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Folie 1 >
High Temperature Heat Storagefor Process Heat and Power Plants
Rainer TammeDLR - German Aerospace Center
Institute of Technical Thermodynamics – Stuttgart/Köln/AlmeriaEUROSOLAR– WCRE “First International Renewable Energy Storage Conference” - IRES I
October 30-31, 2006, Gelsenkirchen, Germany
Folie 2 > Vortrag > AutorDokumentname > 23.11.2004
Folie 2 > High Temperature Heat Storage for CSP – IRES I, Gelsenkirchen, 2006> Rainer Tamme
Definition of “High Temperature”
• Temperature beyond heating and cooling
• Water (non-pressurized) NOT applicable as storage material
> 120 °C
Available storage technology for HT applications
• Storage of sensible heat in fluids and solid materials
• Latent heat storage – PCM storage
Introduction
Available heat transfer media for HT applications
• Single phase fluids – different fluids and gases
• two-phase fluids – water/steam
Folie 3 > Vortrag > AutorDokumentname > 23.11.2004
Folie 3 > High Temperature Heat Storage for CSP – IRES I, Gelsenkirchen, 2006> Rainer Tamme
Rationale - Heat Storage for Process Heat
BMU Studie „Ökologisch optimierter Ausbau der Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien in Deutschland“ DLR, ifeu, WI 2004
Pattern of energy consumption in Germany Future heat generation in Germany
Efficiency improvement
increased contribution from CHP + RES
Folie 4 > Vortrag > AutorDokumentname > 23.11.2004
Folie 4 > High Temperature Heat Storage for CSP – IRES I, Gelsenkirchen, 2006> Rainer Tamme
Pattern of process heat
temperature range 100 – 400 °Cwater/steam as relevant HTF
Examples• Food processing• Manufacturing of construction materials• production of paper, textile industry etc.• Water purification, desalination• double effect sorption cooling
temperature beyond 500 °Cflue gas and air as relevant HTF
Examples• metallurgy • ferrous and non-ferrous metal casting• ceramics manufacturing• glass manufacturing
Folie 5 > Vortrag > AutorDokumentname > 23.11.2004
Folie 5 > High Temperature Heat Storage for CSP – IRES I, Gelsenkirchen, 2006> Rainer Tamme
Rationale - Heat Storage for Power Generation
Future power generation in Germany
BMU Studie „Ökologisch optimierter Ausbau der Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien in Deutschland“ DLR, ifeu, WI 2004
BMU MEDCSP study „Potential and economy of renewable energies in Middle East North African Countries, DLR, 2004
Future power generation in MENA countries
increased CSP plants
increasing RES
Folie 6 > Vortrag > AutorDokumentname > 23.11.2004
Folie 6 > High Temperature Heat Storage for CSP – IRES I, Gelsenkirchen, 2006> Rainer Tamme
Heat Storage for Power GenerationExamples
Heat storage for solar thermalpower plants
Adiabatic compressed air energy storage power plant
Decentralized CHP systems
Folie 7 > Vortrag > AutorDokumentname > 23.11.2004
Folie 7 > High Temperature Heat Storage for CSP – IRES I, Gelsenkirchen, 2006> Rainer Tamme
diversified specificationsPower range from kW to MW Short term storage – minutes to hourLong term storage – several hours to days Capacity from few kWh to GWhTemperature range from 100 to 1000 °Clarge number of primary ad secondary heat transfer media:water/steam, oil, liquid salt, air etc.
Conclusions for designing TES
ONE SINGLE storage technology cannot not meet the huge range of design specifications and operation parameters
Heat Supply
Heat Utilization
Storage
Thermal Energy
Thermal Energy
Storage
Thermal Energy
Thermal Energy
Folie 8 > Vortrag > AutorDokumentname > 23.11.2004
Folie 8 > High Temperature Heat Storage for CSP – IRES I, Gelsenkirchen, 2006> Rainer Tamme
Solid media / Concrete Storage• sensible storage with castable ceramics and concrete• preferred for single phase HTF till 400/500 °C• dual medium indirect storage system with regenerative heat transfer• modular and scalable design from 500 kWh to 1000 MWh
Important applications• parabolic trough solar thermal power plants• waste heat storage < 500 °C• combined heat and power
Folie 9 > Vortrag > AutorDokumentname > 23.11.2004
Folie 9 > High Temperature Heat Storage for CSP – IRES I, Gelsenkirchen, 2006> Rainer Tamme
T_Oil_out, charging
T_Oil_in, discharging
tem
per
atu
re
length
Tt1,c Tt2,c
Ttend,c
Ttend,d
Tt1,dTt2,d
Solid media / Concrete StorageCharacteristic behavior of dual media solid TES
Important issues:• internal heat transfer
• heat conductivityof solid media
Folie 10 > Vortrag > AutorDokumentname > 23.11.2004
Folie 10 > High Temperature Heat Storage for CSP – IRES I, Gelsenkirchen, 2006> Rainer Tamme
Thermal Engineering and Simulation Tools
temperature distribution
power and capacity
Folie 11 > Vortrag > AutorDokumentname > 23.11.2004
Folie 11 > High Temperature Heat Storage for CSP – IRES I, Gelsenkirchen, 2006> Rainer Tamme
2 year operation of 2 modules350 kWh castable ceramic350 kWh concrete
Second generation concrete400 kWh storage moduledeveloped with
Expected investment cost~ 25 €/kWh(large scale, 6 h cycles)
Concrete storage is ready for scale-up and demonstration
System integration and operationstrategy is important issue
Concrete Storage - Current Status
Folie 12 > Vortrag > AutorDokumentname > 23.11.2004
Folie 12 > High Temperature Heat Storage for CSP – IRES I, Gelsenkirchen, 2006> Rainer Tamme
PCM Storage - Motivation
93% Verdampfung
3% Überhitzung4% Überhitzung
55% Verdampfung
33% Vorwärmung 12% Überhitzung
10bar process steamT - range 160°C to 200°C
evaporation temperature 179°C
100 bar Rankine cycle Tmax 400°CReheating and feed water pre-heating
spez. Entropie
Tempe
ratur
Latentspeicher sensiblerSpeicher
sensiblerSpeicher
Preheating evaporation superheatingWater wet steam Superheated
steam
T profile for HTF water/steam
spez. Entropie
Tempe
ratur
Latentspeicher sensiblerSpeicher
sensiblerSpeicher
solid –melting - liquid
sensibelsolid
Latent-heat
sensibelliquid
T profile for solid/liquid PCMspez. Entropie
Tempe
ratur
Latentspeicher sensiblerSpeicher
sensiblerSpeicher
Preheating evaporation superheatingWater wet steam Superheated
steam
Preheating evaporation superheatingWater wet steam Superheated
steam
T profile for HTF water/steam
spez. Entropie
Tempe
ratur
Latentspeicher sensiblerSpeicher
sensiblerSpeicher
solid –melting - liquid
sensibelsolid
Latent-heat
sensibelliquid
T profile for solid/liquid PCMspez. Entropie
Tempe
ratur
Latentspeicher sensiblerSpeicher
sensiblerSpeicher
solid –melting - liquid
sensibelsolid
Latent-heat
sensibelliquid
spez. Entropie
Tempe
ratur
Latentspeicher sensiblerSpeicher
sensiblerSpeicher
solid –melting - liquid
sensibelsolid
Latent-heat
sensibelliquid
solid –melting - liquid
sensibelsolid
Latent-heat
sensibelliquid
T profile for solid/liquid PCM
Preference for PCM storagetwo-phase flow HTFmainly water/steam
industrial process steamrankine cycle power generation
Folie 13 > Vortrag > AutorDokumentname > 23.11.2004
Folie 13 > High Temperature Heat Storage for CSP – IRES I, Gelsenkirchen, 2006> Rainer Tamme
Approaches for Efficient PCM Storageto solve heat transfer limitations of PCM
Improved heat transferImproved storage materials
PCM composite
PCM with superiorthermal conductivity
Tubular heat exchangerwith externally arranged PCM
PCM composite
PCM with superiorthermal conductivity
Tubular heat exchangerwith externally arranged PCM
Increase heat transfer area
Macro-EncapsulationIsothermal steam accumulatorswith PCM
Tubular heat exchangerwith finned tubes
(Sandwich Concept)
Increase heat transfer area
Macro-EncapsulationIsothermal steam accumulatorswith PCM
Tubular heat exchangerwith finned tubes
(Sandwich Concept)
Folie 14 > Vortrag > AutorDokumentname > 23.11.2004
Folie 14 > High Temperature Heat Storage for CSP – IRES I, Gelsenkirchen, 2006> Rainer Tamme
New improved composite PCM´sFocussing on Nitrate salts and Graphite matrix
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
100 150 200 250 300 350Temperature [°C]
Enth
alpy
[J/g
]
KNO3
NaNO3NaNO2
KNO3-NaNO3
LiNO3-NaNO3
KNO3-LiNO3
KNO3-NaNO2-NaNO3
LiNO3
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
100 150 200 250 300 350Temperature [°C]
Enth
alpy
[J/g
]
KNO3
NaNO3NaNO2
KNO3-NaNO3
LiNO3-NaNO3
KNO3-LiNO3
KNO3-NaNO2-NaNO3
LiNO3
Intercalation and exfoliation
Grinding
graphite
Expandedgraphite
worm
Ground expandedgraphite
Compressed expandedgraphite plates
Compression
1.
2.3.
Intercalation and exfoliation
Grinding
graphite
Expandedgraphite
worm
Ground expandedgraphite
Compressed expandedgraphite plates
Compression
1.
2.3.
Low pressuresteam systems
High pressuresteam systemsCommercial PCM
composite materialsmanufactured by
Folie 15 > Vortrag > AutorDokumentname > 23.11.2004
Folie 15 > High Temperature Heat Storage for CSP – IRES I, Gelsenkirchen, 2006> Rainer Tamme
PCM Storage – Current StatusProcess steam storage and solar steam generation
• design concept for improved PCMstorage scientifically proven
• new composite PCM with high thermalconductivity developed
• validated in 10 kWh storage modules• 100 kW pilot storage under construction
Folie 16 > Vortrag > AutorDokumentname > 23.11.2004
Folie 16 > High Temperature Heat Storage for CSP – IRES I, Gelsenkirchen, 2006> Rainer Tamme
Compressed air storage technologyfor large scale electricity storage
AdiabaticCAES
Source: Electricity Storage Association
Survey on electricity storage technologies
Specific investment cost
Folie 17 > Vortrag > AutorDokumentname > 23.11.2004
Folie 17 > High Temperature Heat Storage for CSP – IRES I, Gelsenkirchen, 2006> Rainer Tamme
M MotorLP Low Pressure CompressorHP High Pressure CompressorST Steam TurbineG Generator
LP STM GHP
CavernAir Intake
Heat Storage
ST
Air Outlet
Adiabatic CAES - Approach
Pure storage technology, locally emission-freeHigh storage efficiency
Heat storage neededDemanding advancement of turbo engines– compressor and turbine
Folie 18 > Vortrag > AutorDokumentname > 23.11.2004
Folie 18 > High Temperature Heat Storage for CSP – IRES I, Gelsenkirchen, 2006> Rainer Tamme
40 m36 m 35 m
3 m 2 m
sym
met
ric a
xis 9 m
5 m
3 m 1 m
4 m
4 m
22 m
activ
e co
olin
g
Nitrate salt + Mineral oil
Nitrate salt + Mineral oil
Cast ironConcreteChecker brick
Natural stone
Storage medium
IndirectIndirectDirectDirectDirectDirect
One-tank thermocline
Two-tank configuration
Cast iron slabs
Concrete walls
Cowper-type
Rock bedConcept
Liquid media TESSolid media TES
Heat Storage Concepts for ACAES
Folie 19 > Vortrag > AutorDokumentname > 23.11.2004
Folie 19 > High Temperature Heat Storage for CSP – IRES I, Gelsenkirchen, 2006> Rainer Tamme
Basic design concept defined• layout of storage material configuration• pressure vessel-containment design• isolation• Investigation of storage materials
(thermo-physical and thermo-mechanical properties)
• Charging/discharging behavior• Cost estimation
Heat Storage Development for ACAES
Folie 20 > Vortrag > AutorDokumentname > 23.11.2004
Folie 20 > High Temperature Heat Storage for CSP – IRES I, Gelsenkirchen, 2006> Rainer Tamme
structureair l
ayer
wal
l
inve
ntor
y
Heat Storage for ACAES – Current Status
Further development to verify design, materials and simulation tools to establish a basis for a 30 MW demonstration plant
Basic design concept developed by
Folie 21 > Vortrag > AutorDokumentname > 23.11.2004
Folie 21 > High Temperature Heat Storage for CSP – IRES I, Gelsenkirchen, 2006> Rainer Tamme
Conclusions
Continuous and even more research and development effort is needed to bring the new storage approaches to commercial stage
Concrete storage technology is available until 400 °Cfor waste heat storage, CHP and solar trough plants
Energy storage is a key issue for efficient energy utilizationto reduce fossil fuels consumption and CO2 emissionsand increased heat and power generation with RESto balance unequal supply und demand profiles
Advanced storage technologies – PCM or ACAES - have large potential to provide efficient and economic storage for process heat and power plants