High-Performance Building Design · 3 Standard 189.1 … Design of High Performance Green Buildings “Trane” is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects

High-Performance Building Design

ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Std 189.1-2011

Dennis Stanke, FASHRAE

[email protected]

October, 2012

Standard 189.1 … Design of High Performance Green Buildings 2

Approved for 1.5 GBCI hours for LEED professionals

Ingersoll Rand

High-Performance Building Design: Standard 189.1-2011 Course ID: 0090008755

1.5


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ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2011


• An ANSI standard in mandatory-language

• First published in 2009, republished in 2011, and

scheduled to be republished in 2014

• Co-sponsored by ASHRAE, USGBC, and IES

• It’s not a guideline, labeling system, rating system or

code. It’s a mandatory-language standard.

What is Standard 189.1?


• To provide minimum requirements for the design of

HPGB projects

• It builds on the requirements in other ASHRAE

standards, primarily Std 90.1 and Std 62.1

• It provides one project compliance path for the

International Green Construction Code (IgCC)

• In the future, it may provide technical content for

green-building rating programs (like LEED)

What’s Its Intent?


ICC Model Code

ASHRAE

Standards

Std 90.1

Std 189.1

Std 62.1

Std 55

Std 180

189.1 Path (Minimum

Requiremts)

Local High

Performance

Green Building

Codes

ICC Path (Jurisdiction

plus Project

Electives)

Other Sources

Expertise

ANSI Stds

I-Codes

ASHRAE standard 189.1

How It Fits With HPGB Codes

IgCC

for Project IgCC


ICC Model Code

Std 189.1 Path

• Focus on new projects

• Fewer requirements

• Less flexibility

• Easier to enforce

189.1 Path (Minimum

Requiremts)

Local High

Performance

Green Building

Codes

ICC Path (Jurisdiction

plus Project

Electives)

ASHRAE standard 189.1

How It Fits With HPGB Codes

IgCC

for Project IgCC

ICC Path

• New & existing

buildings

• More requirements

• Jurisdictional & project

electives for more

flexibility

• More difficult to enforce


• Section 1, 2, 3: Purpose, Scope, Definitions

• Section 4: Administration and Enforcement

• Section 5: Site Sustainability

• Section 6: Water Use Efficiency

• Section 7: Energy Efficiency

• Section 8: Indoor Environmental Quality

• Section 9: Atmosphere, Materials and Resources

• Section 10: Construction and Plans for Operation

• Normative References

• Normative Appendices A thru F

Standard 189.1 Content


• Applies to commercial, institutional and high-rise

residential buildings

• Essentially, same scope of buildings covered by

Std 90.1 and Std 62.1

Section 2: Scope


• Building projects: Comply with Sect 4-11, App A-F

• Each section requires compliance with all mandatory

provisions (section x.3) and (usually) with either:

– Prescriptive provisions (section x.4), or

– Performance provisions (section x.5)

Performance

Subsection x.5

Prescriptive

Subsection x.4

A

N

D

OR

Section 4: Administration and Enforcement

Fewer, simpler

calculations

Mandatory

Subsection x.3

More flexible,

requires

simulation














• To reduce urban sprawl and conserve resources,

restrict HPGB project sites:

– Allowable sites, e.g.

Within an existing building envelope

Brownfield site (e.g., documented as contaminated)

Greyfield site (with >20% impervious surfaces)

Greenfield site (with 20% or less impervious surfaces) but

with significant restrictions

– Disallowed sites: near floodplain, near fish/wildlife

conservation areas, near wetlands

Site Sustainability – 5.3 Mandatory: Site

Project Team


• To reduce urban heat island effect and associated

increased energy use and decreased air/water quality:

– For > 50% of hardscape, provide one or more of (e.g.):

Trees and plants or structures for shading

Paving materials with minimum SRI of 29

Open-graded, porous pavers, etc.

Under-building parking

– For above-grade east & west walls, shade >30%

– In climate 1-3, cover at least 75% of roof surface with:

>78 SRI materials for low-sloped roofs (<2:12)

>29 SRI materials for steep-sloped roof

Site Sustainability – 5.3 Mandatory: Urban Heat Island

Project Team


• To reduce light pollution:

– Comply with Std 90.1-2010, section 9, provisions for

exterior lighting power allowances and control

– For various lighting zones, comply with maximum

ratings in Table 5.3.3.2A and B. For example, for lights

located >2 mounting heights from property line in LZ2

(areas with limited nighttime use):

Backlight: Maximum = B2 (per IES)

Uplight: Maximum = U2 (per IES)

Glare: Maximum = G2 (per IES)

Site Sustainability – 5.3 Mandatory: Light Pollution

Project Team


• To otherwise reduce project impact:

– Do not allow invasive plants

– Reduce transport impacts:

Provide pedestrian walkways to public way or transit stop

Mark parking-lot walkways

Site Sustainability – 5.3 Mandatory: Miscellaneous

Project Team


Site Sustainability – 5.4 Prescriptive: Site Development

• To prevent excessive rainwater runoff (which impacts

water table, pollutes streams):

– On any site, provide >40% of site with any of (e.g.):

Vegetation

Porous pavers, or

Permeable pavement or pavers

– On a greenfield site

Retain or restore or develop native or adapted plants on at

least 20% of site

At least 60% of developed vegetated areas must consist of

native or adapted plants other than turfgrass

Project Team


Site Sustainability – 5.5 Performance: Site Development

• If using the performance option …

• Prevent excessive rainwater runoff:

– For projects within existing building envelope, manage

at least 20% of average annual rainfall

– On greyfield or brownfield sites, manage at least 40%

of annual rainfall

– On all other sites (greenfield), manage at least 50% of

annual rainfall

Project Team














Water-Use Efficiency – Site 6.3.1 Mandatory

• To reduce site (outdoor) water use:

– Landscape: At least 60% of improved landscape must

be native or adapted plants, other than turfgrass

– Irrigation: Automatic irrigation systems must use

hydrozoning for appropriate watering (e.g., grass

versus shrubs)

– Controls: Irrigation must be controlled using either:

Smart controllers based on evapotranspiration (ET) and

weather data to adjust irrigation schedules and amounts

to at least 80% of ETc and no more than 10% excess

Or, moisture sensors to shut off irrigation

Project Team


Water-Use Efficiency – Building 6.3.2 Mandatory

• To reduce building water use:

– Plumbing fixtures and fittings must comply with listed

efficiency requirements (e.g., 1.28 gal/flush toilets)

– Appliances:

Dwelling-unit appliances (clothes washers and

dishwashers) must meet ENERGY STAR requirements

Public-access clothes washers must have maximum

Water Factor of 7.5 gal/ft3 of drum capacity

– Roofs – must not use potable water for:

Roof-spray cooling systems

Irrigation of vegetated roofs (once established)

Project Team


Water-Use Efficiency – 6.3.2 Mandatory: Building Water Use

• To reduce building (basically indoor) water use (cont.):

– HVAC systems

Must not use once-through cooling with potable water

Control cooling towers & evap coolers (makeup & blow-

down meters, conductivity controllers, overflow alarms

Must limit cooling tower drift to max 0.002% (counter-flow)

or 0.005% (cross-flow) of recirculated water volume

Must recover condensate from HVAC equipment > 5T in

climates with design mean coincident wb of 72F or higher

Mech Designer


Water-Use Efficiency – 6.3.3 Mandatory: Management

• To manage water consumption:

– Must use measurement devices with remote

communications to collect consumption data for

potable, municipally reclaimed and alternate water

sources

– Must record consumption data hourly and collect daily

– Must use data management systems capable of

reporting hourly, daily, monthly and annual water

consumption for each measurement device, and

provide alarm as required

Project Team


Water-Use Efficiency – Site 6.4.1 Prescriptive

• To reduce site-water use:

– For golf course irrigation, use only municipally reclaimed

or on-site recovered water (no potable water)

– For other landscaped areas, irrigate with ≤ 33% potable

water

Project Team


Water-Use Efficiency – Site 6.5.1 Performance

If using the performance option …

• To reduce site water use

– Estimate water use using calculations and generally

accepted engineering standards

– Estimated use of potable must be ≤35% of irrigation

water demand

– Estimated water demand, based on sum of

evaporation and transpiration for climate, must be:

≤ 70% of ET for turfgrass areas

≤ 55% of ET for all other areas

Project Team


Water-Use Efficiency – Building 6.4.2 Prescriptive


– Cooling tower discharge water cycles of concentration

(essentially evaporation rate) must not exceed:

≤ 5 if makeup water hardness is less than 200 ppm, or

≤ 3.5 if makeup water hardness is more than 200 ppm

Mech Designer


Water-Use Efficiency – Building 6.4.2 Prescriptive (cont)

• To reduce building water use (cont):

– Commercial food service must use:

High-efficiency spray valves (1.3 gpm or less)

ENERGY STAR dishwashers and ice machines

Food steamers consuming no more than 2.0 gal/hr

Combination ovens consuming no more than 10 gal/hr

Hands-free faucet controllers

– Medical, laboratory facilities must meet specific

requirements for: steam sterilizers, film processor

water recycling units, etc.

Project Team


Water-Use Efficiency – Building 6.4.2 Prescriptive (cont)

• To reduce building water use (cont):

– Special water features must use:

On-site recovered or municipally reclaimed makeup water

Makeup water meters

Leak detection

Recirculation systems

Pools must use: backwash recovery, reusable filters or

backwash filters with pressure sensors

Project Team


Water-Use Efficiency – Building 6.5.2 Performance



– Estimate water use using calculations and generally

accepted engineering standards

– Design for total annual building water use ≤ to the level

achieved by compliance with Section 6.3.2, 6.4.2, 6.4.3

Project Team














Energy Efficiency – 7.3 Mandatory

• To reduce energy use:

– Meet Std 90.1-2010 mandatory requirements for

envelope, HVAC, service water heating, etc.

– Prepare for on-site renewable energy with minimum

capacity of 6 kBtu/hr-ft2 times roof area (single story) or

10 kBtu/hr-ft2 times roof area (more than single story)

– Manage energy consumption

Provide measurement devices with remote communications

Collect and record energy-use data hourly

Provide capacity to store data for at lease 36 months and

report energy use hourly, daily, monthly and annually

Project Team


Energy Efficiency – 7.4 Prescriptive: Renewable, Envelope

• To reduce off-site energy use

– Provide on-site renewable energy sources that produce at

least 6 kBtu/hr-ft2 times roof area (single story) or 10

kBtu/hr-ft2 times roof area (more than single story)

• To reduce envelope-related energy use, meet Std 90.1-

2010 Section 5, exceeding specific requirements, e.g.:

– Provide more insulation

– Provide less vertical fenestration

– Provide more permanent projections for shading

– Provide higher solar heat gain coefficient (fenestration)

– Provide continuous air barrier

Project Team


Energy Efficiency – 7.4 Prescriptive: HVAC

• To reduce HVAC-related energy use, meet Std 90.1-

2010 Section 6, and exceed specific requirements, e.g.:

– Meet EPAct minimum equipment efficiencies, OR

– Use equipment with efficiencies that exceed ENERGY

STAR requirements or exceed Std 90.1 requirements

Mech Designer


Energy Efficiency – 7.4 Prescriptive: HVAC (cont.)

• Exceed Std 90.1-2010 Section 6 requirements (cont):

– Provide DCV controls for more spaces (25 p/1000 ft2

instead of 40 p/1000 ft2)

– Provide economizer cooling in more climate zones (all

except 1a, 1b)

– Increase VAV reheat restrictions (less VAV reheat)

– Reduce fan system power limitation by 10%

– Require energy recovery in more systems (those with OA

down to 10% instead of down to 30% of design SA)

– Increase energy-recovery efficiency from 50% to 60%

Mech Designer


Energy Efficiency – 7.4 Prescriptive: HVAC (cont.)

• Exceed Std 90.1-2010 Section 6 requirements (cont):

– Use variable-speed fans for all commercial-kitchen hood

exhaust and makeup air, not just 75% of it

– Increase duct insulation values

– Automatically turn off lights and HVAC in hotel rooms

Mech Designer


Energy Efficiency – 7.4 Prescriptive: Service Water, Power

• To reduce service-water energy use, meet Std 90.1-


– Use higher efficiency equipment

– Increase pipe insulation

– Insulate pools and spas

• To reduce power-related energy use, meet Std 90.1-

2010 Section 8, and:

– Use automatic controls to reduce electric peak demand by

not less than 10% of projected peak demand

Mech Designer


Energy Efficiency – 7.4 Prescriptive: Lighting

• To reduce lighting-related energy use, meet Std 90.1-


– Reduce max interior/exterior lighting power allowance

using lower lighting power density (LPD) factors

– Use occupancy sensors to reduce lighting power by at

least 50% of maximum in specific areas (hallways, stacks)

– Limit security lighting power to 0.1 W/ft2

– Reduce daytime exterior-sign power to 35% max at night

– Reduce nighttime exterior sign power to 70% max after

midnight

Project Team


Energy Efficiency – 7.4 Prescriptive: Other Equipment

• To reduce other-equipment energy use, meet Std 90.1-

2010 Section 10, exceeding specific requirements, e.g.:

– Increase electric motor efficiency

– In supermarkets, recover condenser heat to meet either:

25% of full load heat rejection

80% of space heat, service water heating and

dehumidification reheat requirements

– Use ENERGY STAR appliances

– Use efficient commercial refrigerators, freezers and

clothes washers

Mech Designer


Energy Efficiency – 7.5 Performance: Compare to Baseline


• Std 90.1 Energy Cost Budget method is prohibited

• Follow Appendix D (which exceeds requirements of

Std 90.1-2010, App G) to demonstrate:

– Annual energy cost ≤ compliance with Section 7.3, 7.4

plus energy-related provisions in Section 5, 6, and 8.

– Annual CO2 equivalent ≤ compliance with Section 7.3,

7.4 plus energy-related provisions in Section 5, 6, 8.

– Annual peak electric demand ≤ compliance with

Section 7.3, 7.4 plus energy-related provisions in

Section 5, 6, and 8.

Mech Designer














Indoor Environmental Quality – 8.3 Mandatory: IAQ

• To improve indoor air quality (IAQ), meet Std 62.1-2010

Section 4-7, exceeding specific requirements, e.g.:

– Minimum OA rate ≥ ventilation rate procedure OA rate

– For VAV, measure minimum OA rate with accuracy of

±15% of minimum, and alarm if OA rate is non-compliant

– Upstream of coils, use MERV 8 filters (not MERV 6)

– For OA cleaning, use at least:

MERV 8 (not MERV 6) in PM10 non-attainment areas (NAA)

MERV 13 (not MERV 11) in PM2.5 NAA

40% O3 air cleaners in all O3 NAA (not just very high NAA)

Mech Designer


non-attainment areas PM 10 (size ≤ 10 microns)

US EPA AQS Database January 17, 2007

• MERV 6 OA filters for Std 62.1-2010 • MERV 8 OA filter for Std 189.1-2011 • MERV 6 LEED EQ prerequisite

Mech Designer


non-attainment areas PM 2.5 (size ≤ 2.5 microns)


• MERV 11 OA filters for Std 62.1-2010 • MERV 13 OA filter for Std 189.1-2011 • MERV 11 LEED EQ prerequisite

Mech Designer


non-attainment areas 40% Ozone Air Cleaning


LA, Riverside, Long Beach

• Std 62.1-2010: Where 4th highest 8 hr max exceeds 0.107 ppm – near LA

• Std 189.1-2011: Where 4th highest 8 hr max exceeds 0.080 ppm – many cities exceed NAAQS

Mech Designer


Indoor Environmental Quality – 8.3 Mandatory: IAQ (cont.)

• To improve indoor air quality (cont):

– NO SMOKING: Prohibit smoking indoors (rather than

separation of ETS areas per Std 62.1)

– NO SMOKING: Prohibit smoking outdoors within 25 ft of

any entrance, intake or operable window

– Provide walk-off systems (mats) at entries

A scraper surface

An absorption surface

A finishing surface

Project Team


Indoor Environmental Quality – 8.3 Mandatory: Thermal, Acoustic Comfort

• To provide thermal comfort

– Comply with Std 55-2010 Section 6.1 (design) and 6.2

(documentation)

• To provide acoustic comfort

– Meet specific envelope provisions to limit exterior sound

transmitted to the space

– Meet specific wall and floor/ceiling provisions to limit

space-to-space sound transmission

Project Team


Indoor Environmental Quality – 8.3 Mandatory: Daylighting

• To increase use of daylighting (for buildings ≤ 3 stories,

> 20,000 ft2 directly under a roof, ceiling height > 15 ft,

or lighting power density (LPD) > 0.5 W/ft2:

– Provide toplighting for at least 50% of the floor area

– Provide minimum ratio of toplighting-to-daylight area,

based on LPD for daylight area (3% if 0.5 W/ft2 > LPD >

1.0 W/ft2)

– Use skylights with haze value > 90%

Project Team


Indoor Environmental Quality – 8.3 Mandatory: Soil Gas

• To reduce pollutants from soil, brownfield and “Radon

Zone 1” sites must include soil-gas retarding systems

Mech Designer


Indoor Environmental Quality – 8.4 Prescriptive: Daylighting

• To provide daylighting by sidelighting

– Offices and classrooms must include:

Prescribed sidelighting minimum effective aperture

Minimum sidelighted area width ≥ 75% of wall length

Interior ceilings with light reflectance ≥ 80%

– In offices, non-north facades must include either:

Shading projection factor (PF) ≥ 0.5

Shading with louvers, sun shades, light shelves, etc., or

Building self-shading using roof overhangs or recessed

windows

Project Team


Indoor Environmental Quality – 8.5 Performance: Daylighting

• Use specified simulation methods to demonstrate

compliance with:

– Illuminance requirements (30 fc on a plane 2.5 ft above

floor) within 75% of daylight areas in offices and

classrooms

– Direct sunlight limitations in offices -- work surfaces

must be exposed to direct sunlight 20% or less of

occupied hours

Project Team


Indoor Environmental Quality – 8.4 Prescriptive: Materials

• To reduce contaminants from materials:

– Adhesives and sealants and paints and coatings shall

comply with either:

Cited VOC emission limits, or

Cited VOC content limits

– Floor coverings shall comply with requirements of

California Section 01350 for carpets and for hard

surface flooring in offices and classrooms

Project Team


Indoor Environmental Quality – 8.4 Prescriptive: Materials (cont.)

• To reduce contaminants from materials (cont):

– Composite wood and agrifiber products shall:

Contain no added urea-formaldehyde resins

Comply with specific cited emission limits

– Office furniture installed prior to occupancy shall:

Be tested per ANSI/BIFMA M7.1

Not exceed limit requirements in Appendix E

– Ceiling and wall systems shall comply with:

Cited emission limits for offices or classrooms

Project Team


Indoor Environmental Quality – 8.5 Performance: Materials

• To reduce contaminants from materials:

– Model all emissions from listed products/materials and

individual VOC concentrations

– The sum of individual VOC concentrations must

comply with cited limits

– Modeling for the building must include minimum criteria

listed in Appendix F

Project Team














Atmosphere, Materials, and Resources – 9.3 Mandatory

• Manage construction waste, e.g:

– Divert ≥ 50% of construction waste from landfills by

recycling and/or reuse

– Limit construction waste <12,000 lbs/10,000 ft2 floor area

• Extract, harvest and/or manufacture per local law

• Refrigerants – no CFC-based refrigerants

• Dedicate floor space for collection and storage of:

– Recyclables

– Reusable goods

– Fluorescent and HID lamps and ballasts

Project Team


Atmosphere, Materials, and Resources – 9.4 Prescriptive

• Increase use of reduced-impact materials:

– Recycled plus salvaged material content ≥ 10% of total

cost of building materials

– Regional material (obtained within 500 mi radius)

content ≥ 15% of total cost of building material

– Biobased products ≥ 5% of cost of building materials

Project Team


Atmosphere, Materials, and Resources – 9.5 Performance

• Perform a life-cycle cost assessment (LCA) of at least

two building alternatives:

– To comply, one alternative must show ≥ 5%

improvement over the other(s) in at least two impact

categories (land use, resource use, climate change,

ozone layer depletion, human health effects, etc.)

– Compare alternatives following specified LCA procedure

– Submit LCA report and third party peer review to AHJ

Project Team














Construction and Plan for Operation – 10.3 Mandatory: Construction

• To assure “high performance” construction:

– Perform acceptance testing for buildings ≤ 5,000 ft2

Complete specific tasks prior to building permit and prior

to building occupancy

Test specified systems (mechanical, lighting, etc.)

Complete specific tasks related to documentation

– Employ project commissioning for buildings > 5,000 ft2

Complete specific tasks prior to building permit, prior to

building occupancy and post-occupancy

Test specified systems

Complete specific tasks related to documentation

Project Team



• To assure “high performance” construction (cont):

– Develop and implement an erosion & sediment control

(ESC) plan for all construction activities

– Develop and implement an IAQ construction

management plan that includes:

Provisions to protect air system materials from dirt

Install filters prior to HVAC operation during construction

Limit HVAC operation to startup, testing, balancing, and

commissioning

Perform post-construction flush-out for defined time or

until defined contaminant concentrations are attained

Project Team



• To assure “high performance” construction (cont):

– Control moisture during construction

Protect materials from moisture

Discard materials with signs of microbial growth

– To reduce construction-site pollution, locate vehicle

staging areas at least 100 ft from any OA intakes,

operable openings, etc.

Project Team


Construction and Plan for Operation – 10.3 Mandatory: Operation

• To assure “high performance” operation:

– Develop a “Master Building Plan for Operation” to

address:

Site sustainability: plant maintenance and replacement

Water-use efficiency: water-use verification to track and

assess water consumption

Energy efficiency: energy-use verification to track and

assess energy consumption

Indoor environmental quality: meet requirements of

Std 62.1 Section 8 – periodic maintenance activities for

specific components

Project Team


Construction and Plan for Operation – 10.3 Mandatory: Operation

• To assure “high performance” operation (cont):

– Develop a Maintenance Plan requiring:

Compliance with Std 180 for HVAC and other systems

Documentation of completed maintenance tasks be

maintained on-site

– Develop a Service Life Plan to help plan for operation,

maintenance and replacement

– Develop a Transportation Management Plan to help

reduce employee/tenant commuting energy

Project Team


In Summary: Standard 189.1-2011 Covers A Lot!

• Site provisions to reduce landscape impact, urban heat

island, light pollution and storm water runoff

• Provisions to reduce water-use, both outdoors and indoors

• Provisions to reduce energy-use energy use, emissions and

peak demand

• IEQ provisions to help keep building occupants comfortable,

healthy and productive

• Materials provisions to reduce impact on resources as well

as earth and atmosphere (reduce, reuse, recycle)

• Construction provisions and plans for operation to help

ensure the HPGB is constructed and operated as intended

71


In Summary: Green Building Codes are Coming

• ASHRAE Std 189.1-2011, “The Standard for Design of

High-Performance Green Buildings” is here

• International Green Construction Code (IgCC-2012) is here

with two project compliance options:

IGCC provisions (Chapter 1-12) OR

Chapter 1 of IGCC and Std 189.1-2011 provisions

• Expect HPGB local codes based on Std 189.1 or IgCC

(e.g., Phoenix, Scottsdale, Rhode Island, Fort Collins,

Boynton Beach FL, Keen NH, Richland WA)

• Expect some customers to base project requirements on

Std 189.1 (e.g., US Army)

72

High-Performance Building Design

Any Questions?

Dennis Stanke, FASHRAE

[email protected]

Documents

High-Performance Building Design · 3 Standard 189.1 … Design of High Performance Green Buildings “Trane” is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects