

VP VGB

VDD

VN

Id1 Id2

c,1QRB(PA0 I2 � �'46B(./9�� E(PA,NXR08U&E(,�� 0@PA08U+;A,ZKO. "$# � �F,/UIY(BI;-Y5KO,1P82

$=(0WQ+KO,/U GOJ6;>=(0 E(,��[08PC08U+;>,/KO. ) B(.19��!E(PC,1XR0@U ,1U(Y(BI; ?C;>KOQR0 7eKOU ) 0 E(0@PA,1XO08E J\PCG D ;>=I0

?A, D YI./0'? D KO./.��!?C,/QRU5KM.O D G�E(0@.+?A=(G �-U ,1U c,1QRB(PA0 I2 g�2 $=(,/? D G�E(0@.�78KOU ) 0 ?C, D Y(./,N]508E�J\B(P�;>=(0@P)+* 08.1, D ,/U5KM;A,/U(Q�;>=I0 � ��7@B(PAPC08U+;�Y(KM;>= E(B(0�;>G ;A=(0�78GRU(?�;:KOU+;-�� A2 � =(08U B(?A0@E ,1U ;>=(0 ) B(.19 �

E(PC,1XR0@U ,/U(YIBI;b?�;:KOQR0�;>=(,1?cPC08?ABI.1;>?c,/Ua;A=(0^?C, D Y(./,N]508E ? D KO./.`?C,/QRU5KM.�E(,�� 0@PA0@U`;A,ZKO.`7@,/PA7@B(,1;bKOU5KO. * ?A,/?

?A=IG��-U ,/U c,1QRB(PA0 I2 �2

Isg

RsbRs

B

D

Ro

S

G

Isb

IdId'

Ig

Isg' Isb'

Is'

Is

Isd'

Ib

c,/QOB(PA0 I2 g �� D KO.1. ?A,1QRU5KO. D G�EI08. 2

� �

Isb1

V+

Isb1

V-

Rsb1 Rsb2

Id1 Id2

c,1QRB(PA0 �2 ��'4 B(./9��!EIPA,1XO08U E(,�� 0@PA08U+;A,ZKO.f? D KM./. ?C,/QRU(KO. D G�E(0@. 2

�'KO7:= ;>PAKOU(?A,1?C;AGRP�Y5KO,1P�Y(PCG�EIB(780@?�K ? D KO./.�?A,1QRU5KO. E(P>KO,1U 78BIPAPA0@U+;�� KOU(E � � � � �-=I,/7:=�-=(0@U 78G D3) ,/UI08EF;>GRQO0@;>=I08P-78PC0eKM;A0�;A=(0�E(,��[08PC08U+;>,/KO.fGRB�;>Y(BI;-7@B(PAPC08U+;

�� I2 � �

V�?C,/U(Q ;A=(0�J\GR./.1G��-,1U(Q30@_�B(KM;>,1GRU(?��

�� I2 g��

� ��Q��

� � I2 ��

� � ��Q��

� � I2��

KOU(E

Q�� Q�� Q � � I2 i��

K3XMKO./B(0�78KOU ) 0�E(0@PA,1XO08E J\GRP$� ��$KOU(E � � ��PC08?CB(.1;A,/U(Q ,1U

� ��

�

��

��

��

� I2 ��

KOU(E

� � ��

��

��

��

��

� � I2 =��

" G D3) ,/U(,1U(Q � ��^KOU(E&� � ��,1U+;>G ;>=(0�E(,�� 0@PA0@U`;A,ZKO. GRBI;>YIBI;�78B(PCPA08U+; � 0a?C080�;>=5KM;

�� Q��8�� I2 \��

� i

V�?C,/U(Q ;>=(,1?�7@B(PAPC08U+; �-,1;A= ;A=(0 GRB�;>Y(BI;�./G+KME �� ;A=(0 QRKO,/U GOJb;>=I0 ) B(.19 � E(PA,NXR0@U ,/UIY(BI;�?�;:KOQO07eKMU ) 0�E(08PC,1XR0@E&;AG ) 0

� �� Q�� I2 Y��

$=(,1? ,1U(E(,17eKM;A08?3;>=(KM; ;>=(0 Q+KM,/U GOJ�;>=(0 ,/UIY(BI;H?C;>KOQR0 ,/? YIPAGRY GRPC;A,/GRU(KO. ;AG ;A=(0 ) G�E *

;>PAKOU(?C78GRU(EIB(7@;>KOU(780WGOJÊI0@X�,/7@08? # 3KOU(E # �d2W$=(0WQRKO,/U GOJ^K&?�;:KOU(E(KOPAE Q+KM;>0 �!E(PC,1XO08U ,/U(Y(B�;

?C;>KOQR0�,/?$0@_`B5KO.f;>G

� �� Q�b� � � ��I2 � h �

�-=(,17:= ,1J 78G D Y5KOPC08EW;AG ;A=(0 ) B(./9��!EIPA,1XO08UW,/U(Y(B�;6?�;:KOQR0�?A=IG��-? ;>=5KM;�;>=I0�;AP>KOU(?C78GRUIE(B(7@;>KOU(7@0�GOJ0eKM7:= ?�;:KOQR0�E(,1PA0@7@;>. * K �[087d;>?-;>=(0�Q+KM,/Uf2

5GRP$; * Y(,/78KO. "$# �� Y(PAG�780@?A?C08?�;A=(0 ) B(./9�� ;AG �!EIP>KO,1U ;>P>KMU(?A7@GRU(E(B(7d;:KOUI7803Q�� ,1?-U(0eKOPC. *

KOU GOPAE(0@P6GOJ D KOQRUI,1;>BIE(0 ) 0@./G � ;>=(0�Q+KM;A0 � ;AG �!EIP>KO,1U ;AP>KOU(?C78GRUIE(B(7@;>KOU(7@0�Q� � �-=(,17:=FPA08?CB(.1;A?6,1UKW?C,/QRUI,1]578KOU+;�Q+KO,1U PC08E(BI7@;>,1GRU J\GRP�GRB(P�,/U(YIBI;�?�;:KOQO0O2 GOP�;A=(,/?�Y(PAG�780@?A?��[?A, D B(.ZK ;>,/GOU(?-?A=(G �-U

,/U c,/QRBIPA0�I2 ��?C=(G � ;>=(KM; Q�� h�2��RQ �62b$=I,/?b?C=(G �-?';A=5KM; )+* B(?A,1U(Q�;>=(0 ) B(./9�� E(PA,NXR08UHE(0dX�,/780@?�-,/.1. PC08E(BI7803;>=I03Q+KO,1U )+* g�2 iW;>, D 0@?82��KO,1U ) G�GR?�;>,/UIQ D B(?�; ) 03B(?A0@E ;>G KO7:=(,10@XO0HK PA0@./,ZK ) ./0Q+KO,1U � �-=I,/7:=��-,1./. ) 0�E(,1?A78BI?A?A0@E ,1U D GRPC0�E(0@;>KO,/.f,1U K ./KM;>0@P^7:=5KOY�;>08P@2

��UIGO;>=(0@P .1, D ,1;>KM;>,1GRU GOJfB(?A,1U(Q ;A=(0�Q ��X�?6Q� J\GRP K ) B � 0@P MQRKO,/U ?C;>KOQR0�,/?�KaPC08E(B(7d;>,1GRU,/U ) KOUIE �-,/EI;A=f2 c,1QRB(PA0 I2 � ?A=(G �-?�;A=5KM;�;>=(0 ) KOU(E �-,1;>E�;>= GMJbQ� ,/? GOPAE(0@PA?�GMJ D KOQRU(,N;>B(E(0) 0@;A;A08P$;>=(KOU Q �R2

4.4

4.8

5.2

5.6

6.0

6.4

1 10 100 1K 10K 100K 1M 10M 100M

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

freq (Hz)

Tra

nsco

nduc

tanc

e (m

A/V

)B

ody

Tra

nsco

nduc

tanc

e (m

A/V

)

c,1QRB(PC0 I2�� Q� KOU(E&Q ��YI./GO;A?^J\GRP " i % # ��[2

� �

Z � > � � #!� 4 "'� � -� 8� 4 SC4O�N 8��9 �$:�!�

��? D 0@U`;A,/GRUI08E ,1U " =5KOYI;A08P � �I=(,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0�KOBI;AG D GM;>,1XO0�KMU(EF,/U(EIB(?C;APA,ZKM.[0@./087d;>PCGRU(,/7? * ?�;>0 D ? D B(?�; ) 0 K ) ./0 ;AG �-,1;A=(?C;>KOU(E PA0dXR08PC?A0WKOU(E ?C=(GRPC;�;AG ) KM;C;>08P * 7@GRU(E(,N;>,/GOU(?�GRU ;A=(08,1PGRBI;AY(BI;^KOU(E ?CB(Y(Y(. * Y(,/U(?@2b * YI,/7eKM./. * ;A=(,/?�Y(PCGO;>0@7@;>,1GRU ,1? , D YI./0 D 08U+;A08E �-,1;>=W0 ;�;>0@PAU5KM.[7@G D �Y GRU(08U+;A?bGRP �-,1;>= ,/U+;>0@QRP>KM;A08E3EI,/G�E(08? ;>=5K ; KOPC06U(GO;cKeXMKO,/./K ) ./0',1Ua;>=I06?C;>KOU(E5KMPAE3E(,1QR,1;>KO. "$# ��Y(PCG�7@08?A?@2'$=(,/?$Y(PC08?C08U+;>?-;>=(0�UI0808E ;>G EI0@XR0@./GRY E(0@?A,1QRU Y(P>KO7d;>,17808?-KMU(E 78,/PC78B(,N;>?6;A=5KM;$PC08.1,ZK ) . *

E(0d;>087d;�;A=(08?C0a7@GRU(E(,N;>,/GOU(?�KOU(E 0@,1;A=(08P-E(,1?>K ) .10�GRP-./, D ,1; ;>=(0�XRGO.1;:KMQR0�;>=5KM;-;A=(0 * KOPC0 0 ;�Y[GR?C08E

;>GI2

�!U ;A=(0�78,1PA7@B(,1;�0 ;IK D Y(.10�GOJ ,/QRB(PC0 �2 i Ka% # �� E(0@X�,/7@0�78GOU(U(087d;>?6��;AG3K 7@B(PAPC08U+;

./GRKOEf2c$=I,/?'78,1PA78BI,1;',/?�KO.1?AG�9Ù(G �-UFKO?�K�=(,/QR= �!?A,1E(0$? �-,N;>7:= KOU(E KM././G �-? Y G �60@P�;AG ) 0-?AB(Y(YI./,/0@E;>G K ./G+KOE 2��!U K ?A=(GOPC;�;AG ) KM;C;>08P * 7@GRU(E(,N;>,/GOU �\�� $;>=(0 ��V��Y(,1U GOJ ;A=(0 =(,/QO=

?A,1E(0�? �-,N;>7:=&?A=(GRP�;>?-;>G � � � ��`2'�!U ;>=(0 ?A, D Y(.10�=(,1QR= ?A,/EI0 ? �-,1;A7:= ?C=(G �-U ,/U c,1QRB(PC0 I2 i3;>=I0

E(PAKO,/U ;AG � 08.1.fE(,1G�E(0�E �^,1?^J\GRP �6KOPCE ) ,ZKO?C08E 7eKOBI?A,/UIQ 7@B(PAPC08U+;-;>G J\080@E ) KO7:9 ,1U`;AG ��O2�� J�;>=I0

E(,�� 0@PA08UI780 ) 0@; � 080@U �� KMU(E � � � ��H,1?�QRPC0eKM;A08P�;A=5KOU h�2 �M��?A,1QRU(,N]57eKOU+;�78B(PCPA08U+; �-,1./.fJ\0@08E) KO7:9F,1U+;>G3�� 78KOB(?A,1U(QH?A0dXR08PC0 E5K D KOQO0�;>GH;>=(0�7@,/PA7@B(,1;82

Current Load

OUT

M0

Regulated Supply = 5V

VLS

Vbattery = 12V

Short To Battery

High Side Switch

Istb

D1

,/QRB(PC0 I2 i ��, D Y(.10�=(,/QO=&?C,/E(0�? �-,1;A7:= E(B(PC,/U(Q ?C=(GRP�;�;AG ) KM;A;A08P * JLKOB(.1;82

* YI,/7eKM.�?A=(GOPC;F;>G ) KM;A;A08P * Y(PAGM;>087d;>,1GRU(? ,1U(78.1B(E(0 K E(,1G�EI0 ;>=5K ;F,/? YI.ZKO7@08E GRU ;>=I0

GRBI;AY(BI;cY(,/U ;>=5KM; ) .1G�7:9`?bKMU * 78BIPAPA0@U+;b;>=5K ; � GRB(.1E J\080@E ) KO7:9 ,/U+;>G�;>=(0 ?AB(YIY(. * 2c$=(0$KME(E(,1;A,/GRUGOJ';>=I0 0 ;�;>[email protected](,/G�E(0378KOB(?A0@?�; �6G Y(PCG ) ./0 D ?@2 c,/PC?C; �[;>=(03EI,/G�E(0 KOE(EI?�KOE(E(,N;>,/GOU5KO. XRGR.N;:KOQR0

��=

E(PCGRY3;>G�;A=(0$=(,/QO=��!?C,/E(0 ? �-,1;A7:= � �-=(,17:= 78KOU ./, D ,N;�,1;>? B(?A0$,1U ?AG D 0$KOYIY(./,17eKM;A,/GRU(?@2 ��087@GRU(E �+;>=I00 ;�;A08PAU(KO.fE(,1G�E(0�KOE(E(?6;AG3;>=(0�G XO08P>KM./. 7@GR?C;-GMJ�;A=(0�KOYIY(./,17eKM;A,/GRUf2 G =I08./YFYIPAGO;A087@;6;>=(0�7@,/PA7@B(,1;

J\PAG D ;>=(,1? 78GRUIE(,1;A,/GRU KO? � 08./.�KO? D KO,/U+;>KO,/U K 78GO?C;W0��[087@;A,1XO0 ?CGR./BI;A,/GRU ?C0@XO08P>KM.�,1U`;A08QRPAKM;>0@E?A=IGRPC;-;>G ) K ;A;>0@P * YIPAGO;A087@;A,/GRU ? * ?�;>0 D ?�=5KeXR0 ) 0@08U E(0@XO08./GOY[0@Ef2

Z � > ��6 DG�!� �� F � �@��

$=(0 ]5PC?C; ?A=(GOPC;�;>G ) KM;C;>0@P * Y(PCGO;>0@7@;A,/GRU D 0d;>=(G�E ,/?�?C=(G �-U ,1U ,/QRB(PC0 I2��I23�!U ;>=(,1?

78GOUI]5QRB(PAKM;>,1GRU�; � G =I,/QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQO0 % # �� EI0@X�,/7@08?&KOPA0 YI.ZKO7@08E ) KO7:9 ;AG ) KO7:9 �-,N;>=�;A=(08,1P?AGOB(PA7@08?�KOU(E � 08./.1?6;>,108E ;AGRQR0@;A=(08P@2'��B(PA,1U(Q K ?A=IGRPC;^;AG ) KM;C;>08P * JLKOBI.1;$7@GRU(E(,N;>,/GOU ;>=(0�?C087@GRU(E% # �� E(0@X�,/7@0 # � KO7@;A? KO?HK ) .1G�7:9`,1U(Q E(,1G�E(0WY(PA0dXR0@U`;A,/U(Q ;A=(0 J\080@E ) KO7:9 GMJ-78B(PCPA08U+; ,/U+;AG

�� +2 " KOPA0 D B(?C; ) 0�;>KO9O0@U&,1U ;>=(0�E(08?C,/QRU ;AG 08U(?CB(PA0�;>=(KM;^;>=I0�E(0@X�,1780�7:=(GR?C08U J\GRP # � =5KM?$K

� � � ��;A=5KM;-,1?�./KOPAQO08P6;A=5KOU ;>=(0�Y GR?A?C, ) .10�� ?A=IGRPC;-;>G ) K ;A;>0@P * 7@GRU(E(,N;>,1GRUf2

�� ect Sensor

OUT

M1

M2

VDD

D2

D1

VLS

Blocking Diode

c,/QRBIPA0 I2�� " G D D GOU �60@./. =(,1QR=F?A,1E(0�? �-,1;A7:=f2

Z � > � > DG�!� �� " $&" 8�*4KF � �@��

��UIGO;>=(0@P ?CGR./BI;A,/GRU J\GRP ;>=(0W?A=(GRP�; ;AG ) KM;C;>0@P * Y(PAGM;>087d;>,1GRU ,1? ?A=IG��-U ,1U c,1QRB(PC0 �2 =�2

�!U ;A=(,/? 78GRU�]5QRB(PAKM;>,1GRU K&PA0@?A,/?�;>GRPa,/? KOE(EI08E ) 0@; � 080@U ;A=(0 ?CGRB(PC780 KMU(E � 08.1. GOJÊ(0@X�,/7@0 # �d2

�8\

� =(0@U K&?C=(GRP�;a;AG ) KM;C;>0@P * 78GOU(E(,1;A,/GRU ,/? KOYIY(./,108E ;>=(0 PA0@?A,/?�;>GRP ./, D ,N;>?�;A=(0 78B(PCPA08U+;a;>=5KM; ,1?

J\08E ) KO7:9 ,/U+;>G ��+23�!U ;>=(,1?�78GRU�]5QRB(PAKM;>,1GRU ;>=(0HE(0dX�,/780 ;A=5KM;�,/?�;>,/0@E ;>GF;>=(0HPC08?A,1?C;AGRP D B(?�;

=5KeXR0aK3� �� ;A=5KM;-,1?$QRPA08KM;>0@P-;A=5KOU ;>=(0�./KOPAQR0@?C;-Y GR?A?C, ) .10�� 7@GRU(E(,N;>,/GOUf2

�!U ;>=(0HY(PCG�7@08?A?aB(?A0@E J\GRP�;A=(,/?�EI08?A,1QRU ;>=(0H�� -UI0808EI08E J\GOP UIGRP D KO.cGOY[0@P>KM;A,/GRU �6KO?��(2 hM� KOU(EH;>=I0-� � � ��$PA08_`B(,1PA0@E J\GRP'?C=(GRPC;';AG ) K ;A;>0@P * Y(PCGO;>0@7@;A,/GRU �6KO?^gMhI2 h �32`��B(0$;>G�;>=I0YM� � � �� GOJ ;A=(0�% �LEI0@X�,/7@0 # � � K % E(0dX�,1780 � # � � �-,N;>= gRg�2 hM� �� ^KO?$BI?A08E ,1UPA0dXR0@PA?A0 ;>G KO7:=(,10@XO0 ;A=(0�PA08_`B(,1PA0@E ?C=(GRPC;-;AG ) KM;A;A08P * 2

� J5;>=I06� � �� 6KOU(E3� �� ) PA08KO9È(G �-U XRGR.N;:KOQR0@?bKOPC0^?AB �W7@,/0@U`;',1U ) GO;>= EI,/PA0@7@;A,/GRU(?J\GRP$;>=(KM;�Y5KOPC;A,/7@B(.ZKOP$EI0@X�,/7@0 � GRU(. * GRU(0 ,/?-U(0@08E(0@Ef2$��B(0�;>GH;>=(0 B(?C0aGOJcGRU(. * GRU(0�;>PAKOU(?C,/?C;AGRP��

;>=I,/? =(,/QR= ?A,1E(0&? �-,1;A7:= �-,1;A= ?C=(GRPC; ;>G ) KM;C;>08P * Y(PAGO;A087d;>,/GOU �-,/.1.^=5KeXR0 ;>=(0 D GR?�; 0�� 78,108U+;B(?C0 GOJ'KMPA0eK�2��U(0 E(PAK � ) KO7:9 GOJ ;>=(0@?A037@,/PC78B(,N;>?�,/?-;>=(0@,/P-?AB(?C780@YI;>, ) ,/.1,1; * ;>GW.ZKM;A7:=��!BIYf2��G�G�E.ZK * GRBI;'Y(PAKO7@;A,/780@? D B(?C; ) 0-B(?A0@E ;AGa0@U(?AB(PC0�;A=5KM; ;A=(0-?AB ) ?�;>PAKM;>0�,/?b;A,/08EHE(G �-U ,/U ;>=I0-X�,178,/UI,1; *

GOJ�;>=(0�E(PC,1XO08P82

�� ect Sensor

OUT

M1

M2

VDD

D2

VLSCurrent Limiting Resistor

D1

R1

c,1QRB(PA0 I2 = � " G DWD GRU PA0@?A,1?C;>GOP$=(,/QR= ?C,/E(0�? �-,1;>7:= 2

�8Y

Z � Z �� 7 �� % � #!�� J�@�$�)& 8� 4 "

��B(0�;>G ;A=(0�=(,/QR=FXOGR.1;>KOQR0�E(0dX�,1780 ./, D ,N;:KM;A,/GRU(?'.1,/?C;A08E&K ) G XR0 7eKOPC0 D B(?C; ) 0�;>KO9O0@U&;AG

08UI?AB(PC0 ;A=5KM;�KO.1.fE(0@X�,17808?$J\B(UI7@;>,1GRU ,/UF;>=I08,/P$?AKMJ\0�GRY 08P>K ;>,/UIQHKOPA08KI2 $=(,/?-Y(./KO780@?�KH.1, D ,1;>KM;>,1GRU

GRU =(G � ?A, D YI./0$E(,1QR,1;>KO.I.1GRQR,/767eKOU ) 0-, D Y(.10 D 08U+;>0@E �+08?CY[0@78,ZKM./. * �-=(08U ;>=(,1?�.1GRQR,17 D B(?�;6E(PC,1XO0% # �� EI0@X�,/7@08?�;>=5KM; KMPA0 78GOU(U(087d;>0@E ;>GF�� R2 $=(0 E(08?C,/QRU GOJ ./0dXR0@. ?A=(,NJ ;>08PC?�;>=5KM;�GOY[0@P>KM;A0

,/UIE(08Y 08U(EI08U+;�GMJ�� G XR08PC78G D 0�;>=(,1?$?A,1;AB5KM;A,/GRUf2 $=(0�; �6G ) KO?C,/7�; * Y[0@?�GMJ .10@XO08. ?A=I,1J ;>0@PA?�KOPC0�-08?A,1?A,N;AXR0 KOUIE ��,1G�E(0 " GRU(U(0@7@;>0@E % # ��[2

Z � Z ��6 � ��" $&" �$:#!�

$=(0 ]5PA?�; ./0@XO08.$?C=(,1J ;A08PHE(08?C,/QRU ,1? ?A=(G �-U ,1U c,/QRBIPA0 I2 \I2 � ; B(?A0@? K =(,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0

� # � � E(0dX�,/780 �-,1;>= PC08?C,/?C;AGRPA?�,/U ,1;A?�E(PAKO,/U KO? �60@./.cKO?�,/U ,1;>?�?AGRB(PC780M2a$=(0 QRKM;>03GMJ'E(0@X�,/7@0# �,/?�E(PA,NXR0@U )+* ?C;:KMU(E5KOPCE EI,/QR,N;:KO. ./GOQR,/7M2�$=(0 GRBI;AY(BI;�GMJ ;>=(0 .10@[email protected]?A=I,1J ;>0@P�,/?�?AB(,N;:K ) ./0a;AG

E(PC,1XR0 KH% # ��&E(0dX�,/780�;A=5KM;-,/?$7@GRU(U(0@7@;A08E ;AGH��R2

$=(0 GRBI;AY(BI;$XRGO.1;:KMQR0�GOJ�;>=(0�./0dXR0@.�?C=(,1J ;A08P$,1?$08_`B5KO.f;AG

�� e� � ��I2 ��

KOU(E ;>=I0 7@B(PAPC08U+;�78PC0eKM;A08E ,1UF;>=(0�./0dXR0@. ?A=(,NJ ;>08P$,1?

��

� ��I2 � g��

�-=(0@PA0��

�

� g �� 8 � " � � � �

�� I2 � �

�-=(,17:= QR,NXR0@?�K .10@XR0@. ?A=(,NJ ;>08P^XOGR.1;>KOQR0�GOJ

��

��I2 � � �

� _`B5KM;>,1GRU I2 � �F?A=(G �-?�;>=(KM;�� 3,1? ) KO?C08E GRU ;>=I0H;A=(PA0@?A=(GO./E XRGR.N;:KOQO03GOJ';>=(0 =I,/QR=��XRGO.1;:KMQR0�� # �� E(0@X�,1780�KM? � 08./. KO? ;A=(0�PAKM;>,1GaGMJ ;>=(0�PA08?C,/?�;>GRPC?^� ��KOU(EF� � 2 5GRP ) 0@?C;$Y 08P�J\GRP �D KOU(780�;A=(0�PA0@?A,/?�;>GRPC?-?A=(GRBI./E ) 0�GOJ�;>=(0�?AK D 0�; * Y 0 KMU(E GRPA,108U+;>0@E ,1U ;A=(0�?>K D 0�E(,1PA087d;>,1GRUf2

gOh

VDD

R1

R2

EN

VLS

M0

c,1QRB(PC0 I2 \ �'��0@?A,/?�;>,NXR0 ) KO?C08E&./0@XO08. ?A=I,1J ;>0@P82

Z � Z � > P $:�� D �!��9 8�� SGF H J

$=(0a?A087@GRU(E .10@XO08.�?A=(,NJ ;>08P-E(0@?A,1QRU ,1?�?C=(G �-U ,/U c,/QOB(PA0 I2 YI2^� ;�B(?A0@?�K ?A, D ,/./KOP6=I,/QR=��

XRGO.1;:KMQR0 � # ��&E(0dX�,/780 ;>=5K ;�,1?�E(PC,1XO08U )+* E(,1QR,1;>KO. ./GRQO,/7O2 �!U ;A=(0 ?CGRB(PA7@0 GOJbE(0@X�,/7@0 # �$,/?�K

78BIPAPA0@U+;�?CGRB(PA7@0 KOU(E&,/UF;>=(0�E(PAKO,/U ,1?-KHEI,/G�E(0�78GRUIU(087d;>08E % # �� E(0dX�,/780 # 2

VDD

I1

EN

VLS

M0

M1

c,/QOB(PA0 I2 Y��'��,1G�E(0�78GRU(UI087@;A08E % # � � ./0dXR08. ?C=(,1J ;A08P@2

$=(0 ) ,ZKM?$78B(PCPA08U+;�?ABIY(Y(./,108E ;>G ;>=I0 EI,/G�E(0�78GRUIU(087d;>08E % # �� E(0dX�,/780 ,/?$0@_`B5KO.f;>G

� �� " �� gO

�\� � ��

�� I2 � i��

�-=(,17:= PC08?ABI.1;>?-,1U KMU&GOBI;>Y(B�;�XOGR.1;>KOQR0�J\GRP^;A=(0�./0dXR08. ?C=(,1J ;A08P-GOJ

��

� gM� �C � " � � � �

�� I2 � � �

g �

�<;IK D ,1U(,/UIQ � _�B(KM;>,1GRU I2 � �3?A=(G �-?$;>=(KM;$;>=(0�[email protected]?C=(,1J ;A08P6XOGR.1;>KOQR0�,1?$E(08Y 08U(EI08U+;�GRU;>=I0�7@B(PAPC08U+; � � KOUIE ;A=(0$;>=(PC08?A=IGR./EHXRGR.N;:KOQO0^��+2 � =(0@U K�./0dXR08.5?C=(,1J ;A08P ,1?�UI0808EI08EW;AG�E(PA,NXR0�K

=(,1QR=��!?C,/E(0�? �-,1;A7:= ;>=(0 E(,1G�E(0�7@GRU(U(0@7@;>0@E ./0dXR0@.�?C=(,1J ;A08P�,/?$;>=I0 ) 08?�;�GRY�;>,/GOU KO?-;>=I0 ;A=(PA0@?A=(GR.1EXRGO.1;:KMQR08?^;AP>KO7:9 2

Z � � ��9 �$5#!� DG�:-N� ��"

�!U D KOU * KOY(YI./,/78KM;>,1GRU(?f,N;�,/? E(08?C,/PAK ) ./0 ;AG�=5KeXO0^K�[email protected] D Y(,1U(Q$78,1PA78BI,1; ;>=5K ; �-,1./.+PC08QRB(./KM;>0KaXOGR.1;>KOQR0�KM;$K 7@,/PC78B(,N;6U(G�E(0�?AG ;A=5KM;^,N;6EIG�0@?Û(GO;6?A080�K =(,/QO=(08P'XRGR.N;:KOQO0O2b * Y(,/78KO./. * K � 08U(0@P

E(,1G�E(0 �6GRBI./E ) 0FBI?A08E ;AG KM7@; KO? ;A=(,/?3XOGR.1;>KOQR0 [email protected] D Yf2 �!U ;>=(0FY(PCG�7@08?C? EI,/?A7@B(?A?C08E K ) G XO0;>=I08PA0HKMPA03U(G � 0@U(08P�[email protected] D Y(? � �-=(,17:= ) PA,/UIQR?�B(Y ;>=I03U(080@E J\GOP�?AG D 0 ?CGRPC;�GMJ6KM7@;>,[email protected] D Yf2 c,1QRB(PA0 I2 � h ?C=(G �-?�=(G ��KW; * Y(,/78KO.cKM7@;>,NXR0a78.ZK D Y �6GRBI./E ) 0378GOUI]5QRB(PC08Ef2�� -,1?�KOU GOY5K D Y

;>=(KM; E(PC,1XR0@? ;>=I0 Q+KM;A0 GOJ # 2 $=(0 EIP>KO,1U GOJ # ,/? 78GRU(UI087@;A08E ;>G ;A=(0 Y GR?A,N;>,NXR0 ,1U(Y(BI; GOJ

;>=I0FGRY5K D Y KOU(E ;>=I0&UI08Q+KM;A,1XO0F,/U(Y(B�; ,/?3;A,/08E ;AG K PC0@J\[email protected];:KOQO0 � �-=(,/7:= 0@_�B(KO./? ;>=I078./K D Y(,/U(Q XOGR.1;>KOQR0M2 � =(0@U ;>=I0WGRB�;>Y(BI;aGOJ ;>=(0H78./K D Y PC0eKO7:=(0@?a;A=(0WPC0@J\[email protected];>KOQR0 ;>=I0

GRY5K D Y3;AB(PAU(? GOU EI0@X�,/7@0 # �-=I,/7:=H?A,1U(9`?�7@B(PAPC08U+; KOU(E 78KOB(?A0@?�;A=(0$GRBI;AY(BI; XOGR.1;>KOQR06;AG�?C;>,17:9 2% PAGRY 08P6E(08?C,/QRU GMJ�KOU KO7@;A,1XO0�78./K D Y D B(?�;^08UI?AB(PC0�;>=5KM;^KO./. 78BIPAPA0@U+;$?AGRBIPA780@E )`* ;>=(0�XRGR.N;:KOQR0

� " � # % � D B(?C; ) 0�?AB(U(9 )+* EI0@X�,/7@0 # 2

VREF

VCLAMP

A1 M0

c,/QRBIPA0 I2 � h�� 7@;>,NXR0�XRGO.1;:KMQR0�78./K D Y 2

Z � � D �!�� 3�"W$��!�

$=(0�J\GRB(P'E(08?C,/QRUWY(P>KM7@;>,1780@? D 08U+;>,1GRU(0@E ,/UH;>=I,/?'7:=5KOYI;A08P =(08.1YW;>G G XR0@P678G D 0�?AG D 0-GOJ

;>=I0�./, D ,N;:KM;A,/GRU(? ;>=5KM;^KOPA0�Y(PA0@?A0@U`;A08E )+* ;A=(0�?�;:KOU(E(KOPAEFE(,1QR,1;>KO. "$# �� Y(PCG�7@08?A?@2'$=(0�B(?C0�GOJ

gRg

;>=I08?A0 E(08?C,/QRU KMY(Y(PAGRKO7:=(08? �-,1./. ) 0 , D Y(.10 D 08U+;>0@E ,1U ;>=I03E(08?C,/QRU GOJ GRB(P�=(,/QO=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0 ��KO.1.��0��[087d;�?C08U(?CGRP-,/U+;>0@PCJLKO7@0 �-=(,/7:= �-,/.1. ) 0�EI,/?A7@B(?A?C08E ,1U ?A,/QOU(,1]578KOU+;>. * D GRPA0�EI0@;:KM,/.f,1U " =(KOYI;>0@Pi�2

g�

g �

�� /� ��

� �U� � ��

� ��6 ? $:�!@BAC�!�: 8-��!�[P�� #�$&�V�[F -� ��O@�$�� % $�� $5 8-� �$:�!��"

��? D 0@U`;A,/GRUI08E ,1U " =5KOY�;>08P g �c;>=I0 =(,/QO=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0HE(0@X�,17808? ,1U ;A=(,/?aY(PAG�780@?A? 0 ;�=(, ) ,1;XR0@P * Y G�GRP D KM;>7:=I,/U(Q 7:=5KOPAKO7@;A08PC,/?C;A,/7@?82 ��B(0 ;>G&;>=(0WKOE(EI,1;>,1GRU GOJ6;A=(0 ./,/QO=`;A. * E(GRY 08E EIP>KO,1U

PA0@QR,/GOU � ;A=(08?C0 E(0@X�,17808?�KMPA0 UIGO;�J\B(.1. * [email protected] �!KO./,1QRU(08E 2�$=(,1?�78KOB(?A0@?�;>=(0 D KM;A7:=(,/UIQ ;>G ) 0aXO08P *

E(0@Y[0@U(E(08U+;HGRU ;A=(0F�� O% � ; * Y[0 E(PA,NJ ; PC08QR,1GRU G [email protected] B(U(E(0@P ;>=(0 Y[GR. * Q+KM;>0 � �-=(,17:= KO./.1G��-?;>=I0 0 � 0@7@;A,1XR0 ./0@U(QO;A=&GMJc;>=I0 7:=(KOU(U(0@. ;AG ) 0@78G D 0�?AB(?C7808Y�;>, ) ./0�;>G D ,1?>KO.1,/QRU D 0@U`;82 # K ;>7:=(,1U(Q

GOJ$;A=(08?C0 E(0@X�,17808? ,1? XO08P * E(0@Y[0@U(E(08U+;HGRU GRPA,108U+;:KM;A,/GRU 2 # 08KO?ABIPA08E U(GOP D KO./,��808E ?A,1Q D K Y5K �

P>K D 0d;>08PC?�J\GRP�;>=(0 �+hM� % # �� KMU(E � # �� E(0dX�,/780@? KMPA0H� � � �� i �O2 D �� D KMU(E

� � � � �� ì�2 � D �� D 2 " G D Y5KOPC08E ;>GF;A=(0 D K ;>7:=(,1U(QFY5KOPAK D K ;>08PC?�J\GRP�;A=(0H?C;>KOU(E5KOPCE

# ��3E(0@X�,17808?',1U3;>=(,1?bY(PAG�780@?A? �L�� \I2 Y D �� D KOU(E �� D �

� D � �R;>=(0 �+h �

=(,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0 E(0@X�,17808?H0 ;I=I, ) ,N; ;>, D 0@? D GRPA0 D ,1? D KM;>7:= ;A=5KOU ;A=(08,1P3./G �� XOGR.1;>KOQR0W78GRBI;A08P �Y5KOP�;>?@2'V�U(E(0@PA?�;:KOU(EI,/U(Q ;>=I0 D KM;A7:=(,/UIQ3./, D ,N;:KM;A,/GRU(? GMJ�;A=(08?C0�E(0@X�,/7@08?$,1?6XR0@P * , D Y GRPC;>KOU+; J\GOP

Y(PC0878,1?A,1GRU&KOU5KO.1GRQ E(08?C,/QRU 2

� � > DG3�4�4�� JU��"W� �� &$��4(F -� ��O@�$&�� -N� �" $�"

�G ) 0@;C;>08PHB(UIE(08PC?C;:KMU(E =(G � D ,/? D K ;>7:= 7eKMU K �[087d;H;>=(0 Y 08PCJ\GOP D KOU(780 GOJ�KOU KOU5K �./GOQ 78,1PA7@B(,1;��bK E(0d;:KO,1./08E D ,1? D KM;>7:= KOU5KO. * ?A,/?aGOJ$;>=I0 78,1PA78BI,1;a?A=(G �-U ,/U c,/QRBIPA0 �I2 � �-,1./. ) 0Y 08PCJ\GOP D 08Ef2 c,1QRB(PA0 �(2 � ?C=(G �-? ;>=(0 ) KO?C,/7 ?�;>PCB(7@;AB(PA0 GMJ^;>=(0 ��KO.1.�� 0��[087@; ?C08U(?CGRP3,/U+;A08PCJLKM780O2� ; 78GRUI?A,/?�;>? GOJ6K&=(,1QR= ?A,1E(0H? �-,1;A7:= D KOE(0 B(Y )+* E(0@X�,/7@08? # ��KMU(E # � �-,N;>= ;>=(0@,/P�?AGOB(PA7@08?KOU(E �60@./.1? ;A,/08E ;>GOQR0@;A=(08P@2&$=I,/? ? �-,1;A7:= ?ABIY(Y(./,108? �� ;>G&;>=(0W��KO.1.�� 0��[087@; ?C08U(?CGRP �-=(,17:= ,1?PA0@Y(PA0@?A0@U`;A08E )`* K 7@B(PAPC08U+; ?AGRBIPA780M2 ��Y[0@P>KM;A,/GRU(KO.6K D Y(.1,1]50@P � � BI?A08E �-,1;A= ;>=(0 J\0@08E ) KM7:9

gRi

E(0dX�,1780 #�� KO? �60@./. KO?�E(0dX�,/780@? #�� KMU(E # ��,1?�BI?A08E ;>G 7@PA08KM;>0a� � � � �-=(,17:= ,/?�KOU KO787@B(P>KM;A0D ,/PAPCGRP�GOJ'�� A2 $=I0 J\GR./.1G �-,/U(Q D ,1? D KM;>7:= KOU5KO. * ?C,/? �-,/./.�7eKM./78BI.ZKM;A0 ;A=(0 D ,1? D KM;>7:= 78PC0eKM;A08E)+* � �-KM? � 08.1.cKO? # �$KOU(E # ��;>GWE(0@;A08P D ,/UI0 =IG�� KM7878BIP>KM;A0aGRBIP�=(,1QR=&, D Y[0@E5KOU(7@0a7@B(PAPC08U+;D ,/PAPCGRP �-,1./.fPC08Y(.1,/78KM;>0�;A=(0�78B(PCPA0@U`;�,/U �� A2

�� ect Sensor

OUT SENSE

M1

M2

M3

M4

Rsense

VDD

A1 M5Vos-amp

+

-

A-m4A-m2

A-m1 A-m3

VLS

Vds-m2-

+

Vds-m4-

+

Vds-m1-

+

Vds-m2-

+

Iout Isense

,/QRB(PC0 �(2 � ��0@U(?AGRP�,/U+;A08PCJLKM780 D ,/? D KM;A7:= KOU5KO. * ?C,/?$7@,/PA7@B(,1;82

V�?C,/U(Q ?C;>KM;>,1?C;>,17eKO.�KOU(KO. * ?A,1? ;A=(0 PC08./KM;>,1GRU(?A=I,/Y��J\GRPH;>=(0 ?C08U(?C0 78BIPAPA0@U+;F=(08.1Y(?W;AG

E(0dXR08.1GRY K ) 0@;C;>0@P�B(U(E(0@PA?�;:KOU(EI,/U(Q GMJ'=(G ��EI0@X�,/7@0 D ,/? D KM;A7:= KOU(E K D YI./,1](08P-G�[?A0@;�XRGR.N;:KOQR0K �[087d;a;A=(0 ?C08U(?C0 78B(PCPA0@U`; �� g � 2 ��0@X�,/7@08? # � KOU(E # � J\B(U(7d;>,1GRU KM?3K =(,/QR= �!?A,1E(0H? �-,N;>7:=�-=(,17:= 78B�;>? G� GRPH?ABIY(Y(./,108?HY G�� 08PH;>G K ?A08UI?AGRP ./G+KMEf2 $=(08?C0 E(0dX�,1780@?W=5KeXO0 K XR08P * ./G �GRU�� PA0@?A,/?�;:KOUI780 ?CG ;>=(KM; ;A=(0 XOGR.1;>KOQR0&E(PAGRY J\PAG D �� ;>G ;>=(0 ?A0@U(?AGRP 7eKOU ) 0 KM? ? D KO.1.�KM?

g�

Y GR?A?C, ) .10O2 * Y(,17eKO.$=I,/QR= ?A,1E(0F? �-,N;>7:=(0@? GRY 08PAKM;>0 ,/U ;A=(0F;>PA,1G�EI0FPA08QO,/GRU �-=(,17:= 0 ;�=(, ) ,1;A?HK./,1U(0eKMP�PC08.ZK ;>,/GOU(?A=(,1Y&;A=5KM;�7eKOU ) 03B(?C08E ;>G 7eKO.178B(./KM;>0a=(G � ;A=(0 PAKOU(E(G D G�[?A0d;�,/U&;>=(0 ?A08UI?A0K D Y(./,N]508Pa� � �-,/./.6K �[087@;H;A=(0 ?A08UI?A0&78B(PCPA08U+;82 � U(G �-,/UIQ ;A=(,/?�� ;>=(0 D ,/? D KM;A7:=7eKMB(?A0@E )+* K D Y(./,N]508P6� �67eKOU ) 0�78KO./7@B(.ZKM;A08E KO?

� � � � ��

� �(2 � �

KOU(E&� � � ��^,1?$08_`B5KO. ;>G

� ��

� �(2 g��

� =(0@PA0 � � �F08_`B5KM./?3;>=I0 � G�[?A0@; XOGR.1;>KOQR0 J\GOP ;>=(0F?C08U(?C0 K D Y(.1,1]50@P KMU(E ��

KOU(E �� KOPC0a;A=(0 D ,/U(, D B D E(P>KO,1U��!?CGRB(PC780�XRGR.N;:KOQR0@?�KO7@PAGR?C? #�� KOU(E # � 2��B ) ?C;A,1;>B�;>,/UIQ

� _`B5KM;>,1GRU(? � �I2 ��^KMU(E � �(2 g��6,/U+;>G � � �� K3;AGR./0@P>KOU(7@0�08_`B5KM;A,/GRU ,/?-KM7:=(,/0dXR08E&;>=5K ;-?A=(G �-?

;>=I0$0��[087@;A?'GOJ ;>=(0$,1U(Y(BI;'G�[?A0d; XRGR.N;:KOQO0^GOJ ;>=(0$?C08U(?C0�K D YI./,1](08Pc� � GRU ;>=(0 D ,/PCPAGRPC08E37@B(PAPC08U+;

� � � ��d2 $=(,/? D ,/? D KM;A7:=F08_`B5KM;A,/GRU&,/?$0@_�B(KO.f;>G

� � � � ��

� � � �

�� (2 ��

$=(0-GO;A=(08P D ,/? D KM;A7:=3JLKO7@;AGRPA?b;A=5KM;�U(080@E ;AG ) 0-./G�GR9M08E KM;�KOPC0^;>=(0-E(0dX�,1780 D ,/? D KM;A7:=

) 0@; � 0808U # ��#�� KOU(E # �

�# � 2aV�?A,1U(Q ;>=I0 D ,1? D KM;>7:= 0@_`B5KM;>,1GRU J\GRP�EI0@X�,/7@08?�J\GRB(U(E ,1U

�� KOU(E ��

� � �� 7eKMU ) 0�7eKO.178B(./KM;>0@E ;AG ) 0

�H� ��

�gM��

�� (2��

KOU(E � � ��

�gM� � ��

�� (2 i��

� � �� KOU(E �� HKOPC0W;>=I0 D K ;>7:=(,1U(Q Y5KOPAK D 0@;>0@PA? J\GRP E(0dX�,/780@? #�� KOU(E # �HPA0 �

?AY 087d;>,NXR08. * KOU(E � � � KOU(E � � ��KOPA0�;>=I0aY(= * ?A,17eKO.�KOPC0eKHGOJc;A=(08?C0 E(0dX�,/780@?82$V�?A,1U(Q � _`B5KM;A,/GRUI?

� �I2 � �� (2�� KOU(E � �(2 i�� -,N;>= ;A=(0 ?C_`B5KOPA0WPAG�GO;a.ZK � K D ,/? D K ;>7:= ;>GR.108P>KMU(780HJ\GRP�;>=(0W?A08UI?A078BIPAPA0@U+;�,1?$7eKO.178B(./KM;>0@E ;>G ) 0

� � � � ��

� ��

�

� � � � � � � � � ��

� � � � � � ��

� � �(2 ��

V�?C,/U(Q � _`B5KM;A,/GRU � �(2 ��K [email protected];A,/GRU(?C=(,/Y ) 0d; �60@08U ;>=(0 E(0dX�,/780 D ,/? D K ;>7:= ,/U # � KMU(E# ��7eKMU ) 0�78G D Y5KMPA08EF;AG3;>=(0�G�[?A0d;-GOJ ;>=(0�7@B(PAPC08U+;�?A0@U(?A0 K D Y(./,N]508P@2b$=(,1?$KOU5KO. * ?A,/?6?A=(G �-?

gV=

;>=(KM;�EI,��[08PA0@U+;�JLKO7d;>GRPC?-7eKOU ) 0 78GRU+;APAGR.1./08E ;>=(KM;�EI,/PA0@7@;A. * K �[087d;�;A=(0 D ,1? D KM;>7:=f2 $=(0 ,/U(Y(B�;

G�[?A0d;$XRGR.N;:KOQR0�GOJbK D Y(.1,1]50@P � �^,1?$K D KM,/U 7@GRU+;>PA, ) BI;A08P-KO? � 08.1. KO?^;>=I0�XRGR.N;:KOQR0�E(PAGRY&KO7@PAGR?C?;>=I0W=(,1QR= ?A,1E(0H? �-,1;A7:= KOUIE ;A=(0 KMPA0eK&KOU(E D KM;>7:=(,1U(Q Y5KOPAK D 0d;>0@PA?�J\GRP #�� KOU(E # � 2 V�?A,1U(Q

;>=I,/?$,/U�J\GRP D KM;>,1GRU ;A=(0�?C;:KMU(E5KOPCE E(0dX�,ZKM;A,/GRUFGOJ � � � ��^J\GRP$�� 7eKOU ) 0�0@?C;>, D K ;>08E 2

� � Z ? $:�!@BAC�!�: 8-��!�ED -N" �V�� SC4��* ��9 8$��!�

V�?C,/U(QF;A=(0 D ,1? D KM;>7:= KMU5KO. * ?C,/?�E(0dXR0@./GRY 08E ,/U ;A=(0 Y(PA0dX�,/GRB(?�?C087@;A,/GRU � ?C;>0@Y(? 7eKOU ) 0;:KM9O08UF;AG3PA0@E(B(780�;A=(0�0��[087d; D ,1? D KM;>7:= �-,/.1.[=5KeXO0�GRU KOU KOU5KM./GRQaE(08?C,/QRUf2��U(0�GOJ ;>=(0 D K��CGRP78GOU`;APA, ) BI;>GOPA?c;AG D ,1? D KM;>7:=3,1U K�=(,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0 E(08?C,/QRU ,1?c;>=(06Y[G�GRP D KM;A7:=(,/U(Q�Y 08P�J\G D KOU(780 GOJ

;>=I0a=(,1QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQR0�E(0@X�,/7@08?@2$��U&0eKO? * �6K * ;>G PA0@E(B(780 ;>=(0 0��[087d;�GMJ D ,/? D KM;A7:=&,1?$;>G PA08YI.ZKO7@0=(,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0H;>PAKOU(?A,1?C;AGRPA?a,/U 7@PA,N;>,/78KO. D K ;>7:=(,1U(Q KOPC0eKO? �-,1;>= ./G �� XOGR.1;>KOQR0 E(0@X�,/7@08?@2 � J$;>=(,1?

0 ;�Y GR?A0@? ;>=I0 .1G�� XRGR.N;:KOQO0 # � � b� ;>G K =(,/QO= Y GO;>0@U+;>,ZKM.^;>=5KM;W0 ;�7@0808EI?F,1;>? ) PC0eKO9È(G �-U./, D ,N;:KM;A,/GRU �5=(,/QR= � XRGO.1;:KMQR0 ;AP>KOUI?A,/?�;>GRPC?�7eKMU ) 03B(?C08E ;>GFY(PCGO;>0@7@;�;A=(0 E(0dX�,1780HKOUIE UIGO;�K �[087d;,1;A? D K ;>7:=(,1U(Q Y[0@PCJ\GRP D KMU(780M2

c,1QRB(PA0��(2 g ?C=(G �-?�KW=(,1QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQR0�7@B(PAPC08U+; D ,/PAPCGRP82^��0@X�,/7@08? # � � # ��[KOU(E #�� KOPC0

�+hM�<� # �� ;>P>KMU(?A,1?C;>GOPA? �-=(,1./0 # �$KOUIE # ��KMPA0�?C;>KOU(E5KMPAE ./G � XRGR.N;:KOQO0�� # ��[2 V�?A,1U(Q #��

KOU(E # ��KO?-7eKO?C78G�E(0aEI0@X�,/7@08?�KO./.1G��-? # �-KOU(E # ��;>G ) 0 Y(PCGO;>0@7@;>0@E&J\PCG D ;A=(0a=I,/QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQO0O2

��0@X�,1780 # � 78PA08KM;>0@?�;>=I0aXRGO.1;:KMQR0a� � � � ;A=5KM;�E(PA,NXR08?�;>=(0 Q+KM;>0aGOJb;A=(0 =(,1QR= XOGR.1;>KOQR0 7eKO?C78G�E(0

E(0dX�,1780@? #�� KOU(E # � 2b�!UH;>=(0 D K ;>7:=(,1U(Q KOU5KO. * ?C,/?'GOJ[;>=(,1? 78,/PC78B(,N; # �'KOUIE # �6KOPA0-.1G�78KM;>0@EW,1U

;>=I0 78PA,N;>,17eKO. D K ;>7:=(,1U(QFKOPC0eKO?@2 % PAGM;>087d;>,1U(Q ;>=(0@?A0 E(0dX�,/780@?�E(G�0@?�; �6GF;A=(,/U(QO?�� ]5PC?C;�,N;�Y(./KO780@?

./G �TXRGR.N;:KOQO0FE(0@X�,/7@08? �-,1;A= ) 0d;A;>0@P D KM;A7:=(,/UIQ 7:=5KOP>KM7@;>0@PA,1?C;>,178? ,1U 7@PA,N;>,/78KO. D KM;A7:=(,/U(Q KMPA0eKM?KOU(E ?C0878GOU(E ,N;�78PC0eKM;A08? K =(,1QR=(08P�GRBI;>YIBI;�, D Y[0@E5KOU(7@0 � �-=(,17:= KO./.1G��-?�J\GRP ) 0@;A;A08P D ,/PCPAGRPC,/U(QGOJ�;>=(0�7@B(PAPC08U+;e2

$=(,1?6E(0@?A,/QOU Y(PAKO7@;A,/780�7eKMUFKO./?CG ) 0�BI?A08E ,/U GM;>=(0@P^KOU5KM./GRQ�78,1PA7@B(,1;A?�� -=(08PC0�;>=I0�0��[087d;GOJ D ,1? D KM;>7:=HU(0@08E(?6;AG ) 0�PA08EIB(780@Ef2 " =5KOYI;A08P6i�E(,1?A7@B(?A?C08?$K�=(,/QO=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0$GRY5K D YH;>=5K ;6=5KM?

) 0808U E(08?C,/QRUI08E ;AG PC08E(BI780 ,1;>?�,1U(Y(BI; G�[?A0d;aXOGR.1;>KOQR0O2H$=(,1?a,1? KO787@G D YI./,/?C=(08E )+* PA0@Y(.ZKM78,/UIQ

;>=I0 E(,��[08PC08U+;>,/KO. ,1U(Y(BI;�Y5KO,/P�KOU(E 78BIPAPA0@U+; D ,/PCPAGRP�./GRKOE �-,1;A= ./G �� XOGR.1;>KOQR0 # �� b� �� KMU(E)+* B(?A,1U(Q�=(,/QO=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0^78KO?A7@G�E(0�E(0dX�,1780@?�J\GRP YIPAGO;A087@;A,/GRU 2c$=(,1?�EI08?A,1QRU D 0d;>=(G�E(GR.1GRQ * KO./.1G��-?

J\GRPcKOU30�� 7@,/08U+; PC08E(BI7@;>,1GRU GOJ ,1U(Y(BI;cG� ?C0@; XRGR.N;:KOQR0 �-,1;A=(GRBI; ;>=(0^BI?A0^GOJ5;APA, D GOPc?A,1QRU(,N]57eKOU+;A. *,/UI78PA08KO?A,1U(Q ;>=(0 KOPC0eK GOJ�;>=(0�E(0dX�,/780@?82

g9\

M1

Iout

M2

M3 M4

Rout

M5

Ibias Iin

Vbias

Vmirr

High VoltageCascode

c,/QRBIPA0 �(2 g �'��,/QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQO0�7eKO?C78G�E(0 78B(PCPA08U+; D ,/PAPCGRP82

g9Y

Rh

�� /� ��

� �� ,��

$=(0�J\GR./.1G��-,1U(Q�7:=5KOY�;>08P E(08?C78PC, ) 08? ;A=(0�EI08?A,1QRU GMJ Ka=I,/QR=HXRGR.N;:KOQO0��KO./.�� [087@;�?C08U(?CGRP,/U+;A08PCJLKM780�,/U K ?�;:KOUIE5KOPAE E(,/QO,1;:KM. "$# �� Y(PCG�7@08?C?82^$=(0 E(0@?A,/QOU Y(PAKO7@;A,/780@?�EI08?A7@PA, ) 0@E ,/U ;>=I0

Y(PC0@X�,/GRBI?�7:=(KOYI;>0@PA? �60@PA0 B(?A0@E ,1U ;A=(0�E(08?C,/QRU 2

� ��6 ? -/�&�� T��9 J ��"'�!4 7 �� 4�) -/�V� P��" �V4O$ �� $:��

� ��KO.1.�� 0��[087@;-?C08U(?CGRP�E(0@;A087@;A?�;A=(0 D GO;A,/GRU ��Y[GO?A,1;A,/GRU GRP-7:=5KMU(QR0 ,/U D KMQRU(,1;AB(E(0�GOJbKD KOQRU(0d;>,/7^](08./E 2 " B(PAPC08U+;$KMY(Y(./,17eKM;A,/GRUI?cJ\GRP�KOBI;AG D GM;>,1XO0-��KO.1.�� 0��[087@;',1U+;>08QOP>KM;A08E 78,/PC78B(,N;>?�KOPC0

B(?C08E ,/U ,1QRU(,N;>,/GOU ? * ?�;>0 D ? � ?AY 0808E 7@GRU+;>PAGO./?�� KO./,1QRU D 08U+;�78GRU+;>PCGR./? � KOU(E Y GR?C,1;>,1GRU EI0@;>0@7@;AGRPA?@2$=(0 ) KM?A,/73��KO.1. ?C08U(?CGRP�78GRUI?A,/?�;>?�GMJ6KW?A=(0@0@;�GOJ�?A0 D ,178GRUIE(B(7@;AGRP D KM;>0@PA,/KO. �-,1;>= KOU KOY(Y(.1,/0@E78GOU(?C;>KOU+;�XOGR.1;>KOQR0�?CGRB(PC780 Y � 2'$=(0�GOBI;>Y(B�;-GOJ ;>=(0�=5KM./. ?C08U(?CGRP-,/?$K ? D KO.1. XOGR.1;>KOQR0�;A=5KM;-78KOU) 0 D 0eKO?CB(PA0@E KO78PCGR?A?�;A=(0 �-,1EI;>= GMJb;>=(0 ?A,/.1,/7@GRU GOP�,/U ;>=(0 �5B(7@;AB5KM;A,/GRU GMJ ;>=(0 KOY(Y(.1,/08E ) ,ZKM?78BIPAPA0@U+;e2 � ; * YI,/7eKM.$��KO.1.�� 0��[087@; ?A0@U(?AGRP ,1U+;>08P�JLKO780 �6KO? PC08Y GRPC;A08E ;>=5K ; B(?A0@E K PA08?C,/?�;>GRP ,1U?A0@PA,108? �-,1;>= ;>=I0W=(,1QR= ?A,/EI0 ? �-,1;A7:= ;>G D 08KO?ABIPA0 ;>=(0 78BIPAPA0@U+; KOU(E E(0d;>087d; ;A=(0WGOU� MG� ?�;:KM;A0GOJ�;>=(0 ��KO./.��!0��[087d;$?A0@U(?AGOP � h � 2 �!U&;A=(0 KOY(Y(.1,/78KM;>,1GRU E(,1?A78BI?A?A0@E ,/U ;A=(,/?-7:=5KMYI;>0@P-;A=(0�E(7 ) ,ZKM?78BIPAPA0@U+;aGMJ�;A=(0H��KM./.c?C08U(?CGRP�,/? D GRU(,N;>GRPC08E )+* PC08Y(.1,/78KM;>,1U(Q K ?C7eKO.108E XR0@PA?A,1GRU GOJ�;>=(0 ?C08U(?CGRP

78BIPAPA0@U+;^KOUIEW7@GRU+XR08P�;>,1U(Qa,N; ;>GaK�XRGR.N;:KOQR0 � �-=(,/7:= ,/?b;A=(08UWE(,/QR,N;>,��808E �-,N;>= KOU � O� 78GOU`XO08P�;>08P@2$=(,1?aKM././G �-?�;A=(0W?C08U(?CGRP ,/U+;>0@PCJLKO7@0H;AG KM7878BIP>KM;A08. * D GRU(,N;>GRP�;>=(0 ��KM./. 78BIPAPA0@U+; G XR0@P K �-,/EI0P>KMU(QR0�GOJ D KOQOU(0@;A,/7�]50@./E(?�KOUIE&UIGO; �CB(?C;-;>=I0 GOU� MG� ?�;:KM;A0�GOJ ;A=(0�?A0@U(?AGRP@2

$=(0 ��KO.1.��!0 � 0@7@;�?C08U(?CGRPa,1U+;>08P�JLKO780WKOPC7:=(,1;A087@;AB(PA0 ,/? ?A=IG��-U ,/U c,/QOB(PA0Wi�2 �R2 ��0dX�,/780@?

# � KOU(E # � GRY 08PAKM;>,1U(Q ,/U ;A=(0 ;>PC,/G�E(0 PC08QR,1GRU 78G D ) ,/U(0W;>GRQR0d;>=(0@P3;>G J\GRP D ;A=(0F=(,/QO= ?A,/EI0

? �-,N;>7:= ;>=5K ;$?AB(YIY(./,108?$Y G�� 08P$;AG3;>=(0 ��KM./.�� ?A0@U(?AGRP@2 ��B(0�;AG ;>=(0�./KOPAQR0�XRGR.N;:KOQR0�PA08_`B(,1PA0 D 0@U`;A?GOJ ?CG D 03��KM./.�� ?A0@U(?AGRPC?$;>=(,1?�=(,1QR= ?C,/E(0 E(PA,NXR0@P D B(?�;�=5KeXO0 K D KO;�, D B D GRU�� PA08?C,/?�;:KOU(7@0 GOJ'gRi

�

� ;>G ./, D ,1;�;A=(0WXOGR.1;>KOQR0WE(PAGRY KO78PCGR?A? # �aKOU(E # � 2 ��0@X�,17808? #�� KOU(E # �HKO? � 08.1.6KO? #��

KOU(E #�� KOPA0 D ,/PCPAGRPC?�;>=(KM;�QR08UI08P>K ;>0 K&7@B(PAPC08U+;�;>=5K ;�,/? �

�� ;>= GOJ�;>=(0 ) ,/KO?�?ABIY(Y(./,108E ;>G ;>=I0

��KM./.�� 0��[087d;$?A0@U(?AGRP@2

5V� � � � � � �

ect Sensor

OUT SENSE

5V Sense Clamp

M1

M2

M3

M4

M5

M6

M7

M8

Rsense

R1

R2

Ov �� CurrentDetector

Current-Limit

Vref

Vref

Und ��

VoltageDetector

Ov ��

VoltageDetector

ControlBlock

STBDetector

ENLevel

Shifter

VDD

Current Sense Amplifier

A1

A2 A3

STBSwitch

M9

VLS

STB

VFB

VDR

VOVCNT

VLIM

POR OVRV

OVRI

ENABLE

c,1QRB(PA0 i�2 � �'��KO./.��!0 � 0@7@;$?C08U(?CGRP�,1U+;>08P�JLKO780 ) ./G�7:9 E(,ZKMQRP>K D 2

460@7eKOB(?C0 # � KOUIE # �$GRY 08PAKM;>0�,/U ;>=(0�./,1U(0eKOP'PC08QR,1GRU K 7@GRU+XR0@U`;A,/GRU(KO.[7@B(PAPC08U+; D ,/PCPAGRP

7eKMU(U(GO; ) 0�B(?A0@E&;AG 78PC0eKM;A0aK3YIPA087@,/?C,/GRUFPC08Y(.1,/7eK3GMJ�;A=(0�./GRKOEF78B(PCPA0@U`;82'$=(08PC0@J\GRPC0 �5;>=(0�EIP>KO,1UXRGO.1;:KMQR08?&KM;F;A=(0 78B(PCPA08U+; D ,1PAPCGRP U(G�E(08? D BI?C; ) 0 KM;F;A=(0 ?>K D 0 Y[GM;>08U+;A,ZKO.�J\GOP KO787@B(P>KM;A0

78BIPAPA0@U+;a?C7eKO.1,/U(QI23� J\080@E ) KO7:9 7@,/PA7@B(,1;�78G D Y(PA,1?A,1U(Q KOU GRY 08P>K ;>,/GOU5KO.bK D Y(.1,1]50@P�� KOUIE ; � G

% # �� ?AGOB(PA7@0WJ\GR.1./G �60@PA? #�� KOUIE #�� 08PC0 B(?C08E ;AG D KO,/U+;>KO,/U ,/EI08U+;>,17eKO.'E(PAKO,/U XRGR.N;:KOQO08?82��?�./GOU(Q KM?-;A=(08PC0 ,1?�?CB � 78,108U+;�=(08KOE(PCG�G D ;>=(0�XRGR.N;:KOQO08?�KM;-;>=(0 E(P>KM,/U(?�GOJ # � KOU(E #�� -,1./.) 0 ,1U(E(0@Y[0@U(E(08U+;�GOJ�;>=(0 D ,/PAPCGRPA0@EF78B(PCPA0@U`;A?82

+g

$=(0 �

�� ;>= PC08Y(.1,/78K ?C08U(?C0�78BIPAPA0@U+;^78PC0eKM;A08E )+* #�� KMU(E # �$,/?'78GOU`XO08P�;>08E ;AG3K�XRGR.N;:KOQR0

;>=IPAGRB(QO= KOU 0 ;�;>0@PAU5KM.�PC08?C,/?C;AGRPW� �� 2 $=I,/?HXRGR.N;:KOQR0 ,1?H;A=(08U Y(PAG�780@?A?C08E �-,N;>= KOU 0 ;�;>08P �U5KO. � O� 7@GRU+XR08P�;>0@P82 $=(0F?C,/QRU(KO.6,1? D GOU(,1;AGRPA0@E )+* KOU 0 ;�;A08PAU(KO. D ,/78PCGRY(PCG�7@08?A?CGRP�� -=I,/7:=D 0eKO?CB(PA0@?�;>=(0HKO7d;>,NX�,N; * GMJ�;A=(0H��KM./.�� ?A0@U(?AGRP@2a$=I0 GO;>=(0@P D ,1PAPCGRP�7@GRU(?C,/?C;A,/U(QFGMJ EI0@X�,/7@08? #��

KOU(E #�� KO? � 08.1. KO?-;>=(0 GO;>=I08P-=(,/QO=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0�Y(PCGO;>0@7@;>,1GRU ) ./G�7:9`?�?C=(G �-U ,/U c,1QRB(PC0 i�2 � 9O0@08Y

;>=I0�=I,/QR= ?C,/E(0-E(PC,1XR0@P'?A=([email protected];>0@PA0@E J\PCG D Y GO;>0@U+;>,ZKM./. * E5K D KOQO,/U(Q�7@GRU(E(,N;>,/GOU(?bGOJ ;A08UH0 ;�Y 08PA,108U(7@08E

,/U K =(,/QR= � XRGO.1;:KMQR0 08U+X�,/PCGRU D 08U+;e2W$=(08?C0 KOPC0W0 ;IYI.ZKO,1U(08E ,/U D GRPA0HE(0d;:KO,1. ,/U ;>=(0HJ\GR./.1G �-,/U(Q?A0@7@;A,/GRU(?@2

c,1QRB(PA0 i�2 g ?A=IG��-? ?A, D B(.ZK ;>,/GOU�PA0@?AB(.N;>? GOJ ;A=(0 ��KO.1.��0@U(?AGRP&�!U+;>0@PCJLKO7@0 ,1U ; * Y(,17eKO.

GRY 08PAKM;>,1GRUf2c$=I0�08U5K ) ./0�?A,/QOU5KO. ,/?�E(PA,NXR08U )+* KOU 0 ;�;A08PCU5KO. D ,/7@PAGRYIPAG�7808?C?AGRP � �-=I,/7:= ;AB(PAU(?6GRU;>=I0�=(,/QO=��!?C,/E(0�? �-,1;A7:=&KOU(EF?ABIY(Y(./,108?^�� b;>=I0 ) ,ZKM?^78B(PCPA0@U`;$;AG ;>=I0��KO.1.��!0 � 0@7@;^��08UI?AGRP@2�� ,/?^;A=(0 D GRUI,1;>GOPA,/UIQ 78BIPAPA0@U+;�;A=5KM;�,/?$7@PA0eK ;>08E )+* ;>=(0�08UI=5KOU(7@08E GOBI;>Y(B�;�, D Y 08E5KMU(780�7@B(PAPC08U+;

D ,/PAPCGRP�� -=(,/7:= E(0@;A087@;A? �(B(7@;AB5KM;>,1GRU(?�,/U ;A=(0 D KOQRUI0@;>,17 ]50@./Ef2H�!U ;A=(0 �^KeXO0@J\GRP D ?A=(G �-U ,1U c,1QRB(PA0 i�2 g3� � � ��^,1? �V\V\I2�� f� � �-=I,/7:= ,1?-hI2 h � �TGMJ �� 2

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

0.0 1.0m 2.0m 3.0m 4.0m 5.0m 6.0m 7.0m

-500u

0.0

500u

1.0m

1.5m

2.0m

Time (ms)

Volt

ag

e (V

)O

utp

ut

Cu

rren

t (A

)S

ense

Cu

rren

t (A

)

Iout = 6.886 mA

Isense = 688.7 uA

Out1 CurrentSense1 CurrentEnable 1

c,1QRB(PA0�i�2 g �� * Y(,/78KO. GRY 08PAKM;>,1GRUFGOJ�;>=(0 ��KM./.�� 0��[087d;$?A0@U(?AGRP�,/U+;A08PCJLKM780O2

$=(0 78G D Y(.10 ;�,1; * GMJc;>=I0a��KO./.��!0 � 0@7@;-?A0@U(?AGOP�,/U+;A08PCJLKM780�,/?-U(0@08E(0@E ;>G 9O0@08Y ,N;-B(U(,1XO08P �

?>KM./. * B(?>K ) ./0aJ\GOP�KHXMKOPA,10@; * GOJ ��KO./. ?C08U(?CGRPA?@2�$=(,1?�;AP>KOU(?C.ZKM;A08?�,/U+;>GWK �-,1E(0 PAKOU(QR0 GOJ Y G �60@P?ABIY(Y(. * XOGR.1;>KOQR08? � =3;>G g�M� ��KOUIE 78BIPAPA0@U+;>? � gH;AGFiOh D � � �5./G ��GOU��!PC08?A,1?C;>KOU(780 J\GRP$;>=(0a=(,/QO=?A,1E(0 ? �-,1;A7:= � i&;AG gRi � � KO? � 08.1.^KO? K&;A,/QR=+; �C=�2 i�� R?A,1Q D K D KM;>7:=I,/U(Q KO787@B(P>KO7 * ,1U ;>=I0

�

?A0@U(?A0F7@B(PAPC08U+; D ,/PCPAGRP@2 ��BI0W;>G ;>=(0 .1G � ;>GR.108PAKOU(780WGOJ$;>=I0 ?A0@U(?A0 D KM;A7:=(,/U(Q ?AY 087@,1]578KM;>,1GRUK ;>=IGRPAGRBIQR= KOU5KO. * ?A,/?�GOJ';>=(0 D ,/? D K ;>7:= ) 0@; � 080@U E(0dX�,/780@? # � � # � � #�� # � ,/?�, D Y[GRP�;:KOU+;KO? � 08./. KM?�KMU&BIU(E(08PC?C;>KOU(E(,1U(Q GOJ =(G ��;A=(0�,/U(YIBI;�G� ?C0@;-XRGO.1;:KMQR0�GOJ�;>=(0�?A0@U(?A0 K D Y(./,N]508P � �K �[087d;>?$;>=(0�G XR0@P>KO.1. D K ;>7:=(,1U(Q(2

� � > DG3�4�4�� JU��"W� �� &$��4

$=(0^GOY5K D Y3� ��GOJ ,/QRB(PC0$i�2 �^,1?cPA0@_`B(,/PC08E3;>G D KO,1U+;:KO,1Ua0@_�B(KO.IE(PAKO,/UaXRGR.N;:KOQR0@?bKO7@PAGR?C?

;>=I0 # ��# � KOUIE #��

�# � ;>PC,/G�E(0 � PA0@QR,/GRU 78B(PCPA08U+; D ,1PAPCGRP82 ��.N;>=(GRBIQR= ;>=(0 ) KOUIE �-,/EI;A=

PA0@_`B(,/PC0 D 08U+;HJ\GRP ;>=(0 GRY5K D Y ,/? U(GM;W?�;>PC,/U(QR0@U+; �6BI?A,/UIQ ;A=(0 D ,1? D KM;>7:= 7eKM./78BI.ZKM;A,/GRU(?aJ\PAG D" =5KOY�;>08P�� ;>=(037@B(PAPC08U+;�?A0@U(?A0HK D Y(.1,1]50@P D B(?C;�=5KeXR0HK D KO;�, D B D ,1U(Y(BI;�G�[?A0@;�XRGR.N;:KOQR0aGOJ

iOhRh � � � ;>G KO7:=(,/0dXR0 ;A=(0FPA0@_�BI,/PA0@E 78B(PCPA0@U`; D ,/PCPAGRP KO7@78B(PAKO7 * 2 ��E(E(,N;>,1GRU5KO.1. * ��,1; D B(?�;

=5KeXR0�K 7@G DWD GRU D G�E(0�,/U(YIBI;�P>KOU(QO0�;>=(KM;�,/? �-,1;>=I,/U gRi D � ;AG �R2 gRi � GOJ BIY(Y[0@P ?CB(Y(Y(. * P>KO,1. 2�G GRY 08P>K ;>0 KMU K D Y(./,N]508P�,/U ;>=(,1?aPC08QR,1GRU KMU � # �� ,1U(Y(BI;a?C;>KOQR0 ,1?a; * Y(,17eKO.1. * B(?C08E � ) B�;) 087eKMB(?A0 ;>=(0 � # � � E(0@X�,17808?a,/U ;>=I,/?�Y(PAG�780@?A? ?A,N;a,1U % � ; * Y 0 ?AB ) ?�;>PAKM;>0 � �-=(,17:= ,1?�;A,/0@E ;AG;>=I0�./G �60@?C;$Y GO;A08U+;>,/KO. � ;>=(0�=I,/QR=(0@?C;$XOGR.1;>KOQR0�KMU * ;>=(,17:9 Q+K ;>0�� # �� E(0@X�,/7@0�7eKOU ?C080�,/UW;>=(,1?Y(PCG�7@08?A?�,/? � M� �L?C080 cK ) ./0 g�2 �� =�� 2

c,1QRB(PA0 i�2 �?C=(G �-? KOUa,/U(,N;>,ZKM.RE(08?C,/QRUa78GRUI?A,/EI08P>K ;>,/GOUaJ\GRP ;>=I06?A0@U(?A0^K D YI./,1](08P � � B(?A,1U(QPA0@?A,1?C;>GOPA?�� KOU(E � � ;AG E(,NX�,1E(0 E(G �-U ;>=(03,1U(Y(BI;�;>G K ?>KMJ\0aGRY 08P>K ;>,/UIQ KOPC0eKI2��0@?A,1?C;>GOPA?��

KOU(E � � KOPC0 �eh ;A, D 08? ) ,1QRQR08P3;A=5KOU � � KOU(E � � KOU(E KOPA0 B(?C08E ;AG QO08U(0@P>KM;A0&;A=(0 78GRPCPA087d;

J\080@E ) KO7:9 XRGO.1;:KMQR0O26��G �60dXR0@P�;>=(0 D ,/? D KM;A7:= GOJ ;>=(0 ,/UIY(BI;�PA0@?A,/?�;>GRPC? �-,1./. KOEIE ;>GH;>=I0 G�[?A0d;

GOJ�;A=(0 ?C08U(?C0 K D Y(./,N]508P@2��EIE(,1;A,/GRU5KM./. * � ;>=(0 PA08?C,/?�;>GRPC?WPC08_`B(,/PC0 7@B(PAPC08U+; Y(PCG X�,1E(08E )`* ;>=I0=(,1QR=��!?C,/E(0�? �-,1;A7:= � �-=(,/7:= KO.1?AG K �[087@;A?-?A08UI?A0aKO787@B(P>KO7 * 2

�G ?>KM;A,/?�J * KM7878BIP>KO7 * KOUIE ) PA08KO9È(G �-U PA08_`B(,1PA0 D 0@U`;A?�;>=I0 ) B(.19��!E(PC,1XR0@U ,/UIY(BI;�?�;:KOQO0E(,1?A78BI?A?A0@E ,/U ?A087d;>,1GRU I2 � �6KO?3B(?C08Ef2 $=(0 ) B(./9��!EIPA,1XO08U ,1U(Y(BI;a?C;>KOQR0W=5KO? ) 080@U B(?A0@E ,/U KXMKOPA,10@; * GOJ ./G � XOGR.1;>KOQR0�KMY(Y(./,17eKM;A,/GRUI?�;AGHKO7:=(,/0dXR0�K �-,1E(0�7@G DWD GRU D G�E(0�,1U(Y(BI;^P>KOU(QO0 �-,1;A=K PA0@E(B(780@E ?CB(Y(Y(. * XRGO.1;:KMQR0 � � � � � 2 ��0@PA0 �';>=I0 ) B(./9 E(PA,NXR0@U 7@GRU(780@YI; ,/?3BI?A08E ;>G 0@U5K ) .10?A0@U(?A,1U(Q XRGR.N;:KOQO08?67@./GR?C0�;>G3;A=(0�?ABIY(Y(. * �-,1;A=(GRBI;6X�,1GR.ZK ;>,/UIQ ) PC0eKO9È(G �-U&78GRUI?C;>PAKO,/U+;A?82 c,1QRB(PA0i�2 � ?A=(G �-?$;>=I0�U(0 � ?A0@U(?A0aK D Y(./,N]508P �-,1;A= ;>=(0�, D Y(PCG XR08EF,1U(Y(BI;^?C;:KMQR0O2 $=(0�Q+K ;>08?6GOJ�,/U(Y(B�;

E(0dX�,1780@? # ��'KOU(E # � � KMPA0 ) ,ZKO?C08E ?AG�;>=5KM;c;>=(0 E(0@X�,/7@08? GRY 08PAKM;>0 ,/U3?�;>PCGRU(Q�,1U`XO08PC?A,/GOUHKOU(E3;>=I0

) B(.19 ;>0@P D ,/U5KO.1?-KOPA0�B(?C08E KM?�,1U(Y(BI;A?82$�!U ;A=(,/? �6K * �[;A=(0 ,/U(Y(B�;�EI,��[08PA0@U+;>,ZKM. Y5KO,/P$;AP>KOU(?C,/?�;>GRPC?

�

VP

OUT

VSS

VDD

M32

VPM28 M29

M30 M31

R5

R6

R7

R8

c,1QRB(PC0 i�2 �' 0@?A?�0��[087d;>,1XO0�78B(PCPA08U+;�?A0@U(?A0aK D Y(./,N]508PÊI08?A,1QRUf2

) 08=5KeXR0�KM?6E(0@Y(./0d;>,/GOU�� D G�EI0�EI0@X�,/7@08?��IY[0@P D ,1;A;A,/U(Q�GRY 08PAKM;>,1GRUWXO08P * 7@./GR?C0�;>Ga;>=(0�?AB(Y(YI. * P>KO,1. 2$=(0 78G D D GRU�� D G�E(0 ,1U(Y(BI;�XOGR.1;>KOQR0 ,/?�U(G ��./, D ,1;A08E )+* ;A=(0 XRGR.N;:KOQR0 [email protected] D Y 78GOU(?A,1?C;>,1U(Q GOJ;>=I0WE(,1G�EI0 7@GRU(U(0@7@;A08E E(0dX�,1780@? # � � � # � � KOU(E PA0@?A,/?�;>GRPa� � 2F$=(,/?aKO.1./G �-?�;>=(0 K D Y(./,N]508P�;AG

GRY 08PAKM;>0 ;A=(PAGOB(QR=�;>=I0 ) B(.19 � E(PA,NXR0@U E(0@X�,/7@08?FB(U+;A,/.�,N; .10eKeXR0@? ;>=(0 ; * Y(,17eKO.�78G D D GRU D G�E(0

,/UIY(BI;^PAKOU(QR0M2'460878KOB(?C0�;>=(0�XRGR.N;:KOQR0�?AB(YIY(./,108E ;AG ;>=(0�?A0@U(?AGRP$GOU(. * XMKOPC,/08?�J\PAG D ��gOi D �

;>G �R2 gRi � �I;>=I0 ) B(./9��!?CB ) ?�;>P>K ;>0 �CB(U(7@;A,/GRU E(G�08?-U(GM;-78GRU(EIB(7@;�?A,1QRU(,1](7eKOU+;-78BIPAPA0@U+;e2��? EI,/?A7@B(?A?C08Ea,/U " =5KOY�;>08P �$J\GRP[; * YI,/7eKM. "$# ��Y(PAG�780@?A?A0@?�;A=(0 ) B(.19�� ;>G �!E(PAKO,/U�;AP>KOUI?A78GOU��

E(B(7d;:KOUI780 Q� �,1? U(08KOPA. * KOU GRPCE(08PaGOJ D KMQRU(,1;AB(E(0 ) 08./G � ;A=(0 Q+K ;>0 � ;>G � E(P>KM,/U ;>P>KMU(?A7@GRU(E(B(7 �;:KMU(780-Q� � �-=(,/7:= �6GOB(./EHPA0@?AB(.N;',/U K�?A,1QRU(,1](7eKOU+; Q+KM,/U PA0@E(B(7d;>,/GOUHJ\GOP GRB(P'K D Y(./,N]508P@2 5GRP ;>=(,1?Y(PCG�7@08?A?�KM?�E(,/?C78B(?C?A0@E ,1U " =5KOYI;A08P ?C, D B(./KM;>,1GRU(?�?A=(G � ;>=5K ;�Q� ��Th�2��RQ �^2��G � 0@XO08P�� ;>=I00 ;�;A08U(E(0@E��!EIP>KO,1U =(,/QR= � XRGO.1;:KMQR0'E(0@X�,/7@08?bBI?A08EHK ;c;>=I06GRBI;AY(BI;cGOJ5;>=(0�J\GR./EI08E 78KO?A7@G�EI0$K D Y(./,N]508P

?C;>KOQR0^=(K XO0^XR0@P * =I,/QR=aGRBI;>YIBI; , D Y 08E5KOUI780 �O?AG�;A=(0$K D Y(./,N]508P�Q+KO,1U PC0 D KO,/U(? =(,/QO= E(0@?AY(,N;>0^;>=I0) B(.19��!E(PC,1XR0@UW,1U(Y(BI;A?82b� " ?A, D B(.ZKM;A,/GRUI?b?A=(G �-U ,1U c,/QRBIPA0�i�2 i�EI0 D GRU(?C;AP>KM;A0�K�./G �� J\PA08_`B(0@U(7 *Q+KO,1U GOJ \� E54�; * Y(,/78KO. � �-=(,/7:= ,1?�?CB � 78,/0@U+;�;>G 0@U(?ABIPA03;>=(KM;�;>=I0378B(PCPA0@U`; D ,1PAPAGOP�KO7@78B(PAKO7 *

,/?-KME(08_`B5KM;A0O2

��? E(,1?A78BI?A?A0@E ,/U ��0@7@;>,1GRU g�2 � =(,/QO=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR0FE(0dX�,1780@? =5KeXR0 Y[G�GRP D KM;>7:=I,/U(Q 7:=5KOP �KO7d;>08PC,/?�;>,/7@? 7@G D Y(KOPA0@E ;>G ;A=(08,1P .1G�� XRGR.N;:KOQO0W7@GRB(U+;>0@PAY5KOP�;>?� ;>=IPA08?C=(GR.1E XRGR.N;:KOQO0 D ,/? D KM;A7:=7:=5KOPAKO7@;A08PC, �eK ;>,/GOU J\GRP�;A=(,/?�Y(PAG�780@?A?�[email protected]?�� ^Y5KMP>K D 0@;A08PA?�;>=5KM;�KOPA0 ;>=(PC0803;AG J\GRB(P�;>, D 08?

.ZKMPAQR0@P�J\GRP�;>=(0H=(,1QR=�� XOGR.1;>KOQR03;AP>KOU(?C,/?�;>GRPC? �� 2 G D 0@0@;�;>=I0 G � ?C0@; XRGR.N;:KOQR0 PC08_`B(,1PA0 D 08U+;��

+i

VP VN

VB1

VB1

VGB

VB2

VB3

OUT

VSS

VDD

M10 M11

M12 M13

M14 M15

M16

M17

M18

M19

M20 M21

M22 M23

M24 M25

M26 M27

R3 R4

c,/QRBIPA0 i�2 � �'46B(.19��!E(PC,1XR0@U 78B(PCPA08U+;�?A0@U(?A0 K D YI./,1](08P82

08,N;>=(0@P ;>=(0-,/UIY(BI;�?C;>KOQR0 D B(?�; ) 0 D KME(0-0 ;�;>PC0 D 08. * .ZKOPCQR0$GRPb;>=I0�=I,/QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQO0$E(0@X�,/7@08? D B(?�;

) 0�PA0@Y(.ZKO7@08E �-,N;>= .1G �� XRGO.1;:KMQR0�EI0@X�,/7@08?82'$=(0�BI?A0�GOJ ,1U(Y(BI;67eKO?C78G�E(0�;>PAKOU(?C,/?C;AGRPA?6KO./.1G �-? ;>=I0

Y(./KO780 D 0@U`; GOJ .1G �� XRGO.1;:KMQR0 "$# �� KO?�,/U(Y(B�;6E(0dX�,/780@?6,1UW;>=I0�?C08U(?C0�K D Y(./,N]508P =�� 2c$=(0�7@PA,1;A,��7eKM.[E(0dX�,/780@? J\GRP D KM;>7:=(,1U(QaKOPA0�;>=(0�,/U(Y(B�;>? # ��-KOU(E # � ��KOU(EW;>=(0�78B(PCPA08U+; D ,1PAPAGOP�.1G+KOE # � �

KOU(E # � � 2 $=(08?C0-E(0@X�,/7@08?�KOPC0^Y(PAGM;>087d;>0@E �-,N;>= # � � # � � � # � � KOU(E # � � PC08?AY 087d;>,NXR08. * 2 V�?A,1U(Q

;>=I,/?�KOY(Y(PCG+KO7:= �[K =I,/QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQO0 .1G ��!G�[?A0d;�K D Y(.1,1]50@P$7eKOU ) 0aE(08?C,/QRUI08E BI?A,/UIQ ?A,1QRU(,N]57eKOU+;A. *./0@?A?-?A,1./,178GRU KOPC0eKI2

� � Z JU@��*48 � � � -� ��4 P�� 8��9 8�*4

��?�E(,1?A78BI?A?A0@E3,/U " =5KOY�;>08P �EIB(PA,1U(Q�K-?A=IGRPC;�;>G ) KM;C;>08P * JLKOB(.N; � ;>=(0�GRBI;AY(BI; ?A,1E(0'GOJ(;>=I0=(,1QR=H?A,/EI0$? �-,1;A7:= 7@GRB(./EH?C=(GRPC;';AG�;A=(0-7eKOP ) K ;A;>0@P * 2b$=(0�?A=(GRP�; ;>G ) KM;C;>08P * Y(PCGO;>0@7@;>,1GRUH./, D ,N;>?;>=I0�J\0@08E ) KO7:9 78B(PCPA08U+;�,/U+;>G ;A=(0a?CB(Y(Y(. * XRGO.1;:KMQR0O2'$=(,1? �-,1./.fYIPAGO;A087@;�GO;A=(08P�78G D Y GRU(0@U`;A?-GRU

;>=I0 ?AK D 0�?AB(Y(YI. * ;>=(KM; D K * U(GO; ) 0�K ) ./0�;AG �-,N;>=(?�;:KOU(EF;A=(0�=(,/QR=I08P$XRGR.N;:KOQO0O2�G3E(0@;A087d;6;>=I,/?�78GRU(EI,1;>,1GRUWK ) B(.19 � E(PA,NXR0@U 78G D Y5KMP>KM;AGRP'?A=(G �-UF,/U c,/QOB(PA0�i�2��a,/?�B(?C08E

�-=(0@PA0�GRU(0$,/UIY(BI;',/?b;A,/0@EH;AG�;>=(0$?CB(Y(Y(. * XRGR.N;:KOQO0-KOU(E ;>=(0-GO;A=(08P',1U(Y(BI; ,1?b;>,108E ;>G�;>=I0�GOBI;>Y(B�;

��

-60.0

-40.0

-20.0

0.00

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100

1m 10m 100m 1 10 100 1K 10K 100K 1M 10M 100M 1G

-700

-600

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0.00

freq (Hz)

Gai

n (d

B)

Pha

se (

deg)

A

B

c,/QRBIPA0�i�2 i � � " ?C, D BI.ZKM;A,/GRU(?�J\GRP^;>=I0 7@B(PAPC08U+;�?A08UI?A0aK D YI./,1](08P82

GOJ�;>=(0�=(,1QR=�� ?A,/EI0�? �-,1;A7:=f2�� ) B(./9��!EIPA,1XO08U&,/U(YIBI;-?C;>KOQR0�,/?$PC08_`B(,/PC08E J\GRP$;>=(0�?AK D 0�PC0eKO?CGRU KM?;>=I0378B(PCPA0@U`;�?A08UI?A0HK D Y(./,N]508P � �-=(,/7:= ,1?�;AGFKO7:=(,10@XR03K 78G D D GRU D G�EI0 ,/UIY(BI;�P>KOU(QO0a;>=(KM;�,1?�-,1;A=(,/U K % # �� ;>=IPA08?C=(GR.1E XOGR.1;>KOQR0�GMJ��+2 �!U&KOE(EI,1;>,1GRU KMU * ./[email protected]?C=(,1J ;A,/U(Q GOJ ;>=(0�,1U(Y(BI;A?

�-,1;A= PA0@?A,/?�;>GRPC?�;>GFQRPCGRB(U(E 78PC0eKM;A08?�./08KO9 KOQR0a78B(PCPA08U+; GRU ;>=I0 GRBI;>YIBI; � �-=(,17:= 7eKOB(?C08?aK Q+KO,1U08PCPAGRP$,1UF;>=(0�?A0@U(?A0a78B(PCPA0@U`;�KM;�=(,1QR=(0@P$?AB(Y(YI. * XOGR.1;>KOQR08?@2

� =(0@U&;A=(0�?A=(GRP�;$;>G ) KM;C;>0@P * 7@GRU(E(,N;>,1GRUF,/?$E(0d;>0@7@;>0@E K37@GRU+;>PAGO. ?A,/QOU5KO. ,1?$QR08UI08P>K ;>08E �

�-=(,17:= ?A=`BI;>? G � ;A=(0 .10@[email protected]?C=(,1J ;A08PA?a;>=5KM; E(PA,NXR0 ;A=(0 Q+K ;>0 GMJ$;>=(0W=(,/QR= �!?A,1E(0 ? �-,1;A7:= ?A=(G �-U,/U c,1QRB(PC0 i�2 =�2 $=I,/?�78GRU+;APAGR.'?A,1QRU5KO.c78./GO?A08?�;A=(0W? �-,1;A7:= ?C=(G �-U ,/U c,1QRB(PA0 i�2 \ � �-=(,17:= ;A,/0@?;>=I0 Q+KM;A08?�GOJ # ��KMU(E # ��;AGW;A=(0 E(PAKO,/U&GOJ # � 2�$=I,/?�0 � 0@7@;A,1XR0@. * ?A=`BI;A?�G� ;>=I0 7:=5KOUIU(08.�GOJ

E(0dX�,1780@? # �^KOU(E # ��Y(PA0dXR0@U`;A,/U(Q ;>=(0�7@B(PAPC08U+;�J\PCG D J\0@08E(,1U(Q ) KO7:9F,1U`;AG ��O2

=

VGBOUT

VSS

VDD

M33 M34

M35

STB

R9

R10

R11 R12

VDD_REF

STB_TRIP

c,/QRBIPA0�i�2��=IGRPC;-;>G ) K ;A;>0@P * 7@G D Y5KOP>K ;>GRP@2

$=(0$KMPA7:=(,N;>087d;>B(PC06GOJI;>=(0 =(,/QR=a?A,1E(06? �-,1;>7:=3KO./?CG�78GOU`;APA, ) BI;>0@? ;AG�;>=I06?A=IGRPC; ;>G ) KM;A;A08P *

Y(PCGO;>0@7@;>,1GRU 7@,/PC78B(,N;>P * 2-�!U c,/QOB(PA0ai�2 �3GOJb;A=(0 =(KO./. ?C08U(?CGRP�,/U+;A08PCJLKM780 ) ./G�7:9FE(,ZKOQOP>K D E(0dX�,/780@?

# ��KOUIE # � � �-=(,17:= 78GOU(?A,1?C;�GOJ ;A=(03=(,1QR=�� ?A,/EI0a? �-,1;>7:= KMPA0 7@GRU(U(0@7@;A08E �-,1;A= ;>=(0@,/P �60@./.bKMU(E?AGOB(PA7@08?�;A,/0@E&;AGRQR0@;A=(08P@2-��U(0 E(P>KO,1U ,1?$;>,/0@E&;AG ;A=(0 ?AB(Y(YI. * XRGR.N;:KOQO0 �-=I,/./0�;A=(0 GM;>=(0@P�,1?$;>,/0@E;>G�;A=(0$GRBI;AY(BI;e2c$=(0$Q+KM;A0$,/?bE(PC,1XO08U )`* ;>=(0$.10@XR0@.(?A=I,1J ;>0@P D 0@U+;>,/GOU(08EHK ) G XR0 � �-=I,/7:= �`08UI?AB(PC08?;>=(KM;b;>=I0^Q+KM;A08?'KOPC06J\B(U(7d;>,/GOU(,/U(Q�,/UHK�?AKMJ\0$GRY 08PAKM;>,1U(Q�KOPC0eKI2 � ,1;>= # �cKOU(E # �'?A0d;'B(Y ,/Ua;>=(,1?

78GOUI]5QRB(PAKM;>,1GRU ,1; KO./.1G��-?�;>=(0 � 08.1.�� E(P>KO,1U3E(,1G�E(06,/U3;>=I0$0 ;�;>0@U(E(08EWE(P>KM,/UH% # ��3E(0@X�,/7@0$;>G�KO7d;KO?-K ) .1G�7:9`,1U(Q3E(,1G�E(0M2'V�?C,/U(Q # � ,1U ;>=(,1?$78GRU�]5QRB(PAKM;>,1GRUFKO.1./G �-?6,1U(78PC0eKO?C08E&?A=(GRP�;^;>G ) KM;A;A08P *

Y(PCGO;>0@7@;>,1GRU �-,1;A=(GRBI;$;A=(0�KOE(E(,N;>,1GRUFGOJcKH?C08PC,/08?-E(,1G�EI0�;>=5KM; � GRB(.1E B(?A0 KOY(YIPAG ;�, D KM;>0@. * hI2 � �GOJ ;A=(0HKO./.1G �^K ) ./0 E(PAGRY 2�$=(,/?�7@GRUI]5QOB(P>KM;A,/GRU ,/?�BI?A08E ;AGFY(PAGO;A087d;�;>=(0 ./G �60@P ) PC0eKO9È(G �-U GOJ;>=I0�Q+KM;>0�KOU(E ?AGOB(PA7@0�KOU(E KO.1?AG3?CGRB(PA7@0�;>G � 08.1. �(KMU(E KO./.1G �-? J\GRP$K3?C=(GRP�;^;>G ) K ;A;>0@P * XRGR.N;:KOQR0;>=(KM;6,1?'08_`B5KO. ;>G ;>=(0�E(P>KM,/U�� ?AGRB(PC780 ) PA08KO9È(G �-UFGOJfEI0@X�,/7@0 # �d2b� J �+hM� 7eKOY5K ) ,/.1,1; * ,1?'U(080@E(08E

; � G �+hM� ./KM;>0@P>KO.�� # �� EI0@X�,/7@08? 78GOB(./E ) 0 BI?A08E � ) BI; ,NJ-K ?A=IGRPC;3;AG ) KM;C;>0@P * Y(PAGM;>087d;>,1GRUXRGO.1;:KMQR0-GOJ �8\ ��,1?�UI0808EI08EFKOUW0 ;�;>0@U(E(0@E E(P>KM,/U E(0@X�,/7@0�7@GRB(.1E ) 0�B(?C08E J\GRP # � � �-=I,/7:= � GRB(.1E?A,1QRU(,N]57eKOU+;A. * PA08EIB(780�;>=(0 KOPC0eKHGOJ�;>=(0�=(,1QR= ?A,/EI0�E(PA,NXR08P@2

c,1QRB(PA0 i�2 Y$?C=(G �-?�?C, D BI.ZKM;A,/GRU �6KeXR0dJ\GRP D ? GOJ`;>=(0��KM./.�� 0��[087d;f?A0@U(?AGOP ,1U`;A08P�JLKO780 E(BIPA,/UIQKH?A=(GRP�;-;>G ) KM;A;A08P * 78GRU(EI,1;>,1GRUf2��B(PC,/U(Q ;>=I0a?C, D B(./KM;>,1GRU �� ?C;:KMPC;>?�KM;�hM��;A=(08U D G XR0@?�;AG

�� :2 i � KOU(E ;>=(0@U ?ABIE(E(08UI. * �CB D Y(?'B(YW;AG g�I2 i � 2+$=(0�GRB�;>Y(BI; 78BIPAPA0@U+; �\�� ,/? D GOU(,1;AGRPA0@E

V\

ENN

VLS

VSS

VDD

EN

M36

M37

M38

M39

M40

M41

M42

M43

c,1QRB(PA0 i�2 = �'��,1G�EI0�78GRUIU(087d;>08E ./0dXR08. ?C=(,1J ;A08P82

KOU(E �-=(0@U ;>=(0-� U5K ) ./0^?C,/QRU5KM.I,/?cE(PA,NXR08UH=(,1QR=3;>=I0^GRBI;AY(BI;'78BIPAPA0@U+; PC0eKO7:=I08? ��=�2 i9\ D � E(BIPA,/UIQU(GRP D KM.�GOY[0@P>KM;A,/GRUf2 � =(0@U3;>=(06XOGR.1;>KOQR0 GRUH��V� ?C=(GRPC;A?c;>G�g�I2 i � K�7@B(PAPC08U+; ?CY(,/9M0$GOJ ��g�2�� Y�

� 78KOU ) 03?A0@08U ,/U ;A=(03GRB�;>Y(BI;�78B(PCPA0@U`; �-=I,/7:= 0@XO08U+;>B(KO./. * ?C0@;A;A./0@?�;>G � �8\ � 2 � =(08U ;>=I0

) KM;C;>0@P * XOGR.1;>KOQR0^,1? PA0 D G XR0@E KOUIEW.1G�� 08PC08EH;>G�� :2 i � �R�� PC0@;>BIPAU(?';>G�;>=I0$?>K D 0$GRY 08P>K ;>,/UIQ./0dXR0@. 2

� � � H #!� 4 �'DG3�4O4�� KP�� 9 8$��!�B-/�� DG3�4O4�� % $&� $5 �$��

$=(0HE(0@?A,/QOU D B(?C; KO.1?AG EI0@;>0@7@; ,1J';A=(0 ��V� Y(,/U ,/?�78GRU(UI087@;A08E ;>G QRPCGRB(U(E GRP�?CG D 0

GO;A=(08P ./G+KME ;A=5KM;WPA08?CB(.1;A?W,1U K ?AB(YIY(. * 78BIPAPA0@U+; GRBI;WGOJ�,1;>? D KO;�, D B D 78B(PCPA0@U`; GRY 08P>K ;>,/UIQ

P>KMU(QR0O2<�!U�;A=(,/?W78GRUIE(,1;A,/GRU ;>=(0 =I,/QR=�� ?A,1E(0 ? �-,1;A7:= D B(?C;F.1, D ,1;H,N;>? ?CB(Y(Y(.1,/0@E�78B(PCPA0@U`;&KMU(E0@XO08U+;>B(KO./. * Y[G � 08P�E(G �-Uf2 $=(,1? �-,/./. Y(PAGM;>087d;�;>=(0 ?C08U(?CGRPa,1U+;>08P�JLKO7803J\PCG D 0 ;�7808?C?A,NXR0 Y G �60@PE(,1?A?A,1Y5KM;A,/GRU KOU(E ;>=(0@P D KO.�Y(PAG ) ./0 D ?82 �G E(0@;A087d; ;>=(,1? 78GOU(E(,1;A,/GRU � K ?A0@78GRU(E hI2 � � PC08Y(.1,/78K78BIPAPA0@U+;$./0@Q ,/? KOE(EI08E ;>G ;>=(0�=(,/QR=W?A,1E(0�? �-,1;>7:= �(KO? ?A=(G �-UF,/U c,/QOB(PA0�i�2 ��B(?C,/U(Q3EI0@X�,/7@08? #�� #�� `KOUIE # � 2c$=(0 D ,/PAPCGRPA0@E 78B(PCPA0@U`;�,1? KOY(Y(.1,/0@E3;>G�; � GaPC08?A,1?C;AGRPA? GOJ ;>=I0$?>K D 0^; * Y[0�� bKMU(E� �a;>=(KM;3QR0@U(08PAKM;>0HXRGO.1;:KMQR08? � �-=(,17:= KOPA0W78G D Y5KOPC08E ;>G KMU ,/U+;A08PAU(KO.'PA0@J\0@PA0@U(780M2 $=(0WG XR08P �78BIPAPA0@U+; ) ./G�7:9�B(?C08? K�7@G D Y5KOP>K ;>GRP ;>G�E(0@;A087d; �-=(08U3;A=(067@B(PAPC08U+; =5KM?cPA08KO7:=(0@EHK�=(,1QR= 7@B(PAPC08U+;

VY

STB

VSS

OUT

VLS

R13

R14

M44

M45

M46

c,/QOB(PA0 i�2 \��=IGRPC;$;AG ) K ;A;>0@P * ? �-,1;A7:=f2

IoutPk = -2.496A

Iout = -318uAIout = 17.58mIout = 17.58m

0.0

5.0

10

15

20

25

30

0.0 2.0m 4.0m 6.0m 8.0m 10m

-2.5

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-500m

0.0

500m

time (ms)

( V

) (

A)

Iout1 Vout1

c,1QRB(PA0�i�2 Y ��=(GRP�;�;AG ) KM;A;A08P * ?A, D B(.ZK ;>,/GOUf2

78GOU(E(,1;A,/GRU 2c$=(,1?�7@G D Y5KOP>K ;>GRP'?A,1QRU5KO.I,/?'Y(PAG�780@?A?C08E )+* K EI08.ZK *H) .1G�7:9 � �-=(,17:=W]5.N;>08PC?'QR./,N;>7:=(0@?KOU(E&JLKO./?C0aG XO08P � 78B(PCPA0@U`;�78GRU(EI,1;>,1GRU(?@2$ * Y(,17eKO.�?A=`BI;AE(G �-U J\GRP�KMU G XR0@P �!7@B(PAPC08U+;�78GOU(E(,1;A,/GRU ,1?iOhRh f?^;>G � D ?82

� ?A08Y(KOP>KM;A0 �$7@B(PAPC08U+; � ./, D ,1; ) ./G�7:9 �^KM?WE(0@?A,1QRU(08E ;>G YIPA0@XO08U+;F=(,1QR= 78B(PCPA08U+; ./[email protected]?J\PAG D E5K D KOQO,/U(Q�;A=(0$,/U+;A08QRPAKM;>0@E 78,/PC78B(,N;e2 " B(PAPC08U+;'./, D ,N;>,/UIQ�,1? ,/U(7@GRPAY GRPAKM;>0@E3,/U 7@GRU �CB(U(7d;>,1GRU

�-,1;A=�;>=(0 G XO08P � 78B(PCPA0@U`;&E(0d;>0@7@;>,1GRU ) .1G�7:9 2�V�?A,1U(Q ;>=I0 hI2 � � PA0@Y(./,17eK ?C08U(?C0 7@B(PAPC08U+; �-,1;A=K D Y(./,N]508P6� � KMU(E E(0dX�,/780 #�� J\PCG D c,1QRB(PC0 i�2 � �[K J\080@E ) KO7:9 D 087:=5KMU(,/? D ,/?-78PC0eKM;A08E��-=I,/7:=�-,/.1. 0 � 0@7@;A,1XR0@. * ./, D ,N;�;A=(037@B(PAPC08U+; ) KO?C08E GRU ;>=I0 ./0@XO08. GOJ';>=(03,1U+;>08PCU5KO. PA0@J\0@PA0@U(7803XOGR.1;>KOQR0O2$=(0 78B(PCPA0@U`; �!.1, D ,1; ) ./G�7:9 PA0@QRB(./KM;>0@? )`* ,1U �C087d;>,1U(Q 78B(PCPA0@U`;�,/U+;AG3;>=(0�./0dXR0@.�?C=(,1J ;A08P ) .1G�7:9 2

�+h

��B(0 ;>G ;>=(0 JLKO7d;W;A=5KM;H;>=(0&G XR0@P �!7@B(PAPC08U+; KOUIE 78BIPAPA0@U+; �!.1, D ,1;A,/U(Q EI0@;>0@7@;A,/GRU ) ./G�7:9`?

B(?C03;>=(03?AK D 0 E(0d;>087d;>,1GRU 78B(PCPA0@U`;�;A=(03G XR0@P � 78B(PCPA08U+; 78GOU(E(,1;A,/GRU ?A=(GOB(./E KO. �^K * ? ) 0308U(K ) ./0@E) 0@J\GRPC0�;A=(0 7@B(PAPC08U+; ./, D ,1;A,/U(Q ,/?�KO7d;>,1XMKM;A08Ef2�$=(0 ,/U(7@./B(?C,/GRU�GOJ�;>=(0�78B(PCPA0@U`; �!.1, D ,1; ) .1G�7:9�KOE(E(? K

U(0@Q+KM;>,NXR0�J\0@08E ) KM7:9 78G D Y GRU(08U+;-,1U`;AG3;>=(0�EI08?A,1QRUf2 $=(,1?$PA0@_�BI,/PA0@?$;>=5KM;^7eKOPC0@J\B(.f� " KOU5KO. * ?A,/?

GOJ�;A=(0&?C;:K ) ,/.1,1; * GOJ�;>=(0 �-=(GR.10 ? * ?�;>0 D ) 0 0dXMKO./B5K ;>08E 2 c,/QRBIPA0 i�2 � h ?C=(G �-?FKOU � " Y(./GO;?A=IG��-,1U(Q3;>=I0�Q+KO,1U � ) KOU(E �-,1EI;>= �(KOU(EFY(=5KM?A0 D KOPAQO,/U GMJ�;A=(0�7@B(PAPC08U+; � ./, D ,1; K D Y(.1,1]50@P E(BIPA,/UIQKW7@B(PAPC08U+;�.1, D ,1;$7@GRU(E(,N;>,/GOU ,1U&;A=(03��KO./. ��0@U(?AGRP��!U+;>08P�JLKO780M2� * Y(,/78KO. ?C, D BI.ZKM;A,/GRU(?$?C=(G �60@E KQ+KO,1U GMJ,=Oh E54 �-,1;A= K Y(=(KO?A0 D KOPCQR,/U GOJ �Ri�� KOUIE K Q+KM,/U ) KOU(E �-,1EI;>= YIPAG�E(B(7@;aGOJ-K ) GRB�;� # � �O2

-60

-40

-20

0.0

20

40

60

80

100m 1 10 100 1K 10K 100K 1M 10M 100M 1G 10G

-400

-350

-300

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50.0

0.00

freq (Hz)

Gai

n(dB

) P

hase

(de

g)

A

B

c,/QOB(PA0�i�2 � h � � " ?A, D B(./KM;>,1GRU GOJ 78B(PCPA0@U`; �!.1, D ,1;$K D Y(.1,1]50@PÊ(B(PC,/U(Q GOY[0@P>KM;A,/GRUf2

� � � 12$5#�� AC��5 J ��"W��DG�:-N� �

$=(0 GRBI;>YIBI;cGMJ(;>=(0 ?A0@U(?A0^7@B(PAPC08U+;b,1?�; * Y(,17eKO.1. * 7@GRU(U(0@7@;A08E3;>G-;>=I06PA0@?A,1?C;>GOPc� � 2 � =I08U

;>=I0^?A0@U(?AGRPc,/U+;>0@PCJLKO7@06,/? PAB(UIU(,/U(Q�KM;bK�=(,/QR=I08P ��^;A=(0 XOGR.1;>KOQR067@PA08KM;>0@E )`* ;>=I0^?A0@U(?A0$7@B(PAPC08U+;

KOU(E PC08?C,/?C;AGRP�7@GRB(./E QR08U(0@P>KM;A0HKWXRGO.1;:KMQR0 ;>=(KM;�,1?�QRPA08KM;>0@P�;A=5KM;�;A=(03E(,1QR,1;>KO. XRGR.N;:KOQR0a?AB(YIY(. * 2

�G .1, D ,1; ;>=(0 XOGR.1;>KOQR0FGRU ;A=(0&�I�'��I� YI,/U KOU ,/U+;A08QRPAKM;>0@E XOGR.1;>KOQR0 [email protected] D Y ,/? BI?A08E 2 $=(0

XRGO.1;:KMQR0$78./K D Y 78KOU ) 0-?A0@08UW,/U c,/QOB(PA0-i�2 �R2c� ; ,1? D KME(0$B(Y GOJfK D Y(.1,1]50@Pb� � KOU(E ;A=(0�� # ��

E(0dX�,1780 #�2 $=(0 Y GR?A,N;>,1XO0F,/U(YIBI; GOJ�;A=(0&K D Y(./,N]508Pa,/? 78GOU(U(087d;>0@E ;>G ;>=I0&EI,/QR,N;:KO.�XRGR.N;:KOQR0

?ABIY(Y(. * � KOU(E ;>=(0WU(08QRKM;>,NXR0 ,/U(Y(B�; ,1? ;A,/08E ;>G&;>=(0 �I�'��I�<Y(,1Uf2 $=(0WJ\0@08E ) KM7:9 E(0dX�,/780 # �

� �

) .10808EI?6K �6K * ;A=(0�0 ;�780@?A?^7@B(PAPC08U+; ;A=5KM;�78GOB(./E 7eKOBI?A0-;>=(0-XRGR.N;:KOQO0�GOUW?C08U(?C0 �\� � � ��b;>G 0 ;�780@08E;>=I0�E(,/QO,1;:KM. XOGR.1;>KOQR0�?CB(Y(Y(. * 2 $=(0�XOGR.1;>KOQR0�[email protected] D Y KM./?AG 08U5K ) ./08?^;A=(0�G XR0@P � 78B(PCPA08U+;�E(0d;>087d;>,1GRU

;>G ) 0�08U5K ) ./08E �-,1;A=(GRBI;-7@G D Y(./0d;>,/UIQ ;>=(0�J\0@08E ) KM7:9 ;A=(PAGOB(QR=F;>=(0a�I�'��I��Y(,/U 2 c,1QRB(PA0 i�2 �� ?A=(G �-?F;>=(0 GOY[0@P>KM;A,/GRU�GMJ ;A=(0 78BIPAPA0@U+; �!.1, D ,1;��$G XO08P �!78BIPAPA0@U+; EI0@;>0@7@;AGRP

KOU(E i ��?C08U(?C0378./K D Y E(BIPA,/UIQ K ?C=(GRPC;�;>GWQRPAGOB(U(E 7@GRU(E(,N;>,/GOUf2$�!U ;>=I0 ?A, D B(./KM;>,1GRU �� 6KO?78GOU(U(087d;>0@E ;>G K � � PC08?A,1?C;AGRP�� -=(,/7:= ,1?a7@GRU(U(0@7@;A08E ;>G QRPAGOB(U(Ef2 � =(0@U ;>=(0 08U(K ) ./0W?A,1QRU5KO.,/?�E(PC,1XO08U =(,/QR= ;A=(0WGOBI;>Y(B�;a7@B(PAPC08U+; ;>PA,108?�;>G&?AGOB(PA7@0 �R2 h�� GOJ67@B(PAPC08U+; � ) BI;�;>=I0W7@B(PAPC08U+;./, D ,N;>,1U(Q ) .1G�7:9 ?A0@;H;A=(0 GOBI;>Y(B�;W7@B(PAPC08U+; .10@XO08.^;>G�\+g�2 �ì D � 2'460@7eKOB(?C0�� 0 =(K XO0 0@U+;>08PC08EKOU G XR0@P �!7@B(PAPC08U+;a78GRU(EI,1;>,1GRU ;>=I0 GOBI;>Y(B�;a?C=`BI;>? E(G �-U K J ;>08P�K ;A, D 03E(08./K * GOJ�\ � h f?@2 $=(0

?A0@U([email protected] D Y3KO.1?AG�.1, D ,1;A? ;A=(06XOGR.1;>KOQR0^GRU3;A=(0-��0@U(?A0$YI,/U3;>G�i�2 hOh��M��EIB(PA,1U(Q�;>=(06=(,/QR= �!78BIPAPA0@U+;

78GOU(E(,1;A,/GRU 2

Vsense2 =5.006V

IOUT2 = 82.45mA

Tdel = 810.251us

0.00

50.0m

100m

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0

-2.0m

0.0

2.0m

4.0m

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

Time (ms)

(A

)

A B

(A

) (V

) (V

)

Vsense2Enable2Isense2Iout2

c,1QRB(PC0 i�2 �� " B(PA0@U+; �!.1, D ,1;^KOU(E G XR08P �!7@B(PAPC08U+;�E(0d;>0@7@;>,1GRU ?A, D B(.ZK ;>,/GOUf2

� � H #!� 4 � AC�!�: -/�*� SC4O�N 8��9 �$:�!�

" KOP ) KM;C;>08PC,/0@?&78KOU ) 0 0 ;�Y GR?A0@E�;>G KOU�0@./0@7@;>PC,/78KO.�78GRUIE(,1;A,/GRU 7eKM././0@E ./G+KOE E(B D Yf2

G+KOEWE(B D Y G�7878BIPA? �-=(0@U ;>=I0�,/QOU(,1;A,/GRUH,/?�?C;>KOPC;A08EFKMU(E ,1U(E(B(7d;>,1XO0�9`,/7:9 ) KM7:9W78KOB(?A0@?6;>=I0�7eKMP) KM;C;>0@P * ;AG �CB D Y B(Y ;>G K Y GO;>0@U+;>,ZKM. GOJ �+h �32c�G Y(PCGO;>0@7@; J\GRP ;A=(,/? 78GRU(EI,1;>,1GRU K ) ./G�7:9 ,1?E(0@?A,/QOU(08E ;>=(KM;�E(0@;A087d;>? �-=(08U ;>=I0 7eKOP ) K ;A;>0@P * 0 ;�780@08E(? �+hM� KOUIE ?C=`BI;>?�G� Y[G � 08P�;>GF;>=I0��KM./.�� 0��[087d;$?A0@U(?AGRP@2

�`g

$=(0-G XR0@P � XOGR.1;>KOQR0 ) .1G�7:9 B(?C08? K�PA08?C,/?�;>GRP ?�;>PA,1U(Q�;>G�.10@XR0@.(?A=I,1J ;b;A=(0-?AB(Y(YI. * XOGR.1;>KOQR06;AG

;>=I06,/UIY(BI;bGMJ K�i � 78G D Y5KOPAKM;>GOP82�$=(0^GO;A=(08P ,/U(Y(B�;cGOJ5;A=(067@G D Y5KOP>K ;>GRP ,/?�;>,108Ea;AG�K�PC0@J\0@PA08UI780

XRGO.1;:KMQR0 QR0@U(08PAKM;>0@E )`* ;>=(0 PC0@J\0@PA08UI780 ) .1G�7:9 2�$=(,/? ) ./G�7:9 �-,1./.-E(0d;>087d;F;>=(0 G XO08P � XRGR.N;:KOQO078GOU(E(,1;A,/GRU&KOUIE QR0@U(08PAKM;>0aK 7@GRU+;>PCGR. ?A,/QOU5KO. ;A=5KM;�78./GO?A08?$;A=(0a=I,/QR=&?A,1E(0�? �-,1;A7:= 78GOU(?A,1?C;>,1U(QHGOJE(0dX�,1780@? # � KOU(E # � 2c$=I,/?c?C=(,/0@./E(?�;>=(06��KO.1.�� 0��[087@;�?C08U(?CGRPcJ\PAG D ;>=(0^G XO08P � XRGR.N;:KOQO0 7@GRU(E(,N;>,/GOU

KOU(EaKO.1?AG�KO./.1G �-?f;>=(0',/U+;A08PCJLKM780 ;>G-08U(K ) ./0',N;>[email protected]�,/U+;>G�K ) ,/KO? ?C;:K ;>0 ;>=5K ; �-,/./.OY(PAGO;A087d;cKM./.R7@,/PA7@B(,1;U(G�E(08?$J\PCG D ;>=I0 0 ;�;>PA0 D 0 ) K ;A;>0@P * XOGR.1;>KOQR0M2

�

��

�� /� ��

� ��

��6 H(3� ��*JU��"W� � �:��O

$=(0 78PC,1;>,17eKO.�.ZK * GOBI;&78GRU(?C,/E(0@P>KM;A,/GRU J\GRP ;A=(0 ��KO.1.�� [087d;F?A0@U(?AGRP&,/U+;A08PCJLKM780 ,/?F;>=I0

.ZK * GRBI;HGOJ�;>=(0F=I,/QR=�� ?A,1E(0F? �-,N;>7:= ,/U [email protected];A,/GRU ;>G ;>=(0 �

�� ;A= ?C08U(?C0 KOUIE 7@B(PAPC08U+; Y(PAGM;>087d;>,1GRU

D ,/PAPCGRPA?@2c��BI0�;AG ;A=(0$;>,/QO=`; � i�� D KM;>7:=I,/U(Q ?AY 087�,1;',1?�7@PA,N;>,/78KO.I;A=5KM;�E(0@X�,17808? # � KOU(E # � ) 0

KOPCP>KOU(QO08E ,1U ;>=(0 ?>K D 0 GRPC,/0@U`;>KM;>,1GRU KO? #�� # � KOU(E # � � #�� 2��? D 08U+;>,1GRU(08E ,/U " =(KOYI;>0@Pg � =(,/QO= XRGO.1;:KMQR0aEI0@X�,/7@08?�KOPC0aUIGO;�?C08.1J �!KO./,1QRU(0@E&EIB(0a;AG ;>=(0 KOE(E(0@E PA0@?A,1?C;:KMU(7803GMJb;>=(0aE(P>KM,/Uf2$=(,1?�7eKOB(?C08?�;>=I08?A0HE(0dX�,/780@?�;>G ) 03XR08P * E(08Y 08UIE(08U+; GRU GRPA,108U+;:K ;>,/GOUf2�� ;�,/?�7@PA,1;A,/78KO.�;A=5KM;�,1U

GRPCE(08P ;AG KO7:=(,10@XO0 ;>=(0 ) 08?�; Y GR?A?C, ) .10 D KM;>7:=(,1U(Q �c;A=(08?C0 E(0dX�,1780@? D B(?C; ) 0 GOPA,/0@U+;>08E ,1U ;>=I0?>K D 0�E(,1PA0@7@;>,1GRU&KO? �60@./. KM?�?C=5KOPC0�;A=(0�?>K D 0 ) GOB(U(E5KOP * 78GOU(E(,1;A,/GRUI?82

��U KOEIE(,1;A,/GRU5KM.I.ZK * GRBI; 7@GRU(?A,1E(08PAKM;>,1GRUH,/?c;A=(0�KOE(E(,N;>,1GRU3GOJ[Y5KOPAKO?A,N;>,/7 D 0d;:KO.�PA08?C,/?�;:KOU(7@0

,/Ua;>=(0 =(,/QR= �!?A,1E(0�? �-,1;A7:=HKO? � 08.1.IKO? ;>=(0^7@B(PAPC08U+; ?C08U(?C0 D ,1PAPAGOP82 c,/QOB(PA0 �I2 �^?A=(G �-?'K�EI,ZKOQRPAK D

GOJ ;>=I0��BI; R��0@U(?A0-78BIPAPA0@U+; .108Q �-,N;>=3;>=I0�KME(E(,1;A,/GRU GOJ PA08?C,/?�;:KOU(7@0�� ;AG�;>=(0-GRBI;AY(BI;'7@B(PAPC08U+;./0@Q KMU(E � � ��;>G�;>=(0�78B(PCPA0@U`;6?A0@U(?A0 D ,1PAPAGOP82 460878KOB(?A0�;>=(0�% # ��H;AP>KOU(?C,/?�;>GRPC?�,1U ;A=(,/?'7@,/PA7@B(,1;

KOPC0�GOY[0@P>KM;A,/U(Q�,/U ;A=(0$;>PA,1G�EI0$PA08QO,/GRU ;>=I0 * 7eKMU ) 0$;>PA08KM;>0@E KO?'PC08?A,1?C;AGRPA?'?A=IG��-U KO?�� KOU(E � � �e2W G E(0@;A08P D ,1U(0H=(G � � � ��KOU(E � � �3K �[087d;a;A=(0 Y[0@PCJ\GRP D KOUI780HGOJ6;A=(0 ?A08UI?A078BIPAPA0@U+;�KO7@78B(PAKO7 * K ?C0@;�GOJ 08_`B5KM;A,/GRU(?-78KOU ) 0�B(?A0@E&;AGWEI0@;>0@P D ,/U(0�K ��

� � �� PA08./KM;>,1GRU(?C=(,/Yf2��?C?AB D ,/UIQW;>=(KM;�GOY5K D Y � �$E(G�0@?�U(GM;�KOE(E KOU * KME(E(,1;A,/GRU(KO.fG�[?A0d;�;>GW�� KMU(E

;>=(KM;�E(0@X�,17808? # ��KOUIE # � D KM;>7:= KM? �60@./. KO? # � KOUIE # ��f;>=(0@U ;>=(0 J\GR.1./G �-,/U(QW08_`B5KM;A,/GRUI?KOPC0 9Ù(G �

�� h

� � �I2 � �

� � �� eh

� � �I2 g��

�ì

�� ect Sensor

OUT SENSE

M1

M2

M3

M4

Rsense

VDD

A1

Rm2

Rm1 Rm3

Rm4

Rp1 Rp2

c,/QOB(PA0 �I2 � �'��KO./.��!0��[087d;$?A0@U(?AGOP�,1U`;A08P�JLKO780 �-,N;>=&Y5KOP>KM?A,1;A,/7 D 0@;>KO.fPC08?A,1?C;>KOU(780M2

� � � �� eh

� � �I2 ��

KOU(E

�� I2��

V�?C,/U(Q ;A=(0�?A, D Y(.10�[email protected];A,/GRU(?C=(,/Y � � ��78PA08KM;>0@?$;>=(0�08_`B5K ;>,/GOU(?

�� L� � � � � � � � � �� I2 i��

KOU(E

�� I2 ��

$=(0 08_`B5KM;A,/GRUFJ\GRP$?C08U(?C0 D ,/? D K ;>7:=F,/?� � � � ��

��

� �� I2 =��

� �

" G D3) ,/U(,1U(Q3;>=(0@?A0 08_`B5KM;A,/GRUI?-;A=(0�0��[087d;�GMJb� ��^KOU(E � � ��7eKMU ) 0�[email protected];>0@E&;AG ) 0

� � � � ��

� ��

� � � � � � � � � � �� I2 \��

$=(0 ,/E(08KO. D ,1? D KM;>7:= J\GRP ;>=I,/?H?AGR.1BI;>,1GRU ,/? �80@PAG(2 � J � 0 ?C0@; ;>=(0 �� 0@_�B(KM;>,1GRU

K ) G XR0 0@_`B5KO. ;>G �@08PCG KWPC08./KM;>,1GRU(?A=I,/Y ) 0d; �60@08U � ��KOU(E � ��,/?�E(0@PA,1XO08E ?C=(G �-,/U(QW;>=5KM;�� U(0@08E(?-;>G ) 0 0@_`B5KO. ;>G � hR� ��J\GRP^;A=(08PC0 ;AG ) 0 �80@PAG D ,1? D KM;>7:=f2

4^KO?C08E GRU�;>=(0 E(0@PA,NXOK ;>,/GOU�K ) G XO0 ,N; ,/? 7@PA,1;A,/78KO.M;A=5KM; ;>=I0�EI08?A,1QRU D K ;>7:=(0@? ;A=(0'Y5KOPAKO?A,N;>,/7

PA0@?A,1?C;:KMU(780 ;>G ;>=(0 J\GR.1./G �-,/U(Q 08_`B5KM;A,/GRU � �� ehR� � � 2 # 0@;:KM. PC08?C,/?C;>KOU(7@0 ,1? ; * YI,/7eKM./. * K

Y5KOPAK D ;A08P�;>=5K ; ,1? UIGO; D KOYIY[0@E ,/U D GR?C; Y(PCG�7@08?A?C08?@2F$=(0 PC08?A,1?C;>KOU(780 XMKO./B(0@?�J\GRP D 0d;:KO. ,1?

?AG D 0 �-=5KM;bBIU(Y(PA0@E(,/7d;:K ) ./0 KOU(Ea;A=(0 * =5KeXR06K�XO08P * Y G�GRP ;>0 D Y 78G�GOJ �RhRhRh�YIY D 2 ��B(0�;>G�;A=(08?C0./, D ,N;:KM;A,/GRUI?c;>=(0�,/E(08KO. .ZK * GRB�; � GRB(./E D ,1U(, D , �@06;>=(0�K � 0@7@;6GOJ�� KO? D BI7:=FKO?6Y GR?C?A, ) ./0�KMU(E;>P * ;>G D KM;>7:= � � �a;AG ) 0 � hF;>, D 08?�;A=(0 XMKO./B(0 GMJ^� ��d2H$=(,/?�78KOU ) 0HE(GRU(0H;>=IPAGRB(QO= =5KMU(E

7eKM./78BI.ZKM;A,/GRU(?aGOJ-;>=(0 D 0@;>KO. ) BI?A,/UIQ GOP K D GRPC0 Y(PC0878,1?A0 D 0@;A=(G�E � GRB(.1E ) 0 ;AG EI08PA,NXR0F;>=I0XMKO./BI08? �-,1;A= K Y5KMP>KO?C,1;>7�0 ;�;>P>KM7@;>,1GRUF;>G�GR.f?CB(7:= KO?-��?A?ABIP>K � " �32

$=(0&.ZK * GOBI;HGOJ�;A=(0 ��BI;� R��08U(?C0 46.1G�7:9 ,/? ?A=IG��-U ,/U c,/QOB(PA0 ��2 g�2 ��B(0F;AG ;A=(0 GRU

PA0@?A,1?C;:KMU(780 XOKM./B(0 GOJ$GRBIPa=(,1QR=�� ?A,/EI0 ? �-,1;A7:= 78GRBIY(./0@E �-,1;A= ;>=I0 KOEIE(08E ) ./G�7:9�,1U(Q ;>P>KMU(?A,1?C;>GOPJ\GRP�?A=IGRPC; ;>G ) KM;C;>08P * Y(PAGM;>087d;>,1GRU EI0@X�,/7@08? # � KOU(E # � J\PAG D c,1QRB(PC0 �I2 �H;:KM9O0 B(YM=Oh�� GOJ

;>=I0 ./K * GRBI;82� G =(08.1Y YIPA0@XO08U+;F./KM;>7:=`B(Y Y � ?AB ) ?C;>PAKM;>0 ;>,108? ?A0@Y5KOP>K ;>0&QRPAGRBIY(,/U(QO?WGOJ�=(,/QO=

XRGO.1;:KMQR0 ;>P>KMU(?A,1?C;>GOPA?�0@XO08P * gOhOh D ;AG =I08./Y QRPCGRB(U(E ;>=(0 ?AB ) ?C;AP>KM;A0W;>=IPAGRB(QO=(GRBI;�;>=I0 =I,/QR=��

?A,1E(06? �-,1;A7:=f2 ��0@X�,1780 # � �^KO?cY(.ZKO7@08E3,1U ;>=I06?>K D 0 GRPA,108U+;:KM;A,/GRU KO? # � KOU(E3E(0dX�,/780 # � ,/?cKO./?CG

GRPC,/08U+;A08EaKO? # � 2��U ,/E(08KO.R.ZK * GRBI; � GRB(./E�=5KeXO0 ,1U`;A08PC./0eKeXO08E E(0@X�,/7@08? J\GRP , D Y(PCG XO08E D KM;>7:=(,1U(Q �) BI;�E(B(0 ;AG ;>=(0aJLKO7@;�;A=5KM; D KM;A7:=(,/UIQ E(0@X�,17808?�KMPA0 ,1U ?A0@Y5KOPAKM;>0 � 08.1./?�;A=(,/?�7eKOUIU(GO; ) 0 E(GOU(078GOPAPA0@7@;A. * �-,N;>=(GRB�; BI?A,/UIQ ?C,/QRUI,1]578KOU+; K D GRBIU`;A? GOJ3KMPA0eK�2 5GRP ;A=(0 ) B(?A,1U(Q ,/U+;>0@PA78GOU(U(087d;

) 0@; � 0808U E(0@X�,/7@08? # ��KMU(E # � D 0@;:KM. g KOU(E D 0@;:KM. � 08PA0WB(?A0@E ,1U Y(KOP>KO.1./[email protected];>G PA0@E(B(7@0W;>=I0

Y5KOPAKO?A,N;>,17�PA0@?A,/?�;:KOUI780 GOJb� �� 2

V�?C,/U(QF;A=(0WY(KOP>KO?C,1;A,/73./K * GRBI;�;>G�GR.b��?A?CB(P>K&� " � ��KOU 0 ;�;AP>KO7d;>08E .ZK * GOBI;�U(0@;A./,1?C; �6KO?QR0@U(08PAKM;>0@E ;AG 78KO./7@B(.ZK ;>0W;A=(0 78B(PCPA0@U`; ?C08U(?C0 D ,/? D KM;A7:= E(B(0 ;AG ;A=(0&KOE(E(,N;>,1GRU GOJ�� KMU(E

� � �e2 c,1QRB(PC0 �I2 �?C=(G �-?�;A=(0-Y[0@PA7@08U+; D ,1? D KM;>7:= GOJ ;>=I0�?C08U(?C0�7@B(PAPC08U+; �L� �� ;>G�;>=I0�GOBI;>Y(B�;78BIPAPA0@U+; �� G XO08Pb;A=(067@B(PAPC08U+; P>KMU(QR06GMJ[g�;>G +i D � 2 $=(0 �e?�; 0 ;�;AP>KO7d;>,/GOU3PA0@?AB(.N;>08E ,/U3K�?A08UI?A0

D ,/? D KM;A7:= GOJ�= �TKOUIE B(Y GRUFK 7@G D YI./0@;A08E GOYI;>, D ,��eKM;A,/GRU GOJ ;A=(0�./K * GRBI; ;>=(0�gMU(E 0 ;�;AP>KO7d;>,1GRU

� =

,/QRB(PC0 �I2 g � " G D Y(./0d;>0 D KO?A9WE(08?C,/QRU J\GRP$GRBI; M?A0@U(?A0 ) .1G�7:9 2

PA0@E(B(7@08E ;A=(0 D ,1? D KM;>7:= ) 08.1G��hI2 i�� 2'$=(0a?C9O0 � �^KM?�U(GM;�7@G D Y(./0d;>08. * 0@./, D ,1U5KM;>0@E � ) BI;-,1;A?0��[087d; �6KO? D ,1U(, D , �@08E )+* PA0@E(B(7@,/U(QH;>=(0 PA0@?A,1?C;>GOP�� $KO? D B(7:= KM?�Y GR?A?C, ) .10 KOU(E D KM;A7:=(,/UIQ� � ��;AG ) 0 � h3;>, D 0@?^;>=(0�XMKO.1B(0�GOJc� ��:2

� > DG3�4�4�� JU��"W� �� &$��4

�!UW;A=(0�E(08PC,1XMKM;>,1GRUHGOJ ;A=(0�?A08UI?A0�?C9O0 � 0@_�B(KM;>,1GRU(?',/U ?A0@7@;>,1GRU ��2 ��KOU KM?A?AB D YI;A,/GRU �6KO?D KOE(0�;>=5K ;�;A=(0a,1U(Y(BI;�G�[?A0d;�XOGR.1;>KOQR0�J\PAG D K D Y(.1,1]50@P^� � �^KO?�hM�325$=I,/?�,/E(08KO.�KO?A?CB D Y�;>,/GOU,/? U(GO;aXMKO./,1E � �-=I,/7:= D KO9O0@? ;>=I0 .ZK * GRBI;3GMJ^;>=(0 78B(PCPA08U+; ?C08U(?C0FK D Y(./,N]508P�7@PAB(7@,ZKO.';>G ?A08UI?A078BIPAPA0@U+; D K ;>7:=(,1U(Q3Y 08PCJ\GOP D KOU(780M2'��U(0�GOJ ;>=(0 D GRPC0�, D Y GRPC;>KOU+;6KMPA0eKM? J\GRP D KM;A7:=(,/UIQ GOJ GRBIP

GRY5K D Y ,1? ;>=(0 ) BI./9��!E(PC,1XO08U E(,��[08PC08U+;>,/KO.6,1U(Y(BI;3?C;:KMQR0O2 5GRPa;>=(,1? PA0eKM?AGRU � ;A=(0 E(0@X�,/7@08? KOPC0Y(./KO780@E ,/U K 78G D D GOU 7@08U+;>PCGR,/E KOPAPAKOU(QR0 D 0@U+;�;AGa=I08./YW, D Y(PAG XO0 D KM;A7:=(,/U(QI2c�!UW;A=(0�78G D D GOU

780@U+;>PAGO,/E ?C;>PCB(7@;AB(PA0F;A=(0F; �6G E(0@X�,/7@08? KOPC0&YI.ZKO7@08E ,/U � E(,��[08PC08U+;H_`B5KOE(PAKOU+;>?82 $=(,1? =I08./YI?

D ,/U(, D ,��80-;>=(0�0��[087d;>?�GOJ Y(PAG�780@?A?�QRP>KOEI,/08U+;A?82

� \

-4.0

-3.0

-2.0

-1.0

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0

Sense Current (mA)P

erce

nt M

ism

atch

(%

)

No Extract 1st R Extract2nd R Extract

c,/QRBIPA0 �I2 ��0@U(?A0 ?A9M0 �<E(BI0 ;AGW� ��^KOU(E&� � � 2

c,1QRB(PA0 �I2 � ?C=(G �-? ;>=(0 .ZK * GRB�; GOJ$;A=(0 ) B(./9��!EIPA,1XO08U 7@B(PAPC08U+;3?C08U(?C0 K D Y(./,N]508P@2F$=(0E(,�� 0@PA08U+;A,ZKO. ,/U(Y(B�;HY5KO,/P 7eKOU ) 0&?C080@U ,1U ;A=(0FB(Y(Y 08PH.10@J ; =5KMU(E 78GRPCU(08P@2 � E(GRB ) .10FQRB5KOPCE

PA,1U(QF,/?�BI?A08E ;>G =(0@./Y ,/?CGR.ZK ;>0 ;A=(0H,/U(Y(B�;�E(0@X�,/7@08?@2W% � ?AB ) ?�;>PAKM;>0 ;>,108? KOPC0HKO./?CG KOY(Y(.1,/08E ;AG

;>=I0 D ,/E(EI./0 GOJ ;>=(0WE(0@X�,/7@0 ;AG =I08./Y Y(PA0dXR0@U`;3.ZKM;A7:=��!B(Y 0��[087d;>?@2F��./. D KM;A7:=(,/U(Q&E(0dX�,1780@?3KOPC0

GRPC,/08U+;A08E ,/U ;A=(0�?>K D 0�E(,1PA087d;>,1GRU KOU(E&KOPC0�U(0 ;�;-;>GH0eKM7:=&GM;>=(0@P82�� " ]5.1;A08PA? � 08PC0 KOY(Y(.1,/08E ;AG;>=I0 ) ,ZKO? UIG�E(0@?b;>G�=(0@./Y Y(PC0@XR0@U+;6? * ?�;>0 D KM;A,/7$U(GO,/?A0^J\PCG D ) 0@,/U(Q�,/U��C087@;A08EH,/U+;AG�;>=(0-K D Y(.1,1]50@P82

$=(0�.ZK * GRBI;-GOJ =(,/QO= XOGR.1;>KOQR0�EI0@X�,/7@08?�PA08_`B(,1PA0@?-;A=(0�B(?A0�GOJ ,/?CGR.ZK ;>,/GOU D 0@;>=IG�E(GO./GRQR,108?

�-=(,17:= YIPA0@XO08U+; Y5KOP>KM?A,1;A,/7 ](08./E�;AP>KOUI?A,/?�;>GRPC? J\PAG D ;>B(PCU(,/UIQ GRU K � 0@7@;A,/U(Q Y 08P�J\GRP D KOU(7@0 GOJ;>=I08?A0WE(0@X�,17808?@2 $=(0@?A0 EI0@X�,/7@08? D KM;A08PA,/KO./,��80aE(B(0W;AG&;A=(0 ,/U(7@PA0eKM?A08E 08.1087@;APA,17H](08./EI? YIPA08?C08U+;

�-,1;A= ;>=I03=(,/QO=(08P�XRGR.N;:KOQR0@?82�$=(0@?A0 ,1?AGR./KM;>,1GRU D 0@;A=(G�E(GR./GOQR,/0@?-; * Y(,17eKO.1. * 0 D Y(.1G * ;A=(03B(?C03GOJ% � ?AB ) ?C;AP>KM;A0 ;A,/08?$?CB(PAPCGRB(U(EI,/U(QH0eKM7:= E(0dX�,1780M2

$=(0�;>GO;>KO. KOPC0eK GOJ�;>=(0 " B(PCPA0@U`;��0@U(?A0 � D Y(./,N]508P6,/? ��i = � iOhRh D �

� Z JU@��*48 � � � -� ��4 P�� 8��9 8�*4

$=(0&?A=(GOPC; ;>G ) KM;A;A08P * E(0@;A087@;AGRP�� -=(,/7:= ,/E(0@U`;A,1]50@? ;A=(,/?H7@GRU(E(,N;>,/GOU KMU(E ;AB(PAUI?WG�

;>=I0 GOBI;>Y(B�; ��,1? ?A=IG��-U ,/U c,1QRB(PC0 �I2 i�2 $=(,1?F7808.1.�KO.1?AG B(?C08? K EI,��[08PA0@U+;>,ZKM. ) B(.19��!E(PC,1XR0@U

,/UIY(BI; ?�;:KOQR0 � �-=(,/7:= =5KM? ) 0@08U Y(./KO780@E ,/U K 7@G DWD GRU 7@08U+;>PCGR,/E ?�;>PCB(7@;AB(PA0M2 $=(0F.1G+KOE J\GOP;>=I0 E(,��[08PC08U+;>,/KO.�,/U(Y(B�; ?C;>KOQR0 ,1?W; � G ?A08Q D 0@U`;A08E PA0@?A,1?C;>GOPA?�� -=(,17:= KOPA0 ,/U K PAKM;>,1G D 0d;>PC,/7E(0@?A,/QOUf2 �G =I08./Y , D Y(PCG XR0 ;>=I0 D KM;A7:=(,/U(Q � PA08?C,/?�;>GRPC?W� � � KOU(E � � �H?C=(G �-U ,/U ,/QRB(PC0 i�2��

� 08PA0�,1U`;A08PC./0eKeXO08E&?AG ;>G D ,/U(, D ,��80-;>=(0�0 � 0@7@;>?�GOJ�?AY(KM;>,/KO.fQRPAKOE(,/0@U+;>?82 $=I0aKeXO08P>KMQR,/U(QHGOJ�;>=I0

� Y

c,1QRB(PC0 �I2�� # KO?A9FEI08?A,1QRU GOJ�;>=(0�78BIPAPA0@U+;�?C08U(?C03K D Y(./,N]508P@2

PA0@?A,1?C;>GOPA? �-,/.1. PA0@E(B(7@0 KOU * 0 � 0@7@;A?�E(BI0 ;AG YIPAG�7808?C?�GOP$./,1;A=(GRQRPAKOY(= * 08PAPCGRPA?@2$=(0�;>GO;>KO. KOPC0eK GOJ�;>=(0a��=IGRPC;-;>G 4^K ;A;>0@P * ��0d;>0@7@;>GOP$,/? � = �V\RhRh D � 2

� � H #!� 4 �'DG3�4O4�� KP�� 9 �!4(-N�� D 3�4�4��! % $�� $: 8$&��

�-0@J\08PCPA,1U(Q ) KO7:9 ;>G ;A=(0 ) ./G�7:9 E(,/KOQRP>K D GOJ�;>=I0a��KO./.��!0 � 0@7@;$?C08U(?CGRP�,1U+;>08P�JLKO780�,1U ,/Q �

B(PC0 i�2 � �60W?A080 ;>=5K ; ;A=(0 ��XO08P �!78BIPAPA0@U+; ��0@;A087d;>GRPaKOU(E " B(PAPC08U+; , D ,1;A08P�?C=5KOPC0 ;A=(0W?AK D 0PA0dJ\08PC08U(7@0 XRGR.N;:KOQR0 KOU(E ;>=(KM;3;>=I0 * KO./?CG D GOU(,1;AGRPaEI,��[08PA0@U+;3XRGR.N;:KOQO0 ;:KOYI?3G� GOJ-;>=(0 ?AK D 0

PA0@?A,1?C;>GOP678G D3) ,/U(KM;>,1GRUHGOJ�� KOU(EF� � �-,N;>= ;A=(0�7@B(PAPC08U+;$Y(PCGO;>0@7@;>,1GRU D ,/PCPAGRP@2 $=I0�.ZK * GOBI; J\GOP

;>=I0 ��XO08P � " B(PAPC08U+; ��0@;>0@7@;AGRP�,/?�?C=(G �-U ,1U ,/QRB(PC0 �I2�� -=(,/.10 ;>=(0 " B(PCPA0@U`;a , D ,1;A08P�.ZK * GRB�;,/?-?C=(G �-U ,/U c,1QRB(PA0 ��2 =�26460878KOB(?C0a;>=I03��XR0@P � " B(PAPC08U+;��0d;>087d;>GRP ) .1G�7:9 B(?A0@?�KH78G D Y5KOPAKM;>GRP

KOU(E ;>=I0 " BIPAPA0@U+;3 , D ,1;A,/U(Q ) ./G�7:9 B(?C08?aKOU K D YI./,1](08P�;A=(0H.ZK * GOBI; Y(P>KO7d;>,17808?�E(,1?A7@B(?A?C08E J\GOP

;>=I0 " B(PAPC08U+;��08UI?A0�� D Y(./,N]508P ,/UF?C087@;A,/GRU ��2 g 78KOU ) 0�BI?A08E 2 �!U&KOE(EI,1;>,1GRU �`PA0@?A,1?C;>GOPA?-� �^KMU(E� � B(?A0@E ;AG�QR08UI08P>K ;>0$78G D Y5KMPA06XOGR.1;>KOQR08? J\GRP ;A=(08?C0 ) ./G�7:9�?cB(?A0^;A=(0$PA0@?A,/?�;>GRPc.ZK * GRB�; Y(P>KM7@;>,1780@?

E(,1?A78BI?A?A0@E ,1U&?C087d;>,/GOU �I2 I2

$=(0�;>GO;>KO. KOPC0eK GOJ�;>=(0a��XR0@P � " B(PAPC08U+;��0d;>0@7@;>GOP�,1? Y� � �+hRh D � 2

$=(0�;>GO;>KO. KOPC0eK GOJ�;>=(0 " B(PCPA0@U`;� , D ,1;A08P6,1? Y� � iOhRh D � 2

iOh

c,/QOB(PA0 ��2 i �� K * GRB�;�GMJ ;A=(0�?A=(GRP�;-;>G ) KM;C;>08P * E(0d;>087d;>GRP@2

� � � A J ��"'��D �:-N� �

��U(780�KOQ+KO,1UW;>=I0�i � ��08U(?C0 " .ZK D Y BI?A08?-Ka./G � XRGR.N;:KOQO0�GRY5K D YW?AG ;A=(0�.ZK * GRBI;^YIP>KO7 �;>,1780@?�,/U ?A0@7@;>,1GRU �I2 g ?C=(GRB(.1E ) 0aB(?A0@Ef2��!U ;A=(0 ��0@U(?A0 " ./K D Y .ZK * GRBI;�,1;�,1?�7@PA,N;>,/78KO. ;>=5K ;�;>=I0

) B(?�7@GRU(U(0@7@;>,1U(QF;>GFE(0dX�,/780 # �,1U c,/QRBIPA0 �I2 \ ,/? �-,1E(030@U(GRB(QR= ;>GF=(KOU(E(.10HK � h D � YIB(./?C0

;>=(KM;^=5KM?^K E(B�; * 7 * 7@./0�GMJ iOh � 2 V�?C,/U(Qa;>=(0 �� D 0@;>KO. D ,/QOP>KM;A,/GRUHPABI./0-J\GRP ;A=(,/? Y(PAG�780@?A? � 0

7eKMU 78G D 0-;>Ga;A=(0�78GRU(7@./B(?C,/GRU ;>=5K ; ;A=(0 D 0@;>KO. 78GRU(UI087@;A,/U(Q ;>=(0�GRBI;AY(BI; GOJ GRB(P6��0@U(?A0 " ./K D Y

;>G ;>=I0 ��0@U(?A0 Y(,/U D B(?�; ) 0WKM; .10eKO?�; i �-,1E(0H;>G&Y(PA0dXR08U+; D 0d;:KO. D ,/QRPAKM;>,1GRU 0��[087d;>?@2F$=(0.ZK * GRBI;$J\GRP^;A=(0ai � ?A08UI?A0 " .ZK D Y ,/?$?A=IG��-U ,/U c,1QRB(PC0 �I2 \�2

$=(0�;>GO;>KO. KOPC0eK GOJ�;>=(0a��0@U(?A0 " .ZK D YF,1? � � hOhRh D � 2

� +�� % � #!�� % -��!3�

$=(0 7@G D Y(./0d;>0 D KO?C9 E(0@?A,1QRU J\GRP ;>=(0 ��KO./.�� [087@; ��0@U(?AGRP �!U`;A08P�JLKO780 ,1? ?A=IG��-U ,1U c,1QRB(PA0 �I2 YI2 � G�78GRYI,/08?cGOJ5;>=(0$��B�;� R��0@U(?A0 ) ./G�7:9 � 08PC0$Y(.ZKO7@06,1U ;>=(0$Y(KOE(PA,1U(Q(2c��BI;� R��08U(?C0��,/?c./G�7eKM;A08E3GRU ;A=(06JLKOPb.10@J ; �-=I,/./0^��BI;� R��08U(?C0 g�G�7@78B(YI,/08?b;A=(0$780@U+;>08P'GOJ ;A=(0^7:=(,1Yf2b$=(0$E(,1QR,1;>KO.78GOU`;APAGR. KOUIE PA0dJ\08PC08U(7@0 ) .1G�7:93?C08Y5KMP>KM;A0�;>=I0�; � G ��BI; R��08UI?A0�4 ./G�7:9�?'J\PAG D 0eKO7:= GO;>=(0@P82b � G

i �

c,1QRB(PA0 ��2 ��XO08P � 78B(PCPA0@U`;�E(0d;>087d;>GRP�.ZK * GRBI;e2

KOE(EI,1;>,1GRU5KO. 780@././?�9Ù(G �-U KO?�;A=(0 ��I� GOP �\./G ��!?C,/E(0HPC0@;>BIPAU(? ��G�787@B(Y * ;A=(0 JLKOP�PA,1QR=+;aGMJ6;>=I0E(0@?A,/QOUf2 $=(0@?A0 ) .1G�7:9`? =5KeXR0WU(GO; ) 0@08U EI,/?A7@B(?A?C08E ,1U ;A=(,/?�;>=(0@?A,1?82 $=(0WB(Y(Y 08P ) B(? GOJ^;>=I0

Y5KOE PA,1U(Q ,1?�;>=(0W=(,/QR= XRGO.1;:KMQR0H?AB(Y(YI. * � =F;>G g�I2 i � � �-=(,1./0 ;>=(0 ) GO;A;AG D ,/?�;>=I0WPC08QRB(./KM;>0@E./G � XRGR.N;:KOQO0�?AB(Y(YI. * � �(2 i ;AG i�2 i � �d2

$=(0�;>GO;>KO. KOPC0eK GOJ�;>=(0��08?�; " =(,1Y ,/? � � � =Ri � hRhRh D � 2

iRg

c,1QRB(PC0 �I2 = � " B(PAPC08U+;�./, D ,1;A08P�.ZK * GOBI;e2

,/QRB(PC0 �I2 \��i � ?A0@U(?A0 78./K D YF.ZK * GRB�;e2

i�

,/QRB(PC0 �I2 Y�� 5B(./.��!7:=(,1Y D KM?A9 E(0@?A,1QRU GOJ ;A08?�;�7:=I,/Yf2

i �

�� /� ��

�� Q��

� ��6 +��"' �J � 83 �

$=(0H��KO./.�� 0@7@;��08U(?CGRP��!U+;>0@PCJLKO7@0 �^KO?�XO08PC,1]50@E BI?A,/UIQ � # ��0 D ,178GRU(EIB(7@;AGRP � ?�hI2�� D �+hM� "$# �� Y(PAG�780@?A?@2��./.�KOU(KO./GRQWE(08?C,/QRU ?AY 0878,N]57eK ;>,/GOU(? � 08PC0 D 08KO?ABIPA08E ,1U KW?C, D Y(./0) 08U(7:=H;>0@?C;�?A0d;>B(YWKO? �60@./.5KM?�,1UHKOUH� -� �L��BI;>G D KM;A,/7^�08?�; �'U+X�,/PCGRU D 08U+; � 2'gOhRh�Y(KOPC;A? � 08PC0

;>0@?C;A08E3G XR0@Pc;>=I0608U+;A,/PA0�?ABIY(Y(. * �&=-;>G�g�I2 i � � KOUIE ;>0 D Y 08PAKM;>B(PC0 � � �+h$;>G � Rh � " � PAKOU(QR0M2b��KM;>K

B(?C08E ;>GW0 ;�;>PAKOY GR.ZKM;A0 ;A=(0 ,1U(Y(BI;�G�[?A0d;�XRGO.1;:KMQR0aGMJb;>=(0a78B(PCPA0@U`;�?A08UI?A0 K D Y(.1,1]50@P �^KO?�;:KO9M08UKM; � �+h�� " �-=(,/7:= ,/?';>=(0 �6GRPC?C;67eKO?C0 D KM;>7:=(,1U(Q 7@GRU(E(,N;>,1GRUWEIB(0�;AGa;>=I0�./G � 08P GRU PC08?A,1?C;>KOU(780�GOJ;>=I0 =I,/QR=�� ?A,1E(0�? �-,N;>7:=f2

� � > DG3�4�4�� JU��"W� �� &$��4

��B(0 ;AG ;>=(0 ,1U`;A08QRPAKM;>,1GRU�GOJ�;A=(0 " B(PAPC08U+; ��08UI?A0 � D Y(./,N]508PW,/U+;>G ;A=(0 ��BI;� O��08U(?C046.1G�7:9&K ;A08?�;�;>=(KM;�E(,1PA0@7@;>. * D 08KO?ABIPA08?�;>=(0a,/U(Y(B�;�G�[?A0d;�XRGO.1;:KMQR0a78KOU(U(GM; ) 0 PA08KO./,��80@Ef2-$=(0

��KM./. �!U+;>08P�JLKO780 EIG�0@?�QR0@U(08PAKM;>0 KW?A08UI?A0 78BIPAPA0@U+; � �-=(,17:= 7eKOU ) 0 7@G D Y5KOPA0@E E(,1PA087d;>. * ;AG ;>=I0=5KO.1. ?C08U(?CGRP ) ,ZKM? 78BIPAPA0@U+;e2 $=I0F78B(PCPA08U+; ?A0@U(?A0 D ,/? D KM;A7:= E5KM;>K ./,1?C;A08E ,/U cK ) ./0R=�2 � �6KO?

;:KM9O08U&J\PAG D gOhRh Y5KOP�;>?-G XR0@P-;A=(0�?AY 087@,1]50@E GRBI;AY(BI;-7@B(PAPC08U+; � KOU(E&?ABIY(Y(. * P>KOU(QO0O2�-0@X�,/0 �-,/U(Q ;>=(0a78B(PCPA08U+;�?A08UI?A0 D ,/? D KM;A7:= 0@_`B5KM;>,1GRU(?�QR08U(0@P>KM;A08E ,1U " =5KMYI;>0@P�� KMU(E

B(?C,/U(Q 0@_�B(KM;>,1GRU �(2�� KO? � 08.1.^KO? ;A=(0 U(GOP D KO./,��808E ?A,1Q D K&XOKM./B(0@?aJ\GRP # � �� =�2 \ D �� D �

KOU(E # � � i �R2 D �� D �b,/U c,/QRBIPA0 �(2 ��;A=(0 �� ,1U(Y(BI;�G�[?A0d; XOGR.1;>KOQR0-GOJ ;A=(0�78B(PCPA08U+;6?A08UI?A0

K D Y(./,N]508P�78KOU ) 0 0 ;�;>PAKOY[GO.ZKM;A08E J\PCG D ;>=(0 7@B(PAPC08U+; D ,/? D KM;A7:= E5KM;>KI2 K ) .10�=�2 g ./,1?C;A?a;>=I0

7eKM./78BI.ZKM;A08E � ,1U(Y(BI;�G�[?A0d;�XOGR.1;>KOQR0�7eKM./78BI.ZKM;A,/GRUFJ\GRP$;>=I0a?AK D 0�7@B(PAPC08U+; � ;>0 D Y 08PAKM;>B(PC0 KMU(EXRGO.1;:KMQR0�78GRPCU(08PC?�.1,/?�;>08EF,1U cK ) ./0C=�2 �R2

iRi

cK ) ./0C=�2 � � " B(PCPA0@U`;�?A0@U(?A0 D ,/? D KM;A7:=&E(KM;:KI2� �� D � � �� \� � � D � � � f� �

+i = I2 i� \�2 h+g��= = �R2 = � �I2 \VY\ = hI2 \Rh �I2 h+gi = hI2 iOh �2 Y�g = hI2 gOh �2 Y�

+i g�I2 i I2 iRg \�2 h+g��= g�I2 i �R2 = � �I2 Y+i\ g�I2 i hI2 \Rh �I2 h�i g�I2 i hI2 iOh �2 Y =g g�I2 i hI2 gOh �2 Y��

cK ) ./0 =�2 g �'�<;�;>P>KMY[GR./KM;>0@E � ,/U(Y(B�;-G� ?C0@;-XRGO.1;:KMQR0�J\GRP^;>=I0 7@B(PAPC08U+;�?A08UI?A0aK D YI./,1](08P82� �� D � � �� \� � �� ?C0@; � � �

+i = � ��+i�2 =��= = ��ì�2 Y\ = � � i�2 Yi = V\�I2 \g = VY�I2 h

+i g �I2 i � ��+i�2 =��= g �I2 i �V\ �R2 Y\ g �I2 i �`g �R2 hi g �I2 i VYV\I2 �g g �I2 i �+h�I2 =

i�

$=(0 KeXR0@P>KOQR0�XMKO.1B(0�J\GRP6;A=(0�G�[?A0d;>?-./,1?C;>0@EF,/UF K ) .10 =�2 g 0 ;�78./BIE(,/U(Q3;A=(0 +i D � D 0eK �

?ABIPA0 D 08U+;A?�,/?�i �(2 \ � � �-=(,/7:= KOY(Y(PCG ;I, D K ;>08?^;A=(0 Y(PA0@E(,/7d;>08E ,/U(YIBI;�G� ?C0@;-XRGO.1;:KMQR0�GOJ �RhOh � 2 $=(0W?A9M0 � ,/U ;A=(0 D 0eKOU GOJ^;A=(0 ?A0@U(?A0 78B(PCPA08U+; 7@G D Y5KOPA0@E ;>G&;>=(0WGRBI;AY(BI;37@B(PAPC08U+; ,1?K E(,1PA087d;�PC08?ABI.1;�GOJ';A=(03Y5KOPAKO?A,N;>,17 D 0@;:KM. PC08?A,1?C;>KOU(780 D 08U+;A,/GRU(0@E ,/U ?A087d;>,1GRU =�2 �R2�$=(03XMKO./B(0

7eKM./78BI.ZKM;A08E3J\GRPc� �� ,1U3;>=(0$Y(PC0@X�,/GOB(? E(08?C,/QRUHKMY(Y(PAG ;�, D KM;A08E gRiOh D � 2c$=I0 D KM;A7:=(,/UIQ�0��[087@;A?

) 0@; � 0808U � ��KOU(E � � � �60@PA0 U(GO; ,/U(7@./B(EI08E ,/U ;>=I0 ?C08U(?C0 D ,/? D K ;>7:= KOU5KO. * ?A,/? � E(B(0 ;>G ;>=I0D ,/U(, D ,��eKM;A,/GRU GOJ ,1;>?$0 � 0@7@;�E(,1?A78BI?A?A0@E ,/UF?C087d;>,/GOU �I2 �R2

� � Z JU@��*48 � � � -� ��4 � ��" 3��5 �"

$=(PC080HB(U(,1_�BI0 ,1U+;>08QOP>KM;A08E ?A=(GOPC;�;>G ) KM;C;>0@P * KMPA7:=(,N;>087d;>B(PC08? �60@PA0H, D Y(.10 D 08U+;>0@E GRUK ;A08?�;�7:=(,1Y ;>[email protected];>0�;A=(08,1P�Y 08P�J\GRP D KOU(7@0O2^$=(0 ]5PA?�;�E(0@?A,1QRU ?C=(G �-U ,/U c,/QRBIPA0 =�2 � B(?C08E

; � G % # ��WE(0@X�,17808? ) KO7:9 ;>G ) KO7:9 �-,1;A=W;A=(08,1P � 08.1./? KOU(EW?AGRB(PC780@?6;>,108EH;>GRQR0d;>0@P82'��0@X�,1780 # h,/?-KH% �EI0@X�,/7@0 �-,N;>=&K gRg�2 hM��E(PAKO,/U�� ) B(.19 ) PC0eKO9È(G �-U KOU(E ;>=(0�GO;A=(08P-K �+h � % # � � 25$=(0?A0@78GRUIE 7@,/PC78B(,N; ?C=(G �-U ,1U c,1QRB(PA0 =�2 g Y(.ZKM7808E K PA0@?A,/?�;>GRP ,/U ) 0@; � 080@U ;A=(0 E(PAKO,/U KOU(E � 08./.GOJ ;>=(0W% E(0@X�,1780O2 $=(0W;A=(,/PCE 7@,/PA7@B(,1;�?C=(G �-U ,/U c,1QRB(PA0(=�2 , D Y(./0 D 0@U+;>08E K ?A,/UIQR./0 �+h �

% # �� EI0@X�,/7@0 ;A=5KM;-=5KOE K ,/U(7@PA08KO?A0@E ?CGRB(PA7@0 ;AG ) B(./9 ) PA08KO9È(G �-U GOJbgOhM� 2

cK ) ./0 =�2 ��=(GRP�;$;>G ) KM;C;>08P * Y 08PCJ\GOP D KOU(780M2��PA7:=(,N;>087d;>B(PC0 ��-4 �<;IY 087d;>0@E ��-4 �08?�;>08E ��B ) ?C;AP>KM;A0 " BIPAPA0@U+;

=�2 � gRg�2 hM� ��gRg�2 hM� � � D �=�2 g gRg�2 hM� ��gRg�2 hM� �ì D �=�2 gOhI2 hM� ��gRg�2 hM� �� D �

K ) ./0 =�2 a?A=IG��-?$=IG�� 08KO7:=FGOJ ;A=(0�?C=(GRPC; ;>G ) KM;A;A08P * KOPC7:=(,1;A087d;>B(PC08?$Y 08PCJ\GOP D 08Ef2b��./.;>=IPA080&78,1PA7@B(,1;A? � 08PC0 K ) ./0F;>G �-,1;>=I?C;:KMU(E K ?A=(GOPC; ;>G ) KM;A;A08P * 78GRU(EI,1;>,1GRU GOJ�QOPA0eK ;>08PH;>=(KOU

gRg�2 hM� 2 $=I0 ) ,1QRQR08?�;�E(,��[08PC08U+;>,/KM;>GRP ) 0@; � 080@U ;>=(0 ;>=(PC080aKOPA7:=(,N;>0@7@;>BIPA08? �^KO?�;>=(0aK D GRB(U+;�GOJ?AB ) ?C;AP>KM;A0 78BIPAPA0@U+;�;A=5KM; �^KM? D 0eKO?CB(PA0@Ef2 " B(PCPA0@U`;�,/?-,/U��C087@;A08E ,/U+;>G ;>=I0a?CB ) ?C;AP>KM;A0a;A=(PAGRBIQR=;>=I0 Y5KMP>KO?C,1;>,17&%��% ;>=5KM;W78GOPAPA0@?AY GRU(E(? ;>G ;>=(0&E(P>KM,/U�� 60@./.�� ?AB ) ?C;>PAKM;>0 7@GRU(U(0@7@;>,1GRU(?WGOJ�;>=I0% # �� E(0@X�,1780O2 ��? ;A=(0�� ',1?�J\GRP �^KMPAE ) ,/KO?A0@E ;>=I,/?67@PA08KM;>0@?$K ) KM?A0�7@B(PAPC08U+;^;>=(KM;6,1?6Q+KM,/U(0@EB(Y )+* ;>=(0�� GOJf;A=(0�%'��% KOU(E Y5KO?A?C08?6;A=(PAGOB(QR= ;A=(0�7@GR./.1087@;AGRP'?AB ) ?C;>PAKM;>0�;>Ga� C2 c,/QOB(PA0 =�2 g

iV=

�� ect Sensor

OUT

M1

M2

VDD

D2

D1

VLS

Blocking Diode

c,1QRB(PC0 =�2 � �'% # �� ) KO7:9W;>G ) KO7:9 ?C=(GRPC;-;AG ) KM;A;A08P * KOPA7:=(,N;>0@7@;>BIPA0O2

�� ect Sensor

OUT

M1

M2

VDD

D2

VLSCurrent Limiting Resistor

D1

R1

c,/QRBIPA0C=�2 g ��gRg � % # �� -,1;A=&PC08?C,/?C;AGRP-?A=(GOPC;-;>G ) KM;C;>0@P * KOPC7:=(,1;A087d;>B(PC0O2

,/U��C087@;A08E ;A=(0 D GR?C;6?AB ) ?C;>PAKM;>0�78B(PCPA08U+;$EIB(0�;>Ga;>=(0��KOPA.1,/U(QO;AGRU 78GRU(UI087@;A,/GRU GOJ ;>=(0�Y5KOPAKO?A,N;>,/7%'��% ? �-=(,17:= PC08?CB(.1;A?�,/U KFg � 7@B(PAPC08U+;�Q+KO,1Uf2 c,/QOB(PA0 =�2 � �^KO?�;A=(0 ) 08?C;�Y[0@PCJ\GRP D 0@P�E(B(0 ;AG;>=I0 ? D KM././0@P$K D GRB(U+;-GOJ ) KO?C0 7@B(PAPC08U+;e2

� � � ? -/�&�2JU��"W�*4 7 �! 8� 4O) -N�V�E+��"' � ��" 3��5 �"

K ) ./0 =�2 � ./,1?C;A?W?CG D 0 GOJ�;>=I0 9O0 * Y 08P�J\GRP D KOU(7@0 Y5KOPAK D 0@;>0@PA? J\GRP ;A=(0 ��KO./.�� [087@;

��0@U(?AGRP-�!U+;>0@PCJLKO7@0O2

i9\

Current Load

OUT

M0

Regulated Supply = 5V

VLS

Vbattery = 12V

Short To Battery

High Side Switch

c,/QRBIPA0C=�2 �� +hM� % # �� -,1;A=&PC08?C,/?C;AGRP-?A=(GOPC;-;>G ) KM;C;>0@P * KOPC7:=(,1;A087d;>B(PC0O2

cK ) ./0 =�2 � � � 0 * Y(KOP>K D 0@;APA,178?^J\GRP-��KO./.��!0��[087d;$?A0@U(?AGOP�,1U+;>08P�JLKO780M2% KOP>K D 0@;A08P ��, D B(.ZK ;>,/GOU �08?C;A08E

��U ��-08?A,1?C;>KOU(780 g �I2 � � � D KO; � �8\I2 Y � � D KO; ��=(GOPC;-;>G 4^KM;C;>0@P * gRg�2 hM� ��gOg�2 h ��0@U(?A0 # KM;A7:=(,/U(Q � =�2 i �G=�2��

��XR08P � " B(PCPA0@U`;��PA,/Y iRi � � hRh D � i YI2 i � = �(2 i D �" B(PAPC08U+; �! , D ,1; � � � Y D � �,Y��2 \ D �

��XR0@P � �'GR.1;>KOQR0��PA,/Y g9\I2 3;>G RhI2 �8� g �I2 \ ;AG OhI2 Y �

i9Y

�Rh

�� /� ��

��

$=(,1?-;A=(08?C,/?$Y(PC08?C08U+;>?�;>087:=IU(,/_`B(0@?�KOUIE D 0@;A=(G�EI?^J\GRP$E(08?C,/QRUI,/U(Q =(,1QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQR0�Y(PA0@78,��

?A,1GRU KOU5KO.1GRQ 7@,/PA7@B(,1;A?�,/U KF?C;>KOU(E5KMPAE E(,/QR,N;:KO. "$# �� Y(PAG�780@?A? D G�E(,N]508E J\GRP��,/QO=�� 'GR.N;:KOQO0O2

��.1?AGWE(,/?C78B(?C?A08E ,1U ;>=I0a;>=I08?A,1?�,1?�;A=(0 E(0@?A,1QRU GOJ'KW=(,/QR= � XRGO.1;:KMQR0�Y(PA0@78,/?C,/GRU ?A0@U(?AGRP�,/U+;>0@PCJLKO7@0

E(0@?A,/QOU(08E ,1U � # � ��0 D ,/78GOU(E(B(7d;>GRP� ? hI2 � D "$# �� Y(PAG�780@?A?82 $=(0F?A0@U(?AGRP ,/U+;>0@PCJLKO7@0 �6KO?E(0@?A,/QOU(08E KM? K&?C;:KMU(E��KM./GRU(0HE(0dX�,/780 � ) B�;3,1J6,1; � 08PA0 ;>G ) 0 ,/U+;>0@QRP>K ;>08E ,/U+;>G KOU 0 D3) 08E(EI08E

? * ?�;>0 D �-,N;>= K D ,/7@PAGRYIPAG�7808?C?AGRP'KMU(E KMU KOU(KO./GRQ�;AG�E(,/QR,N;:KO.�E5KM;>K 7@GRU+XR08P�;>0@P��?A,/QOU(,1]578KOU+;'78GR?�;?>KeX�,/UIQR? �6GRBI./E ) 0�KO7:=I,/0@XO08Ef2

�G KM7:=(,/0dXR0 K =(,/QO= KO787@B(P>KO7 * ,1U�;>=(0 ?C08U(?C0 7@B(PAPC08U+; K ) B(./9�� E(PA,NXR08U ,1U(Y(BI; ?�;:KOQO0

�6KO? B(?A0@E ;>G KO7:=I,/0@XO0 K =(,1QR=(0@PF78G D D GOU�� D G�EI0 ,/UIY(BI; P>KMU(QR0 �-,1;A=(GRBI;F;A=(0 KOE(E(,N;>,/GOU�GOJ./0dXR0@.�?C=(,1J ;A08PC?�GRP�K ; �-,/U�� 60@./. Y(PAG�780@?A?@2$$=(0 .1G�� 08P�Q+KO,1U GOJc;A=(0 ) BI./9��!E(PC,1XO08U K D YI./,1](08P �6KO?G XR0@PA78G D 0 �-,1;A= 7eKO?C78G�E(0�E(0@X�,/7@08? � �-=I,/7:= KO./?CGHKO./.1G�� 08E ;A=(0�B(?A0�GOJ ./G � XRGR.N;:KOQO0 # �� b� $?J\GRP-KO7@78B(PAKO7 * ,1U 78PA,N;>,17eKO. D KM;A7:=(,/UIQHKOPA08KO?82

��U(0 ��?A=(GOPC;-;>G ) KM;C;>08P * KOPC7:=(,1;A087@;AB(PA0�J\GRP$=I,/QR=�� ?A,1E(0�? �-,N;>7:=&78,/PC78B(,N;>? �6KO?�KO./?CG EI,/? �78BI?A?A0@E ;>=(KM;3KM././G �-?�?C=(GRPC; ;>G ) KM;C;>0@P * Y(PCGO;>0@7@;>,1GRU �-,1;>=IGRBI;aKOE(E(,1U(Q K&?C08PA,108? E(,/G�E(0H,/U ;>=I0

GRU�� PA0@?A,/?�;:KOUI780HY5KM;A=f2 $=(,1? KO./.1G��-?�J\GOPaK D GRPA0H0��W7@,/0@U`;a=(,1QR=��!?C,/E(0 ? �-,1;A7:= ��;A=5KM; =5KO? K PA0 �E(B(7@08E XOGR.1;>KOQR0�E(PAGOY ,/U KOE(E(,N;>,1GRUF;>G K 78GR?�;�?AK X�,1U(QR?�PC0eKO.1, �@08E )`* ,1U`;A08QRPAKM;>,1U(QH;>=(0a?A=(GRP�;�;AG

) KM;C;>0@P * Y(PCGO;>0@7@;A,/GRU GRU&7:=(,/Y 2

� �

� ��6 JU3��*�*��"' �$:��" ) �*4 1�3�48 �@�� 4 � ��"W� -/4O�O@

��EIE(,1;A,/GRU5KM.aPC08?A08KOPA7:=�;>=(KM; 78GOB(./E�J\B(P�;>=(0@P ;>=(0 E(0@XO08./GOY D 0@U+; GMJHY(PA0@78,/?C,/GRU<=I,/QR=��

XRGO.1;:KMQR0�KOU5KO.1GRQ E(0@?A,/QOU(? �

� $=(0�KOU5KO. * ?C,/? KOU(E D ,/UI, D , �eK ;>,/GOU GOJ D ,/? D KM;A7:=W,1U =(,1QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQR0-E(0dX�,/780@?Û(0@08E(?6;AG ) 0

) 0@;C;>08P-B(UIE(08PC?C;>G�G�Ef2

� � ,N;>= ;A=(0^KOEIE(,1;A,/GRUaGOJ U(0 � =(,1QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQR0�Y(PCG�7@08?A?C08? �-,N;>=3? D KO.1./0@P�QRKM;>0 ./08UIQO;>=(?�� hI2 gRi �

hI2 �8\ D � UI0 � E(08?C,/QRU ;>0@7:=(U(,1_�BI08? �-,/.1.�U(0@08E ;>G ) 0 E([email protected][0@E ;>G G XR0@PA78G D 0 ;>=I0Y(PCG�7@08?C?�.1, D ,1;:K ;>,/GOU(?82

� $=(0�PC08./,/K ) ,1./,1; * GMJc=(,1QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQR0�E(0@X�,/7@08?�,/U&K ?C;>KOU(E5KOPCE "$# � � Y(PAG�780@?A?@2

� $=(0 ?�;>B(E * GOJ'./KM;>7:=�� B(Y KO?C?AG�78,ZK ;>08E �-,N;>= =I,/QR=�� XRGR.N;:KOQO03KOU5KM./GRQ KOU(E D 0@;>=IG�E(?�GOJ'PA0 �E(BI78,/UIQ ?C08U(?C,1;A,1X�,1; * ;AGH.ZKM;A7:=��!B(Y 0 � 0@7@;>?@2

�+g

� � ��

� � # 2 ��0878.108PC78_ � 62 " ./0 D 0@U+; � # 2b��7:=`B ) 08P�; � �a2c��KOP ) �cKOU(E # 2c��BI;AGR,1;��R��08?A,1QRU KMU(E��YI;>, D ,��eKM;A,/GRUFGOJ��,/QR= � �'GR.N;:KOQR0 "$# �� 0dX�,1780@? " G D Y5KM;>, ) ./0 � ,N;>= KF�`;:KOU(E(KOPAE i �

"$# �� 0@7:=(U(GR.1GRQ * �� " B(?�;>G D �!U`;A08QRPAKM;>0@E " ,1PA7@B(,1;A? " GRUIJ\0@PA08UI780 � �8Y9Y� � YIYf2 g �(2 ��2 ��g �(2��I2 � �(% PAG�780@08E(,1U(QR?�GOJ�;>=(0��'�'� �8YVY� �NY � � g # K * �8YVY�I2

g��32c��KM./08UI78,/7 �'�a2 46KO././KOU � %�2 ��0@XMKO. �'4�2 ��G�7:=(0d; � KOU(E # 2 ��0@78./0@PA7@_ ��ìOh � � ��PA,NXR0@P�!U+;>08QOP>KM;A08E ,/U ��;>KOU(E5KOPCE i � � "$# �� %'PCG�7@08?C?�� " B(?C;AG D �!U+;>0@QRP>K ;>08E " ,/PC78B(,N;>? " GRU �

J\08PC08U(7@0 � �8YVY � �(Y(Yf2 i9=9\ ��i \ � �(% PCG�7@0808EI,/U(QR?-GOJ�;>=I0 ��'�'� �8YVY � � �� # K * �8YVY�(2

� �[2 � GRU(Q �� '0@U(9`,1;:KM?AB ) PAKO= D KOU(,/KOU � # 2 � , D �OKOU(E �I2 S GRBIU(Q ��+��08?C,/QRU GOJ[K �Rh � � � h �

��!U`;A08.1./,/QO08U+;�% G �60@P�� -,N;>7:= V�?A,1U(Q �`;:KOU(E(KOPAE " 08./.1?�� '�'� �OGRB(PAU(KO. GOJ'��GO./,/E ��;>KM;>0" ,/PC78B(,N;>?��'GR. 2(gV= �5��G(2� �(Y(Y �`g9Y � � +g � # KOPC7:= � YVY+g�2

� �a� 2R� KMPA, ) GR.1E(, � KOU(E 62O% B(.1X�,/0@PAU+;>, ��R� =Oh D � �!U+;>08.1./,1QR08U+;'��,/QR=H��,/E(0�� -,N;>7:= �-,1;A= 5B(./.��,ZKOQOU(GR?C;A,/7@?��&��'�'� �OGRB(PCU5KO. GOJ^��GR.1,/E��;:K ;>0 " ,1PA78BI,1;>? � �'GR. � ��G[= � Y(Y 2�Y � i � YRg� �

�OB(. * �8YVY��2

i�� 2��IKO9 K D GO;>G � S 2��B(UIGRQ+K �^K � � 2��IK ;>GRU5KM9MK ��2 � GRBIE5K ��KOU(E��[2��GRPC,/B(7:=I, ��R��U�!U+;>08.1./,1QR08U+;�%�G�� 08P � " �-,1;>= �-0@XO08PA?C0 4^K ;A;>0@P * %'PCGO;>0@7@;A,/GRU J\GRP KO?�; �� -,1;>7:=I,/U(Q ��,/QR=��,/EI0 ��GR./0@U(GR,/E �� '�'� PAKOU(?>KM7@;>,1GRU(? GRU��'.1087d;>PAGOU��0dX�,1780@?��'GR. 2 � � ��G(2 \ ��Y(Yf2

��=V=Ri � ��=9\ � ��B(QRB(?�; �8YVYVYI2

� � # 2��[email protected]@_ � # 2��=`B ) 0@PC;�� 62 " ./0 D 08U+;��ì �� ;AG � =Oi � "$# � ��BI;AY(BI; �!U+;>0@PCJLKO7@0

" ,/PC78B(,N;>?�� 8YVY� ��'� �!U+;>08PCU5KM;A,/GRU5KM.3��GO./,/E ��;>KM;>0 " ,/PC78B(,N;>? " GRUIJ\0@PA08UI780 �� 0@?A?A,1GRU

� h� O��,/QR= ��Y 080@E " G DWD B(U(,/78KM;>,1GRUFKOUIE �!U+;>0@PCJLKO7@08?�Y(Yf2 � �Rg � � �� g \+g�2

��

=�� # 25��.1,ZKO= D KOE � " 2[�IKO./K D K � �R�!U+;>0@QRP>K ;>,/GOU GOJbK ��=(GRPC; �� G�GRY �I � " ,/U&K G ��'GR.N;:KOQR0��B )(D ,/7@PAGRU 46, "$# �� 087:=(U(GO./GRQ * �� '�� OGRB(PAU(KO.^GOJ��GR.1,/E��;:K ;>0 " ,1PA7@B(,1;A?��b�'GR.�2� �5��G(2 � �5YIYf2*\+iOh � \+i9\ � �OB(U(0 �8YVY9\I2

\ � ��.1./08QOPAG # ,/7@PAGR? * ?�;>0 D ? �+�!U(7 ��R��KO.1.�� [087d;c� " ��YIY(./,17eKM;A,/GRU(?c��B(,/E(0 � � ��Y(Y(.1,/78KM;>,1GRU5��GM;>0gV=V=Oh � 4�2

Y � �I2'��Y 087:9`?��^% 2 46PCG�EI08PA,17:9 �6��2 � PA7:9M08PC;��^� 2'��KOP ) � �I2 � PCB(087:9M08U � �R� # , ;�0@E ��,1QR,1;>K �./��U5KO./GOQ � � ) # ,/78PCG�7@GRU+;>PCGR./.108P �-,1;>= h�2 i # ) .ZKO?C= # 0 D GRP * � ��U�� " =I,/YF%�G�� 08P��B(YIY(. *

�f% = * ?A,/78KO.b��0@; � GRPA9 �!U+;>08P�JLKO780 � KOU(E �RhM� � R��J\GRP��BI;AG D GO;>,NXR0 ��,/U(QR.10 � " =(,/Y # 087:=(K �;>PCGRU(,/7@?��H��'��!U+;>0@PAU5K ;>,/GOU5KO. ��GO./,/E ��;>KM;>0 " ,/PA7@B(,1;A? " GRUIJ\0@PA08UI780 � � ��g �R2 � � gMhRhRhI2

� h �a� 2 ��PA0@QRGR,/PC0 � �`��YI;>, D B D ��PA08K ��.1./G�7eKM;A,/GRU J\GRP # ,1U(, D B D # ,/? D K ;>7:= � � ��'��gOhRh �" B(?C;AG D �!U+;>0@QRP>K ;>08E " ,/PC78B(,N;>? " GRUIJ\0@PA0@U(780 � YIYf2 �� (��7@;>G ) 0@P�gMhRh�(2

�� a4�2f4 .ZKO.1G�7:9 � %�2f��.1./08U �fKOU(E � 2f�-,/U(7@GRU�� # GRP>K � �+��08?C,/QRU � � �T��Y � D Y(?�V�?A,/UIQ&��;:KOU �

E5KOPCE ��,/QO,1;:KM. "$# �� 0@7:=(U(GR.1GRQ * �� '�'� �P>KOUI?>KO7d;>,/GOU(? GRU " ,/PA7@B(,1;A? KMU(E � * ?C;A0 D ?�A� �+��U5KO./GOQ KOUIE ��,1QR,1;>KO.5��,1QRU5KO. % PCG�7@08?A?C,/U(Q ��'GR. 2��ì ��G(2�= �`Y(Yf2�=�VY � =9\Oh � �OB(. * � YVYV\I2

� g�� 62�4^KO= D KOU(,aKOU(E �[2 KO9`=(P>KM,/0 � �R� ��KO,1.�� ;>G �!��KO,1. � " GRU(?�;:KOU+; � D � �� 'GR.1; "$# ��

��Y5K D Y � �+% PAG�780@08E(,1U(QR? GMJ�;>=(0 ��'� �!U+;>08PCU5KM;A,/GRU5KM.�� *�D Y[GO?A,/B D GOU " ,/PC78B(,N;>? KMU(E� * ?C;A0 D ?��(�'GR. 2 g �(Y(Y 2 ��VY � � =Rg � # K * gOhRhRh�2

� � � 2e KO?>KMU(08U �M�$2 ��,1?AU(0@U��-B(GO;A?>KO./KO,/UI08U � KMU(E �I2 � GO?C;:K D G XMKRKOPAK � �R� �� i� � "$# � � �

��Y5K D Y��-,1;A= 46B(.19��PA,NXR0@U �!U(Y(B�;� PAKOU(?C,/?C;AGRPA? �� % PCG�7M2 � MPAE ��'�'� # ,/E � 08?�;a� *�D Yf2GRU " ,/PC78B(,N;>?-KOU(E � * ?C;A0 D ?�� KOU(?C,/U(Q # � �5��B(Q(\ � �� gOhRhRh�2

��

Documents

High Voltage Analog Design in a Standard Digital CMOS Process