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High Temperature Siliddesand Refractory Alloys

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Cambridge University Press978-1-558-99221-4 - Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings Volume 322: High Temperature Silicides and Refractory Alloys: Symposium held November 29-December 2, 1993, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.Editors: C.L. Briant, J.J. Petrovic, B.P. Bewlay, A.K. Vasudevan and H.A. LipsittFrontmatterMore information

http://www.cambridge.org/9781558992214

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MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS VOLUME 322

High Temperature Siliddesand Refractory Alloys

Symposium held November 29-December 2, 1993, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

EDITORS:

C.L. BriantGeneral Electric Company

Schenectady, New York, U.S.A.

J.J. PetrovicLos Alamos National Laboratory

Los Alamos, New Mexico, U.S.A.

B,P. BewlayGeneral Electric Company

Schenectady, New York, U.S.A.

A,K. VasudevanOffice of Naval Research

Arlington, Virginia, U.S.A.

ELA. LipsittWright State UniversityDayton, Ohio, U.S.A.

•MlRlSlMATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania






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© Materials Research Society 1994

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Contents

PREFACE xi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii

MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS xiv

PART I: SILICIDE MICROSTRUCTURES AND DEFORMATION

OVERVIEW OF HIGH TEMPERATURE STRUCTURAL SILICIDES 3J.J. Petrovic and A.K. Vasudevan

•PLASTIC BEHAVIOR AND DEFORMATION STRUCTURE OFSILICIDE SINGLE CRYSTALS WITH TRANSITION METALSAT HIGH TEMPERATURES 9

Y. Umakoshi, T. Nakashima, T. Nakano, and E. Yanagisawa

THE TEMPERATURE AND STRAIN RATE DEPENDENCE OF THEFLOW STRESS IN MoSi2 SINGLE CRYSTALS 21

S.A. Maloy, T.E. Mitchell, John J. Petrovic, A.H. Heuer,and J.J. Lewandowski

CHARACTERIZATION OF STRUCTURE AND MECHANICALPROPERTIES OF MoSi2-SiC NANOLAYER COMPOSITES 27

H. Kung, T.R. Jervis, J-P. Hirvonen, M. Nastasi, andT.E. Mitchell

SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF 1N-S1TU MoSi2/SiCCOMPOSITES 33

S. Jayashankar, S.E. Riddle, and M.J. Kaufman

THE EFFECT OF DEFORMATION AND REINFORCEMENT PARTICLESON THE GRAIN GROWTH BEHAVIOR OF MoSi2 41

Ajoy Basu and Amit Ghosh

CllB-C40 TRANSFORMATION-INDUCED 1/4<111> FAULTSIN MoSi2 49

B.K. Kad, K.S. Vecchio, B.P. Bewlay, and R.J. Asaro

PART II: SILICIDE SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING

*IN-SITU PROCESSING OF MoSi2-BASE COMPOSITES 59N. Patibandla, W.B. Hillig, M.R. Ramakrishnan,D.E. Alman, and N.S. Stoloff

*VACUUM PLASMA SPRAY FORMING OF HIGH TEMPERATURESILICIDES 71

S. Sampath and H. Herman

FABRICATION AND TESTING OF PLASMA-SPRAY FORMEDMoSi2 AND MoSi2 COMPOSITE TUBES 81

R.G. Castro, J.R. Hellmann, A.E. Segall, and D.L. Shelleman

*THE APPLICATION OF REACTIVE HOT COMPACTION ANDIN-SITU COATING TECHNIQUES TO INTERMETALLIC MATRIXCOMPOSITES 87

H. Doty, M. Somerday, and R. Abbaschian

*Invited Paper






SINTERING OF MoSi2 107J J . Petrovic and J.S. Idasetima

COMBUSTION SYNTHESIS OF MoSi2 AND MoSi2-COMPOSITES 113K. Monroe, S. Govindarajan, J.J. Moore, B. Mishra,D.L. Olson, and J. Disam

COMBUSTION SYNTHESIS OF MOLYBDENUM DISILICIDEAND ITS COMPOSITES 119

Seetharama C. Deevi

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF METAL SILICIDE/SILICON CARBIDE COMPOSITES BY LOW TEMPERATURE SOLID-STATE REACTIONS 127

D. Zeng, M.J. Hampden-Smith, and L.-M. Wang

SYNTHESIS OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE SILICIDES VIA RAPIDSOLID-STATE METATHESIS 133

Richard M . Jacubinas and Richard B. Kaner

SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF MoSi2/SiC PROCESSED BYLOW PRESSURE PLASMA CO-INJECTION AND DEPOSITION 139

D.E. Lawrynowicz, J. Wolfenstine, S. Nutt,E.J. Lavernia, D.E. Bailey, and A. Sickinger

THERMO-CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF NANOSTRUCTURED CHROMIUMSILICIDE/SILICON CARBIDE AND MOLYBDENUM SILICIDE/SILICON CARBIDE COMPOSITE POWDERS 149

Ping Luo, Peter R. Strutt, and Kenneth E. Gonsalves

PART III: SILICIDE MECHANICALBEHAVIOR AND PROBLEMS

*A REVIEW OF CREEP OF SILICIDES AND COMPOSITES 157K. Sadananda and C.R. Feng

*PLASTICITY ENHANCEMENT PROCESSES IN MoSi2-BASEMATERIALS 175

R. Gibala, H. Chang, and C M . Czarnik

FILM SOFTENING EFFECTS OF ZrO: ON MoSi2 185C M . Czarnik, R. Gibala, M. Nastasi, andl.D. Garrett

STRENGTH AND TOUGHNESS OF SILICIDE MATRIX MATERIALSCONSOLIDATED BY HOT ISOSTATIC PRESSING 191

R. Suryanarayanan, S.M.L. Sastry, and K.L. Jerina

CREEP BEHAVIOR OF MoSi2SiC COMPOSITES 197Darryl P. Butt, Stuart A. Maloy, H. Kung,David A. Korzekwa, and John J. Petrovic

CREEP RUPTURE OF MoSi2/SiCP COMPOSITES 203Jonathan D. French, Sheldon M. Wiederhorn, andJohn J. Petrovic

MICROCRACKING, STRAIN RATE AND LARGE STRAINDEFORMATION EFFECTS IN MOLYBDENUM DISILICIDE 209

D.A. Hardwick and P.L. Martin

THE EFFECT OF GRAIN SIZE AND SiC PARTICULATES ONTHE STRENGTH AND DUCTILITY OF MoSi2 215

Amit K. Ghosh and Ajoy Basu

*Invited Paper

VI






PLASTICITY OF MoSi2 BELOW 900°C 223H. Chang and R. Gibala

BRITTLE COMPOSITES MODELING: COMPARISONSWITH MoSi2/ZrO2 229

S.P. Chen, R. LeSar, and A.D. Rollett

DESIGN AND SYNTHESIZE OF NEW TERNARY ZIRCONIUMSILICIDE INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS WITH THE 16HCRYSTAL STRUCTURE 235

Yukinori Ikarashi and Kozo Ishizaki

PART IV: SILICIDE OXIDATION AND PROPERTIES

*HIGH TEMPERATURE OXIDATION BEHAVIOR OFSTRUCTURAL SILICIDES 243

C.E. Ramberg, P. Beatrice, K. Kurokawa, andW.L. Worrell

CYCLIC OXIDATION RESISTANCE OF MoSi2/20v% NbCOMPOSITES 255

D.E. Alman and N.S. Stoloff

THERMAL FATIGUE OF MoSi2 AND A MoSi2-10 vol% TiCCOMPOSITE 261

M.T. Kush, J.W. Holmes, and R. Gibala

SURFACE OXIDATION MECHANISMS OF MOLYBDENUM DISILICIDEIN HIGH-TEMPERATURE COMBUSTION ENVIRONMENTS 267

Wen-Yi Lin and Robert F. Speyer

ELECTROCHEMICAL PROTECTION OF MOLYBDENUM ANDMOLYBDENUM DISILICIDE IN MOLTEN SODA-LIME-SILICATEGLASS ENVIRONMENT 273

S. Kamakshi Sundaram and Robert F. Speyer

MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OFNITRIDED MOLYBDENUM SILICIDE COATINGS 279

J-P. Hirvonen, I. Suni, H. Kattelus, R. Lappalainen,P. Torri, H. Kung, T.R. Jervis, and M. Nastasi

HIGH TEMPERATURE SILICIDE THIN-FILM THERMOCOUPLES 285Kenneth G. Kreider

MICROSTRUCTURAL EVOLUTION IN COMPOSITIONALLYTAILORED MoSUSiC COMPOSITES 291

S.E. Riddle, S. Jayashankar, and M.J. Kaufman

FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A FUNCTIONALLYGRADIENT Mo-MoSi2 COMPOSITE 297

Gaurav Agarwal, Wen-yi Lin, and Robert F. Speyer

PART V: RECENT ADVANCES INREFRACTORY ALLOYS AND PROCESSING

THE PROPERTIES AND USES OF REFRACTORY METALSAND THEIR ALLOYS 305

C.L. Briant

*RECENT ADVANCES AND DEVELOPMENTS IN REFRACTORY ALLOYS 315T.G. Nieh and J. Wadsworth

*Invited Paper

vii






•DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-STRENGTH FABRICABLE TANTALUM-BASE ALLOYS 329

R.W. Buckman, Jr.

*POWDER PROCESSING OF REFRACTORY METALS AND ALLOYS 341Randall W. German

•DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF REFRACTORYINTERMETALLICS: SINGLE CRYSTALS AND COMPOSITES 353

David P. Pope, Dilip M. Shah, William Romanow,and Mark Huntley

•MECHANICAL WORKING OF REFRACTORY ALLOYSPRODUCED BY MELTING PROCESSES 363

John R. Hughes

EFFECT OF DEFORMATION PROCESSING ON MECHANICALPROPERTIES OF Nb-10 a/o Si IN-SITU COMPOSITE 377

I. Weiss, M. Thirukkonda, and R. Srinivasan

EFFECT OF COOLING RATE ON THE TENSILE YIELD STRENGTHAND DUCTILITY OF B2 COMPOUND IN Nb-40at.% Ti-15at.%AlALLOY 387

D.-H. Hou and H.L. Fraser

PART VI: REFRACTORY ALLOYS:PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL METALLURGY

•REFRACTORY AND SILICIDE LAVES PHASES 395James D. Livingston

INFLUENCE OF TUNGSTEN ALLOYING ADDITIONS ON THEMECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND TEXTURE OF TANTALUM 407

G.T. Gray III, S.R. Bingert, S.I. Wright, and S.R. Chen

EFFECT OF INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS ON THEPROPERTIES OF TANTALUM 413

P. Kumar, C.E. Mosheim, and C.A. Michaluk

•TERNARY MoSi2 COMPOUNDS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURESTRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS 423

S. Chin, D.L. Anton, and A.F. Giamei

MOLYBDENUM-RHENIUM DISILICIDE ALLOYS 431D.L. Davidson and A. Bose

INVESTIGATION OF B2 AND RELATED PHASES INTi-MODIFIED Nb-Al ALLOYS 437

D.-H. Hou, S.S. Yang, J. Shyue, and H.L. Fraser

EFFECTS OF PROCESSING AND PROLONGED HIGH TEMPERATUREEXPOSURE ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF Nb-lZr-C SHEET 443

Mehmet Uz and R.H. Titran

MICROSTRUCTURES, DEFECTS AND DEFORMATION MECHANISMSIN VANADIUM MODIFIED Nb,Al 453

L.S. Smith, M. Aindow, and M.H. Loretto

•Invited Paper

viii






PART VII: REFRACTORY ALLOYS:MULTIPHASE MATERIALS AND COMPOSITES

*PROPERTIES OF MICROLAMINATED INTERMETALLIC-REFRACTORY METAL COMPOSITES 461

R.G. Rowe, D.W. Skelly, M. Larsen, J. Heathcote,G. Lucas, and G.R. Odette

TENSILE AND STRESS-RUPTURE BEHAVIOR OF HAFNIUMCARBIDE DISPERSED MOLYBDENUM AND TUNGSTEN BASEALLOY WIRES 473

H.M. Yun and R.H. Titran

MICROSTRUCTURAL EVOLUTION AND DENSIFICATION KINETICSDURING SINTERING OF OXIDE-DISPERSED TUNGSTEN ALLOYS 483

Li-Chyong Chen and Bernard P. Bewlay

*MICROSTRUCTURES AND MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF Nb-TiBASE BETA + SILICIDE ALLOYS 491

P.R. Subramanian, M.G. Mendiratta, and D.M. Dimiduk

EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ON DUCTILE-PHASETOUGHENING IN NIOBIUM SILICIDE-NIOBIUM COMPOSITES 503

Joseph D. Rigney, Preet M. Singh, and John J. Lewandowski

THE EFFECTS OF IN-SITU PROCESSING METHODS ON THEMICROSTRUCTURE AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF V-V3SiCOMPOSITES 511

M.J. Strum, G.A. Henshall, B.P. Bewlay, J.A. Sutliff,and M.R. Jackson

PART VIII: APPLICATIONS OF REFRACTORY ALLOYS

•PROCESSING, PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE NIOBIUM ALLOYS 519

C. Craig Wojcik

•APPLICATION OF TUNGSTEN ALLOYS IN THE LIGHTINGINDUSTRY 531

L. Bartha

POTASSIUM IN GRAIN BOUNDARIES OF TUNGSTEN 537Milan R. Vukcevich

CREEP CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNGSTEN WIRES 547Wego Wang

SINTERING BEHAVIOR OF Ba2CaWO6-DOPED-TUNGSTEN 553J.A. Rudd and B.P. Bewlay

VARIOUS PROPERTIES OF SPUTTERED TaxAl,.x FILMS 559V.J. Minkiewicz, J.O. Moore, G. Keller, S.J. Woodman,D. Dobbertin, R. Savoy, and J.M. Eldridge

AUTHOR INDEX 565

SUBJECT INDEX 567

•Invited Paper

IX











Preface

This volume is the written proceedings of Symposium F on High Temperature Silicidesand Refractory Alloys, which was held in conjunction with the 1993 Fall MaterialsResearch Society Meeting in Boston, Massachusetts, November 28-December 2, 1993. Thissymposium was very successful with 82 oral presentations, over four days.

The first two days were devoted to recent developments in silicides and the last twodays to refractory alloys. This response is a reflection of the growing interest in refractorymetal based silicides, in particular, MoSi2, and the continued development of commercialrefractory alloys such as W, Mo, Ta, and Nb-based alloys. The symposium coveredsynthesis, processing, microstructures, mechanical properties, oxidation behavior,composites, multiphase materials and applications. Significant advances were evident in allthese areas.

The symposium was sponsored by The Office of Naval Research, Osram-Sylvania Inc.,and the General Electric Company. We are very grateful for their support. We are alsopleased to acknowledge the support of the staff at MRS for their assistance in assemblingboth the program and the proceedings. Finally, we would like to thank the session chairs,the manuscript services, the speakers and all those who contributed to the success of thissymposium.

C.L. BriantJ.J. PetrovicB.P. BewlayA.K. VasudevanH.A. Lipsitt

January 1994

XI











Acknowledgments

Financial support for this symposium was provided by The Office of Naval Research,Osram-Sylvania Inc., and General Electric Company. We are very grateful to them for thissupport for without it the symposium could not have been so successful. The papers in thisproceedings were reviewed on-site following the MRS procedures. We gratefullyacknowledge the contributions of the session chairs and all the other key readers of themanuscripts.

xiii






MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS

Volume 297— Amorphous Silicon Technology—1993, E.A. Schiff, M.J. Thompson,P.G. LeComber, A. Madan, K. Tanaka, 1993, ISBN: 1-55899-193-X

Volume 298— Silicon-Based Optoelectronic Materials, R.T. Collins, M.A. Tischler,G. Abstreiter, M.L. Thewalt, 1993, ISBN: 1-55899-194-8

Volume 299— Infrared Detectors—Materials, Processing, and Devices, A. Appelbaum,L.R. Dawson, 1993, ISBN: 1-55899-195-6

Volume 300— III-V Electronic and Photonic Device Fabrication and Performance,K.S. Jones, S.J. Pearton, H. Kanber, 1993, ISBN: 1-55899-196-4

Volume 301— Rare-Earth Doped Semiconductors, G.S. Pomrenke, P.B. Klein,D.W. Langer, 1993, ISBN: 1-55899-197-2

Volume 302— Semiconductors for Room-Temperature Radiation Detector Applications,R.B. James, P. Siffert, T.E. Schlesinger, L. Franks, 1993,ISBN: 1-55899-198-0

Volume 303— Rapid Thermal and Integrated Processing II, J.C. Gelpey, J.K. Elliott,J.J. Wortman, A. Ajmera, 1993, ISBN: 1-55899-199-9

Volume 304— Polymer/Inorganic Interfaces, R.L. Opila, A.W. Czanderna, F.J. Boerio,1993, ISBN: 1-55899-200-6

Volume 305— High-Performance Polymers and Polymer Matrix Composites, R.K. Eby,R.C. Evers, D. Wilson, M.A. Meador, 1993, ISBN: 1-55899-201-4

Volume 306— Materials Aspects of X-Ray Lithography, G.K. Celler, J.R. Maldonado, 1993,ISBN: 1-55899-202-2

Volume 307— Applications of Synchrotron Radiation Techniques to Materials Science,D.L. Perry, R. Stockbauer, N. Shinn, K. D'Amico, L. Terminello, 1993,ISBN: 1-55899-203-0

Volume 308— Thin Films—Stresses and Mechanical Properties IV, P.H. Townsend,J. Sanchez, C-Y. Li, T.P. Weihs, 1993, ISBN: 1-55899-204-9

Volume 309— Materials Reliability in Microelectronics III, K. Rodbell, B. Filter, P. Ho,H. Frost, 1993, ISBN: 1-55899-205-7

Volume 310—Ferroelectric Thin Films III, E.R. Myers, B.A. Tuttle, S.B. Desu,P.K. Larsen, 1993, ISBN: 1-55899-206-5

Volume 311— Phase Transformations in Thin Films—Thermodynamics and Kinetics,M. Atzmon, J.M.E. Harper, A.L. Greer, M.R. Libera, 1993,ISBN: 1-55899-207-3

Volume 312— Common Themes and Mechanisms of Epitaxial Growth, P. Fuoss, J. Tsao,D.W. Kisker, A. Zangwill, T.F. Kuech, 1993, ISBN: 1-55899-208-1

Volume 313— Magnetic Ultrathin Films, Multilayers and Surfaces/Magnetic Interfaces-Physics and Characterization (2 Volume Set), C. Chappert, R.F.C. Farrow,B.T. Jonker, R. Clarke, P. Griinberg, K.M. Krishnan, S. Tsunashima/E.E. Marinero, T. Egami, C. Rau, S.A. Chambers, 1993,ISBN: 1-55899-211-1

Volume 314— Joining and Adhesion of Advanced Inorganic Materials, A.H. Carim,D.S. Schwartz, R.S. Silberglitt, R.E. Loehman, 1993, ISBN: 1-55899-212-X

Volume 315— Surface Chemical Cleaning and Passivation for Semiconductor Processing,G.S. Higashi, E.A. Irene, T. Ohmi, 1993, ISBN: 1-55899-213-8






MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS

Volume 316—Materials Synthesis and Processing Using Ion Beams, R.J. Culbertson,K.S. Jones, O.W. Holland, K. Maex, 1994, ISBN: 1-55899-215-4

Volume 317—Mechanisms of Thin Film Evolution, S.M. Yalisove, C.V. Thompson,D.J. Eaglesham, 1994, ISBN: 1-55899-216-2

Volume 318—Interface Control of Electrical, Chemical, and Mechanical Properties,S.P. Murarka, T. Ohmi, K. Rose, T. Seidel, 1994, ISBN: 1-55899-217-0

Volume 319—Defect-Interface Interactions, E.P. Kvam, A.H. King, M.J. Mills, T.D. Sands,V. Vitek, 1994, ISBN: 1-55899-218-9

Volume 320— Silicides, Germanides, and Their Interfaces, R.W. Fathauer, L. Schowalter,S. Mantl, K.N. Tu, 1994, ISBN: 1-55899-219-7

Volume 321—Crystallization and Related Phenomena in Amorphous Materials, M. Libera,T.E. Haynes, P. Cebe, J. Dickinson, 1994, ISBN: 1-55899-220-0

Volume 322—High-Temperature Silicides and Refractory Alloys, B.P. Bewlay, J.J. Petrovic,C.L. Briant, A.K. Vasudevan, H.A. Lipsitt, 1994, ISBN: 1-55899-221-9

Volume 323— Electronic Packaging Materials Science VII, R. Pollak, P. Borgesen,H. Yamada, K.F. Jensen, 1994, ISBN: 1-55899-222-7

Volume 324— Diagnostic Techniques for Semiconductor Materials Processing,O.J. Glembocki, F.H. Pollak, S.W. Pang, G. Larrabee, G.M. Crean, 1994,ISBN: 1-55899-223-5

Volume 325—Physics and Applications of Defects in Advanced Semiconductors,M.O. Manasreh, M. Lannoo, H.J. von Bardeleben, E.L. Hu, G.S. Pomrenke,D.N. Talwar, 1994, ISBN: 1-55899-224-3

Volume 326—Growth, Processing, and Characterization of Semiconductor Heterostructures,G. Gumbs, S. Luryi, B. Weiss, G.W. Wicks, 1994, ISBN: 1-55899-225-1

Volume 327—Covalent Ceramics II: Non-Oxides, A.R. Barron, G.S. Fischman, M.A. Fury,A.F. Hepp, 1994, ISBN: 1-55899-226-X

Volume 328—Electrical, Optical, and Magnetic Properties of Organic Solid State Materials,A.F. Garito, A. K-Y. Jen, C. Y-C. Lee, L.R. Dalton, 1994,ISBN: 1-55899-227-8

Volume 329—New Materials for Advanced Solid State Lasers, B.H.T. Chai, T.Y. Fan,S.A. Payne, A. Cassanho, T.H. Allik, 1994, ISBN: 1-55899-228-6

Volume 330— Biomolecular Materials By Design, H. Bayley, D. Kaplan, M. Navia, 1994,ISBN: 1-55899-229-4

Volume 331— Biomaterials for Drug and Cell Delivery, A.G. Mikos, R. Murphy,H. Bernstein, N.A. Peppas, 1994, ISBN: 1-55899-230-8

Volume 332— Determining Nanoscale Physical Properties of Materials by Microscopy andSpectroscopy, M. Sarikaya, M. Isaacson, H.K. Wickramasighe, 1994,ISBN: 1-55899-231-6

Volume 333— Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XVII, A. Barkatt,R. Van Konynenburg, 1994, ISBN: 1-55899-232-4

Volume 334— Gas-Phase and Surface Chemistry in Electronic Materials Processing,T.J. Mountziaris, P.R. Westmoreland, F.T.J. Smith, G.R. Paz-Pujalt, 1994,ISBN: 1-55899-233-2

Volume 335—Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition of Electronic Ceramics, S.B. Desu,D.B. Beach, B.W. Wessels, S. Gokoglu, 1994,ISBN: 1-55899-234-0

Prior Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedingsavailable by contacting Materials Research Society






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High Temperature Siliddes and Refractory Alloysassets.cambridge.org/.../92214/frontmatter/9781558992214_frontmatter.pdf · synthesis and characterization of metal silicide/ silicon