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CHALLENGES IN THE DESIGN OF HIGHCHALLENGES IN THE DESIGN OF HIGH

RISE BUILDINGSRISE BUILDINGS

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What is a HighWhat is a High--Rise Building ??Rise Building ??

TallTall buildingsbuildings cannotcannot bebe defineddefined inin specificspecific termsterms

relatedrelated justjust toto heightheight oror toto thethe numbernumber ofof floorsfloors..

--AA buildingbuilding whosewhose heightheight createscreates differentdifferent conditionsconditions inin thethe

,, ,,buildingsbuildings ofof aa certaincertain regionregion andand periodperiod..

-- AA StructureStructure becausebecause ofof itsits height,height, isis affectedaffected byby laterallateral forcesforcesduedue toto windwind oror earthquakeearthquake actionsactions toto anan extentextent thatthat theythey playplayanan importantimportant rolerole inin thethe structuralstructural designdesign..

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Why Tall Building (Advantage)??Why Tall Building (Advantage)?? FromFrom BusinessBusiness POVPOV:: businessbusiness activitiesactivities needneed toto bebe asas closeclose toto eacheach otherother ..

FromFrom touristtourist communitycommunity POVPOV:: ItIt formsforms prestigeprestige symbols,symbols, distinctivedistinctive landlandmarks,marks, hotelshotels andand commercialcommercial citycity centerscenters..

HighHigh costcost ofof landland andand limitedlimited spacespace (( Tokyo,Tokyo, HongHong Kong,Kong, RioRio dede Janeiro,Janeiro,....))..

DisadvantageDisadvantage ofof TallTall BuildingBuilding ???? PuttingPutting intenseintense pressurepressure onon thethe availableavailable landland spacespace ..

IncreaseIncrease thethe riskrisk ,, safetysafety hazardshazards andand constituteconstitute anan easyeasy targettarget inin casecase ofof warwar

oror terrorismterrorism..

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Risk of Earthquakes and WindsRisk of Earthquakes and Winds

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Design ProcessDesign Process

Concept DesignConcept Design

MEPMEP

Preliminary Structural DesignPreliminary Structural DesignBased on Vertical Loads Plus anBased on Vertical Loads Plus anallowance for Lateral Loadsallowance for Lateral LoadsBased mainly onBased mainly on EXPERIENCEEXPERIENCE

StructuralStructuralArchitecturalArchitectural

Final DesignFinal Design

Working DesignWorking Design

Accurate Modeling and AnalysisAccurate Modeling and AnalysisBased on Final Layout and AllBased on Final Layout and AllPossible Loads and DevelopmentPossible Loads and Developmentof Finalof Final LAYOUT DRAWINGSLAYOUT DRAWINGS

Final Design Calculations and theFinal Design Calculations and theDevelopment of WorkingDevelopment of WorkingDrawings by Cooperation withDrawings by Cooperation with

CONTRACTORSCONTRACTORS

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Tallest twenty high rise in the worldTallest twenty high rise in the world

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Distribution of High Rise in the WorldDistribution of High Rise in the World

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TallestTallest 1010 Buildings in the WorldBuildings in the World

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Sears TowerSears TowerNine Bundled Tubes, eachNine Bundled Tubes, each 2525

m wide with no columnsm wide with no columnsbetween core and perimeter.between core and perimeter.

Location: ChicagoLocation: Chicago

No of Stories:No of Stories: 108108

High Rise ExampleHigh Rise Example

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Construction Year:Construction Year: 19741974Height:Height: 442442 mm

World's tallest building fromWorld's tallest building from19741974 -- 19961996; surpassed by the; surpassed by the

Petronas Tower in KualaPetronas Tower in KualaLumpur, Malaysia.Lumpur, Malaysia.

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High Rise ExampleHigh Rise Example (Burj Dubai)(Burj Dubai)

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This is the tallest Man MadeThis is the tallest Man MadeBuilding in the world with aBuilding in the world with a

predicted height ofpredicted height of 818818m.m.

Note: currently the tallestNote: currently the tallestbuilding on earth, excludingbuilding on earth, excluding

an antenna, is Taipeian antenna, is Taipei 101101 ininT iw n whi h nT iw n whi h n m.m.

High Rise ExampleHigh Rise Example (Burj Dubai)(Burj Dubai)

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The photo below is theThe photo below is thebuilding's current state: thebuilding's current state: the

skyscrapers below the Burjskyscrapers below the BurjDubai used to look tall.Dubai used to look tall.

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High Rise ExampleHigh Rise Example (World Trade Center)(World Trade Center)

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534 meter to tower top

610 meter to pyramid top

670 meter to comm. tower

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Wind Loads

Vertical LoadsLateral Loads

Other Loads

Earthquake Loads

Earth Pressure

Dead Loads

Live LoadsDifferential Settlement

Temperature Changes

ImpactVibrations

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Belt Truss

Shear Wall Core

Outrigger

Design ChallengeDesign ChallengeSelection of proper innovative systemsSelection of proper innovative systems

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Design ChallengeDesign ChallengeSelection of proper innovative systemsSelection of proper innovative systems

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Design ChallengeDesign ChallengeLarge Span Floor systemsLarge Span Floor systems

1717

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Design ChallengeDesign ChallengeModern Flooring SystemsModern Flooring Systems

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Design ChallengeDesign ChallengePerformingPerforming 33D Analysis ModelD Analysis Model

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Design ChallengeDesign ChallengeCarrying out Wind Tunnel TestingCarrying out Wind Tunnel Testing

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Design ChallengeDesign ChallengeDuctile DetailingDuctile Detailing

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Design ChallengeDesign ChallengeUsing Advanced Control TechniquesUsing Advanced Control Techniques

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Construction ChallengeConstruction ChallengeModern ShutteringModern Shuttering

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Course LayoutCourse Layout

IntroductionIntroductionWhat is High RiseWhat is High RiseCharacteristics of High RiseCharacteristics of High RiseExamples of High RiseExamples of High Rise

Stages of High Rise DesignStages of High Rise DesignLoads Considered in the Design of High RiseLoads Considered in the Design of High Rise

Floor SystemsFloor SystemsTypes of Floor SystemsTypes of Floor SystemsSelection of Floor SystemsSelection of Floor Systems

Design of RC Floor SystemsDesign of RC Floor Systems (SAFE program)(SAFE program)Definition of P.T. Floor systemsDefinition of P.T. Floor systemsDesign of P.T. Floor SystemsDesign of P.T. Floor Systems (RAM program)(RAM program)

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Course LayoutCourse Layout

Lateral Load SystemsLateral Load SystemsDifferent Types of Lateral Load Resisting SystemsDifferent Types of Lateral Load Resisting Systems

Selection of Proper SystemSelection of Proper System

Lateral Load CalculationsLateral Load CalculationsCode Requirements and ProvisionsCode Requirements and Provisions

Design of High RiseDesign of High Rise (ETABS program)(ETABS program)v uv u

SubSub--StructuresStructuresTypes of and Selection of FoundationsTypes of and Selection of FoundationsDesign of Foundation ElementsDesign of Foundation Elements (SAFE program)(SAFE program)

Design and Construction of BasementsDesign and Construction of Basements

DetailingDetailingGeneral Notes and DetailsGeneral Notes and DetailsCase Study of Project DetailingCase Study of Project Detailing