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HIGH FREQUENCY 3-PHASE ELECTRONIC LOAD
Peyman Farhang
Supervisor: Prof. Stefan Mátéfi-Tempfli
Co-Supervisor: Alin Drimus
June 2015
Conclusion
Simulation Results
Different Topologies and Configurations
Basic Concepts
OUTLINE
Virtual machine
Fundamental objective
To provide a simulated electrical load to allow an equipment like inverter to be tested without using the real machine.To provide a simulated electrical load to allow an equipment like inverter to be tested without using the real machine.
Traditional method
Using real electric motor applied to a mechanical test bench and coupled to a load unit.
Test time
high operating costHeavy and Large equipmentComplexity
Large energy consumption
Large space
Different load configuration
Problems
As an alternative, electric motor emulators based on
are able to generate desired current and voltage
electronic load
[1] S. Uebener, J. Bocker, ‘‘Application of an e-machine emulator’’ EEVC European Electric Vehicle Congress, 2012.
Figure 1. Hardware-in-the-loop simulations [1]
Figure 2. virtual machine [2]
Electronic Load
Machine Model
Device Under Test
Virtual Machine
[2] A. Bouscayrol, ‘‘Different types of hardware-in-the loop simulation for electric drives’’ IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 2008. 1
Basic Topology of Electronic load
[3] B. Han, et al “Load Simulator with Power Recovery Capability”, IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2007.
Figure 4. basic schematic of the emulator [4]
Figure 3. configuration for load simulator [3]
[4] R. Kennel, “Power electronics, hardware-in-the-loop systems, the example of the Virtual machine” Technical university of Munich, Electrical drive systems and power electronics.
2
The basic e-machine emulator
Regeneration unit
mains supply
Back to Back converters
Converters Two back to back, three-phase, six-switch, bridge converters
Regeneration capability.
This also reduces the laboratory power supply requirements.
[5] H.j. Slater, et al, ‘‘Real-time emulation for power equipment development. Part2: The virtual machine’’ IEE proceedings-Eelectric power applications, 1998.
InverterUnderTest
ConverterBridge ‘A’
ConverterBridge ‘B’
Link
VoltageSampling
Real-TimeMotorModel
PI
PI
PI
ia
ibic
ia*ib*ic*
Figure 5. e-machine emulator block diagram [5]
3
Parallel inverters
sequential switching
Higher dynamics Higher
switching frequency
A doubling or tripling of the switching frequency in an industrial inverter, however, is not simple, as the thermal design of the inverter product would not allow that.
Figure 6. E-machine emulator [1]
4
Principle of Sequential/Interleaved Switching
• Sharing the switching losses among several power devices
• Power devices are switched sequentially
[6] A. Ferreira, R. Kennel, ‘‘Interleaved or Sequential switching-’’ 7th international conference on power electronics, 2008.
Figure 7. Basic scheme of parallel power devices [6]
5
switching frequency:
(n = number of devices in parallel connection)
Principle of Sequential/Interleaved Switching
fparalle= fSwiches * n
Figure 8. concept of sequential switching [4]
6
Detailed structure
5 legs in parallel Regeneration
unit
[7] T. Boller, R.M. Kennel, J. Holtz, ‘‘ Increased power capability of standard drive ’’ IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), 2010 .
Figure 10. e-machine emulator with 5 legs in parallel [7]
Figure 9. structure of e-machine emulator [7]
7
In voltage mode a voltage is applied by the analog amplifier
In addition, two auxiliary power supplies are used to maintain the
current of the freewheeling phase in the ECU output stage
Analog structureIn current mode the electronic load
is active and adjusts the current at the output of the ECU
Figure 11. Motor simulator [8]
[8] T. Schulte, J. Bracker, '' Real-time simulation of BLDC motors for hardware-in-the-loop applications incorporating senserless control'' IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, pp. 2195 - 2200, Cambridge, 2008. 8
Quasi-Linear Inverter (Linverter)
The suggested structure consists of the basic modules
To enable the current to flow in both directions both elementary circuits can be combined.
in
ON
S k Source
PWM
TU U
T
in
PWM
S k Source
OF
TU U
T
[9] S.L. Baciu, S. Trabelsi, et al, ‘‘Linverter a low-harmonic and high-bandwidth inverter based on a parallel multilevel structure’’ 35th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2004.
Figure 12. schematic for Linverter [9]
9
Switched mode
Emulator
Device under test
Proposed Structure
Analog + Switched mode
Simple topology
Parallel inverter
Linverter
Figure 13. schematic for proposed topology
10
Linverter Simulation
LinVerter Approach
Figure 14. Linverter for simulation
11
Figure 15. Interaction of PSO optimization algorithm with model during optimization
Get New Parameters From PSO
In MATLABModify the
Simulated Circuit Configuration
Perform Simulation with Transient
Simulation Command
Results of Simulation
StartInitialize the ParameterCheck System
Condition Rules Feasible Mode?
Calculate the Fitness Function
Run PSO Algorithm
Update Parameters
Feasible Mode? Finish
Yes
No
No
YesOptimization Package in MATLAB
Simulated Model in LTspice
Import data from simulation into Matlab
Creating the new configuration and new Ltspice file
Bidirectional Interface environment
Bidirectional Interface(MATLAB and LTspice)
Figure 16. Convergence of PSO.
The number of iteration
Fitn
ess
func
tion
12
Simulation (Tracking of a 2 kHz sinusoidal signal)
Figure 17. Output Voltage of LinVerter.
13
Simulation (Tracking of a varied Reference)
1 kHz
500 Hz
2 kHz
1
3
5
Figure 18. Output Voltage of LinVerter.
Time
Out
put V
olta
ge
Simulation (Tracking of a 50 kHz sinusoidal signal)
14
4-Quadrant Converter
The switches MP and MN are operated complementary to each other
The output of this converter has an ability to sink or source current regardless of
the output voltage polarity
D
D
V
V
in
out
1
21
Figure 19. schematic for 4-Quadrant converter [10]
[10] A, Wu, ‘‘ Product How- to: four quadrant DC/DC switching regulator smoothly transitions from positive to negative output voltages for FPGA’’ EDN network, March 2014. 15
4-Quadrant Converter
D
D
V
V
in
out
1
21
inout
outin
inout
VVD
VVD
VVD
66.0
066.05.0
05.0
16
Simulation of 4-Quadrant Converter
I
Figure 20. 4-Quadrant Converter Performance
II
III IV
17
4-Quadrant Flyback Converter
Additional secondary and primary windings
Extra steering switches in the secondary
Four-quadrant Flyback Converter
Conventional Flyback converter
The circuit can offer all the benefits of the flyback converter to DC/AC inverters
Figure 21. 4-Quadrant Flyback Converter [11]
[11] D, Dalal ‘‘A Complete Control Solution For a Four-Quadrant Flyback Converter Using the New UCC3750 Source Ringer Controller’’ APPLICATION NOTE U-16918
4-Quadrant Flyback Converter
Figure 22. Different Operation modes for Flyback Converter [11]
[11] D, Dalal ‘‘A Complete Control Solution For a Four-Quadrant Flyback Converter Using the New UCC3750 Source Ringer Controller’’ APPLICATION NOTE U-16919
Inconveniences• Controlling the current
? (it is still to identify)
• Current balance in the diodes in the case of parallel interleaved structure.
advantages• 4-quadrant application• It is able to control the
current (by making a balance).
• High switching frequency and reduction of the size of the filter elements by parallel structure
Conclusion
20
Inconveniences• Complementary type of
MOS transistors• Controlling the current in
both direction might be difficult. (asymmetric behavior)
• The maximum VDS stress on switches is 2Vin-Vout (the BVDSS ratings must be greater).
ADVANTAGES
• 4-quadrant application.• The number of switches.
Conclusion
21
Conclusion
Inconveniences
• Higher complexity
• Energy losses in analog part
ADVANTAGES• Combine the analog
with switched mode• High frequency• Current control from
analog mode and voltage control from switched mode
• simple structures might be enough in the switched mode like half bridge
22
Future Steps
Interactions
• On control sides• On designing the magnetic components sides
Implementation
• Will be designed
• and built
23
References
[1] S. Uebener, J. Bocker, ‘‘Application of an e-machine emulator for power converter tests in the development of electric drives’’ EEVC European Electric Vehicle Congress, pp. 1-9, Brussels, 2012.[2] A. Bouscayrol, ‘‘Different types of hardware-in-the loop simulation for electric drives’’ IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, pp. 2146 – 2151, Cambridge, 2008.[3] B. Han, B. Bae, N. Kwak “Load Simulator with Power Recovery Capability Based on Voltage Source Converter-Inverter Set”, IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, pp. 1-7, Tampa, 2007.[4] R. Kennel, ‘‘Power electronics, hardware-in-the-loop systems, the example of the Virtual machine’’ presentation, Technical university of Munich, Electrical drive systems and power electronics. [5] H.j. Slater, et al, ‘‘Real-time emulation for power equipment development. Part2: The virtual machine’’ IEE proceedings-Eelectric power applications, pp. 153-158, 1998. [6] A. Ferreira, R. Kennel, ‘‘Interleaved or Sequential switching- for increasing the switching frequency’’ 7th international conference on power electronics, pp. 738-741, Daegu, 2008.[7] T. Boller, R.M. Kennel, J. Holtz, ‘‘ Increased power capability of standard drive inverters by sequential switching’’ IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), pp. 769 - 774 , Vi a del Mar, 2010 .[8] T. Schulte, J. Bracker, ‘‘ Real-time simulation of BLDC motors for hardware-in-the-loop applications incorporating senserless control’’ IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, pp. 2195 - 2200, Cambridge, 2008.[9] S.Grubic, etal, ‘‘A high –performance electronic hardware-in-the-loop drive-load simulation using a linear inverter (Linverter)’’ IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, No.4, pp. 1208-1216, 2010. [10] A, Wu, ‘‘ Product How- to: four quadrant DC/DC switching regulator smoothly transitions from positive to negative output voltages for FPGA’’ EDN network, March 2014.[11] D, Dalal ‘‘A Complete Control Solution For a Four-Quadrant Flyback Converter Using the New UCC3750 Source Ringer Controller’’ APPLICATION NOTE U-169[12] Xu She, Y. Zou, Ch. Wang, Lei Lin, Jian Tang, Jian Chen, ‘‘Research on power electronic load: topology, modeling, and control’’ 24 Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, APEC. , pp. 1661 – 1666, Washington, DC, 2009.[13] R.L. Klein, A.F. De Paiva, M. Mezaroba ‘‘ Emulation of nonlinear loads with energy regeneration’’ Power Electronics Conference (COBEP), pp. 884 – 890, Praiamar , 2011.[14] R.M. Kennel et al, ‘‘Replacement of electrical (load) drives by a Hardware-in-the-loop system’’ International Aegean Conference on Electrical Machines and Power Electronics (ACEMP) and Electromotion Joint Conference, pp. 17-25, Istanbul, 2011. [15] S.L. Baciu, S. Trabelsi, et al, ‘‘Linverter a low-harmonic and high-bandwidth inverter based on a parallel multilevel structure’’ 35th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Vol.5, pp. 3927 - 3931 2004. [16] D.Dalal ‘‘A unique Four Quadrant Flyback Converter’’ 2013.[17] Y. Berkovich and et al, ‘‘ A family of Four-Quadrant PWM DC-DC converters’’ IEEE international conference, 2007.
24
(𝟒𝟎𝟎∗𝟏𝟎−𝟗)∗𝟏∗𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟐
=𝟏 .𝟒∗𝟏𝟎−𝟒
(𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟏𝟎−𝟗)∗𝟏∗𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟐
=𝟐𝟒 .𝟓∗𝟏𝟎−𝟒
400ns 7000ns
j
𝟐 .𝟓𝟐𝟕∗𝟏𝟎−𝟒 =𝟏𝒌𝒉𝒛
400 ns+7000 ns
𝟏𝟕𝟒𝟎𝟎∗𝟏𝟎−𝟗 =𝟏𝟑𝟓𝐤𝐡𝐳
22
Problem
diodes cannot be switched sequentially
All diodes are loaded with the
full switching frequency
The diodes with the lowest
internal resistance heat more than
the others
All diodes are loaded with the
full switching frequency
The diodes with the lowest
internal resistance heat more than
the others
R
12
3
D1 D2D3
S1 S2S3
Principle of Magnetic Freewheeling ControlThe concept of magnetic free wheeling control is a possibility to provide
sequential switching in parallel diodes.
GA
L
Parallel Structure
[12] S.Grubic, etal, ‘‘A high –performance electronic hardware-in-the-loop drive-load simulation using a linear inverter (Linverter)’’ IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics, 2010.
Figure 17. Linverter with just one leg [12]
Figure 18. Schematic of linverter with parallel structute [12]
Higher switching
frequencies
Sizereduction
Reduction of output harmonics
Smoother voltage profile
Bidirectionalcurrent
Reduction in switching
losses
Dynamic performance improvement
The aims of
this extension
Tested power Device
Load imitation Converter
DC bus capacitor
Grid Connected Converter
Grid
Single phase and Three-phase structure
Requirements: Much higher dynamics Higher frequency bidirectional current
[6] Xu She, Y. Zou, Ch. Wang, Lei Lin, Jian Tang, Jian Chen, ‘‘Research on power electronic load’’ Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, APEC. 2009.
Figure 6. single phase topology of electronic load [6]
Figure 7. Three-phase topology of electronic load [7]
[7] R.L. Klein, A.F. De Paiva, M. Mezaroba ‘‘ Emulation of nonlinear loads with energy regeneration’’ Power Electronics Conference, 2011.
T2
T1
T3
TPWM
TonTT1
T
Example of pulse sequence for sequential switching of paralleled power devices
reduction of the switching lossesby reducing the switching frequency in each device
the devices are loaded with the full current !
limitation of the maximum switch-on timeto the cycle time of the system frequency
(pulse / pause = 33.3% max. for three IGBTs in parallel)
Basic Idea of Sequential Switching
II
Simulation of 4-Quadrant converter
Figure 20. 4-Quadrant Converter Performance
IIISimulation of 4-Quadrant converter
Figure 20. 4-Quadrant Converter Performance
III
IV
Simulation of 4-Quadrant converter
Figure 20. 4-Quadrant Converter Performance