High -Rise Passive House: Up, Up and Away

Passive House Academy | Rathnew, Co. Wicklow, IRELAND | [email protected] | 1High-rise Passive House | June 16, 2017

High-Rise Pass ive House: Up, Up and Away S t r a t f o r d W a t e r f r o n t N o r t h T o w e r - F e a s i b i l i t y S t u d y


M i c h a e l M c C a r t h y | P a s s i v e H o u s e A c a d e m yteach

consultdesign

buildwww. [email protected]

t h e P a s s i v e H o u s e i d e a


w h a t d o w e w a n t f r o m o u r b u i l d i n g s ?

use less energy

be more predictable

be healthier

be more comfortable

be more durable

be more resilient

produce less CO2 emissions

Favorable compactness ratio:

A/V ≤ 0.21 ft2/ft3

F o r m F a c t o r : S u r f a c e A r e a t o V o l u m e R a t i o

Better form factor = less thermal specification

0.09

0.12

0.15

0.180.21

0.240.27

0.30

0.06

A/V = 0.07 ft2/ft3


P H I c e r t i f i e d c o m p o n e n t s

w h a t b u i l d i n g s c a n b e P a s s i v e H o u s e s ?


P a s s i v e H o u s e i s g l o b a l


s i n g l e f a m i l y h o m e s

(BarlisWedlick, Hudson Passive House, 2010)


r e t r o f i t s

Brooklyn Passive House, Prospect Architecture and Design, 2009


l o w - r i s e m u l t i f a m i l y

Belfield Passive Townhouses, Onion Flats, 2012


m i d - r i s e m u l t i f a m i l y

Knickerbocker Commons, Chris Benedict, 2014


s c h o o l s , c o m m e r c i a l o f f i c eAustrian Raiffeisen-Holding Group Tower, Vienna, 2013

Windy Hill Associates , Hollis Montessori School, New Hampshire, 2014

2 0 - S t o r y

N YS E R DA re s e a rc h - 2 6 S t o r y Fe a s i b i l i t y S t u d y

2 6 - S t o r y


C o r n e l l T e c h D o r m i t o r yHandel Architects

Steven Winter AssociatesHudson & Related Companies

Monadnock Construction


h i g h - r i s e : C o r n e l l T e c h D o r m i t o r yRoosevelt Island Dormitory, NYC, 2017

2 6 - S t o r y


‘ B o l u e t a ’ P a s s i v e H o u s e – B i l b a o , S p a i nG. VelazquezVArquitectos

2 8 - S t o r y

P a s s i v e H o u s e H i g h - R i s e C a s e S t u d yS t r a t f o r d W a t e r f r o n t N o r t h T o w e r

S t ra t fo rd Wa t e r f ro n t P H To w e r – L o n d o n , U K


t h e P a s s i v e H o u s e 3 D m o d e l - D e s i g n P H

4 4 - S t o r y

3 3 5 A p a r t m e n t s

9 2 2 O c c u p a n t s


t h e P a s s i v e H o u s e e n e r g y m o d e l

T FA = 2 7 0 , 0 0 0 f t 2


t h e B a s e B u i l d i n g D e s i g n v e r s u s P H D e s i g n

Base Case Building

Passivhaus Design

Enve

lope

Airtightness n50 (ACH) 0.9 0.2q50 (CFM/ft2) 0.180 0.036

Insulation – Effective* R-Values (hr.ft2.F/Btu)

*includes point thermal bridging

External Wall 16.7 33.4Roof 33.4 33.4Floor 25.8 25.8Terrace Deck 40.6 40.6Opaque Curtain Wall Façade 3.50 5.70

Windows and Sliding Doors Uframe (Btu/hr.ft2.F) 0.300 0.140Uglass (Btu/hr.ft2.F) 0.180 0.104Ψspacer (Btu/hr.ft.F) 0.013 0.013Ψinstall,avg (Btu/hr.ft.F) 0.154 0.040SHGC-value 0.41 0.42

Linear Thermal Bridging, Ψ-values (Btu/hr.ft.F)

Wall to Floor Junction -0.033 -0.041Intermediate Floor Junction 0.224 0.019Cantilevered Balconies 0.065 0.022Wall to Roof -0.061 -0.065Wall to Terrace (Parapet) -0.025 -0.025Terrace to Wall Junction 0.047 0.035Wall to Wall (internal corner) 0.029 0.029Wall to Wall (external corner) -0.005 -0.005



Base Case Building Passivhaus Design

Mec

hani

cal

Ventilation Apartments Decentralised individual Paul Climos 200 units per apartment positioned in centrally located storage area

Decentralised individual Brink Renovent-Sky150 MVHR units per apartment positioned in ceiling void adjacent to external wall

Communal Areas Extract only ventilation without heat recovery serving all communal areas via vertical vent shafts

Centralised roof mounted Swegon RX 14 MVHR unit serving all communal areas via vertical vent shafts

Duct Insulation Specifications All intake and exhaust ducts insulated with 1inch foil back fibreglass insulation (R per inch of 3.3 hr.ft2.F/Btu.in)

All intake and exhaust ducts insulated with 2inch foil back fibreglass insulation (R per inch of 3.3 hr.ft2.F/Btu.in)



Base Case Building

Passivhaus Design

Enve

lope

Airtightness n50 (ACH) 0.9 0.2q50 (m3/h.m2) 3.0 0.6

Insulation – Effective* U-Values (W/m2.K)

*includes point thermal bridging

External Wall 0.34 0.17Roof 0.17 0.17Floor 0.22 0.22Terrace Deck 0.14 0.14Opaque Curtain Wall Façade 1.60 1.00

Windows and Sliding Doors Uframe (W/m2.K) 1.70 0.80Uglass (W/m2.K) 1.02 0.59Ψspacer (W/m.K) 0.022 0.022Ψinstall,avg (W/m.K) 0.266 0.070g-value 0.41 0.42

Linear Thermal Bridging, Ψ-values (W/m.K)

Wall to Floor Junction -0.057 -0.071Intermediate Floor Junction 0.374 0.031Cantilevered Balconies 0.109 0.037Wall to Roof -0.102 -0.109Wall to Terrace (Parapet) -0.070 -0.070Terrace to Wall Junction 0.078 0.059Wall to Wall (internal corner) 0.048 0.048Wall to Wall (external corner) -0.008 -0.008

Base Case Building Passivhaus Design

Build

ing

Serv

ices

Mechanical Systems

Space Heating and Domestic Hot Water

Existing District Heating System at site to be utilised. District system includes combination of gas and biomass (80:20%) CHP input. All distribution pipework in building to be insulated with foil backed insulation (R per inch 4.5) to 1 DN thickness. No hot water storage in units, all heat and DHW delivered instantaneously from circulating system via HIUs in each apartment.

Existing District Heating System at site to be utilised. District system includes combination of gas and biomass (80:20%) CHP input. All distribution pipework in building to be insulated with foil backed insulation (R per inch 4.5) to 1.5 DN thickness. No hot water storage in units, all heat and DHW delivered instantaneously from circulating system via HIUs in each apartment.

Space Cooling Centralised 60 ton cooling plant on roof to feed apartments via HIUs to fan coil units in living areas. All distribution pipework in building to be insulated with foil backed insulation (R per inch 4.5) to 1 DN thickness.

Centralised 42 ton cooling plant on roof to feed apartments via HIUs to fan coil units in living areas. All distribution pipework in building to be insulated with foil backed insulation (cR per inch 4.5) to 1.5 DN thickness.

Electrical Lighting High performance low energy LED lighting design throughout

High performance low energy LED lighting design throughout

Appliances Typical high efficiency, locally available low energy consuming products

Typical high efficiency, locally available low energy consuming products


Base Case PassivhausCertification

Fulfilled? %

Space Heating Heating Demand (kBtu/ft2.yr)

10.45 4.75 no 220%

Heating Load (Btu/hr.ft2) 5.39 3.17 no 170%Space Cooling Cooling Demand

(kBtu/ft2.yr)2.53 4.75 yes 53%

Cooling Load (Btu/hr.ft2) 2.53 3.48 yes 73%Frequency of High Humidity (%)

0 10 yes 0%

Airtightness n50 pressure test result (ACH)

0.9 0.2 no500%

q50 pressure test result (CFM/ft2)

0.180 0.036 no

Primary Energy PE Demand (kBtu/ft2.yr) 50.03 42.75 no 117%

t h e B a s e B u i l d i n g D e s i g n e n e r g y m o d e l

• Space Heating Demand and Load need to be improved • Cooling Demand and Load are acceptable already• Indoor relative humidity levels are acceptable already• Airtightness needs to be improved• Primary Energy Demand needs to be improved


13%8%

24%45%

10%

Base Building - Primary Energy Demand

Space Heating

Space Cooling

Domestic Hot Water

Domestic Electricity

Auxiliary Electricity

Base Building – Primary Energy Demand kBtu/ft2.yr

Space Heating 6.74Space Cooling 3.99Domestic Hot Water 12.03Domestic Electricity 22.32Auxiliary Electricity 4.92

Total 50.0

B a s e B u i l d i n g - P r i m a r y E n e r g y D e m a n d B r e a k d o w n


S T E P 1 : i n s u l a t i o n s p e c i f i c a t i o n s

• Strategy: explore possibility of making no changes to the Base Line building design in terms of R-Values & insulation thickness but improve the poor y-factor supplements



No. Building Assembly

Base CaseR-value

[hr.ft2.F/Btu]

Base CaseU-value

supplement[Btu/hr.ft2.F]

Base Case Effective R-Value

[hr.ft2.F/Btu]

PassivhausR-value

[hr.ft2.F/Btu]

PassivhausU-value

supplement[Btu/hr.ft2.F]

PassivhausEffective R-Value

[hr.ft2.F/Btu]

Percentage improvement

[%]

1 External Wall

53.57 0.042 16.55 58.54 0.013 33.40 50.4

2 Solid Door 3.55 0.000 3.55 7.10 0.000 7.10 50.0

3 Floor 31.54 0.007 25.81 31.54 0.007 25.81 0.0

4 Roof 44.02 0.007 33.60 44.02 0.007 33.60 0.0

5 Soffit 42.06 0.000 42.06 42.06 0.000 42.06 0.0

6 Roof Deck 44.02 0.007 33.60 44.02 0.007 33.60 0.0

7 Curtain Wall 3.55 0.000 3.55 5.68 0.000 5.68 37.5

R - V a l u e s , y - f a c t o r s & T r a n s m i s s i o n H e a t L o s s e s


S T E P 2 : i m p r o v e t h e a i r t i g h t n e s s s p e c i f i c a t i o n

• Reduce drafts • Reduce possibility of

moisture damage to envelope

• Reduce heat loss (winter)• Reduce humidity and heat

gains (summer)

• n50 < 0.6 ACH @ 50Pa• q50 < 0.036 CFM/ft2 @ 50Pa

E x a m p l e s o f A i r t i g h t M a t e r i a l s


v e r i f y c o n s t r u c t i o n


A i r t i g h t n e s s L o s s e s

Element n50-Value

(ACH)

q50-value

(CFM/ft2)

Heat Losses

(kBtu/yr)

Energy Savings

(kBtu/yr)

Original Spec 0.9 0.180 452,944 -

Passivhaus Spec 0.2 0.036 92,049 -

360,895

360,895 kBtu/yr improvement to the heating period energy demand


S T E P 3 : d e s i g n o u t ‘ t h e r m a l b r i d g e s ’

• Reduce heat loss• High int. surface temps

lead to reduced damage from condensation

• Eliminate mold risks, internally and interstitially

E x a m p l e : B a l c o n y T h e r m a l I s o l a t o r s


S t r u c t u r a l T h e r m a l B r e a k f o r B a l c o n i e s

Creating structural thermal breaks for concrete balconies whilst maintaining step-free access is now possible

© Passive House Academy © Passive House Academy© Passive House Academy

© Schock


Element Original Design Heat

Losses

(kBtu/yr)

Passivhaus Design Heat Losses

(kBtu/yr)

Energy Savings

(kBtu/yr)

Wall to Floor Junction 1,525 314 1,211

Intermediate Floor 9,742 9,107 635

Cantilevered Balconies 8,329 7,786 543

Wall to Roof 2,610 781 1,829

Wall to Terrace (Parapet) 3,661 1,095 2,566

Terrace to Wall Junction 3,856 1,672 2,184

Wall to Wall (internal corner) 4,146 3,876 270

Wall to Wall (external corner)

-1,518 -1,419 -99

T h e r m a l B r i d g e L o s s e s



S T E P 4 : h i g h p e r f o r m a n c e w i n d o w s ( a n d s h a d e w h e r e p o s s i b l e )

• High-Performance glazing adds more energy to the building than it loses

• Glass’s high int. surface temps lead to increased occupant comfort

• Triple-glazed• Thermally broken frames• Low Psi-value spacers• Low SHGC – climate and

building type driven• Shading where possible

W i n d o w S y s t e m

S c h u e c o A W S 9 0 S I + S l i d e F r a m e S y s t e m

A G C i p l u s A d v a n c e d Tr i p l e p a n e , A r g o n F i l l e d G l a s s

Passivhaus Design Spec

• PHI Certified frame and glazing system

• U-Frame = 0.14 Btu/hr.ft2.F

• U-Glass = 0.10 Btu/hr.ft2.F

• Psispacer = 0.013 Btu/hr.ft.F

• SHGC-value = 0.42

Base Building Design Spec

• U-Frame = 0.30 Btu/hr.ft2.F

• U-Glass = 0.18 Btu/hr.ft2.F

• Psispacer = 0.013 Btu/hr.ft.F

• SHGC-value = 0.41


W i n d o w / S l i d i n g G l a z e d D o o r L o s s e s

Element Heat Losses

(kBtu/yr)

Solar Gains

(kBtu/yr)

Net Loss

(kBtu/yr)

Energy Savings

(kBtu/yr)

Original Spec 2,207,472 1,012,200 1,195,272 -

Passivhaus Spec 1,136,721 706,887 429,834 -

765,438



S T E P 5 : f r e s h a i r a n d h e a t - r e c o v e r y

• Clean, filtered fresh air all year round

• Reduced heat loss in winter

• Reduced humidity and gains in summer

• Eliminate stale air• Minimum 75% efficient• Minimum 0.3 ACH @

normal speed

Ve n t i l a t i o n S t ra t e g y


Apartments

• Decentalised Ventilation – one MVHR per apartment

• PHI Certified Brink Renovent SKY 150 MVHR• Heat Recovery Efficiency = 84%• Electrical Consumption = 0.748 W/CFM• Acoustic Performance = 44 dB(A)• Additional 50mm acoustic insulation wrap for

MVHR units to eliminate sound transmission given relocation to living area ceiling void

• Intake and Exhaust ducts insulated with 2 inches of thermal insulation


Corridors and Communal Spaces

• Centalised Ventilation – one MVHR in roto serve all levels

• PHI Certified Swegon Gold RX14• Heat Recovery Efficiency = 84%• Electrical Consumption = 0.765 W/CFM• Acoustic Performance = located outside• Supply and Extract ducts external to the

building thermal enclosure insulated with 4 inches of thermal insulation

M e c h a n i c a l V e n t i l a t i o n L o s s e s

Element Average Heat

Recovery Efficiency

(%)

Total External Duct Lengths

(m)

Heat Losses

(kBtu/yr)

Energy Savings

(kBtu/yr)

Original Spec 66.0 15,088 713,712 -

Passivhaus Spec 81.8 3,624 354,339 -

359,373



S T E P 6 : r i g h t s i z e t h e h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g

• Heating / cooling generation by various means

• Air based or hydronic distribution

• Radiant or Hybrid options as well


t h e P a s s i v h a u s B u i l d i n g D e s i g n B u i l d i n g S e r v i c e s S i z i n g

• Space Heating System: Combined Heat and Power District Heating network, fueled primarily by gas (80%) and wood (20%). Provides hot water for space and DHW heating via a flow and return circulation system to individual HIUs in each apartment

• Space Heating power contribution reduced from approximately 1,100 kBtu/hr down to 425 kBtu/hr (61% saving)

• Space Cooling System: Roof mounted centralized cooling plant serving individual apartments via a flow and return network connecting to fan coil units in habitable rooms

• Space Cooling System power contribution reduced from approximately 60 ton down to 42 ton (30% saving)


• Building lighting specification unchanged (LED design with sensor control)

• Some minor improvements to the appliance loads with slightly improved electric efficiencies – will also assist in running cost control

• DHW provided via the district heating network as per the Base Building Design – maintain the use of HIUs connected from the circulation feed toeach apartment to mitigate the need for DHW storage

• Improve the insulation spec from 1DN to 1.5DN on all hot and chilled water distribution services

S T E P 7 : p r i m a r y e n e r g y r e d u c t i o n s


3%

8%21%

55%

13%

Passivhaus Design - Primary Energy Demand

Space Heating

Space Cooling

Domestic Hot Water

Domestic Electricity

Auxiliary Electricity

P a s s i v e H o u s e - P r i m a r y E n e r g y D e m a n d B r e a k d o w n

Base Building – Primary Energy Demand kBtu/ft2.yr

Space Heating 1.43Space Cooling 3.27Domestic Hot Water 8.46Domestic Electricity 22.35Auxiliary Electricity 5.36

Total 40.87


t h e P a s s i v h a u s B u i l d i n g D e s i g n e n e r g y c o m p a r i s o nBase Case

Passive House

% Improvement

Space Heating Heating Demand (kBtu/ft2.yr) 10.45 1.90 81.8Heating Load (Btu/hr.ft2) 5.39 1.59 70.6

Space Cooling Cooling Demand (kBtu/ft2.yr) 2.53 2.22 12.5Cooling Load (Btu/hr.ft2) 2.53 1.90 25.0Frequency of High Humidity (%) 0 0 0.0

Airtightness n50 pressure test result (ACH) 0.9 0.2 78.3q50 pressure test result (CFM/ft2) 0.180 0.036 78.3

Primary Energy PE Demand (kBtu/ft2.yr) 50.03 40.87 18.4

• Space Heating Demand and Load comply • Cooling Demand and Load comply• Indoor relative humidity levels comply• Airtightness complies• Primary Energy Demand complies


w w w . p a s s i v e h o u s e a c a d e m y . c o m

Documents

High -Rise Passive House: Up, Up and Away