HIGH SPEED 8-BIT EMBEDDED MICROCONTROLLER Final Project Reportgeneralengineering.sjsu.edu/docs/pdf/mse_prj_rpts/fall2008/HIGH... · HIGH SPEED 8-BIT EMBEDDED MICROCONTROLLER Final

HIGH SPEED 8-BIT EMBEDDED MICROCONTROLLER

Final Project Report

Presented To

Dr. Leonard P. Wesley

MSE

San Jose State University

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirement for ENGR 298

By Group 5

Hardik Thakkar Neha Razdan Nikita Patel

April, 2009

Final Project Report for ENGR298 Spring 2009

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© 2009

Neha Razdan

Nikita Patel

Hardik Thakkar

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED


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APPROVAL PAGE

Approved by

Supervising Committee:

_________________________

Professor Morris Jones

Instructor of Electrical Engineering


_________________________

Dr. Peter Reischl

Professor of Electrical Engineering

San Jose State University.

________________________

Dr. Leonard Wesley

Associate Professor of Computer

Engineering



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ABSTRACT

The numbers of transistors on the chip are increasing and the chip size is decreasing

every 18 months following Moore's law. The main focus of the Start up Semiconductor

Company is to increase speed and reduce area of 8 bit Embedded Microcontroller chip.

The company plans to create a product to achieve a maximum frequency of around 1.5

GHz. The hardware design of this Microcontroller covers less area on the chip and is free

from any software related routing problems. Also the customers have been provided the

flexibility of programming the Embedded Microcontroller according to the required

application. The cost of this Microcontroller is comparatively less than the existing

Microcontrollers in the market. The proposed design is not only a technological marvel

but also a cost efficient solution for our customers.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to sincerely thank and express our deep gratitude to Mr. Morris Jones,

Dept. of Electrical Engineering, San Jose State University, for his thorough guidance and

valuable suggestions throughout the course of this project.

Similarly our gratitude extends to Dr.Peter Reischl, Dept. of Electrical

Engineering, San Jose State University, who helped to shape our strategy and helped to

overcome the difficulties we faced during the execution of this project.

Dr. Leonard P. Wesley, Associate Professor, Dept. of Computer Engineering,

San Jose State University, deserves our sincere thanks as without him it would not have

been possible for us to achieve the objectives of this project.

- Neha Razdan

- Nikita Patel

- Hardik Thakkar


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction..................................................................................................................... 9 2. Project Preliminary Scope............................................................................................ 10 2.1 Hypothesis................................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Method of Investigation.............................................................................................. 10 2.3 Resource Utilization.................................................................................................... 10 2.4 Process Technology .................................................................................................... 11 2.5 Product Specification .................................................................................................. 11 2.6 Experimental Procedure.............................................................................................. 12 3. Literature Survey on Microcontroller .......................................................................... 14 3.1 Basic Processor ........................................................................................................... 14 3.2 Basic Microcontroller ................................................................................................. 15 3.3 Difference between Microcontroller and Microprocessor.......................................... 16 3.4 Why 8 bit Microcontroller .......................................................................................... 17 3.5 Embedded Microcontroller ......................................................................................... 18 3.6 Applications of Embedded Microcontrollers.............................................................. 18 3.7 Pico Blaze 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller .............................................................. 19 3.8 Reference Block Diagram for Design......................................................................... 20 4. Design of Pico Blaze 8- Bit Microcontroller .............................................................. 22 4.1 Multiplexers ................................................................................................................ 22 4.2 Register File ................................................................................................................ 23 4.3 SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)................................................................... 25 4.4 Instruction PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)........................................... 26 4.5 Program Counter......................................................................................................... 27 4.6 Stack Pointer ............................................................................................................... 29 4.7 Instruction Decoder..................................................................................................... 30 4.8 ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)..................................................................................... 34 4.9 Zero/Carry Flag........................................................................................................... 36 4.10 Interrupt..................................................................................................................... 37 4.11 Input and Output ....................................................................................................... 38 4.12 Interfacing of Top level Blocks ................................................................................ 38 4.13 Pipelining of 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller......................................................... 39 4.14 Testing and simulation Results ................................................................................. 42

4.14.1 Testing of R-type (Register-type) instruction ................................................ 43 4.14.2 Testing of Branch Instruction ........................................................................ 44 4.14.3 Final Testing of the whole program............................................................... 45

4.15 Applications of 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller..................................................... 46 4.16 Future Expansion of 8 bit Embedded Microcontroller ............................................. 48 5. Economic Justification.................................................................................................. 49 5.1 Executive Summary .................................................................................................... 49 5.2 Problem Statement ...................................................................................................... 50 5.4 Established Companies in Microcontroller Business ................................................. 52 5.5 Customer ..................................................................................................................... 52 5.6 Market Size of 8 bit Embedded Microcontroller ........................................................ 53

5.6.1 Consumer Electronics ...................................................................................... 54


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5.6.2 Automotive Industrial Applications................................................................. 55 5.7 Costs............................................................................................................................ 55 5.8 Price Point................................................................................................................... 58 5.9 SWOT Assessment ..................................................................................................... 59 5.10 Investment Capital Requirement............................................................................... 59 5.11 Personnel................................................................................................................... 60 5.12 Businesses and Revenue Model................................................................................ 61 5.13 Break Even Analysis................................................................................................. 63 5.14 Strategic Alliance /Partner ........................................................................................ 66 5.15 Profit and Loss Statement ......................................................................................... 66 5.16 Exit Strategies ........................................................................................................... 67 5.17 Norden Rayleigh Profile ........................................................................................... 68 5.18 Future of 8-Bit Embedded Microcontroller .............................................................. 71 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 73 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 80

LIST OF TABLES: Table 1 Historical Development of Intel Microcontrollers............................................... 15 Table 2 Pros and Cons of Pico Blaze Microcontroller ..................................................... 20 Table 3 Logic of a 2to1 mux............................................................................................. 22 Table 4 Program for executing JUMP and LOAD instructions........................................ 27 Table 5 Test Case for R- type Instructions ....................................................................... 43 Table 6 Test case for Branch Instruction .......................................................................... 45 Table 7 Program for the Final Testing, Test case1 ........................................................... 45 Table 8 Program for the Final Testing, Test case2 ........................................................... 46 Table 9 Major Segments of Microcontroller Customers .................................................. 55 Table 10 Cost Distribution of 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller ...................................... 56 Table 11 Amount spent on Materials, Labor and Rent..................................................... 57 Table 12 SWOT Assessment ............................................................................................ 59 Table 13 Cash balance from year 2008 to 2012 ............................................................... 60 Table 14 Personnel required for 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller................................... 61 Table 15 Revenue from 2008 Q-4 to 2012 ....................................................................... 63 Table 16 Break Even Analysis.......................................................................................... 64


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LIST OF FIGURES: Figure 1 Design Flow of 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller .............................................. 12 Figure 2 Comparison between Microprocessor and Microcontroller .............................. 17 Figure 3 Xilinx Pico Blaze 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller........................................... 20 Figure 4 Transistor level schematics of 2to1 mux ............................................................ 23 Figure 5 Schematics of a 4to16 decoder ........................................................................... 24 Figure 6 Schematics of 16 byte wide Register File .......................................................... 25 Figure 7 Test bench of SRAM.......................................................................................... 26 Figure 8 Test bench of PROM.......................................................................................... 27 Figure 9 Schematic of 10-bit Program Counter................................................................ 28 Figure 10 Schematic Diagram of 31 level Stack Pointer.................................................. 30 Figure 11 Schematic Diagram of Instruction Decoder ..................................................... 32 Figure 12 Schematic Diagram of PREDOCDER ............................................................. 33 Figure 13 Schematic Diagram of ROM............................................................................ 34 Figure 15 Schematics of 8-bit ALU.................................................................................. 36 Figure 16 Schematics of Zero Flag................................................................................... 37 Figure 17 Final Schematic of 8 bit microcontroller.......................................................... 39 Figure 18 Program being executed without Pipelining and with Pipelining ................... 40 Figure 19 Output of PROM with 2 instructions in pipeline.............................................. 41 Figure 20 Output of PROM with 3 instructions in pipeline.............................................. 42 Figure 21 Simulation Result of above program................................................................ 44 Figure 22 Revenue share for 8bit Embedded Microcontroller ......................................... 52 Figure 23 Division of total cost ........................................................................................ 57 Figure 24 Business and Revenue Model of 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller ................. 62 Figure 25 Graph showing Expense and Revenue ............................................................. 63 Figure 26 Break Even Analysis from Q42008 to Q3 2010............................................... 65 Figure 27 Break Even Analysis from Q4 2010 to Q4 2012.............................................. 65 Figure 28 Profit and Loss Profile...................................................................................... 67 Figure 29 Graph of Cumulative Distribution.................................................................... 69 Figure 30 Graph of Probability Density Function ............................................................ 70 Figure 31 Forecasting of 8-bit Microcontrollers in World Market till 2015 .................... 72

1. Introduction Microcontrollers are completely enclosed by the device they control like general purpose

PC; embedded systems. The Microcontroller applications vary from a simple Microwave

to Satellite systems. Higher clock speed (i.e. the number of instructions that can be

executed per second) will give rise to a more efficient Microcontroller. “Today’s system

designer has to work in highly competitive global market environment where they face

many challenges like improved product time to market, reduced Bill of Material (BOM)

cost and the most importantly to improve the functionality and performance. So to

overcome many design obstacles and accelerate system innovation, it is very important to

rapidly reconfigure the processor and its sub elements.” (Optimized for Performance

(November, 2006) [Embedded Magazine].Considering all the customer requirements, we

are providing a custom designed Hardcore 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller working at a

high speed of 1.5 GHz and consuming less chip area. The Product has a proven fast

production time resulting in reduced time to market, and will prove to be a Profitable

business. The targeted customers for 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller product are

Consumer Electronics Industry and Automotive Industry. This Microcontroller is almost

one third the cost of existing High speed microcontrollers in the market.


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2. Project Preliminary Scope

2.1 Hypothesis In the wider Microprocessor market, Microcontroller takes the largest share of the market

sales. The demand for Microcontrollers has increased rapidly in the last couple of years.

Microcontrollers are every where in the world, from a small chip to the high profile

satellite system. The Company’s objective is to design an 8 bit embedded Microcontroller

for high speed applications, giving a cost effective solution to the customers.

2.2 Method of Investigation According to recent market survey, microcontrollers are used for various applications

like, USB, Ethernet, Nano watt technology, LCD and Motor Control. The main

requirement of microcontrollers in the present market is low cost, less area and higher

speed. The larger chip area results in a higher cost which limits the consumer demand.

2.3 Resource Utilization Design and Testing Tool: Cadence “Virtuoso” IC design Tool

Dynsize for Device size Calculation

Spectre Spice for simulation

Espresso logic reduction software

Process: IBM 0.13micron Technology

Operating System: UNIX


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2.4 Process Technology The company uses Cadence Tool for the design. Although there are a couple of

technologies available in the Cadence library, but the company will use IBM0.13micron

technology for the design because it has some specific advantages over the other

technologies. Some of them are listed below.

1. Amount of metal used is less

2. Parasitic capacitance effect will be minimized as compared to IBM0.18micron

3. Fast production time

2.5 Product Specification The IP product of the company is 8bit microcontroller which provides flexible, high

performance, low cost and compact size solution to our customer. The 8 bit

microcontroller supports the following features.

16 Byte wide general purpose data register

1K instructions of programmable on-chip program store.

Byte-wide Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) with CARRY and ZERO indicator flags.

64-byte internal Scratchpad RAM

31-location CALL/RETURN stack

Fast Interrupt response

Predictable performance up to 1.5GHz


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2.6 Experimental Procedure After understanding the customer requirement, the Company has come up with design

process Flow chart which shows experimental procedure for the new product.

Figure 1 Design Flow of 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller

Design Block Diagram

Device Sizing

Design Schematic of an Individual Block

Testing and Debug of Individual Block

Interfacing of each Block

Integrated Schematic Final Simulation


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Design Block Diagram

The design engineers prepared a functional top level block diagram of the 8 bit

microcontroller which had a logic diagram of the each individual block.

Device Sizing

The design engineers calculated the device size (Length and Width) for each transistor

for each individual block by using dynsize software from back to front. The design

engineers considered external capacitance for each block as 20ff.

Design Schematic

The design engineers prepared a transistor level schematic for each individual block of

microcontroller by using Cadence design tool. Ran Spectre Spice Simulation and verified

the output of individual block. Interfaced all the individual blocks and again ran the

simulation to verify the performance of the design.

Design Testing and Debugging

To test the design, ran the simulation at each stage and verified each block. The test

engineer divided the whole testing into three levels. The first level contained the testing

of Instruction PROM with the Program Counter and Stack Pointer for the CALL,

RETURN and JUMP instruction testing. The second level contained the instruction

PROM with Register File and ALU for LOAD, ADD and logical AND instruction.

Finally the design was integrated into one level and the performance of the controller for

each pipelined instruction was checked.


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3. Literature Survey on Microcontroller

3.1 Basic Processor Microprocessor is the heart of Computers. The basic components of Microprocessor are

Arithmetic and Control unit, memory, input/output devices.

Memory (ROM/RAM): All the instructions to be executed by the Microprocessor are

written in Read Only Memory (ROM).

Random Access memory (RAM) is used for permanent storage of data. The data can be

written to a RAM block or data can be read from RAM block. RAM stores the data as

long as power is supplied to it.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): ALU performs all the logical and arithmetic operations.

Control Unit: The control unit is required to move the data from ROM to ALU. The

control unit consists of Instruction Decoder and Register File.

Instruction decoder is used to decode the Instructions and Register File is used for the

temporary storage of data.

Input/output Devices: The Input Devices are usually Tri- State Buffers and Output

Devices are Latches.

In 1971, Intel obtained a first 4-bit microprocessor called 4004 running with speed

of 6000 Instructions per second. The following table shows the list of Microcontrollers

developed by Intel.


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Table 1 Historical Development of Intel Microcontrollers Name Year Transistors Clock Speed

8080 1974 6000 2 MHz

8088 1979 29000 5 MHz

80286 1982 134000 6 MHz

80386 1985 275000 16 MHz

80486 1989 1200,000 25 MHz

Pentium 1993 3100,000 60 MHz

Pentium II 1997 7500,000 233 MHz

Pentium III 1999 9500,000 450 MHz

Pentium 4 2000 42000,000 1.5 GHz

Source: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor1.htm.Table of our own

3.2 Basic Microcontroller “A microcontroller (also microcontroller unit, MCU or µC) is a small computer on a

single integrated circuit consisting of a relatively simple CPU combined with support

functions. Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices,

such as automobile engine control systems, remote controls, office machines, appliances,

power tools, and toys. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a

separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it

economical to digitally control even more devices and processes.”( Wikipedia) There are

several types of the microcontroller are available in the market like

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8051

68HC11

eZ8, eZ80

Hitachi H8, SuperH

Rabbit 2000

TLCS-870

MSP430 (16-bit)

CF (32-bit)

ARM

MIPS (32-bit PIC32)

S08

AVR

PIC (8-bit PIC16, PIC18, 16-bit dsPIC33 / PIC24)

V850

PowerPC ISE

PSoC (Programmable System-on-Chip)

3.3 Difference between Microcontroller and Microprocessor Microcontroller is an integrated type of microprocessor. It has many characteristics like

low power consumption, self-sufficiency and cost-effectiveness as compared to general-

purpose microprocessor. The following figure shows difference between Microcontroller

and Microprocessor.

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Figure 2 Comparison between Microprocessor and Microcontroller Source: Xilinx Micro Blaze Microcontroller Reference Design User Guide

The general purpose Register, Arithmetic Logic Unit, program counter, RAM, EPROM,

I/Os, Interrupt and Reset are the basic functional blocks of microcontroller.

Microcontroller differs from a microprocessor in many ways. “In order for a

microprocessor to be used, other components such as memory, or components for

receiving and sending data must be added to it. In short that means that microprocessor is

the heart of the computer. On the other hand, microcontroller is designed to be all of that

in one. No other external components are needed for its application because all necessary

peripherals are already built into it.” (Margarida F. Jacome, 2000).

3.4 Why 8 bit Microcontroller Commonly used Microcontrollers are

• 8 bit

• 16 bit

• 32 bit


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The above three vary in terms of memory size, number of registers, address bus and data

bus. The market demand is high for 8 bit Microcontrollers because they are less

expensive as compared to 16 and 32 bit microcontrollers. It is possible to add new

functions to an 8 bit Microcontroller in a more creative way as compared to 16 bit or 32

bit. “The 8-bit MCU continues to be the workhorse of the automotive industry. It is

valued because of its cost-effective control functions, which enable consumers to enjoy

the benefits of smart products in the automobile sector. For example, the BMW 745i

luxury sedan contains more than sixty 8-bit MCUs.” (Meghan Le, 2004)

3.5 Embedded Microcontroller Microcontroller that is embedded inside some machine like Mobile devices, Automobile

Transmission systems, Video games is known as Embedded Microcontroller. An

Embedded Microcontroller has a smaller internal memory, an ALU, Control unit and

some I/O devices. The Embedded Microcontroller usually has a requirement of faster

speed and higher performance as compared to conventional Microcontrollers.

3.6 Applications of Embedded Microcontrollers Embedded Microcontrollers are used for various applications in the market.

- Automobiles

- Cameras

- Cell Phone

- Game Players

- Consumer Appliances

- Industrial Control

- Communication Devices


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- Robotics

Embedded Microcontrollers are used for high speed applications like in communication

systems and in digital signal processing.

3.7 Pico Blaze 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller Pico Blaze Microcontroller is soft core fully embedded 8 bit microcontroller that

requires no external sources. Pico Blaze microcontroller provides a flexible I/O at much

lower cost than off the shelf controller. Pico Blaze can be customized to meet specific

features, function and cost requirements. It can perform a 44 to 100 MIPS with clock

speed of 200MHz. It provides very flexible architecture (Xilinx Pico Blaze 8 BIT

Embedded Microcontroller guide, June 2004).

Hard core processors are much faster and fixed in position where as soft core are

comparatively slower and can be placed any where. There are many other problems

customers are facing with the soft core processor. (Jim Duckworth , Embedded

Microprocessor).


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Table 2 Pros and Cons of Pico Blaze Microcontroller

Source: (Prof. Ajit Pal, Sudip Roy, Sujan Kundu, June 2007)

3.8 Reference Block Diagram for Design Following figure shows the basic block Pico Blaze Microcontroller Architecture.

Figure 3 Xilinx Pico Blaze 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller Source: www.xilinx.com/bvdocs/ipcenter/data_sheet/picoblaze_productbrief.pdf

Pros Cons

Easy to Program Executes Sequentially

Re uses logic resources Performance degrades with increasing complexity

Excellent for Lower power

Function

Slower response to simultaneous inputs

Resource requirement remains

constant with increasing

complexity.

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The function of various blocks present in the Figure is explained below.

Program Counter:

Program counter is the register in the processor. It holds the address of next instruction

being executed. The program counter is automatically incremented after every instruction

cycle. A 10 bit program counter supports maximum code space of 1024 instructions.

(“Pico Blaze 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller user guide”, 2008)

Call/Return stack:

CALL/RETURN hardware stack stores instruction addresses. Stack is also used during an

interrupt operation. The oldest value is overwritten when the stack is full.

RAM:

The RAM stores the data to be accessed in any random order. The microcontroller

provides internal RAM which is directly or indirectly addressable from a 16 byte wide

Register File. The STORE instruction writes the data of any of register to the RAM

location. The FETCH instruction read the data from the RAM location to the any of the

registers. (“Pico Blaze 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller user guide”, 2008)

ALU:

The arithmetic logical unit performs all below microcontroller calculation

- Arithmetic operation like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

- Bit wise logical operation like AND, OR ,NOR, and XOR

- Bit shifting and rotating operation.

- Bit compare operation


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Register Bank:

The microcontroller has general purpose registers which can store both the data and

address. The register provides the way to access the data. The registers do not provide

any special function.

4. Design of Pico Blaze 8- Bit Microcontroller The IP design of an 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller has been designed using Custom

Design approach. The design is a transistor level design where the sizing has been done

using Dynsize program at every level.

4.1 Multiplexers The Multiplexers are used to select the values. A multiplexer has select lines. In case of n

select lines, a multiplexer has 2^n inputs and 2^n outputs as well. For example, A 2to 1

multiplexer has one select line, two inputs and two outputs. The output depends on the

select line. Table for a 2:1 mux is given as and the following figure shows the transistor

level logic diagram of 2:1 MUX.

Table 3 Logic of a 2to1 mux

Select line Output

S0 I0

S1 I1

The Pico blaze microcontroller design contains five 8bit 2:1 MUX, two 10 bit 2:1 MUX,

two 8bit 16:1 MUX and two 10bit 32:1 MUX. The following figure shows the schematics

for 2to1 mux.


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Figure 4 Transistor level schematics of 2to1 mux

4.2 Register File The Registers are used to store the data. We have designed 16 8 bit Registers using static

D flip flops. A 4:16 decoder was designed using AND gates. The Register File has two

read ports in order to have two outputs. Two 16 8 bit multiplexers are connected at the

output of the Register File in order to select two different Registers. The following figure

shows the block diagram of the 16 byte wide register file.


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Figure 5 Schematics of a 4to16 decoder


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Figure 6 Schematics of 16 byte wide Register File

4.3 SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) The Pico blaze microcontroller provides 16 byte scratch pad RAM. SRAM is used to

store the data from the Register file. SRAM is a temporary storage memory. The data is

first loaded into the Registers using LOAD instruction from PROM which is later on

stored in SRAM. SRAM stores data on a specific address location once the Write Enable

signal is activated. While retrieving data from SRAM, the Write Enable is changed to

active low. The inputs of the SRAM are the 6bit address line, clock, 8 bit data line and


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write enable signal where the output is 8bit data out. The address of the SRAM is

specified either directly with an immediate constant value or indirectly using the content

of any registers. Only the lower 6 bit of address is used. The program of the SRAM is

written in the Verilog- A editor which generates a schematic symbol. The following

figure shows the block diagram of the SRAM.

Figure 7 Test bench of SRAM

4.4 Instruction PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory) The instruction PROM executes up to 1024 instructions. The Pico blaze instructions are

stored in the block RAM configured as 1K*18 ROM. The input of the PROM is 10 bit

address and clock whereas the output is 18bit instruction code. As the ROM is

programmable, the program is written in the Verilog-A editor and will generate a

schematic symbol of the Instruction PROM. Programmable Memory is the read only

memory which can modified according to user requirements. The following figure shows

the block diagram of the Instruction PROM.


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Figure 8 Test bench of PROM

4.5 Program Counter The program counter is incremented after the execution of every instruction to the next

address location. The program counter is automatically incremented to the next

instruction location when the JUMP, CALL, RETURN AND RETURNI instructions are

read from PROM. For the following example if JUMP 3 instruction arrives, the program

counter jumps to location 3 and executes LOAD 3, 3 instructions.

Table 4 Program for executing JUMP and LOAD instructions Instruction Location Instruction Register/Constant value

0 ADD 2,1

1 JUMP 3

2 LOAD 2.2

3 LOAD 3,3


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The length of the program counter in Pico blaze microcontroller is 10 bit which supports

maximum code space of 1024 instructions (000 to 3FF). If the program counter reaches

to 3FF hex then again roll over to 000 locations. The following figure shows the basic

block diagram of the program counter which contains two 10 bit 2:1 multiplexer and 10

bit incrementer.

The carry look ahead adder (simple CLA) is used for the incrementer design in which all

the generate signals are zero.

Figure 9 Schematic of 10-bit Program Counter


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4.6 Stack Pointer The stack pointer stores up to 31 address locations and each instruction location is 10 bits

wide. The stack is also used during an interrupt operation. When the interrupt is enabled,

at least one of the stack locations should be reserved. The basic stack memory block

contains the 5bit counter which performs increment and decrement, 5:32 bit decoder, 32

bit register and 32:1 10 bit MUX. The following figure shows the basic block diagram of

the stack memory.

The simple 5-bit Carry Look Ahead counter (CLA) is used for the up and down counter

with 2:1 mux at input and at output. If the select line of the 2:1 mux is 1, the counter will

decrement and if its 0 then counter is increment.


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Figure 10 Schematic Diagram of 31 level Stack Pointer

4.7 Instruction Decoder “The instruction decoder of a controller is a combinatorial circuit sometimes in the form

of a read-only memory, sometimes in the form of an ordinary combinatorial circuit. Its

purpose is to translate an instruction code into the address in the micro memory where the

micro code for the instruction starts.” (Robert Strandth, 2002)

The instruction decoder takes 6 bit input opcode from the Instruction PROM and decodes

them into 22 different control signals. A simple Programmable Logic Array (PLA) logic

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is used to design the instruction decoder. There are two main parts of instruction decoder,

one is Pre decoder and other one is ROM. According to the different instructions

mentioned in the APPENDIX-A, the design engineers designed twenty two control

signals and then reduced the control signal logic by using Espresso logic reduction tool.

The result of that tool is mention in APPENDIX-C. At a time only one row line goes high

and accordingly the column line goes low and is then passed through inverter. The

following figure shows the block diagram of the instruction decoder, pre decoder and

ROM design.


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Figure 11 Schematic Diagram of Instruction Decoder


33

Figure 12 Schematic Diagram of PREDOCDER


34

Figure 13 Schematic Diagram of ROM

4.8 ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) The arithmetic logical unit of the microcontroller performs all the calculations including

basic arithmetic operations such as addition and subtraction

bitwise logic operations such as AND, OR, and XOR

arithmetic compare and bitwise test operations


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comprehensive shift and rotate operations

The Carry Look Ahead (CLA) adder is used to design 8bit ALU schematic. The basic

blocks of the ALU are propagate, generate, group propagate, group generate, group carry,

carry bit circuit and summation circuit. The following figure shows the basic block

diagram of 4-bit ALU.

All operations are performed using an operand provided by any specified register (sX).

The result is returned to the same specified register (sX). If an instruction requires a

second operand, then the second operand is either a second register (sY) or an 8-bit

immediate constant (kk). The following figure shows the schematics of the 8bit ALU.

Figure 14 Block Diagram of 4-bit ALU


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Figure 15 Schematics of 8-bit ALU

4.9 Zero/Carry Flag “ALU operations affect the ZERO and CARRY flags. The ZERO flag indicates that

result of the last operation resulted in logic zero. The CARRY flag indicates various

conditions, depending on the last instruction executed which is the output of the ALU”.


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(“Pico Blaze 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller user guide”, 2008). The carry flag does not

require any logic design. The following figure shows the schematic of the Zero flag.

Figure 16 Schematics of Zero Flag

4.10 Interrupt “The Pico blaze controller provides single input interrupt signal. The INTERRUPT input

is disabled by using DISABLE INTERRUPT instruction and enabled by using ENABLE

INTERRUPT instruction. The Pico Blaze microcontroller automatically performs other

functions. The interrupt processes preserves the current ZERO and CARRY flag contents

and disables any further interrupts. Likewise, the current program counter (PC) value is

pushed onto the CALL/RETURN stack. Interrupts must remain disabled throughout the

interrupt handling process. A special RETURNI command ensures that the end of an

interrupt service routine restores the status of the flags and controls the enable of future


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interrupts. When the RETURNI instruction is executed, the PC values saved onto the

CALL/RETURN stack is automatically reloaded to the PC register. Likewise, the ZERO

and CARRY flags are restored and program flow returns to the instruction following the

instruction where the interrupt occurred. If the application does not require an interrupt,

tie the INTERRUPT signal Low.” (“Pico Blaze 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller user

guide”, 2008)

4.11 Input and Output “The Input/Output ports extend the Pico Blaze microcontroller’s capabilities and allow

the microcontroller to connect to a custom peripheral set or to other FPGA logic. The

PORT_ID output provides the port address. During an INPUT operation, the Pico Blaze

microcontroller reads data from the IN_PORT port to a specified register, sX. During an

OUTPUT operation, the Pico Blaze microcontroller writes the contents of a specified

register, sX, to the OUT_PORT port. Input sources are generally selected via a

multiplexer”. (“Pico Blaze 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller user guide”, 2008)

4.12 Interfacing of Top level Blocks The following block diagram shows the final interfacing of the each block which follows

the reference block diagram of the Pico blaze microcontroller.


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Figure 17 Final Schematic of 8 bit microcontroller

4.13 Pipelining of 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller The pipelining is a technique that exploits parallelism among the instructions in a

sequential instructions stream. Pipelining increases the number of the simultaneously

executing instructions. Pipelining improves throughput rather than individual instruction

execution time. Pipelining improves the performance by increasing instruction

throughput. The speed of the pipelining equals the number of the pipelined stages. If the


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number of pipelined stages is five, the speed is 5 times faster. The following figure gives

more idea about the execution of an instruction with pipelining and without pipelining.

(John Copeland, June11 2004)

Figure 18 Program being executed without Pipelining and with Pipelining Source: (John Copeland, June11 2004)

For our 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller design, four stage pipelining has been used. The

four stages are fetch, decode, execute and write back into the memory. The performance

of the 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller is four times the speed. The following wave forms

give the clear idea about the pipelining.


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Figure 19 Output of PROM with 2 instructions in pipeline Figure 19 shows the PROM output (opcode of an instruction) when 2 instructions

LOAD1, 1 and ADD2, 1 are executed in the pipeline. According to the figure, till 8 nano

seconds LOAD instruction is running. The opcode for the LOAD instruction is 000000.

After 8 nano seconds the ADD instruction is running. The opcode for ADD instruction is

011001.


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Figure 20 Output of PROM with 3 instructions in pipeline Figure 20 shows the output of PROM (opcode of an instruction) with three instructions

LAOD 1, 1, LOAD2, 2 and ADD2, 1 being executed in pipeline. According to the

waveform, till 6.6 nano seconds instruction LOAD1, 1 instruction is running with the

opcode 000000. From 6.6 nano second to 13.3 nano seconds LOAD 2, 2 is running with

the opcode of 000000. After 13.3 nano seconds ADD 2, 1 instruction is running with the

opcode 011001.

4.14 Testing and simulation Results Testing and debugging are very important part for any design. Testing is divided in to

three following parts for the microcontroller IP.

1. Testing of Register-type instruction (ADD, AND, LOAD)

2. Testing of Branch Instruction (JUMP, CALL, RETURN)


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3. Testing of small program

4.14.1 Testing of R-type (Register-type) instruction The Register-type instruction includes all the arithmetic, logical and memory related

instructions like ADD, logical AND, OR, SUBTRACT, LOAD, FETCH, STORE etc. In

order to test the Register-type instruction, the test engineer follows the following test case.

Table 5 Test Case for R- type Instructions Location Delay to Vpluse instruction

0 0 ns LOAD 2,2

1 6.68 ns LOAD 1,1

2 13.3 ns ADD 2,1

The design engineers did the four stages pipelining by using a vpluse at the input of the

instruction PROM. For LOAD 2, 2 instruction the register loads a constant value 2 to the

memory at address location2, similarly for LOAD1,1 instruction , the register loads

constant value1 at address location1 of memory. After 13.3 ns the ADD 2, 1 instruction

gives the addition of register 2 and register 1 at the output. Simulation result given below

explains the program execution in more detail.


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Figure 21 Simulation Result of above program

4.14.2 Testing of Branch Instruction The branch instruction includes the instructions which call the sub routine like CALL,

JUMP, RETURN AND RETURNI. To debug the branch instruction, the test engineer

performs the following test case.


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Table 6 Test case for Branch Instruction Location Delay to vpluse Instruction Value

0 0 JUMP 12

12 6.68 ns JUMP 10

10 13.3 ns JUMP 16

When the JUMP instruction located at the address location 12 is read from PROM, the

Program Counter is loaded with new address location and jumps to the instruction at

location 12, i.e. performs instruction JUMP 10.

4.14.3 Final Testing of the whole program For the final testing the test engineer follows two test cases.

Test case-1

The program is given in the table below.

Table 7 Program for the Final Testing, Test case1 . Address Location Instruction Constant/Register Value

0 LOAD 2,2

1 LOAD 1,1

2 ADD 2,1

3 JUMP 5

4 AND 2,1

5 LOAD 3,3


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Test case-2

The program for the test case-2 is given in the table below.

Table 8 Program for the Final Testing, Test case2 Address Location Instruction Constant/Register Value

0 LOAD 2,2

1 LOAD 1,1

2 ADD 2,1

3 CALL 5

4 AND 2,1

5 LOAD 3,3

6 ADD 2,3

4.14.4 Results The transistor count in an 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller design is around 11,200. The

8-bit Embedded Microcontroller has been simulated for the frequency of 1.5GHz as per

Product specification. Almost a delay of 2ns is observed in the output waveforms.

4.15 Applications of 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller “According to the performance of our IP design microcontroller it will be used for the

following applications.”(Ken Chapman May 2007)

LED flasher.

PWM control and even generation (KHz PRF for motors and brightness control).

Switch monitor.

UART interface and simple command/status terminal.


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LCD character module display interface and control.

SPI master (i.e. FLASH controller for Spartan-3AN).

I2C master.

Calculator.

Audio DSP processor (typically up to 48KHz sample rate and may utilize a

hardware multiplier as a peripheral)

DTMF tone telephone dialer including sine wave generation (8KHz sample rate)

System monitoring (e.g. Temperature monitor and fan control).

Motor control.

Rotary encoder interface.

Calculator for frequency synthesizer.

Calculator for filter coefficient generation.

Emulation of a different micro controller.

PID control.

Mouse/Keyboard interface.

Keypad scanner.

Power supply monitoring and control.

Servo control.

Built-in test equipment (on-chip monitor).

Configuration management (ICAP port)

Design Authentication Processor.

Source: Ken Chapman, May 2007


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4.16 Future Expansion of 8 bit Embedded Microcontroller . “The global market System-on-Chip (SoC) market is expected to increase by more than

150% between the years 2006 and 2010. United States represents the world's largest SoC

market, worth an estimated US$10.4 billion in 2007, as stated in a recent report published

by Global Industry Analysts, Inc.”(“System-on-a-Chip Market to Exceed $58 Billion by

2010”, 2007)

Because of the increasing demand for SoCs in the market, our company will expand from

Microcontroller to SoC (System on Chip) to get an edge in high performance as

compared to our competitors.


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5. Economic Justification The following economic justification proves that the project is economically feasible and

can generate good revenue.

5.1 Executive Summary The key activity of the company is to apply best strategies and translate those strategies

into specific target to achieve a specific goal. The Company’s product, an 8 bit

Embedded Microcontroller is targeted towards our customer requirements for high speed

and low cost. As compared to the competitors of Microcontroller market, the product

will achieve a good demand from the sectors like Consumer Electronics, Automotive and

Communication Systems market. The main problem with today’s microcontroller is the

performance. Pico Blaze Microcontroller from Xilinx, Inc., one of the best 8-bit

Embedded Microcontrollers in market at present is running with maximum speed of

700MHz. Pico blaze is the soft core controller and it is very hard to achieve performance

above MHz. Our product will eliminate the performance issue being faced by the current

microcontrollers in the market by providing IP design of an 8 bit microcontroller with

maximum clock frequency of 1.5 GHz. The product gives the flexibility to program,

higher performance and compact size to the customer. The company initially targets two

most growing markets like consumer electronics and automotive market for selling the IP

design. According to ST Microelectronics “The 8-bit MCU market for consumer

appliances, currently worth about $5 billion, is expected to continue showing healthy

growth, with unit shipments expected to exceed 6500M in 2011 compared to 4400M in

2007. In automotive applications alone, for example, unit growth between 2007 and 2013

is expected to be increases around 40%”. (ST Microelectronics, 2007)


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According to US appliance unit shipment, the average no of unit manufacturer in the in

consumer electronics market for 2008 was 4,997,239 (Appliance Magazine, April 2009).

Based on this data the company is targeting approximately 4% of the market share.

The Company’s business model is very simple. The Company designs an IP and sells that

IP by charging license fee and royalty per unit sold. The NRE cost for the IP is

$75,000 for the first year and then it will increase up to $100K for the next four years.

The royalty fee for the customer is $10 per unit sold. The main customers of the company

will be consumer electronics appliance manufacturers like LG electronics, Sony,

Samsung etc. The Company requires initial an investment of $1.0 million. The company

will invest $500k from the personal investments and remaining $500K as loan from the

bank. The company will start selling the IP from 3rd quarter 2009 onwards and will break

even in the quarter-2 of the 2010.

5.2 Problem Statement Portability, High performance and Compact size are the characteristic trends in

Electronics Industry. Microcontroller is the device with a processor core and the number

of added peripherals and is widely used as embedded device in every equipment ranging

from small chip to high profile satellite system. Pico Blaze and Micro Blaze

microcontrollers are the soft core, limited by their performance. Every instruction

executes sequentially. As any application increases in complexity, the number of

instructions required implementing the application increases and system performance

decreases. Another problem with today’s microcontroller is timing. It is very difficult to

handle timing operation for higher frequency above 100MHz.


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5.3 Solutions and Value Proposition

The solution to above problem is to design the microcontroller which is running at high

speed of 1.5GHz clock rate which can perform parallel processing of Instructions and

Eliminate timing problems. The developed 8bit microcontroller product works

with high performance by using 4 stage pipelining which overcome the performance

issue being faced by the current microcontrollers. Pipelining is a procedure that enables

several instructions to work simultaneously unlike Sequential processing, where every

instruction runs in a sequence. Pipelining improves instruction throughput. The project

supports the following features.

16 Byte wide general purpose data register

1K instructions of programmable on-chip program store.

Byte-wide Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) with CARRY and ZERO indicator flags.

64-byte internal Scratchpad RAM

31-location CALL/RETURN stack

Fast Interrupt response

Predictable performance up to 1.5GHz

The value proposition of this product line is the capability of this 8bit microcontroller

product to run at optimum speed of 1.5 GHz thus executing more instructions per second,

i.e. increased performance. The hardware implementation of an 8 bit microcontroller for

high performance will be advantageous for not only a consumer product but also a

Satellite system.


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5.4 Competitors The competitors include the already established companies in Microcontroller Business

like Renesas technology, Freescale Semiconductor, NXP Semiconductors, Microchip

Technology, Atmel etc. The following table gives an overview of the major competitor’s

revenue share from 2007 and 2008.

Figure 22 Revenue share for 8bit Embedded Microcontroller Source: http://www.ednasia.com/cmsimages/Databeans1.bmp

Based on competitor’s market research it is clear that the microcontroller market has vast

market growth. According to competitors market data the company has very strong

competition to lounge a new microcontroller product in the market.

5.5 Customer The company is able to provide a product for the electronics industry with complete

system solutions focused on Consumer Electronics, Industrial, Communications, and

Automotive markets. According to the market survey, Consumer electronics covers


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67% of the market share. The company’s targeted large customers are the consumer

electronics product manufacturer like LG Electronics, Sony, and Samsung etc. Secondly

company will focus on automotive industries because the automotive industries cover

33% of the market for microcontroller. The product is also used in security systems and

also for the communication devices. Company’s targeted medium and small customer

are the NEC Electronics, Tera sync Ltd, BAE system and etc.

5.6 Market Size of 8 bit Embedded Microcontroller “The worldwide microcontroller market was $16 billion in 2007, according to Frost &

Sullivan. The top two suppliers by revenue were shipping more than 10 different

incompatible architectures into the market. According to Semico, 8.5 billion MCUs

shipped in 2006. The MCU market has more than 40 suppliers feeding more than 50

architectures, with no architecture holding as much as a 5% share. Each vendor offers its

own designs with little commonality, feeding a broad applications base” (Jean Anne

Booth, January 2008). “STMicroelectronics, one of the market’s top mega-contestants,

estimates the overall 8-bit MCU market at $5 billion, with unit shipments expected to

grow 48 percent between 2007 and 2011.Freescale puts the number at $4.5 billion to $4.7

billion, with relatively flat dollar growth until 2011. And Atmel estimates the combined

8- and 16- bit MCU market is worth $11 billion, with plenty of new designs to win” ( Ed

Sperling, April 2008) . According to US appliance unit shipment, the average no of unit

manufacturer in the in consumer electronics market for 2008 is 4,997,239 (Appliance

Magazine, April 2009). Based on this data the company is targeting approximately 4% of

the market share.

By analyzing resources and the customer needs, the target market customers are


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Consumer electronics industry, automotive manufactures and industrial manufactures.

The automotive manufactures covers 33% of the market and consumer electronics

industries and communication industries covers 67 % of the market (Ramanan

Rajgopalan, 2004).

5.6.1 Consumer Electronics “A microcontroller is an integrated microprocessor designed for use in embedded

systems. The focus is on control capabilities and cost-effectiveness for a given form

factor. All the memory, peripherals, and interfaces that are needed are included on the

chip with the CPU – the original system-on-chip device. The applications tend to feature

control over computation, and are interrupt-driven, requiring a real-time response to

stimulus. An embedded application or embedded system is any kind of electronic control

or computing application that is not a desktop, laptop, or server. The majority of all uses

of processors are in embedded applications, encompassing more than 6 billion

microcontrollers shipped a year”. (Gartner)

“The global sale of consumer electronics is estimated to exceed all expectations to touch

an all time high of $135.4 billion in 2006, which indicates 8% increase from 2005. By the

year 2008, sales are forecasted to soar up to $158.4 billion, up BY 65% over

2000.”(World wide consumer electronics market, 2006) A recent market research report

by the leading research company RNCOS showed that

US consumer electronics market gathered around US$ 144.5 Billion revenue in 2006, a

market growth of around 13% over the previous year as against the expected hike of 8%.

For 2007, the factory sales of consumer electronics in the country are estimated to rise to

over US$ 155 Billion.(World wide consumer electronics market, 2006)


55

Major demand segments in the microcontroller market can be summarized as follows:

Table 9 Major Segments of Microcontroller Customers Market Sector TAM (in billions) Design

Cycle(months) Production Cycle(months)

Industrial $9 15-18 26-60 Consumer $6 12-18 6-18 Automotive $11 >24 48-72

Source: Luminary Market, 2006-2009 http://www.luminarymicro.com/about_luminary/market_background.html)

The total available market for Consumer Electronics Industry is $2.3billion in 2006. The

segments that will use the microcontroller are the home automation and security systems

, Electronics toy and Games.

5.6.2 Automotive Industrial Applications “Embedded Electronics transform traditional products by adding more convenience,

improving functionality and ultimately lowering the device cost. The most significant

example of this is the automotive industry where electronics has become increasingly

important in today’s vehicle.” Around $4 billion microcontrollers are used each year in

Automotive electronics market. (ARM, 2007).

The total available market for industrial applications is $1.4 billion in 2006. Other

Applications for which Microcontrollers are used for automation, security and, motor

control application, medical data capture and logging applications, etc.

5.7 Costs The fundamental components that contribute towards the total cost are material cost,

labor cost and overhead cost. The following table shows the distribution of the cost

components for the period of almost five years.

http://www.luminarymicro.com/about_luminary/market_background.html�


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Table 10 Cost Distribution of 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller YEAR 2008(Q4) 2009 2010 2011 2012All no in dollars CEO 1 1 1 1 1Design Engineers 2 2 2 2 2Test Engineers 1 1 1 1 1Marketing Personal 0 1 2 2 2Administrative Personal 0 1 1 1 1Application Engineers 0 0 1 2 2Total 4 6 8 9 9 CEO 50,000 200,000 210,000 220500 231525Design Engineer 42,500 170,000 178,500 187425 196796.3Test Engineer 21250 85,000 89,250 93712.5 98398.13Marketing Engineer 0 75,000 84,000 88200 92610Administrative 0 35,000 42,000 44100 46305Application Engineer 0 0 75,000 170,000 170,000Labor cost 113,750 565,000 678,750 803,938 835,634Benefit 34125 169500 203625 241181.3 250690.3Total Labor cost 147,875 734,500 882,375 1,045,119 1,086,325 Software and CAD tools 100,000 0 0 0 0 Rent 2000 10,000 10080 10160.64 10241.93IP,Patent 250 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000Utilities 1000 4000 4500 7000 8000Sales and Marketing 0 15,000 30,000 50,000 70,000Taxes and Misc 2000 5,000 10,000 20,000 30,000 Material and Overhead cost 105,250 54,000 74,580 107,161 138,242 Total Expense 253,125 788,500 956,955 1,152,279 1,224,567

According to the pie diagram, labor cost constitutes 87% of the total cost. The company

is not doing any chip manufacturing so the material cost contains the less percentage of

the total cost.


57

Figure 23 Division of total cost According to the following table, the total cost of the project until break even is

approximately $1.4 million. The total cost of the project is approximately $4 million

from 2008 to 2012.

Table 11 Amount spent on Materials, Labor and Rent Cost Component Amount(in$1000) Labor cost CEO 355 Design Engineers 301.75 Test Engineers 150.87 Marketing Personal 122 Application Engineers 75 Administrative Personal 61 Benefits 297Material cost Software and CAD tools 100Over Head Cost Rent 15.33 IP, Patent 30.25 Utilities 7.25 Sales and Marketing 30 Taxes and Misc 12Total 1557.45


58

5.8 Price Point The company uses Silicon Intellectual Property as business model where company

licenses its technology as an IP to the customer and plans to charge one time license fee

and royalty per unit sold. The current market offers $9.9 royalty fee per unit sold to the

customer for the required solution. The company follows the two type of license

agreement. The first license agreement is license in which company will do yearly

contract with the customer for using company’s IP. The company will charge the royalty

of $10 per equipment sold and one time license fee of $75,000. The license fee is

approximately same as customers are currently paying for the same solution. The

company is charging fixed royalty rate so that company can gain strong position in the

competitive market because the IP that we are providing is capable of giving sustainable

performance compared with current solution available in the market. In the second

license agreement, the contract has life span of several years in which royalty will be

reduced over the years and also volume discount will be provided to the big customer to

bring them on board. This business model of the company gives a profitable solution to

the company in order to penetrate into the competitive market as a start up company and

once the company is established it will be possible for the company to charge the list

price to the customer.


59

5.9 SWOT Assessment Table 12 SWOT Assessment STRENGTHS:

1. The operating speed of our product makes our company a potential competitor in the market.

2. Our people are experts in Cadence design and can debug any design related problems.

3. Our company provides a cost effective microcontroller as compared to the existing microcontrollers in the market.

WEAKNESSES:

1. Being a Start-up company, we do not have a big name in the market; it is hard to motivate the customers in this bad economic time.

2. We have limited Financial

Resources for our company.

3. Due to a low incentive plan, we are not able to motivate the experienced professionals for the Sales and Marketing of our product.

OPPORTUNITIES:

1. The market for Microcontrollers is supposed to reach up to 9.52 billion by the year 2012; we can expect to be a profitable firm.

2. Microcontroller market is expected to grow in Medical Devices and Automobile Industry.

THREATS:

1. Microcontrollers is a well established field, it is very hard to launch a new product in a field full of established competitors.

2. Due to deepening economic recession, the demand of microcontrollers in the existing market has reduced to a great extent.

5.10 Investment Capital Requirement In the initial phase of the company, the product is self financed but after prototype design

is completed, the company needs more funds. The hardest part of any new business is to


60

find an investor for your business. The possible sources of funds are banks and small

investors. To satisfy resource requirement, it is essential to approach Venture Capitalist

(VC). the total expense of the company till break even with revenue is approximately

$900K. The company requires initial investment of $1.0 million to reach to the break

even point. The company will get the $500K fund from the personal investment and rest

$500K from the financial institution as a loan. The following table shows the

justification of the initial funding requirements based on the total expense and the

revenue generated by the company.

Table 13 Cash balance from year 2008 to 2012 YEAR 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012All no is in Dollars Initial funding 1,000,000 Labor Cost 147,875 734,500 882,375 1,045,119 1,086,325Material and Overhead cost 105,250 54,000 74,580 107,161 138,242 Total Expense 253,125 788,500 956,955 1,152,279 1,224,567 Revenue 0 175000 1050000 1600000 3100000 Net cash balance 746,875 133,375 226,420 674,141 2,549,574

The company will eliminate all the losses in the second quarter of the 2010. The

company is expected to have a cash balance of approximately $2.6 million at the end of

year 2012, which is 2.6 times the initial funding amount.

5.11 Personnel For any new organization, a significant amount of employees are required. The company

used relatively wide span of control. The following table shows the personnel required

for over five years. The company approximately has four employees in first 2 quarters.


61

As the company is start up company there is not any manager appointed, the CEO it self

work as a manager which give us some cost advantage. The company is also providing

extra benefit to the employee like the health insurance, etc. This business model is

advantageous in the initial period but afterwards it will be changed according to the

growing business.

Table 14 Personnel required for 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller YEAR 2008(Q4) 2009 2010 2011 2012CEO 1 1 1 1 1Design Engineers 2 2 2 2 2Test Engineers 1 1 1 1 1Marketing Personal 0 1 2 2 2Administrative Personal 0 1 1 1 1Application Engineers 0 0 1 2 2 Total 4 6 8 9 9

5.12 Businesses and Revenue Model “In recent years there has been a significant increase in the use of outsourcing and IP

within the electronics industry.” “The company use Silicon Intellectual Property (SIP,

Silicon IP) as a business model where the company licenses its technology to a customer

as intellectual property. The company doesn't provide physical chips to its customers but

facilitates the customer's development of chips by offering certain functional blocks. The

customers are mostly the semiconductor vendors.”(wikipedia) The company plans to

charge one time license fees(NRE cost) and royalty on each design sold.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property�


62

Figure 24 Business and Revenue Model of 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller According to Su et al. IC design and manufacture is a highly competitive market with the

companies facing shorter time to market and increased cost of manufacture with less time

for research and development. “Today most of the companies buy IP in order to reduce

cost and also to attain faster time to market.” (Su, Guo & Hsieh, 2005). The company

follows the Organic Model because company believes in selling the product and investing

the money further into business. There is no ranking system in our business. The

company’s main focus will be to sell IP of 8 bit microcontroller and get the royalty on

each design. The following table shows company’s royalty and revenue model up to five

years.


63

Table 15 Revenue from 2008 Q-4 to 2012 2008(Q4) 2009 2010 2011 2012 No of Unit sold 0 $10,000 $95000 $150000 $300000NRE Cost 0 $75000 $100000 $100000 $100000Royalties rate per unit 0 $10 $10 $10 $10Total Royalty 0 $100000 $950000 $1500000 $3000000 Revenue 0 $175000 $1050000 $1600000 43100000

The company is targeting to get royalty on 105,000 units till 2010. According to business

model of the company, the company will charge one time NRE cost which is $75K for

the first year and $100k for the rest four years. The following graph shows the expense

and revenue for the company from 2008 Q-4 to 2012.

Figure 25 Graph showing Expense and Revenue

5.13 Break Even Analysis The break even point is the point where company stops costing and starts generating

profit. Break even analysis is a financial tool which calculates the number of product

units a company needs to sell in order to break even. This calculation is based on

knowing the following items.


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• The fixed costs of the company

• The variable costs for a product

• The selling price for a product

The fixed costs of the company are defined as the sum of all the costs needed to

produce the first unit of product. Fixed costs of a company include taxes, building lease,

insurance and building depreciation. Variable costs include product material costs and

utility costs. As the volume of production increases, there is a corresponding rise in

material and utility costs (Daniel, 2002).

The break even point is calculated based on the expense and the revenue of the company.

The following table shows the break even analysis done based on expenses and the

revenue generated.

Table 16 Break Even Analysis Quarter Revenue Expense Profit All no in thousand $ 2008 Q-4 0 253.2 -253.2 2009 Q-1 0 200 -200 Q-2 0 160 -160 Q-3 85 202 -117 Q-4 90 230 -140 2010 Q-1 200 280 -80 2010 Q-2 276 225 51 Break even Q-3 283.3 230 53.3 Q-4 290.6 225 65.6 2011 Q-1 325 257 68 Q-2 375 282 93 Q-3 425 307 118 Q-4 475 315 160 2012 Q-1 600 243 357 Q-2 650 297 353 Q-3 850 307 543 Q-4 1000 383 617


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According to the table it is estimated that the company would break even in the second

quarter of 2010. The company starts selling IP in the third quarter of 2009. From 2010

quarter 3, the company starts generating profit which continuously increases till 2012.

The following figure shows the graphical representation of the break even analysis.

Figure 26 Break Even Analysis from Q42008 to Q3 2010

Figure 27 Break Even Analysis from Q4 2010 to Q4 2012


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“In finance, rate of return (ROR), also known as return on investment (ROI), rate of

profit or sometimes just return, is the ratio of money gained or lost (realized or

unrealized) on an investment relative to the amount of money invested. The amount of

money gained or lost may be referred to as interest, profit/loss, gain/loss, or net

income/loss. The money invested may be referred to as the asset, capital, principal, or the

cost basis of the investment. ROI is usually expressed as a percentage rather than a

fraction.” (wikipedia)

The Return on investment = (Cumulative Profit – Profit)/Initial Investment*100

= (1528.7/1000)*100

= 152.87%

The return on investment for the company after five years is approximately 152.87%. The

above ROI done based on customer market. The targeted customer of the company is

consumer appliance manufacturer. The need of consumer appliances is increases day by

day so therefore company expects that the revenue growth will be increases compared

with the estimated one after five years.

5.14 Strategic Alliance /Partner The company will decide to participate in Strategic Alliance in order to attract more

customers and become more profitable.

5.15 Profit and Loss Statement The profit and loss statement is very important financial statement for any start up

company to show their investor whether company is making money or loosing money.

The profit of the product depends on the revenue and expense. The Revenue of product

depends on the royally and the selling price. The total initial investment of the project is

$1.0 million. Total expense of the project without revenue is approximately $4 million.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance�

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money�

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest�

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_%28economics%29�

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According to break even analysis, the company will start generating profit in the second

quarter of 2010. The company starts selling the IP design from 2009 quarter 3 onwards.

The following figure shows the profit and loss analysis for each quarter. According to the

figure, after break even the profit of the company is continuously increasing.

Profit and Loss profile of the Company

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1000

1200

Q-4 Q-1 Q-2 Q-3 Q-4 Q-1 Q-2 Q-3 Q-4 Q-1 Q-2 Q-3 Q-4 Q-1 Q-2 Q-3 Q-4

Quarter

Am

ount

in $

thou

sand

Figure 28 Profit and Loss Profile

5.16 Exit Strategies Exit Strategy refers to the company’s policy to receive the money invested from the

company. (Robbins, n.d.) “The most likely option for a semiconductor companies in

today’s market is an acquisition by a customer or partner. I believe an IPO exit is also

still possible but has become a lot more difficult.”(Jeff Hilbert, 2008).Thus the company

will pursue two most popular Exit Strategies.

1. Becoming an IPO: The Company will offer its shares to the public in order to gain

profit.

2. Being acquired/ merged: The Company will do a survey about its competitors in

the Microcontroller Market and will decide what companies are the potential buyers.

The company will negotiate with the selling price for the company.


68

The other option for the company is to consider being merged with another company

with good understanding in order to have an edge in the market.

5.17 Norden Rayleigh Profile The Rayleigh’s cumulative distribution derived from the research done by Norden, Lee

and other people is given as:

V (t) = d (1-e-at^2) (Chelson, Coleman, Summerville & Van Drew, 2004)

Where V (t) = Total Effort spent on the Project

d= scale factor

a= shape parameter

T= Time to reach the breakeven

The estimated funding for the product is 1.0 million. The time it takes to reach breakeven

is around 1.75 years.

Cumulative Distribution:


69

Total Effort Vs. total Time spent

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

0 5 10 15 20 25

Time (t) in months

V (t)

in d

olla

rs

Figure 29 Graph of Cumulative Distribution

Also the probability density function is:

V (t) = 2adte-at^2…… (Chelson, Coleman, Summerville & Van Drew, 2004)

d= estimated cost of the project

T= Time to reach the breakeven

The estimated funding for the product is 1.0 million. The time it takes to reach breakeven

is around 1.75 years.

Funding Profile:


70

Total Effort Vs. Total Time spent

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

0 5 10 15 20 25

Time (in Months)

Effo

rt (i

n do

llars

)

Figure 30 Graph of Probability Density Function

The value of a is calculated to be 0.2. However, the value is affected by:

Technical Risks: Our Company has all the equipment and Personnel available to make

us a profitable firm. Although we do not have a Network Administrator to repair Network

related problems. Considering these facts, the value of ‘a’ has been calculated to be

0.125.

Competitive Advantages: Our Company is first in providing the customers with

maximum speed, main requirement in the market for Automotive and Consumer

Electronics Industry at preferably low cost. Considering a good market demand for 8 bit

Microcontroller in the market, the value of ‘a’ is 0.32.

Known Cost vs. variable costs: we are charging a royalty of $10 per unit for the 1000

units. We have a variable software cost. Considering the variable parameter, the value of

an estimated as 0.16.


71

5.18 Future of 8-Bit Embedded Microcontroller Our company is unique in designing 8-bit Microcontroller; main focus is to gain the

maximum profit. The 8 bit microcontroller is suitable for the higher performance, reliable

and flexible for the growing semiconductor market. Our 8 bit microcontroller is used for

various applications such as in consumer appliances, automotive industries, medical

instruments and also for the security systems.

“The worldwide microcontroller (MCU) units shipped between 2004 and 2009 will

increase at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 10.3%”. (www.in-state.

com)According to ST Microelectronics “The 8-bit MCU market, currently worth about

$5 billion, is expected to continue showing healthy growth, with unit shipments expected

to exceed 6500M in 2011 compared to 4400M in 2007. In automotive applications alone,

for example, unit growth between 2007 and 2013 is expected to be around 40%.

However, a key feature of the 8-bit MCU market is the pressure to reduce the cost of

implementing solutions and the STM8 platform has been specifically designed to provide

increased performance at significantly lower total system cost.” (SCOTTSDALE, Ariz.,

September 19, 2005). Based on the market analysis and current market the following

figure shows the growth rate of microcontrollers.


72

Figure 31 Forecasting of 8-bit Microcontrollers in World Market till 2015 Source:http://www.renesas.com/media/products/mpumcu/rx_family/child_folder/concept

“The global market System-on-a-Chip or SoC market is expected to increase by more

than 150% between the years 2006 and 2010. United States represents the world's largest

SoC market, worth an estimated US$10.4 billion in 2007, as stated in a recent report

published by Global Industry Analysts, Inc.”(System-on-a-Chip (SoC) Market to Exceed

$58 Billion by 2010, 2007) Because of the increasing demand for SOCs in the market,

our company will expand from Microcontroller to SOC (System on Chip) to get an edge

in high performance as compared to our competitors.


73

Conclusion The IP design of an 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller with the pipelined architecture is

capable of providing 1.5GHz performance speed. The market requires flexible, low cost,

high performance and compact design for the special customers like consumer electronics

and automobile industries. The 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller provides all the unique

features to the customer at one third cost of the exiting high speed Microcontrollers

available in the market.

The company follows simple IP based business model with the initial NRE cost of $75K

and is charging fixed royalty rate of $10 per unit. The company will start generating

profit from 2010 onwards with positive cash flow and expected ROI is 152.8%.

According to the market research and economic analysis, the company will gain

substantial growth in the next few years. The Product has fast production time, resulting

in reduced time to market, and will prove to be a Profitable business.


74

Appendix A

Control Signal Sheet

INSTRUCTION O P C O D E A L U OP C O D E

Register

Register

Memo

Memor

Carry

Carry

Zero

Zero PC Call

IN_PO

PO

Inter

Return

A B C D E F A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 RR RW MR MW C1 C0 Z1 Z0 PC CR IP PI IE R ADD SX,KK 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0ADD SX,SY 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0ADDCY SX,SY 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0ADDCY SX,SY 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 AND SX,KK 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0AND SX,SY 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 COMPARE SX,KK 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0COMPARE SX,SY 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 OR SX,KK 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0OR SX,SY 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 RL SX 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0RR SX 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0SLO SX 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0SL1 SX 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0SLA SX 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0SLX SX 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0SRO SX 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0SR1 SX 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0SRA SX 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0SRX SX 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 SUB SX,KK 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0SUB SX,SY 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0SUBCY SX,KK 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0SUBCY SX,SY 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 XOR SX,KK 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0XOR SX,SY 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 FETCH SX,SS 0 0 0 1 1 0 - - - - - - - - 0 1 1 0 - - - - 1 0 0 0 0 0FETCH SX,SY 0 0 0 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - 0 1 1 0 - - - - 1 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - STORE SX,SS 1 0 1 1 1 0 - - - - - - - - 1 0 0 1 - - - - 1 0 0 0 0 0STORE SX,SY 1 0 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1 0 0 1 - - - - 1 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - RETURN 1 0 1 0 1 0 - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 - - - - 1 0 0 0 0 1


75

RETURN C 1 0 1 0 1 1 - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 1 0 - - 1 0 0 0 0 1RETURN NC 1 0 1 0 1 1 - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - 1 0 0 0 0 1RETURN NZ 1 0 1 0 1 1 - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 - - - 0 1 0 0 0 0 1RETURN Z 1 0 1 0 1 1 - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 - - - 1 1 0 0 0 0 1RETURN I 1 1 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1RETURN I 1 1 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1CALL 1 1 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 - - - - 1 1 0 0 0 0CALL C 1 1 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 - - - - 1 1 0 0 0 0CALL NC 1 1 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 - - - - 1 1 0 0 0 0CALL NZ 1 1 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 - - - - 1 1 0 0 0 0CALL Z 1 1 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 - - - - 1 1 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - JUMP 1 1 0 1 0 0 - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 - - - - 1 0 0 0 0 0JUMPC 1 1 0 1 0 1 - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 1 0 - - 1 0 0 0 0 0JUMP NC 1 1 0 1 0 1 - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - 1 0 0 0 0 0JUMP NZ 1 1 0 1 0 1 - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 - - 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0JUMP Z 1 1 0 1 0 1 - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 - - 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - Disable Interrupt 1 1 1 1 0 0 - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 - - - - 1 0 0 0 0 0Enable Interrupt 1 1 1 1 0 0 - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 - - - - 1 0 0 0 1 0 - - - - - - - - Input SX,SY 0 0 0 1 0 1 - - - - - - - - 0 1 0 0 - - - - 1 0 1 0 0 0Input SX,pp 0 0 0 1 0 0 - - - - - - - - 0 1 0 0 - - - - 1 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - Output SX,SY 1 0 1 1 0 1 - - - - - - - - 1 0 0 0 - - - - 1 0 1 0 0 0Output SX,pp 1 0 1 1 0 0 - - - - - - - - 1 0 0 0 - - - - 1 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - Load SX,KK 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - 0 1 0 0 - - - - 1 0 0 0 0 0Load SX,SY 0 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - - - 1 1 0 0 - - - - 1 0 0 0 0 0


76

Appendix B

Logic Reduction of Control Signals #CONTROL LOGIC UNIT

.i 6

.o 22

.p 22

000001 0000000010000000000000

11000- 0000000000000000010000

111100 0000000000000000100010

011--1 0000000010000000000000

01-101 0000000010000000000000

00010- 0000000000000000001000

111000 0000000000001010100001

-011-1 0000000010000000000000

10101- 0000000000000000100001

0-110- 0001000000000000000000


77

0-1-11 0000000010000000000000

100000 0000001101001010100000

10111- 0000000010010000100000

110-0- 0000000000000000100000

00011‐ 0000000001100000100000

10110‐ 0000000010000000101000

00101‐ 0001000001000010100000

000‐0‐ 0000000001000000100000

01010‐ 1100000001001010100000

0011‐‐ 0110000001000010100000

0110‐‐ 0110000101001010100000

0111‐‐ 1001001001001010100000

.e


78

APPENDIX C Instruction code Table Table Provides 18 bit instruction code for 8bit Microcontroller


79

a: Instruction Address X: Register SX Y: Register SY K: Constant

Source: Pico Blaze 8-bit Embedded Microcontroller,UG129(V1.1), June 10,2004


80

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Augesto, A., Matos, R., & Moura, S., (2006) Advantages and Disadvantages of

application Oriented System Design in Embedded System Design, IEEE Explore Babcock, D., Morse, L. (Third Ed.). (2002). Managing Engineering and Technology.

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Colin Holland, (April 6, 2007), Altera attacks custom IC market to provide

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Duckworth, J., WPI, Embedded Microprocessors. Retrieved April16, 2009 from Web site:http://ece.wpi.edu/~rjduck/VHDL%20micros.pdf Ed Sperling (18th April 2008), Hot Market for 8-Bit Microcontroller, EEcatalog Hilbert, J. (2008), MEMS, Micro fluidics and Microsystems Executive Review.

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81

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Kundu, S., Pal, A., Roy, S., (June 2007). Retrieved March 4, 2008 from Website:

http://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/~apal/files/June%2014%20&%2015. Le, M. (2004), 8 bit Microcontrollers: still going. Retrieved April 13, 2009 from Web site: http://www.eetimes.com Munich, (2007). Automotive applications to drive microcontroller market. Retrieved

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Ramanan, R., (2004). Connectivity and Cost Propel the Microcontroller Market. Retrieved March 2, 2009 from Web site: http://ww.frost.com/prod/

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Robbins. (n.d), Exit Strategies for Business. Retrieved April13, 2009 from Website: http://www.entrepreneur.com/management/operations Su Yea-Huey; Guo Ruey-Shan; Hsieh Wen-Yuan. (2005, August). Historically Explore

on the Patterns of Business Model for Silicon Intellectual Property (ip) Providers in the Semiconductor Industry. Technology Management a Unifying Discipline for Melting Boundaries, p.447-458

System-on-a-Chip (SoC) Market to Exceed $58 Billion by 2010 (October 15, 2007) Retrieved April 15, 2009 from Web site: http://www.electronics.ca/presscenter/ Scottsdale, A., (September, 2005). Strong Growth to continue MCU market. http://www.instat.com/press.asp?ID=1445&sku=IN0502457SI Xilinx Micro Blaze Microcontroller Reference Design User Guide. (September 2005).

Xillinx Pico Blaze 8bit Embedded Microcontroller. (June10, 2004), UG 129,V1.1 Source:http://www.renesas.com/media/products/mpumcu/rx_family/child_folder/concept http://www.luminarymicro.com/about_luminary/market_background.html) http://eetimes.eu/germany/202101848

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